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Eschrig S, Schäffer M, Shu LJ, Illig T, Eibel S, Fernandez A, Ranf S. LORE receptor homomerization is required for 3-hydroxydecanoic acid-induced immune signaling and determines the natural variation of immunosensitivity within the Arabidopsis genus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2163-2179. [PMID: 38532564 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The S-domain-type receptor-like kinase (SD-RLK) LIPOOLIGOSACCHARIDE-SPECIFIC REDUCED ELICITATION (LORE) from Arabidopsis thaliana is a pattern recognition receptor that senses medium-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (3-OH-C10:0), to activate pattern-triggered immunity. Here, we show that LORE homomerization is required to activate 3-OH-C10:0-induced immune signaling. Fluorescence lifetime imaging in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrates that AtLORE homomerizes via the extracellular and transmembrane domains. Co-expression of AtLORE truncations lacking the intracellular domain exerts a dominant negative effect on AtLORE signaling in both N. benthamiana and A. thaliana, highlighting that homomerization is essential for signaling. Screening for 3-OH-C10:0-induced reactive oxygen species production revealed natural variation within the Arabidopsis genus. Arabidopsis lyrata and Arabidopsis halleri do not respond to 3-OH-C10:0, although both possess a putative LORE ortholog. Both LORE orthologs have defective extracellular domains that bind 3-OH-C10:0 to a similar level as AtLORE, but lack the ability to homomerize. Thus, ligand binding is independent of LORE homomerization. Analysis of AtLORE and AlyrLORE chimera suggests that the loss of AlyrLORE homomerization is caused by several amino acid polymorphisms across the extracellular domain. Our findings shed light on the activation mechanism of LORE and the loss of 3-OH-C10:0 perception within the Arabidopsis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Eschrig
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Milena Schäffer
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Lin-Jie Shu
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Tina Illig
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Sonja Eibel
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Atiara Fernandez
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, 85354, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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Fallahzadeh-Mamaghami V, Weber H, Kemmerling B. BAK-up: the receptor kinase BAK-TO-LIFE 2 enhances immunity when BAK1 is lacking. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:42. [PMID: 37747566 PMCID: PMC10519891 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1/SERK3) and its closest homolog BAK1-LIKE 1 (BKK1/SERK4) are leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) belonging to the SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK) family. They act as co-receptors of various other LRR-RKs and participate in multiple signaling events by complexing and transphosphorylating ligand-binding receptors. Initially identified as the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) co-receptor, BAK1 also functions in plant immunity by interacting with pattern recognition receptors. Mutations in BAK1 and BKK1 cause severely stunted growth and cell death, characterized as autoimmune cell death. Several factors play a role in this type of cell death, including RKs and components of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) signaling pathways, glycosylation factors, ER quality control components, nuclear trafficking components, ion channels, and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). The Shan lab has recently discovered a novel RK BAK-TO-LIFE 2 (BTL2) that interacts with BAK1 and triggers cell death in the absence of BAK1 and BKK1. This RK compensates for the loss of BAK1-mediated pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) by activating phytocytokine-mediated immune and cell death responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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3
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Allelic variation in the Arabidopsis TNL CHS3/CSA1 immune receptor pair reveals two functional cell-death regulatory modes. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1701-1716.e5. [PMID: 36257318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some plant NLR immune receptors are encoded in head-to-head "sensor-executor" pairs that function together. Alleles of the NLR pair CHS3/CSA1 form three clades. The clade 1 sensor CHS3 contains an integrated domain (ID) with homology to regulatory domains, which is lacking in clades 2 and 3. In this study, we defined two cell-death regulatory modes for CHS3/CSA1 pairs. One is mediated by ID domain on clade 1 CHS3, and the other relies on CHS3/CSA1 pairs from all clades detecting perturbation of an associated pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) co-receptor. Our data support the hypothesis that an ancestral Arabidopsis CHS3/CSA1 pair gained a second recognition specificity and regulatory mechanism through ID acquisition while retaining its original specificity as a "guard" against PRR co-receptor perturbation. This likely comes with a cost, since both ID and non-ID alleles of the pair persist in diverse Arabidopsis populations through balancing selection.
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4
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Schulze S, Yu L, Hua C, Zhang L, Kolb D, Weber H, Ehinger A, Saile SC, Stahl M, Franz-Wachtel M, Li L, El Kasmi F, Nürnberger T, Cevik V, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 guards BAK1-BIR3 homeostasis and mediates convergence of pattern- and effector-induced immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1717-1731.e6. [PMID: 36446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK3, a co-receptor of leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mediates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Genetic inactivation of BAK1 or BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinases (BIRs) causes cell death, but the direct mechanisms leading to such deregulation remains unclear. Here, we found that the TIR-NBS-LRR protein CONSTITUTIVE SHADE AVOIDANCE 1 (CSA1) physically interacts with BIR3, but not with BAK1. CSA1 mediates cell death in bak1-4 and bak1-4 bir3-2 mutants via components of effector-triggered immunity-(ETI) pathways. Effector HopB1-mediated perturbation of BAK1 also results in CSA1-dependent cell death. Likewise, microbial pattern pg23-induced cell death, but not PTI responses, requires CSA1. Thus, we show that CSA1 guards BIR3 BAK1 homeostasis and integrates pattern- and effector-mediated cell death pathways downstream of BAK1. De-repression of CSA1 in the absence of intact BAK1 and BIR3 triggers ETI cell death. This suggests that PTI and ETI pathways are activated downstream of BAK1 for efficient plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Schulze
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Yu
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Ramírez-Zavaleta CY, García-Barrera LJ, Rodríguez-Verástegui LL, Arrieta-Flores D, Gregorio-Jorge J. An Overview of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Immunities: Conserved Signaling Components across the Plant Kingdom That Communicate Both Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12974. [PMID: 36361764 PMCID: PMC9654257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are plant immune proteins that trigger an orchestrated downstream signaling in response to molecules of microbial origin or host plant origin. Historically, PRRs have been associated with pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), whereas NLRs have been involved with effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, recent studies reveal that such binary distinction is far from being applicable to the real world. Although the perception of plant pathogens and the final mounting response are achieved by different means, central hubs involved in signaling are shared between PTI and ETI, blurring the zig-zag model of plant immunity. In this review, we not only summarize our current understanding of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunities in plants, but also highlight those signaling components that are evolutionarily conserved across the plant kingdom. Altogether, we attempt to offer an overview of how plants mediate and integrate the induction of the defense responses that comprise PTI and ETI, emphasizing the need for more evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) studies that will pave the way to a better understanding of the emergence of the core molecular machinery involved in the so-called evolutionary arms race between plants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy Yuriria Ramírez-Zavaleta
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
| | - Laura Jeannette García-Barrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas, Veracruzanas No. 101, Xalapa 91090, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km.1.5, Santa Inés-Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla 90700, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Arrieta-Flores
- Programa Académico de Ingeniería en Biotecnología—Cuerpo Académico Procesos Biotecnológicos, Universidad Politécnica de Tlaxcala, Av. Universidad Politécnica 1, Tepeyanco 90180, Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico
| | - Josefat Gregorio-Jorge
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología—Comisión Nacional del Agua, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
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6
