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Gong W, Bak DT, Wendrich JR, Weijers D, Laux T. CDC48A, an interactor of WOX2, is required for embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:174. [PMID: 38878164 PMCID: PMC11180018 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Interactor of WOX2, CDC48A, is crucial for early embryo patterning and shoot meristem stem cell initiation, but is not required for WOX2 protein turnover or subcellular localization. During Arabidopsis embryo patterning, the WUSCHEL HOMEOBOX 2 (WOX2) transcription factor is a major regulator of protoderm and shoot stem cell initiation. Loss of WOX2 function results in aberrant protodermal cell divisions and, redundantly with its paralogs WOX1, WOX3, and WOX5, compromised shoot meristem formation. To elucidate the molecular basis for WOX2 function, we searched for protein interactors by IP-MS/MS from WOX2-overexpression roots displaying reprogramming toward shoot-like cell fates. Here, we report that WOX2 directly interacts with the type II AAA ATPase molecular chaperone CELL DIVISION CYCLE 48A (CDC48A). We confirmed this interaction with bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation and found that both proteins co-localize in the nucleus. We show that CDC48A loss of function results in protoderm and shoot meristem stem cell initiation defects similar to WOX2 loss of function. We also provide evidence that CDC48A promotes WOX2 activity independently of proteolysis or the regulation of nuclear localization, common mechanisms of CDC48A function in other processes. Our results point to a new role of CDC48A in potentiating WOX2 function during early embryo patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gong
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Deniz Tiambeng Bak
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jos R Wendrich
- Wageningen University, 6703, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Wageningen University, 6703, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Laux
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Matsumoto H, Ueda M. Polarity establishment in the plant zygote at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261809. [PMID: 38436556 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex structures of multicellular organisms originate from a unicellular zygote. In most angiosperms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, the zygote is distinctly polar and divides asymmetrically to produce an apical cell, which generates the aboveground part of the plant body, and a basal cell, which generates the root tip and extraembryonic suspensor. Thus, zygote polarity is pivotal for establishing the apical-basal axis running from the shoot apex to the root tip of the plant body. The molecular mechanisms and spatiotemporal dynamics behind zygote polarization remain elusive. However, advances in live-cell imaging of plant zygotes have recently made significant insights possible. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we summarize our understanding of the early steps in apical-basal axis formation in Arabidopsis, with a focus on de novo transcriptional activation after fertilization and the intracellular dynamics leading to the first asymmetric division of the zygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Lee JS. To overcome the limitations of fixed life patterns, plants can generate meristems throughout life. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 291:154097. [PMID: 38006623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The fixed life pattern of plants is the most threatening factor that hinders the survival and reproduction rate of plants. Maximization of reproduction is determined by the survival rate of the organism. If part of a shoot apical meristem or root apical meristem is cut and planted in soil with appropriate nutrients and survival conditions, a cloned plant known as an ramet, may be developed. Therefore, the ability of plants to constantly produce meristems is essential for survival. In addition, meristem stem cells have enabled plants to evolve a wide variety of asexual reproductive systems. When a tree is pruned, at least one or more new meristems are formed in the surrounding area, and those meristems develop into new branches. In other cases, stem cells normally derived from meristems alone exhibit the potential for asexual reproduction through their seed-like roles. Alternatively, some plants can form somatic cells, which are important in various types of asexual reproduction. There are 125 species of plants in the genus of Kalanchoe, which are succulent plants, and most of these species are well known to reproduce asexually through somatic cells. When we cut the stem of a plant, a callus is formed at the end of the cut side. Plant callus is mainly used to develop new plant varieties in tissue culture research. Alternatively, the plant callus is also used as a material for asexual reproduction. Callus can also form if the plant is infected with bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Differentiated cells of a plant can reproduce asexually by acquiring the ability to function as stems through transdifferentiation. These characteristics play important roles in adapting to environmental changes and extending the lifespan of woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Sang Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea.
