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Li R, Zhao R, Yang M, Zhang X, Lin J. Membrane microdomains: Structural and signaling platforms for establishing membrane polarity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2260-2277. [PMID: 37549378 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity results from the asymmetric distribution of cellular structures, molecules, and functions. Polarity is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine the orientation of cell division, the formation of particular cell shapes, and ultimately the development of a multicellular body. To maintain the distinct asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids in cellular membranes, plant cells have developed complex trafficking and regulatory mechanisms. Major advances have been made in our understanding of how membrane microdomains influence the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids. In this review, we first give an overview of cell polarity. Next, we discuss current knowledge concerning membrane microdomains and their roles as structural and signaling platforms to establish and maintain membrane polarity, with a special focus on the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids, and advanced microscopy techniques to observe and characterize membrane microdomains. Finally, we review recent advances regarding membrane trafficking in cell polarity establishment and how the balance between exocytosis and endocytosis affects membrane polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Ciampelli C, Galleri G, Puggioni S, Fais M, Iannotta L, Galioto M, Becciu M, Greggio E, Bernardoni R, Crosio C, Iaccarino C. Inhibition of the Exocyst Complex Attenuates the LRRK2 Pathological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12656. [PMID: 37628835 PMCID: PMC10454163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the major genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Multiple lines of evidence link LRRK2 to the control of vesicle dynamics through phosphorylation of a subset of RAB proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully elucidated. We have previously demonstrated that LRRK2 increases the exocyst complex assembly by Sec8 interaction, one of the eight members of the exocyst complex, and that Sec8 over-expression mitigates the LRRK2 pathological effect in PC12 cells. Here, we extend this analysis using LRRK2 drosophila models and show that the LRRK2-dependent exocyst complex assembly increase is downstream of RAB phosphorylation. Moreover, exocyst complex inhibition rescues mutant LRRK2 pathogenic phenotype in cellular and drosophila models. Finally, prolonged exocyst inhibition leads to a significant reduction in the LRRK2 protein level, overall supporting the role of the exocyst complex in the LRRK2 pathway. Taken together, our study suggests that modulation of the exocyst complex may represent a novel therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ciampelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Silvia Puggioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Milena Fais
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Lucia Iannotta
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Manuela Galioto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Marta Becciu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Roberto Bernardoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Claudia Crosio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Ciro Iaccarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (G.G.); (S.P.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (M.B.); (C.C.)
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Li X, Zhu P, Chen YJ, Huang L, Wang D, Newton DT, Hsu CC, Lin G, Tao WA, Staiger CJ, Zhang C. The EXO70 inhibitor Endosidin2 alters plasma membrane protein composition in Arabidopsis roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1171957. [PMID: 37324680 PMCID: PMC10264680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To sustain normal growth and allow rapid responses to environmental cues, plants alter the plasma membrane protein composition under different conditions presumably by regulation of delivery, stability, and internalization. Exocytosis is a conserved cellular process that delivers proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane or extracellular space in eukaryotes. The octameric exocyst complex contributes to exocytosis by tethering secretory vesicles to the correct site for membrane fusion; however, whether the exocyst complex acts universally for all secretory vesicle cargo or just for specialized subsets used during polarized growth and trafficking is currently unknown. In addition to its role in exocytosis, the exocyst complex is also known to participate in membrane recycling and autophagy. Using a previously identified small molecule inhibitor of the plant exocyst complex subunit EXO70A1, Endosidin2 (ES2), combined with a plasma membrane enrichment method and quantitative proteomic analysis, we examined the composition of plasma membrane proteins in the root of Arabidopsis seedlings, after inhibition of the ES2-targetted exocyst complex, and verified our findings by live imaging of GFP-tagged plasma membrane proteins in root epidermal cells. The abundance of 145 plasma membrane proteins was significantly reduced following short-term ES2 treatments and these likely represent candidate cargo proteins of exocyst-mediated trafficking. Gene Ontology analysis showed that these proteins play diverse functions in cell growth, cell wall biosynthesis, hormone signaling, stress response, membrane transport, and nutrient uptake. Additionally, we quantified the effect of ES2 on the spatial distribution of EXO70A1 with live-cell imaging. Our results indicate that the plant exocyst complex mediates constitutive dynamic transport of subsets of plasma membrane proteins during normal root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Peipei Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yen-Ju Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Diwen Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - David T. Newton
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chuan-Chih Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Guang Lin