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Li Y, Xue J, Wang FZ, Huang X, Gong BQ, Tao Y, Shen W, Tao K, Yao N, Xiao S, Zhou JM, Li JF. Plasma membrane-nucleo-cytoplasmic coordination of a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase promotes EDS1-dependent plant immunity. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:802-816. [PMID: 35851623 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants use cell-surface immune receptors to recognize pathogen-specific patterns to evoke basal immunity. ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY (EDS1) is known to be crucial for plant basal immunity, whereas its activation mechanism by pattern recognition remains enigmatic. Here, we show that the fungal pattern chitin induced the plasma membrane-anchored receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBS1-LIKE 19 (PBL19) to undergo nuclear translocation in Arabidopsis. The palmitoylation-deficient PBL19C3A variant constantly resided in the nucleus, triggering transcriptional self-amplification mainly through WRKY8 and EDS1-dependent constitutive immunity. Unexpectedly, the metacaspase-cleaved PBL19 lacking the N-terminal nuclear localization sequence specifically interacted with and phosphorylated EDS1 in the cytoplasm. Phosphodeficient EDS1 attenuated PBL19C3A-induced constitutive immunity, while phosphomimetic EDS1 complemented the loss of PBL19 for fungal resistance. Collectively, these findings reveal a compelling model wherein the plasma membrane, nuclear and cytoplasmic pools of PBL19 temporally coordinate distinct roles of immune signal receiver, amplifier and effector to boost plant antifungal immunity via EDS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ben-Qiang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kehan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Liu X, Xu S, Wang X, Xin L, Wang L, Mao Z, Chen X, Wu S. MdBAK1 overexpression in apple enhanced resistance to replant disease as well as to the causative pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 179:144-157. [PMID: 35344759 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a complex syndrome caused by various biotic and abiotic stresses contained in replanted soil, leading to reduced plant growth and fruit yields and causing serious economic loss. Breeding disease-resistant varieties is an effective and practical method to control ARD. Effective plant defense depends in part on the plant immune responses induced by the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). BAK1 participates in the regulation of plant immunity as an important PRR-binding protein. In this study, MdBAK1 overexpression activated indeterminate immune responses in tissue-cultured apple plants. MdBAK1-overexpressing rooted apple plants exhibited enhanced resistance to ARD, as the inhibition of plant growth was significantly alleviated during the replanted soil treatment. In addition, MdBAK1-overexpressing apple plants showed abolished growth inhibition, wilting and root rot induced by Fusarium oxysporum, which is the main pathogen that causes ARD in China. MdBAK1 overexpression changed the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere soil, as reflected by the increase in bacterial content and the decrease in fungal content, and the root exudates of MdBAK1-overexpressing plants inhibited F. oxysporum spore germination compared with that of wild-type plants. Furthermore, the constitutive immunity and cell necrosis induced by the upregulation of MdBAK1 expression were involved in the inhibition of colonization and expansion of F. oxysporum in host plants. In short, MdBAK1 plays an important role in the regulation of apple resistance to ARD, suggesting that MdBAK1 may be a valuable gene for molecular breeding of ARD resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shaozhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xianpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lishuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shujing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong Province, China.
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8
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Wei X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Gu T, Steinmetz G, Yu H, Guo G, Liu X, Fan S, Wang F, Gu Y, Xin F. Structural analysis of receptor-like kinase SOBIR1 reveals mechanisms that regulate its phosphorylation-dependent activation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100301. [PMID: 35529948 PMCID: PMC9073325 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and LRR receptor-like proteins (RLPs) comprise a large family of cell surface receptors that play critical roles in signal perception and transduction. Both LRR-RLKs and LRR-RLPs rely on regulatory LRR-RLKs to initiate downstream signaling pathways. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) and SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) are important and extensively studied regulatory LRR-RLKs with distinct functions. Although the regulatory mechanism of BAK1 activation has been studied in detail, the activation mechanism of SOBIR1 remains poorly understood. Here, the crystal structures of the catalytically inactive kinase domain of SOBIR1 (SOBIR1-KD) from Arabidopsis thaliana were determined in complexes with AMP-PNP and Mg2+. The results show that SOBIR1-KD contains a uniquely long β3-αC loop and adopts an Src-like inactive conformation with an unusual architecture at the activation segment, which comprises three helices. Biochemical studies revealed that SOBIR1 is transphosphorylated by BAK1 following its autophosphorylation via an intermolecular mechanism, and the phosphorylation of Thr529 in the activation segment and the β3-αC loop are critical for SOBIR1 phosphorylation. Further functional analysis confirmed the importance of Thr529 and the β3-αC loop for the SOBIR1-induced cell death response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Taken together, these findings provide a structural basis for the regulatory mechanism of SOBIR1 and reveal the important elements and phosphorylation events in the special stepwise activation of SOBIR1-KD, the first such processes found in regulatory LRR-RLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wei
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianyi Gu
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gabryel Steinmetz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoguang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shilong Fan
- The Center of Protein Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fengjiao Xin
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Freh M, Gao J, Petersen M, Panstruga R. Plant autoimmunity-fresh insights into an old phenomenon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1419-1434. [PMID: 34958371 PMCID: PMC8896616 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is well equipped to ward off the attacks of different types of phytopathogens. It primarily relies on two types of immune sensors-plasma membrane-resident receptor-like kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) receptors that engage preferentially in pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, respectively. Delicate fine-tuning, in particular of the NLR-governed branch of immunity, is key to prevent inappropriate and deleterious activation of plant immune responses. Inadequate NLR allele constellations, such as in the case of hybrid incompatibility, and the mis-activation of NLRs or the absence or modification of proteins guarded by these NLRs can result in the spontaneous initiation of plant defense responses and cell death-a phenomenon referred to as plant autoimmunity. Here, we review recent insights augmenting our mechanistic comprehension of plant autoimmunity. The recent findings broaden our understanding regarding hybrid incompatibility, unravel candidates for proteins likely guarded by NLRs and underline the necessity for the fine-tuning of NLR expression at various levels to avoid autoimmunity. We further present recently emerged tools to study plant autoimmunity and draw a cross-kingdom comparison to the role of NLRs in animal autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Freh
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Jinlan Gao
- Institute of Biology, Functional Genomics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Morten Petersen
- Institute of Biology, Functional Genomics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
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10
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Zheng XR, Zhang MJ, Qiao YH, Li R, Alkan N, Chen JY, Chen FM. Cyclocarya paliurus Reprograms the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway Against Colletotrichum fructicola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933484. [PMID: 35845688 PMCID: PMC9280340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus is an endemic Chinese tree species with considerable medicinal, timber, and horticultural value. The anthracnose disease of C. paliurus is caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola, which results in great losses in yield and quality. Here, resistance evaluation of six cultivars of C. paliurus exhibited varying degrees of resistance to C. fructicola infection, where Wufeng was the most resistant and Jinggangshan was the most susceptive. Physiological measurements and histochemical staining assays showed that the Wufeng cultivar exhibits intense reactive oxygen species accumulation and defense capabilities. A multiomics approach using RNA sequencing and metabolome analyses showed that resistance in C. paliurus (Wufeng) is related to early induction of reprogramming of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In vitro antifungal assays revealed that the flavonoid extracts from resistant cultivars strongly inhibited C. fructicola hyphal growth than susceptible cultivars. Relative gene expression analysis further demonstrated the pivotal antifungal role of C. paliurus flavonoids in targeting Colletotrichum appressorium formation. Together, these results represent a novel resistance mechanism of C. paliurus against anthracnose through the reprogramming of flavonoids, which will lay a foundation for breeding anthracnose-resistant varieties and the application of flavonoid extraction of C. paliurus as a natural antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rong Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao-Jiao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Hang Qiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Yin Chen,
| | - Feng-Mao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Feng-Mao Chen,
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11