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Méndez-Hernández HA, Galaz-Ávalos RM, Quintana-Escobar AO, Pech-Hoil R, Collí-Rodríguez AM, Salas-Peraza IQ, Loyola-Vargas VM. In Vitro Conversion of Coffea spp. Somatic Embryos in SETIS™ Bioreactor System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3055. [PMID: 37687302 PMCID: PMC10490467 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an excellent example of mass plant propagation. Due to its genetic variability and low somaclonal variation, coffee SE has become a model for in vitro propagation of woody species, as well as for large-scale production of vigorous plants that are advantageous to modern agriculture. The success of the large-scale propagation of an embryogenic system is dependent on the development, optimization, and transfer of complementary system technologies. In this study, two successful SE systems were combined with a SETIS™ bioreactor immersion system to develop an efficient and cost-effective approach for the in vitro development of somatic embryos of Coffea spp. This study used an efficient protocol for obtaining somatic embryos, utilizing direct and indirect SE for both C. canephora and C. arabica. Embryos in the cotyledonary stage were deposited in a bioreactor to complete their stage of development from embryo to plant with minimal manipulation. Following ten weeks of cultivation in the bioreactor, complete and vigorous plants were obtained. Different parameters such as fresh weight, length, number of leaves, and root length, as well as stomatal index and relative water content, were recorded. In addition, the survival rate and ex vitro development of plantlets during acclimatization was assessed. The best substrate combination was garden soil (GS), peat moss (PM), and agrolite (A) in a 1:1:0.5 ratio, in which the bioreactor-regenerated plants showed an acclimatization rate greater than 90%. This is the first report on the use of SETIS™ bioreactors for the in vitro development of somatic embryos in Coffea spp., providing a technology that could be utilized for the commercial in vitro propagation of coffee plants. A link between research and innovation is necessary to establish means of communication that facilitate technology transfer. This protocol can serve as a basis for the generation and scaling of different species of agroeconomic importance. However, other bottlenecks in the production chains and the field must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Méndez-Hernández
- Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Yucatan Scientific Research Center, Street 43, No.130 x 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (H.A.M.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (R.P.-H.)
| | - Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos
- Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Yucatan Scientific Research Center, Street 43, No.130 x 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (H.A.M.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (R.P.-H.)
| | - Ana O. Quintana-Escobar
- Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Yucatan Scientific Research Center, Street 43, No.130 x 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (H.A.M.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (R.P.-H.)
| | - Rodolfo Pech-Hoil
- Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Yucatan Scientific Research Center, Street 43, No.130 x 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (H.A.M.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (R.P.-H.)
| | - Ana M. Collí-Rodríguez
- Yucatan Science and Technology Park, Carretera Sierra Papacal—Chuburna Puerto, Km. 5.5, Sierra Papacal 97302, Yucatán, Mexico; (A.M.C.-R.); (I.Q.S.-P.)
| | - Itzamná Q. Salas-Peraza
- Yucatan Science and Technology Park, Carretera Sierra Papacal—Chuburna Puerto, Km. 5.5, Sierra Papacal 97302, Yucatán, Mexico; (A.M.C.-R.); (I.Q.S.-P.)
| | - Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas
- Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Yucatan Scientific Research Center, Street 43, No.130 x 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (H.A.M.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (R.P.-H.)
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5
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The Seed Coat’s Impact on Crop Performance in Pea (Pisum sativum L.). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152056. [PMID: 35956534 PMCID: PMC9370168 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seed development in angiosperms produces three genetically and developmentally distinct sub-compartments: the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. The maternally derived seed coat protects the embryo and interacts closely with the external environment especially during germination and seedling establishment. Seed coat is a key contributor to seed composition and an important determinant of nutritional value for humans and livestock. In this review, we examined pea crop productivity through the lens of the seed coat, its contribution to several valued nutritional traits of the pea crop, and its potential as a breeding target. Key discoveries made in advancing the knowledge base for sensing and transmission of external signals, the architecture and chemistry of the pea seed coat, and relevant insights from other important legumes were discussed. Furthermore, for selected seed coat traits, known mechanisms of genetic regulation and efforts to modulate these mechanisms to facilitate composition and productivity improvements in pea were discussed, alongside opportunities to support the continued development and improvement of this underutilized crop. This review describes the most important features of seed coat development in legumes and highlights the key roles played by the seed coat in pea seed development, with a focus on advances made in the genetic and molecular characterization of pea and other legumes and the potential of this key seed tissue for targeted improvement and crop optimization.