- Department of Mathematics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W. Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Bormann E, Xu R, Nargi C, Wu M, Vidali L. Inhibition of the Exocyst Complex with Endosidin 2 Reduces Polarized Growth in Physcomitrium patens.. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000655. [PMID: 36411798 PMCID: PMC9674970 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Endosidin 2 (ES2) is a cell-permeable drug that binds to the Exo70 subunit of the exocyst complex, disrupting the final stages of exocytosis. This allows for a dose-dependent control over the process of exocytosis and greater ease in studying exocytic-dependent processes such as polarized cell growth. ES2 was utilized in studying polarized cell growth in the moss Physcomitrium patens , in which plants were exposed to increasing concentrations of ES2 with an IC50 between 8.8 and 12.3 µM. At 50 µM, tip-growing cells ruptured close to their tips, an indication that ES2 inhibits the deposition of new cell wall material via exocytosis. This data serves to further support the use of ES2 as a tool to interfere with exocytosis with lethality only seen at high levels of ES2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bormann
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rholee Xu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Clare Nargi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
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Ma Q, Chang M, Drakakaki G, Russinova E. Selective chemical probes can untangle the complexity of the plant cell endomembrane system. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102223. [PMID: 35567926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system is critical for plant growth and development and understanding its function and regulation is of great interest for plant biology research. Small-molecule targeting distinctive endomembrane components have proven powerful tools to dissect membrane trafficking in plant cells. However, unambiguous elucidation of the complex and dynamic trafficking processes requires chemical probes with enhanced precision. Determination of the mechanism of action of a compound, which is facilitated by various chemoproteomic approaches, opens new avenues for the improvement of its specificity. Moreover, rational molecule design and reverse chemical genetics with the aid of virtual screening and artificial intelligence will enable us to discover highly precise chemical probes more efficiently. The next decade will witness the emergence of more such accurate tools, which together with advanced live quantitative imaging techniques of subcellular phenotypes, will deepen our insights into the plant endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mingqin Chang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang C. Endosidin20-1 is more potent than endosidin20 in inhibiting plant cellulose biosynthesis and molecular docking analysis of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors on modeled cellulose synthase structure. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1605-1624. [PMID: 33793980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endosidin20 (ES20) is a recently identified cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) that targets the catalytic site of plant cellulose synthase (CESA). Here, we screened over 600 ES20 analogs and identified nine active analogs named ES20-1 to ES20-9. Among these, endosidin20-1 (ES20-1) had stronger inhibitory effects on plant growth and cellulose biosynthesis than ES20. At the biochemical level, we demonstrated that ES20-1, like ES20, directly interacts with CESA6. At the cellular level, this molecule, like ES20, induced the accumulation of cellulose synthase complexes at the Golgi apparatus and inhibited their secretion to the plasma membrane. Like ES20, ES20-1 likely targets the catalytic site of CESA. However, through molecular docking analysis using a modeled structure of full-length CESA6, we found that both ES20 and ES20-1 might have another target site at the transmembrane regions of CESA6. Besides ES20, other CBIs such as isoxaben, C17, and flupoxam are widely used tools to dissect the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and are also valuable resources for the development of herbicides. Here, based on mutant genetic analysis and molecular docking analysis, we have identified the potential target sites of these CBIs on a modeled CESA structure. Some bacteria also produce cellulose, and both ES20 and ES20-1 inhibited bacterial cellulose biosynthesis. Therefore, we conclude that ES20-1 is a more potent analog of ES20 that inhibits intrinsic cellulose biosynthesis in plants, and both ES20 and ES20-1 show an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and cellulose synthesis, making them excellent tools for exploring the mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS ) Assay to Detect Interaction Between a Purified Protein and a Small Molecule. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2213:175-182. [PMID: 33270202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0954-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay is used to detect the interaction between a ligand and a protein based on the observation that some ligands can protect the target protein from degradation by proteases when mixed in a solution. To set up the assay, a ligand is first mixed with a purified candidate target protein or a total cell lysate that contains a candidate target protein. Then, different amounts of protease are added to the mixture to allow the enzyme to digest the protein in the mixture. After protease digestion, the candidate target protein is detected by assays such as western blot, silver staining, or Coomassie blue staining. In theory, the candidate protein should be protected by the ligand from protease digestion, which is reflected by higher abundance of the candidate protein in mixtures containing the ligand compared with the control treatment. There are a few significant advantages of DARTS: (a) the ligand does not need to be modified so the native ligand could be used; (b) the candidate target protein could be either purified protein or protein that is present in the total cell lysate; and (c) the assay can be used together with proteomics analysis to identify an unknown target protein. The assay is especially valuable to test the interaction between the ligand and membrane proteins that are often challenging to purify. In this chapter, we use Endosidin2 (ES2) and its target protein Arabidopsis thaliana EXO70A1 (AtEXO70A1) as an example to show the step-by-step procedure of the DARTS assay.