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Shang Y, Yang D, Ha Y, Nam KH. BAK1-induced RPK1 phosphorylation is essential for RPK1-mediated cell death in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 573:125-131. [PMID: 34403809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Being sessile, plants must deploy highly exquisite systems to respond to various internal and external signals for modulating growth and development throughout their lifespan. Many studies on Arabidopsis have shown that leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, including BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and receptor-like protein kinase 1 (RPK1), are suitable for such pleiotropic demands of plants. Previously, BAK1 and RPK1 were independently proven to be involved in the regulation of premature cell death. BAK1 inhibits spontaneous cell death and promotes defense-induced cell death. Meanwhile, RPK1 mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through complexation with CaM4 and RbohF in an age-dependent manner. In the present study, RPK1-induced cell death and growth retardation were abolished both with respect to the phenotype and ROS production in bak1 mutants. Moreover, BAK1 interacts with RPK1 and mediates its unidirectional phosphorylation in plants. Further, BAK1-mediated RPK1 phosphorylation is indispensable for RPK1-CaM4 interaction, which is vital for ROS production, resulting in cell death. The presence of BAK1 enhanced the expression of cell death- and senescence-related genes, such as ORE1, PR1, SAG12, and SIRK in RPK1-mediated signaling cascades. Overall, in Arabidopsis, in addition to independent cell death regulation by BAK1 and RPK1, multiple-layers control cell death and premature senescence via the coordinated action of BAK1 and RPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Dami Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Lu Y, Tsuda K. Intimate Association of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Signaling in Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:3-14. [PMID: 33048599 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-20-0239-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.Plants recognize the presence or invasion of microbes through cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). Although PRRs and NLRs are activated by ligands located in different subcellular compartments through distinct mechanisms, signals initiated from PRRs and NLRs converge into several common signaling pathways with different dynamics. Increasing evidence suggests that PRR- and NLR-mediated signaling extensively crosstalk and such interaction can greatly influence immune response outcomes. Sophisticated experimental setups enabled dissection of the signaling events downstream of PRRs and NLRs with fine temporal and spatial resolution; however, the molecular links underlying the observed interactions in PRR and NLR signaling remain to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge about activation and signaling mediated by PRRs and NLRs, deconvolute the intimate association between PRR- and NLR-mediated signaling, and propose hypotheses to guide further research on key topics.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Lu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Sciences Research Institute, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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Chan C, Panzeri D, Okuma E, Tõldsepp K, Wang YY, Louh GY, Chin TC, Yeh YH, Yeh HL, Yekondi S, Huang YH, Huang TY, Chiou TJ, Murata Y, Kollist H, Zimmerli L. STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 Regulates Arabidopsis Stomatal Immunity through Phosphorylation of the Anion Channel SLAC1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2216-2236. [PMID: 32327536 PMCID: PMC7346559 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon recognition of microbes, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate pattern-triggered immunity. FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) form a typical PRR complex that senses bacteria. Here, we report that the kinase activity of the malectin-like receptor-like kinase STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 (SIF2) is critical for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to bacteria by regulating stomatal immunity. SIF2 physically associates with the FLS2-BAK1 PRR complex and interacts with and phosphorylates the guard cell SLOW ANION CHANNEL1 (SLAC1), which is necessary for abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure. SIF2 is also required for the activation of ABA-induced S-type anion currents in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and SIF2 is sufficient to activate SLAC1 anion channels in Xenopus oocytes. SIF2-mediated activation of SLAC1 depends on specific phosphorylation of Ser 65. This work reveals that SIF2 functions between the FLS2-BAK1 initial immunity receptor complex and the final actuator SLAC1 in stomatal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Dario Panzeri
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Louh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chuan Chin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Yeh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ling Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shweta Yekondi
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - You-Huei Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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14
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Abstract
Pathogen recognition by the plant immune system leads to defense responses that are often accompanied by a form of regulated cell death known as the hypersensitive response (HR). HR shares some features with regulated necrosis observed in animals. Genetically, HR can be uncoupled from local defense responses at the site of infection and its role in immunity may be to activate systemic responses in distal parts of the organism. Recent advances in the field reveal conserved cell death-specific signaling modules that are assembled by immune receptors in response to pathogen-derived effectors. The structural elucidation of the plant resistosome-an inflammasome-like structure that may attach to the plasma membrane on activation-opens the possibility that HR cell death is mediated by the formation of pores at the plasma membrane. Necrotrophic pathogens that feed on dead tissue have evolved strategies to trigger the HR cell death pathway as a survival strategy. Ectopic activation of immunomodulators during autoimmune reactions can also promote HR cell death. In this perspective, we discuss the role and regulation of HR in these different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Pitsili
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ujjal J Phukan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Amari K, Niehl A. Nucleic acid-mediated PAMP-triggered immunity in plants. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Dunker F, Trutzenberg A, Rothenpieler JS, Kuhn S, Pröls R, Schreiber T, Tissier A, Kemen A, Kemen E, Hückelhoven R, Weiberg A. Oomycete small RNAs bind to the plant RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence. eLife 2020; 9:56096. [PMID: 32441255 PMCID: PMC7297541 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of small RNAs (sRNAs) between hosts and pathogens can lead to gene silencing in the recipient organism, a mechanism termed cross-kingdom RNAi (ck-RNAi). While fungal sRNAs promoting virulence are established, the significance of ck-RNAi in distinct plant pathogens is not clear. Here, we describe that sRNAs of the pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, which represents the kingdom of oomycetes and is phylogenetically distant from fungi, employ the host plant’s Argonaute (AGO)/RNA-induced silencing complex for virulence. To demonstrate H. arabidopsidis sRNA (HpasRNA) functionality in ck-RNAi, we designed a novel CRISPR endoribonuclease Csy4/GUS reporter that enabled in situ visualization of HpasRNA-induced target suppression in Arabidopsis. The significant role of HpasRNAs together with AtAGO1 in virulence was revealed in plant atago1 mutants and by transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a short-tandem-target-mimic to block HpasRNAs, that both exhibited enhanced resistance. HpasRNA-targeted plant genes contributed to host immunity, as Arabidopsis gene knockout mutants displayed quantitatively enhanced susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dunker
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Adriana Trutzenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan S Rothenpieler
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sarah Kuhn
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Pröls
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tom Schreiber
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Ariane Kemen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Arne Weiberg
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, Biocenter Martinsried, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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17
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Wang J, Chai J. Structural Insights into the Plant Immune Receptors PRRs and NLRs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1566-1581. [PMID: 32047048 PMCID: PMC7140948 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent progresses made in structural analysis of plant PRRs and NLRs show the advancements in cryo-EM structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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18
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Zhang S, Li C, Ren H, Zhao T, Li Q, Wang S, Zhang Y, Xiao F, Wang X. BAK1 Mediates Light Intensity to Phosphorylate and Activate Catalases to Regulate Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041437. [PMID: 32093294 PMCID: PMC7073115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BAK1 (brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (BRI1) associated receptor kinase 1) plays major roles in multiple signaling pathways as a coreceptor to regulate plant growth and development and stress response. However, the role of BAK1 in high light signaling is still poorly understood. Here we observed that overexpression of BAK1 in Arabidopsis interferes with the function of high light in promoting plant growth and development, which is independent of the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway. Further investigation shows that high light enhances the phosphorylation of BAK1 and catalase activity, thereby reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Catalase3 (CAT3) is identified as a BAK1-interacting protein by affinity purification and LC-MS/MS analysis. Biochemical analysis confirms that BAK1 interacts with and phosphorylates all three catalases (CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3) of the Arabidopsis genome, and the trans-phosphorylation sites of three catalases with BAK1-CD are identified by LC-MS/MS in vitro. Genetic analyses reveal that the BAK1 overexpression plants knocked out all the three CAT genes completely abolishing the effect of BAK1 on suppression of high light-promoted growth. This study first unravels the role of BAK1 in mediating high light-triggered activation of CATs, thereby degrading H2O2 and regulating plant growth and development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (S.W.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (S.W.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Haihua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (S.W.)