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Wei R, Tu D, Huang X, Luo Z, Huang X, Cui N, Xu J, Xiong F, Yan H, Ma X. Genome-scale transcriptomic insights into the gene co-expression network of seed abortion in triploid Siraitia grosvenorii. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:173. [PMID: 35382733 PMCID: PMC8981669 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey, also known as Luohanguo or monk fruit, is a famous traditional Chinese medicine ingredient with important medicinal value and broad development prospects. Diploid S. grosvenorii has too many seeds, which will increase the utilization cost of active ingredients. Thus, studying the molecular mechanism of seed abortion in triploid S. grosvenorii, identifying the abortion-related genes, and regulating their expression will be a new direction to obtain seedless S. grosvenorii. Herein, we examined the submicroscopic structure of triploid S. grosvenorii seeds during abortion. RESULTS Upon measuring the endogenous hormone content, we found that abscisic acid (ABA) and trans-zeatin (ZR) levels were significantly downregulated after days 15 and 20 of flowering. RNA sequencing of triploid seeds at different developmental stages was performed to identify key genes regulating abortion in triploid S. grosvenorii seeds. Multiple genes with differential expression between adjacent stages were identified; seven genes were differentially expressed across all stages. Weight gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the enhancement of monoterpene and terpene metabolic processes might lead to seed abortion by reducing the substrate flow to ABA and ZR. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide insights into the gene-regulatory network of seed abortion in triploid S. grosvenorii from different perspectives, thereby facilitating the innovation of the breeding technology of S. grosvenorii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchang Wei
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Dongping Tu
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Xiyang Huang
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals Research and Sustainable Utilization, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Zuliang Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Nan Cui
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals Research and Sustainable Utilization, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Faqian Xiong
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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7
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Fang L, Kong X, Wen Y, Li J, Yin Y, Li L, Ma G, Wu K, Zeng S. Characterization of embryo and protocorm development of Paphiopedilum spicerianum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:1024-1034. [PMID: 34598022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paphiopedilum spicerianum (P. spicerianum) is a rare orchid species with high ornamental value. Asymbiotic germination is the most efficient propagation method for conservation and commercial purposes because clonal propagation is very difficult and the separation of native species of Paphiopedilum through aseptic seeding is uncommon owing to their conservatism. However, a high protocorm developmental arresting rate during the asymbiotic germination is the major obstacle for seedling establishment. The fundamental understanding of embryo and protocorm developmental mechanisms will guide the development of an effective propagation method. The morphological and physiological characterization of the key developmental process of embryos and protocorms shows that the mature seeds of P. spicerianum consist of a spherical embryo without an endosperm. Seed coats become heavily lignified once the embryo is mature. Embryo cell size is relatively uniform, and significant structure polarity and cell size gradients occur at the early protocorm stage. The high level of auxin and cytokinin accumulation at the early stage of embryo development and protocorm stage may help to facilitate cell division. The transcriptome profiles of protocorms at three different developmental stages were compared to explore the regulatory mechanism of protocorm development. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were implicated in secondary metabolite metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and photosynthesis. The temporal expression patterns of candidate genes related to embryo and shoot development were analyzed to reveal their roles in protocorm development: in the early stage of protocorm development, embryonic development related genes such as SERKs and BBM1 were active, while in the late stage of protocorm, shoot apical meristem related genes such as WOX8, CLAVATA2, CUC2, and SCR were active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Xinping Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yingting Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yuying Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Yoo H, Park K, Lee J, Lee S, Choi Y. An Optimized Method for the Construction of a DNA Methylome from Small Quantities of Tissue