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Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) to Detect the Interaction Between Purified Protein and Small Molecule. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2213:187-193. [PMID: 33270204 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0954-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microscale thermophoresis (MST) is a biophysical assay to quantify the interaction between molecules, such as proteins and small molecules. In recent years, the MST assay has been used to detect protein-protein and protein-drug interactions. The assay detects the interaction between molecules by quantifying the thermophoretic movement of fluorescent molecules in response to a temperature gradient. In practice, the fluorescent molecule is mixed with different concentrations of the nonfluorescent ligand, and the mixture of molecules in solution is loaded to capillaries. A temperature gradient is applied to samples in the capillaries, and the movement of the fluorescent molecule in the temperature gradient is detected and recorded. The effect of different concentrations of the nonfluorescent ligand on the movement of the fluorescent molecule is quantified to test for the interaction between molecules. If the fluorescent molecule interacts with the ligand, the molecular properties of the molecules, such as charge, size, and hydration shell, will influence the molecular motility. MST has the advantages of being quantitative and robust. In this chapter, we will use Endosidin2 and its target protein Arabidopsis thaliana EXO70A1 (AtEXO70A1), as an example to show the procedure of using MST to test the interaction between a GFP-tagged protein and a small molecule.
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Endosidin 2 accelerates PIN2 endocytosis and disturbs intracellular trafficking of PIN2, PIN3, and PIN4 but not of SYT1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237448. [PMID: 32790800 PMCID: PMC7425933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We established that Endosidin2 (ES2) affected the trafficking routes of both newly synthesized and endocytic pools of PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells. PIN2 populations accumulated in separated patches, which gradually merged into large and compact ES2 aggregates (ES2As). FM4-64 endocytic tracer labeled ES2As as well. Both PIN2 pools also appeared in vacuoles. Accelerated endocytosis of PIN2, its aggregation in the cytoplasm, and redirection of PIN2 flows to vacuoles led to a substantial reduction of the abundance of this protein in the plasma membrane. Whereas PIN-FORMED3 and PIN-FORMED4 also aggregated in the cytoplasm, SYT1 was not sensitive to ES2 treatment and did not appear either in the cytoplasmic aggregates or vacuoles. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that ES2 affects the Golgi apparatus so that stacks acquired cup-shape and even circular shape surrounded by several vesicles. Abnormally shaped Golgi stacks, stack remnants, multi-lamellar structures, separated Golgi cisterna rings, tubular structures, and vesicles formed discrete clusters.
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Huang L, Zhang C. Perturbation and imaging of exocytosis in plant cells. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:3-20. [PMID: 32896324 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The exocytosis process delivers proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates to the plasma membrane or the extracellular space to sustain plant cell growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. Plant exocytosis is highly dynamic and requires the coordinated functions of multiple cellular components such as tethering complexes, GTPase signaling, and vesicle fusion machinery. Accurate spatio-temporal control of plant exocytosis is critical for the proper functions of plant cells. Live-cell imaging of fluorescence-tagged cargo proteins allows for quantitative analysis of exocytosis dynamics in plant cells. Small molecule inhibitors that target important components in the exocytosis machinery allow for transient manipulation of the exocytosis process. In this chapter, we describe procedures that use Endosidin2 (ES2) and Brefeldin A (BFA) as small molecule inhibitors to disrupt plant exocytic processes and use fluorescent protein-tagged PIN-formed 2 (PIN2) and Cellulose Synthase (CESA) as cargo proteins to quantify exocytosis dynamics in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Plant Cells under Attack: Unconventional Endomembrane Trafficking during Plant Defense. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030389. [PMID: 32245198 PMCID: PMC7154882 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since plants lack specialized immune cells, each cell has to defend itself independently against a plethora of different pathogens. Therefore, successful plant defense strongly relies on precise and efficient regulation of intracellular processes in every single cell. Smooth trafficking within the plant endomembrane is a prerequisite for a diverse set of immune responses. Pathogen recognition, signaling into the nucleus, cell wall enforcement, secretion of antimicrobial proteins and compounds, as well as generation of reactive oxygen species, all heavily depend on vesicle transport. In contrast, pathogens have developed a variety of different means to manipulate vesicle trafficking to prevent detection or to inhibit specific plant responses. Intriguingly, the plant endomembrane system exhibits remarkable plasticity upon pathogen attack. Unconventional trafficking pathways such as the formation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bodies or fusion of the vacuole with the plasma membrane are initiated and enforced as the counteraction. Here, we review the recent findings on unconventional and defense-induced trafficking pathways as the plant´s measures in response to pathogen attack. In addition, we describe the endomembrane system manipulations by different pathogens, with a focus on tethering and fusion events during vesicle trafficking.
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang C. Progress in using chemical biology as a tool to uncover novel regulators of plant endomembrane trafficking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:106-113. [PMID: 31546132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The regulated dynamic transport of materials among organelles through endomembrane trafficking pathways is essential for plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation, and thus is a major topic of plant biology research. Large-scale chemical library screens have identified small molecules that could potentially inhibit different plant endomembrane trafficking steps. Further characterization of these molecules has provided valuable tools for understanding plant endomembrane trafficking and uncovered novel regulators of trafficking processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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