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fangming Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Correspondence: (F.X.); (X.W.); Tel.: +208-885-0120 (F.X.); +86-18092867224 (X.W.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (H.R.); (T.Z.); (Q.L.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (F.X.); (X.W.); Tel.: +208-885-0120 (F.X.); +86-18092867224 (X.W.)
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19
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Molecular mechanism for the recognition of sequence-divergent CIF peptides by the plant receptor kinases GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2693-2703. [PMID: 31964818 PMCID: PMC7007523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911553117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved unique membrane receptor kinases with extracellular leucine-rich repeat domains that regulate diverse developmental processes and that form the first layer of the plant immune system. Here it is shown that 2 sequence-related receptor kinases and their shape-complementary coreceptors selectively sense members of a small family of secreted peptide hormones to control formation of an important diffusion barrier in the plant root. Plants use leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) to sense sequence diverse peptide hormones at the cell surface. A 3.0-Å crystal structure of the LRR-RK GSO1/SGN3 regulating Casparian strip formation in the endodermis reveals a large spiral-shaped ectodomain. The domain provides a binding platform for 21 amino acid CIF peptide ligands, which are tyrosine sulfated by the tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase TPST/SGN2. GSO1/SGN3 harbors a binding pocket for sulfotyrosine and makes extended backbone interactions with CIF2. Quantitative biochemical comparisons reveal that GSO1/SGN3–CIF2 represents one of the strongest receptor–ligand pairs known in plants. Multiple missense mutations are required to block CIF2 binding in vitro and GSO1/SGN3 function in vivo. Using structure-guided sequence analysis we uncover previously uncharacterized CIF peptides conserved among higher plants. Quantitative binding assays with known and novel CIFs suggest that the homologous LRR-RKs GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2 have evolved unique peptide binding properties to control different developmental processes. A quantitative biochemical interaction screen, a CIF peptide antagonist and genetic analyses together implicate SERK proteins as essential coreceptor kinases required for GSO1/SGN3 and GSO2 receptor activation. Our work provides a mechanistic framework for the recognition of sequence-divergent peptide hormones in plants.
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20
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Li B, Ferreira MA, Huang M, Camargos LF, Yu X, Teixeira RM, Carpinetti PA, Mendes GC, Gouveia-Mageste BC, Liu C, Pontes CSL, Brustolini OJB, Martins LGC, Melo BP, Duarte CEM, Shan L, He P, Fontes EPB. The receptor-like kinase NIK1 targets FLS2/BAK1 immune complex and inversely modulates antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4996. [PMID: 31676803 PMCID: PMC6825196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogens and defend themselves. Crosstalk may happen among receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways in the same host during simultaneous infection of different pathogens. However, the related function of the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in thwarting different pathogens remains elusive. Here, we report that NIK1, which positively regulates plant antiviral immunity, acts as an important negative regulator of antibacterial immunity. nik1 plants exhibit dwarfed morphology, enhanced disease resistance to bacteria and increased PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, which are restored by NIK1 reintroduction. Additionally, NIK1 negatively regulates the formation of the FLS2/BAK1 complex. The interaction between NIK1 and FLS2/BAK1 is enhanced upon flg22 perception, revealing a novel PTI regulatory mechanism by an RLK. Furthermore, flg22 perception induces NIK1 and RPL10A phosphorylation in vivo, activating antiviral signalling. The NIK1-mediated inverse modulation of antiviral and antibacterial immunity may allow bacteria and viruses to activate host immune responses against each other. Plants deploy numerous receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to respond to pathogens. Here the authors show that NIK1, an RLK that positively regulates antiviral immunity, negatively regulates the response to bacteria by modulating FLS2/BAK1 complex formation, suggesting crosstalk between bacterial and viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Marco Aurélio Ferreira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Mengling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Luiz Fernando Camargos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education from Goias, Science and Technology, Urutaí, GO, 75790-000, Brazil
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ruan M Teixeira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Paola A Carpinetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Giselle C Mendes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Catarinense, Rio do Sul, SC, 89163-356, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Gouveia-Mageste
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Claudia S L Pontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Otávio J B Brustolini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação Cientifica (LNCC), Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Laura G C Martins
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Melo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Christiane E M Duarte
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.