or Purified DNA from Arabidopsis Embryo. Mol Cells 2021; 44:602-612. [PMID: 34462399 PMCID: PMC8424141 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism affecting genome structure, gene regulation, and the silencing of transposable elements. Cell- and tissue-specific methylation patterns are critical for differentiation and development in eukaryotes. Dynamic spatiotemporal methylation data in these cells or tissues is, therefore, of great interest. However, the construction of bisulfite sequencing libraries can be challenging if the starting material is limited or the genome size is small, such as in Arabidopsis. Here, we describe detailed methods for the purification of Arabidopsis embryos at all stages, and the construction of comprehensive bisulfite libraries from small quantities of input. We constructed bisulfite libraries by releasing embryos from intact seeds, using a different approach for each developmental stage, and manually picking single-embryo with microcapillaries. From these libraries, reliable Arabidopsis methylome data were collected allowing, on average, 11-fold coverage of the genome using as few as five globular, heart, and torpedo embryos as raw input material without the need for DNA purification step. On the other hand, purified DNA from as few as eight bending torpedo embryos or a single mature embryo is sufficient for library construction when RNase A is treated before DNA extraction. This method can be broadly applied to cells from different tissues or cells from other model organisms. Methylome construction can be achieved using a minimal amount of input material using our method; thereby, it has the potential to increase our understanding of dynamic spatiotemporal methylation patterns in model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyunghyuk Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seunga Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeonhee Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Shao DJ, Wei YM, Yu ZQ, Dai X, Gao XQ. Arabidopsis AtPRP17 functions in embryo development by regulating embryonic patterning. PLANTA 2021; 254:58. [PMID: 34426887 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis AtPRP17, a homolog of yeast splicing factor gene PRP17, is expressed in siliques and embryos and functions in embryo development via regulating embryonic patterning. Yeast splicing factor PRP17/CDC40 is essential for cell growth through involvement in cell cycle regulation. Arabidopsis genome encodes a homolog of PRP17, AtPRP17; however, its function in Arabidopsis development is unknown. This study showed that AtPRP17 was highly expressed in siliques and embryos, and the protein was localized in the nucleus. The loss-of-function mutation of AtPRP17 led to shrunken seeds in Arabidopsis mature siliques. Further analysis revealed that the defective mature seeds of the mutant resulted from abnormal embryos with shriveled cotyledons, unequal cotyledons, swollen and shortened hypocotyls, or shortened radicles. During embryogenesis, mutant embryos showed delayed development and defective patterning of the apical and base domains, such as inhibited cotyledons and disorganized quiescent center cells and columella. Our results suggested that AtPRP17 functions in Arabidopsis embryo development via regulating embryonic patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jie Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Yi Ming Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Zhong Qing Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xin-Qi Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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Godel-Jędrychowska K, Kulińska-Łukaszek K, Kurczyńska E. Similarities and Differences in the GFP Movement in the Zygotic and Somatic Embryos of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:649806. [PMID: 34122474 PMCID: PMC8194063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.649806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling during embryo patterning is not well understood and the role of symplasmic communication has been poorly considered. The correlation between the symplasmic domains and the development of the embryo organs/tissues during zygotic embryogenesis has only been described for a few examples, including Arabidopsis. How this process occurs during the development of somatic embryos (SEs) is still unknown. The aim of these studies was to answer the question: do SEs have a restriction in symplasmic transport depending on the developmental stage that is similar to their zygotic counterparts? The studies included an analysis of the GFP distribution pattern as expressed under diverse promoters in zygotic embryos (ZEs) and SEs. The results of the GFP distribution in the ZEs and SEs showed that 1/the symplasmic domains between the embryo organs and tissues in the SEs was similar to those in the ZEs and 2/the restriction in symplasmic transport in the SEs was correlated with the developmental stage and was similar to the one in their zygotic counterparts, however, with the spatio-temporal differences and different PDs SEL value between these two types of embryos.
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Verma S, Attuluri VPS, Robert HS. An Essential Function for Auxin in Embryo Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039966. [PMID: 33431580 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis in seed plants is the process during which a single cell develops into a mature multicellular embryo that encloses all the modules and primary patterns necessary to build the architecture of the new plant after germination. This process involves a series of cell divisions and coordinated cell fate determinations resulting in the formation of an embryonic pattern with a shoot-root axis and cotyledon(s). The phytohormone auxin profoundly controls pattern formation during embryogenesis. Auxin functions in the embryo through its maxima/minima distribution, which acts as an instructive signal for tissue specification and organ initiation. In this review, we describe how disruptions of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and response severely affect embryo development. Also, the mechanism of auxin action in the development of the shoot-root axis and the three-tissue system is discussed with recent findings. Biological tools that can be implemented to study the auxin function during embryo development are presented, as they may be of interest to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Verma
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Venkata Pardha Saradhi Attuluri
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Tian R, Paul P, Joshi S, Perry SE. Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis. Biochem J 2020; 477:3743-3767. [PMID: 33045058 PMCID: PMC7557148 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sanjay Joshi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sharyn E. Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
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13
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Wójcik AM. Research Tools for the Functional Genomics of Plant miRNAs During Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4969. [PMID: 32674459 PMCID: PMC7420248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During early plant embryogenesis, some of the most fundamental decisions on fate and identity are taken making it a fascinating process to study. It is no surprise that higher plant embryogenesis was intensively analysed during the last century, while somatic embryogenesis is probably the most studied regeneration model. Encoded by the MIRNA, short, single-stranded, non-coding miRNAs, are commonly present in all Eukaryotic genomes and are involved in the regulation of the gene expression during the essential developmental processes such as plant morphogenesis, hormone signaling, and developmental phase transition. During the last few years dedicated to miRNAs, analytical methods and tools have been developed, which have afforded new opportunities in functional analyses of plant miRNAs, including (i) databases for in silico analysis; (ii) miRNAs detection and expression approaches; (iii) reporter and sensor lines for a spatio-temporal analysis of the miRNA-target interactions; (iv) in situ hybridisation protocols; (v) artificial miRNAs; (vi) MIM and STTM lines to inhibit miRNA activity, and (vii) the target genes resistant to miRNA. Here, we attempted to summarise the toolbox for functional analysis of miRNAs during plant embryogenesis. In addition to characterising the described tools/methods, examples of the applications have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Wójcik
- University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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14
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Grzyb M, Wróbel-Marek J, Kurczyńska E, Sobczak M, Mikuła A. Symplasmic Isolation Contributes to Somatic Embryo Induction and Development in the Tree Fern Cyathea delgadii Sternb. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1273-1284. [PMID: 32374847 PMCID: PMC7377347 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we describe studies on symplasmic communication and cellular rearrangement during direct somatic embryogenesis (SE) in the tree fern Cyathea delgadii. We analyzed changes in the symplasmic transport of low-molecular-weight fluorochromes, such as 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, trisodium salt (HPTS) and fluorescein (delivered to cells as fluorescein diacetate, FDA), within stipe explants and somatic embryos originating from single epidermal cells and developing during 16-d long culture. Induction of SE is preceded by a restriction in fluorochrome distribution between certain explant cells. Microscopic analysis showed a series of cellular changes like a decrease in vacuole size, increase in vacuole numbers, and increased density of cytoplasm and deposition of electron-dense material in cell walls that may be related with embryogenic transition. In somatic embryos, the limited symplasmic communication between cells was observed first in linear tri-cellular embryos. Further development of the fern embryo was associated with the formation of symplasmic domains corresponding to the four segments of the plant body. Using symplasmic tracers, we provided evidence that the changes in plasmodesmata permeability are corelated with somatic-to-embryogenic transition and somatic embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Grzyb
- Department of Conservative Plant Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, Warsaw 02-973, Poland
| | - Justyna Wróbel-Marek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-787, Poland
| | - Anna Mikuła
- Department of Conservative Plant Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, Warsaw 02-973, Poland
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15
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Lu C, Xie Z, Yu F, Tian L, Hao X, Wang X, Chen L, Li D. Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S9M is involved in male gametogenesis and seed development in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:655-667. [PMID: 32141186 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is critical for cell vitality in all eukaryotes including plants. Although plant mitochondria contain many proteins, few have been studied in the context of plant development and physiology. We used knock-down mutant RPS9M to study its important role in male gametogenesis and seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Knock-down of RPS9M in the rps9m-3 mutant led to abnormal pollen development and impaired pollen tube growth. In addition, both embryo and endosperm development were affected. Phenotype analysis revealed that the rps9m-3 mutant contained a lower amount of endosperm and nuclear proteins, and both embryo cell division and embryo pattern were affected, resulting in an abnormal and defective embryo. Lowering the level of RPS9M in rps9m-3 affects mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis, energy metabolism and production of ROS. Our data revealed that RPS9M plays important roles in normal gametophyte development and seed formation, possibly by sustaining mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - F Yu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - L Tian