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21
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Guzmán-Benito I, Donaire L, Amorim-Silva V, Vallarino JG, Esteban A, Wierzbicki AT, Ruiz-Ferrer V, Llave C. The immune repressor BIR1 contributes to antiviral defense and undergoes transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation during viral infections. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:421-438. [PMID: 31111491 PMCID: PMC6711825 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BIR1 is a receptor-like kinase that functions as a negative regulator of basal immunity and cell death in Arabidopsis. Using Arabidopsis thaliana and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), we investigate the antiviral role of BIR1, the molecular mechanisms of BIR1 gene expression regulation during viral infections, and the effects of BIR1 overexpression on plant immunity and development. We found that SA acts as a signal molecule for BIR1 activation during infection. Inactivating mutations of BIR1 in the bir1-1 mutant cause strong antiviral resistance independently of constitutive cell death or SA defense priming. BIR1 overexpression leads to severe developmental defects, cell death and premature death, which correlate with the constitutive activation of plant immune responses. Our findings suggest that BIR1 acts as a negative regulator of antiviral defense in plants, and indicate that RNA silencing contributes, alone or in conjunction with other regulatory mechanisms, to define a threshold expression for proper BIR1 function beyond which an autoimmune response may occur. This work provides novel mechanistic insights into the regulation of BIR1 homeostasis that may be common for other plant immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guzmán-Benito
- Departmento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040-Madrid, Spain
- Doctorado en Biotecnología y Recursos Genéticos de Plantas y Microorganismos Asociados, ETSI Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Livia Donaire
- Departmento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Alicia Esteban
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071-Málaga, Spain
| | - Andrzej T. Wierzbicki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Virginia Ruiz-Ferrer
- Departmento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - César Llave
- Departmento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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22
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Taylor I, Baer J, Calcutt R, Walker JC. Hypermorphic SERK1 Mutations Function via a SOBIR1 Pathway to Activate Floral Abscission Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1219-1229. [PMID: 30975695 PMCID: PMC6548279 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the abscission of floral organs is regulated by two related receptor-like protein kinases, HAESA (HAE) and HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2). In complex with members of the SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) family of coreceptor protein kinases, HAE and HSL2 are activated when bound by INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSICSSION, a proteolytically processed peptide ligand, activating the expression of genes encoding secreted cell wall remodeling and hydrolase enzymes. hae hsl2 mutants fail to induce expression of these genes and retain floral organs indefinitely. Here, we report identification of an allelic series of hae hsl2 suppressor mutations in the SERK1 coreceptor protein kinase gene. Genetic and transcriptomic evidence indicates that these alleles represent a novel class of gain-of-function mutations that activate signaling independently of HAE/HSL2. We show that, surprisingly, the suppression effect does not rely on the protein kinase activity of SERK1 and that activation of signaling relies on the receptor-like kinase gene SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1). The effect of these mutations can be mimicked by loss of function of BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1 (BIR1), a known negative regulator of SERK-SOBIR1 signaling. These results suggest that BIR1 negatively regulates SERK-SOBIR1 signaling during abscission and that the identified SERK1 mutations likely interfere with this negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - John Baer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Ryan Calcutt
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Biology Department, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - John C Walker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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23
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Zhou J, Wang P, Claus LAN, Savatin DV, Xu G, Wu S, Meng X, Russinova E, He P, Shan L. Proteolytic Processing of SERK3/BAK1 Regulates Plant Immunity, Development, and Cell Death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:543-558. [PMID: 30782965 PMCID: PMC6501102 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved many receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to sense extrinsic and intrinsic cues. The signaling pathways mediated by multiple Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) RLK (LRR-RLK) receptors require ligand-induced receptor-coreceptor heterodimerization and transphosphorylation with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1)/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASES family LRR-RLKs. Here we reveal an additional layer of regulation of BAK1 via a Ca2+-dependent proteolytic cleavage process that is conserved in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Nicotiana benthamiana, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae The proteolytic cleavage of BAK1 is intrinsically regulated in response to developmental cues and immune stimulation. The surface-exposed Asp (D287) residue of BAK1 is critical for its proteolytic cleavage and plays an essential role in BAK1-regulated plant immunity, growth hormone brassinosteroid-mediated responses, and cell death containment. BAK1D287A mutation impairs BAK1 phosphorylation on its substrate BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1), and its plasma membrane localization. Intriguingly, it aggravates BAK1 overexpression-triggered cell death independent of BIK1, suggesting that maintaining homeostasis of BAK1 through a proteolytic process is crucial to control plant growth and immunity. Our data reveal that in addition to layered transphosphorylation in the receptor complexes, the proteolytic cleavage is an important regulatory process for the proper functions of the shared coreceptor BAK1 in diverse cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggeng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Lucas A N Claus
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Shujing Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018 China
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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24
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Hohmann U, Hothorn M. Crystal structure of the leucine-rich repeat ectodomain of the plant immune receptor kinase SOBIR1. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:488-497. [PMID: 31063151 PMCID: PMC6503760 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319005291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-unique membrane receptor kinases with leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extracellular domains are key regulators of development and immune responses. Here, the 1.55 Å resolution crystal structure of the immune receptor kinase SOBIR1 from Arabidopsis is presented. The ectodomain structure reveals the presence of five LRRs sandwiched between noncanonical capping domains. The disulfide-bond-stabilized N-terminal cap harbours an unusual β-hairpin structure. The C-terminal cap features a highly positively charged linear motif which was found to be largely disordered in this structure. Size-exclusion chromatography and right-angle light-scattering experiments suggest that SOBIR1 is a monomer in solution. The protruding β-hairpin, a set of highly conserved basic residues at the inner surface of the SOBIR LRR domain and the presence of a genetic missense allele in LRR2 together suggest that the SOBIR1 ectodomain may mediate protein-protein interaction in plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Biotic Stress-Induced Priming and De-Priming of Transcriptional Memory in Arabidopsis and Apple. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:epigenomes3010003. [PMID: 34991272 PMCID: PMC8594670 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Under natural growth conditions, plants experience various and repetitive biotic and abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phytohormone involved in the response to biotic challenges. Application of synthetic SA analogues can efficiently prime defense responses, and leads to improved pathogen resistance. Because SA analogues can result in long-term priming and memory, we identified genes for which expression was affected by the SA analogue and explored the role of DNA methylation in this memorization process. We show that treatments with an SA analogue can lead to long-term transcriptional memory of particular genes in Arabidopsis. We found that subsequent challenging of such plants with a bacterial elicitor reverted this transcriptional memory, bringing their expression back to the original pre-treatment level. We also made very similar observations in apple (Malus domestica), suggesting that this expression pattern is highly conserved in plants. Finally, we found a potential role for DNA methylation in the observed transcriptional memory behavior. We show that plants defective in DNA methylation pathways displayed a different memory behavior. Our work improves our understanding of the role of transcriptional memory in priming, and has important implication concerning the application of SA analogues in agricultural settings.
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26
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Gao X, Ruan X, Sun Y, Wang X, Feng B. BAKing up to Survive a Battle: Functional Dynamics of BAK1 in Plant Programmed Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1913. [PMID: 30671069 PMCID: PMC6331536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, programmed cell death (PCD) has diverse, essential roles in vegetative and reproductive development, and in the responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite the rapid progress in understanding the occurrence and functions of the diverse forms of PCD in plants, the signaling components and molecular mechanisms underlying the core PCD machinery remain a mystery. The roles of BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1), an essential co-receptor of multiple receptor complexes, in the regulation of immunity and development- and defense-related PCD have been well characterized. However, the ways in which BAK1 functions in mediating PCD need to be further explored. In this review, different forms of PCD in both plants and mammals are discussed. Moreover, we mainly summarize recent advances in elucidating the functions and possible mechanisms of BAK1 in controlling diverse forms of PCD. We also highlight the involvement of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of multiple signaling component proteins in BAK1-mediated PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinsen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baomin Feng
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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27
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Yu MH, Zhao ZZ, He JX. Brassinosteroid Signaling in Plant⁻Microbe Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124091. [PMID: 30563020 PMCID: PMC6320871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are frequently exposed to different stress conditions caused by either biotic or abiotic factors. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie plant interaction with the biotic and abiotic environments is fundamental to both plant biotechnology and sustainable agriculture. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant-specific steroidal compounds essential for normal growth and development. Recent research evidence indicates that BRs are also actively involved in plant–environment interactions and play important roles in shaping plant fitness and the growth–defense trade-offs. In this minireview, we focus our attention on recent advances in the understanding of BR functions in modulating plant interactions with different pathogenic microbes, with particular focus on how BR signaling primes the plant innate immunity pathways and achieves a trade-off between growth and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Yu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhe-Ze Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun-Xian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Brauer EK, Popescu GV, Singh DK, Calviño M, Gupta K, Gupta B, Chakravarthy S, Popescu SC. Integrative network-centric approach reveals signaling pathways associated with plant resistance and susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005956. [PMID: 30540739 PMCID: PMC6322785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant protein kinases form redundant signaling pathways to perceive microbial pathogens and activate immunity. Bacterial pathogens repress cellular immune responses by secreting effectors, some of which bind and inhibit multiple host kinases. To understand how broadly bacterial effectors may bind protein kinases and the function of these kinase interactors, we first tested kinase–effector (K-E) interactions using the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato–tomato pathosystem. We tested interactions between five individual effectors (HopAI1, AvrPto, HopA1, HopM1, and HopAF1) and 279 tomato kinases in tomato cells. Over half of the tested kinases interacted with at least one effector, and 48% of these kinases interacted with more than three effectors, suggesting a role in the defense. Next, we characterized the role of select multi-effector–interacting kinases and revealed their roles in basal resistance, effector-triggered immunity (ETI), or programmed cell death (PCD). The immune function of several of these kinases was only detectable in the presence of effectors, suggesting that these kinases are critical when particular cell functions are perturbed or that their role is typically masked. To visualize the kinase networks underlying the cellular responses, we derived signal-specific networks. A comparison of the networks revealed a limited overlap between ETI and basal immunity networks. In addition, the basal immune network complexity increased when exposed to some of the effectors. The networks were used to successfully predict the role of a new set of kinases in basal immunity. Our work indicates the complexity of the larger kinase-based defense network and demonstrates how virulence- and avirulence-associated bacterial effectors alter sectors of the defense network. Some bacterial pathogens secrete virulence factors called effectors, which influence host tissues during infection. The impact of such bacterial effectors on the transmission of immune signals in plants remains poorly understood. In this study, we developed an integrative network approach to discover interactions between bacterial effectors and a class of host signal-mediating enzymes called protein kinases. We also characterized the functions of the targets of these kinases in order to understand how bacterial effectors might disrupt the flow of information in signaling pathways within plant cells. We show that plants activate larger signaling networks when inoculated with pathogens that produce effectors. We also find that plant signaling networks are specific to individual effectors and that the networks include kinases with both positive and negative effects on plant resistance to pathogens. We propose that the topology of immune signaling networks is determined by the plant’s ability to activate compensatory pathways in response to the effectors’ network-disruptive actions. Conversely, pathogens may increase their virulence both by disrupting host signaling at the membrane-located end of the signaling network and by recruiting cytosolic kinases. This work provides a framework for the study of plant–pathogen communication and could be used to prioritize targets for improving resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Brauer
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - George V. Popescu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing, and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- The National Institute for Laser, Plasma & Radiation Physics, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dharmendra K. Singh
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mauricio Calviño
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Kamala Gupta
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar Gupta
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Suma Chakravarthy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Sorina C. Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Gruszka D. Crosstalk of the Brassinosteroid Signalosome with Phytohormonal and Stress Signaling Components Maintains a Balance between the Processes of Growth and Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092675. [PMID: 30205610 PMCID: PMC6163518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytohormones, which regulate various processes during plant life cycle. Intensive studies conducted with genetic, physiological and molecular approaches allowed identification of various components participating in the BR signaling—from the ligand perception, through cytoplasmic signal transduction, up to the BR-dependent gene expression, which is regulated by transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes. The identification of new components of the BR signaling is an ongoing process, however an emerging view of the BR signalosome indicates that this process is interconnected at various stages with other metabolic pathways. The signaling crosstalk is mediated by the BR signaling proteins, which function as components of the transmembrane BR receptor, by a cytoplasmic kinase playing a role of the major negative regulator of the BR signaling, and by the transcription factors, which regulate the BR-dependent gene expression and form a complicated regulatory system. This molecular network of interdependencies allows a balance in homeostasis of various phytohormones to be maintained. Moreover, the components of the BR signalosome interact with factors regulating plant reactions to environmental cues and stress conditions. This intricate network of interactions enables a rapid adaptation of plant metabolism to constantly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Gruszka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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30
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Takahashi T, Murano T, Ishikawa A. SOBIR1 and AGB1 independently contribute to nonhost resistance to Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1922-1930. [PMID: 30022707 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1498727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) is a disease devastating to rice. We have studied the Arabidopsis-P. oryzae pathosystem as a model system for nonhost resistance (NHR) and found that SOBIR1, but not BAK1, is a positive regulator of NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis. AGB1 is also involved in NHR. However, the genetic interactions between SOBIR1, BAK1, and AGB1 are uncharacterized. In this study, we delineated the genetic interactions between SOBIR1, BAK1, and AGB1 in NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis and found SOBIR1 and AGB1 independently control NHR to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis pen2-1 mutant plants. Furthermore, XLG2, but not TMM, has a positive role in penetration resistance to P. oryzae in Arabidopsis pen2-1 mutant plants. Our study characterized genetic interactions in Arabidopsis NHR. Abbreviations: PRR: pattern recognition receptor, RLK: receptor-like kinase, RLP: receptor-like protein, BAK1: BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1, BIR1: BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1, SOBIR1: SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1-1, AGB1: ARABIDOPSIS G PROTEIN ß-SUBUNIT 1, XLG2: EXTRA-LARGE G PROTEIN 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Takahashi
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Fukui Prefectural University , Fukui , Japan
| | - Tomoya Murano
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Fukui Prefectural University , Fukui , Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishikawa
- a Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Fukui Prefectural University , Fukui , Japan
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31
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Abstract
Plants contain a unique family of membrane receptors, which are different from the ones found in bacteria and animals. These proteins are able to sense very different signals, such as steroid molecules, peptides, and proteins at the cell surface using a spiral-shaped ligand binding domain. Ligand binding allows the receptor to engage with a smaller coreceptor kinase, which is shared among different receptors. Here it is analyzed how one coreceptor protein can contribute to the sensing of two different ligands involved in plant growth and organ abscission and to activation of their cognate receptors. Plant-unique membrane receptor kinases with leucine-rich repeat ectodomains (LRR-RKs) can sense small molecule, peptide, and protein ligands. Many LRR-RKs require SERK-family coreceptor kinases for high-affinity ligand binding and receptor activation. How one coreceptor can contribute to the specific binding of distinct ligands and activation of different LRR-RKs is poorly understood. Here we quantitatively analyze the contribution of SERK3 to ligand binding and activation of the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 and the peptide hormone receptor HAESA. We show that while the isolated receptors sense their respective ligands with drastically different binding affinities, the SERK3 ectodomain binds the ligand-associated receptors with very similar binding kinetics. We identify residues in the SERK3 N-terminal capping domain, which allow for selective steroid and peptide hormone recognition. In contrast, residues in the SERK3 LRR core form a second, constitutive receptor–coreceptor interface. Genetic analyses of protein chimera between BRI1 and SERK3 define that signaling-competent complexes are formed by receptor–coreceptor heteromerization in planta. A functional BRI1–HAESA chimera suggests that the receptor activation mechanism is conserved among different LRR-RKs, and that their signaling specificity is encoded in the kinase domain of the receptor. Our work pinpoints the relative contributions of receptor, ligand, and coreceptor to the formation and activation of SERK-dependent LRR-RK signaling complexes regulating plant growth and development.
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32
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Jiang L, Wan Y, Anderson JC, Hou J, Islam SM, Cheng J, Peck SC. Genetic dissection of Arabidopsis MAP kinase phosphatase 1-dependent PAMP-induced transcriptional responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5207-5220. [PMID: 29045691 PMCID: PMC5853853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is initiated by extracellular detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRR activation induces many responses including the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that ultimately limit bacterial growth. Previous work identified Arabidopsis MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1) as a negative regulator of signaling pathways required for some, but not all, of PAMP-initiated responses. Specifically, loss of MAPK MPK6 in an mkp1 background suppressed a subset of the mkp1-dependent biological phenotypes, indicating the requirement for MPK6 in MKP1-dependent signaling. To further genetically separate the outputs of PAMP-responsive signaling pathways, we performed a transcriptome analysis in Arabidopsis wild type, mkp1 and mkp1 mpk6 seedlings treated with the bacterially derived PAMP elf26 for 0, 30, and 90 min. Using differential genetic and temporal clustering analyses between and within genotypes, we identified and separated 6963 elf26-responsive transcripts based on both genetic requirements of MKP1 (with or without a requirement for MPK6) and temporal transcriptional accumulation patterns, and some of these novel response markers were validated by qRT-PCR over a more extended time course. Taken together, our transcriptome analysis provides novel information for delineating PAMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ying Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Jie Hou
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Soliman M Islam
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jianlin Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott C Peck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Correspondence:
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Ma C, Liu Y, Bai B, Han Z, Tang J, Zhang H, Yaghmaiean H, Zhang Y, Chai J. Structural basis for BIR1-mediated negative regulation of plant immunity. Cell Res 2017; 27:1521-1524. [PMID: 28961230 PMCID: PMC5717402 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bing Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiao Tang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Heqiao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hoda Yaghmaiean
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jijie Chai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Imkampe J, Halter T, Huang S, Schulze S, Mazzotta S, Schmidt N, Manstretta R, Postel S, Wierzba M, Yang Y, van Dongen WMAM, Stahl M, Zipfel C, Goshe MB, Clouse S, de Vries SC, Tax F, Wang X, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase BIR3 Negatively Regulates BAK1 Receptor Complex Formation and Stabilizes BAK1. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2285-2303. [PMID: 28842532 PMCID: PMC5635992 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BAK1 is a coreceptor and positive regulator of multiple ligand binding leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) and is involved in brassinosteroid (BR)-dependent growth and development, innate immunity, and cell death control. The BAK1-interacting LRR-RKs BIR2 and BIR3 were previously identified by proteomics analyses of in vivo BAK1 complexes. Here, we show that BAK1-related pathways such as innate immunity and cell death control are affected by BIR3 in Arabidopsis thaliana BIR3 also has a strong negative impact on BR signaling. BIR3 directly interacts with the BR receptor BRI1 and other ligand binding receptors and negatively regulates BR signaling by competitive inhibition of BRI1. BIR3 is released from BAK1 and BRI1 after ligand exposure and directly affects the formation of BAK1 complexes with BRI1 or FLAGELLIN SENSING2. Double mutants of bak1 and bir3 show spontaneous cell death and constitutive activation of defense responses. BAK1 and its closest homolog BKK1 interact with and are stabilized by BIR3, suggesting that bak1 bir3 double mutants mimic the spontaneous cell death phenotype observed in bak1 bkk1 mutants via destabilization of BIR3 target proteins. Our results provide evidence for a negative regulatory mechanism for BAK1 receptor complexes in which BIR3 interacts with BAK1 and inhibits ligand binding receptors to prevent BAK1 receptor complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Imkampe
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Halter
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sarina Schulze
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Mazzotta
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikola Schmidt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raffaele Manstretta
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Postel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Wierzba
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics Department of the ZMBP, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Goshe
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Steven Clouse
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Sacco C de Vries
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Tax
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Li L, Kim P, Yu L, Cai G, Chen S, Alfano JR, Zhou JM. Activation-Dependent Destruction of a Co-receptor by a Pseudomonas syringae Effector Dampens Plant Immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 20:504-514. [PMID: 27736646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis immune receptor FLS2 and co-receptor BAK1 perceive the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate plant immunity. To prevent this response, phytopathogenic bacteria deploy a repertoire of effector proteins to perturb immune signaling. However, the effector-induced perturbation is often sensed by the host, triggering another layer of immunity. We report that the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopB1 acts as a protease to cleave immune-activated BAK1. Prior to activation, HopB1 constitutively interacts with FLS2. Upon activation by flg22, BAK1 is recruited to the FLS2-HopB1 complex and is phosphorylated at Thr455. HopB1 then specifically cleaves BAK1 between Arg297 and Gly298 to inhibit FLS2 signaling. Although perturbation of BAK1 is known to trigger increased immune responses in plants, the HopB1-mediated cleavage of BAK1 leads to enhanced virulence, but not disease resistance. This study thus reveals a virulence strategy by which a pathogen effector attacks the plant immune system with minimal host perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Panya Kim
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gaihong Cai
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - James R Alfano
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
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Yasuda S, Okada K, Saijo Y. A look at plant immunity through the window of the multitasking coreceptor BAK1. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:10-18. [PMID: 28458047 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe- and danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs and DAMPs, respectively) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is central to innate immunity in both plants and animals. The plant PRRs described to date are all cell surface-localized receptors. According to their ligand-binding ectodomains, each PRR engages a specific coreceptor or adaptor kinase in its signaling complexes to regulate defense signaling. With a focus on the coreceptor RLK BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1) and related SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASEs (SERKs), here we review the increasing inventory of BAK1 partners and their functions in plant immunity. We also discuss the significance of autoimmunity triggered by BAK1/SERK4 disintegration in shaping the strategies for attenuation of PRR signaling by infectious microbes and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan; Japan Science and Technology (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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37
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Liu J, Chen S, Chen L, Zhou Q, Wang M, Feng D, Li JF, Wang J, Wang HB, Liu B. BIK1 cooperates with BAK1 to regulate constitutive immunity and cell death in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:234-239. [PMID: 28225199 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, both the membrane-anchored receptor-like kinase (RLK) BAK1 and the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) BIK1 are important mediators of transmembrane signal transduction that regulate plant development and immunity. However, little attention has been paid to their genetic association. This study found the bak1 bik1 double mutant of Arabidopsis displayed a severe dwarfism phenotype due to constitutive immunity and cell death in developing plants. These data suggest that BIK1 cooperates with BAK1 to regulate constitutive immunity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sufen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dongru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jinfa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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38
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Kim SY, Shang Y, Joo SH, Kim SK, Nam KH. Overexpression of BAK1 causes salicylic acid accumulation and deregulation of cell death control genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:781-786. [PMID: 28153720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the BRI1-Associated Receptor Kinase 1 (BAK1) was firstly identified as a co-receptor of BRI1 that mediates brassinosteroids (BR) signaling, the functional roles of BAK1, as a versatile co-receptor for various ligand-binding leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptor-like kinase (RLKs), are being extended to involvement with plant immunity, cell death, stomatal development and ABA signaling in plants. During more than a decade of research on the BAK1, it has been known that transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing BAK1 tagged with various reporters do not fully represent its natural functions. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the transgenic plants in which native BAK1 is overexpressed driven by its own promoter. We found that those transgenic plants were more sensitive to BR signaling but showed reduced growth patterns accompanied with spontaneous cell death features that are different from those seen in BR-related mutants. We demonstrated that more salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide were accumulated and that expressions of the genes that are known to regulate cell death, such as BONs, BIRs, and SOBIR, were increased in the BAK1-overexpressing transgenic plants. These results suggest that pleiotropic phenotypic alterations shown in the BAK1- overexpressing transgenic plants result from the constitutive activation of SA-mediated defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Shang
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Hwan Joo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Nam
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea.
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39
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Ma X, Xu G, He P, Shan L. SERKing Coreceptors for Receptors. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:1017-1033. [PMID: 27660030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a large number of cell surface-resident receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), many of which are implicated in sensing extrinsic and intrinsic signals, and govern diverse cellular responses. The signaling pathways mediated by RLKs and RLPs converge at a small group of RLKs, somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs), via ligand-induced heterodimerization and transphosphorylation. As shared coreceptors in diverse signaling receptorsomes, SERKs exhibit functional plasticity yet maintain a high degree of signaling specificity. Here, we review recent advances in newly identified SERK functions in plant cell differentiation, growth, and immunity; discuss the regulation and activation mechanisms of SERK-associated receptorsomes; and provide insights into how SERKs maintain signaling specificity as convergent hubs in various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Ma
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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40
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Liu Y, Huang X, Li M, He P, Zhang Y. Loss-of-function of Arabidopsis receptor-like kinase BIR1 activates cell death and defense responses mediated by BAK1 and SOBIR1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:637-645. [PMID: 27400831 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis receptor-like kinase (RLK) BIR1 (BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1) functions as a negative regulator of plant immunity. Previous work showed that loss-of-function of BIR1 leads to constitutive activation of cell death and defense responses. These autoimmune phenotypes are partially dependent on another RLK, SOBIR1. In order to identify additional components involved in the BIR1-regulated plant defense signaling pathway, a suppressor screen was carried out in the bir1-1 pad4-1 mutant background. Mutations in the suppressor mutants were identified by genetic mapping and re-sequencing of the mutant genomes. A number of suppressor mutants were found to carry mutations in an additional RLK, BAK1, indicating that BAK1 is required for activation of cell death and defense responses in bir1-1. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that BAK1 and SOBIR1 associate with each other in planta when the function of BIR1 is compromised. Although BAK1 was previously characterized as a negative regulator of cell death, our study highlights a novel role of BAK1 in promoting cell death and defense responses in conjunction with SOBIR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Xingchuan Huang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, 7 Science Park Road, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4.
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Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms exposed constantly to potential virulent microbes seeking for full pathogenesis in hosts. Different from animals employing both adaptive and innate immune systems, plants only rely on innate immunity to detect and fight against pathogen invasions. Plant innate immunity is proposed to be a two-tiered immune system including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In PTI, PAMPs, the elicitors derived from microbial pathogens, are perceived by cell surface-localized proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). As single-pass transmembrane proteins, RLKs and RLPs contain an extracellular domain (ECD) responsible for ligand binding. Recognitions of signal molecules by PRR-ECDs induce homo- or heterooligomerization of RLKs and RLPs to trigger corresponding intracellular immune responses. RLKs possess a cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinase domain that is absent in RLPs, implying that protein phosphorylations underlie key mechanism in transducing immunity signalings and that RLPs unlikely mediate signal transduction independently, and recruitment of other patterns, such as RLKs, is required for the function of RLPs in plant immunity. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, resembling RLK structures but lacking the ECD, act as immediate substrates of PRRs, modulating PRR activities and linking PRRs with downstream signaling mediators. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries illustrating the molecular machines of major components of PRR complexes in mediating pathogen perception and immunity activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Y Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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42
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Woo JY, Jeong KJ, Kim YJ, Paek KH. CaLecRK-S.5, a pepper L-type lectin receptor kinase gene, confers broad-spectrum resistance by activating priming. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5725-5741. [PMID: 27647723 PMCID: PMC5066492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, several L-type lectin receptor kinases (LecRKs) have been identified as putative immune receptors. However, to date, there have been few analyses of LecRKs in crop plants. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaLecRK-S.5 verified the role of CaLecRK-S.5 in broad-spectrum resistance. Compared with control plants, CaLecRK-S.5-silenced plants showed reduced hypersensitive response, reactive oxygen species burst, secondary metabolite production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and defense-related gene expression in response to Tobacco mosaic virus pathotype P0 (TMV-P0) infection. Suppression of CaLecRK-S.5 expression significantly enhanced the susceptibility to Pepper mild mottle virus pathotype P1,2,3, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Phytophthora capsici, as well as TMV-P0 Additionally, β-aminobutyric acid treatment and a systemic acquired resistance assay revealed that CaLecRK-S.5 is involved in priming of plant immunity. Pre-treatment with β-aminobutyric acid before viral infection restored the reduced disease resistance phenotypes shown in CaLecRK-S.5-silenced plants. Systemic acquired resistance was also abolished in CaLecRK-S.5-silenced plants. Finally, RNA sequencing analysis indicated that CaLecRK-S.5 positively regulates plant immunity at the transcriptional level. Altogether, these results suggest that CaLecRK-S.5-mediated broad-spectrum resistance is associated with the regulation of priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yong Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ju Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Paek
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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43
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Mukhtar M, McCormack M, Argueso C, Pajerowska-Mukhtar K. Pathogen Tactics to Manipulate Plant Cell Death. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R608-R619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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44
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Abstract
Some pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants, such as PEPRs, sense endogenous, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released during pathogen infection. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Yamada and colleagues show that genetic or pathogen-induced depletion of Arabidopsis BAK1, a co-receptor for multiple PRRs, primes immune activation through PEPRs. The work illustrates a link between pathogen-induced perturbation of BAK1 and DAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhong Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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