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - X Hao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - X Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - L Chen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - D Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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16
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Kondratenko SI, Pasternak TP, Samovol OP, Mogilna OM, Sergienko OV. Modeling of asymmetric division of somatic cell in protoplasts culture of higher plants. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The key result of the work is the selection of factors for the cultivation of protoplasts of higher plants in vitro, which allowed induction of asymmetrical cell division during the first cell cycle phase. Gibberellin has been proved to be one of the main cofactors of asymmetric division of plant cells. The objects of research were plants of the following cultivars aseptically grown in hormone-free MS medium: tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), SR-1 line; Arabidopsis thaliana var. columbia (L.) Heynh; potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), Zarevo cultivar; cultivated white head cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata L.) of the following varieties: Kharkivska zymnia, Ukrainska osin, Yaroslavna, Lika, Lesya, Bilosnizhka, Dithmarscher Früher, Iyunskarannya; rape (Brassica napus L.) of Shpat cultivar; winter radish (Raphanus sativus L.) of Odessa-5 cultivar. In experiments with mesophilic and hypocotyl protoplasts of the above-mentioned plant species it has been proved that short-term osmotic stress within 16–18 hours being combined with subsequent introduction of high doses of gibberellin GK3 (1 mg/L) into the modified liquid nutrient media TM and SW led to the occurrence of pronounced morphological traits of cytodifferentiation already at the initial stages of the development of mitotically active cells in a number of higher plants. Meanwhile, in all analyzed species, there was observed the division of the initial genetically homogeneous population of mitotically active cells into two types of asymmetric division: by the type of division of the mother cell into smaller daughter cells and by the type of the first asymmetric division of the zygotic embryo in planta. In this case, the first type of asymmetric division occurred during unusual cytomorphism of the mother cells: a pronounced heart-shaped form even before the first division, which is inherent in the morphology of somatic plant embryo in vitro at the heart-shaped stage. A particular study of the effect of osmotic stress influencing protoplasts of various cultivars of white cabbage, isolated from hypocotyls of 7–9 day etiolated seedlings, revealed quite a typical consistent pattern: the acquisition and maintenance of the axis of symmetry in growing microcolonies occurred without extra exogenous gibberellin (GK3), which was added to the nutrient medium earlier. While analyzing the effect of growth regulators on the formation of microcolonies with traits of structural organization, the conclusion was made regarding the commonality of the revealed morphogenetic reactions of cells within the culture of protoplasts of higher plants in vitro with similar reactions studied earlier on other plants, both in vitro and in planta. Modeling of asymmetric cell division in protoplast culture in vitro has become possible by carrying out a balanced selection of growth regulators as well as their coordinated application through time along with changes in osmotic pressure of a nutrient medium.
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17
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Tanaka W, Tsuda K, Hirano HY. Class I KNOX Gene OSH1 is Indispensable for Axillary Meristem Development in Rice. CYTOLOGIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.84.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Hiro-Yuki Hirano
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo
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18
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Luo A, Li X, Zhang X, Zhan H, Du H, Zhang Y, Peng X. Identification of AtHsp90.6 involved in early embryogenesis and its structure prediction by molecular dynamics simulations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190219. [PMID: 31218061 PMCID: PMC6550000 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein of 90 kDa (Hsp90) is a key molecular chaperone involved in folding the synthesized protein and controlling protein quality. Conformational dynamics coupled to ATPase activity in N-terminal domain is essential for Hsp90's function. However, the relevant process is still largely unknown in plant Hsp90s, especially those required for plant embryogenesis which is inextricably tied up with human survival. Here, AtHsp90.6, a member of Hsp90 family in Arabidopsis, was firstly identified as a protein essential for embryogenesis. Thus we modelled AtHsp90.6 in its functionally closed 'lid-down' and open 'lid-up' states, exploring the nucleotide binding mechanism in these two states. Free energy landscape and electrostatic potential analysis revealed the switching mechanism between these two states. Collectively, this study quantitatively analysed the conformational changes of AtHsp90.6 bound to ATP or ADP. This result may help us understand the mechanism of action of AtHsp90.6 in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Luo
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbo Li
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuecheng Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Huadong Zhan
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Hewei Du
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongbo Peng
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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19
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Moukhtar J, Trubuil A, Belcram K, Legland D, Khadir Z, Urbain A, Palauqui JC, Andrey P. Cell geometry determines symmetric and asymmetric division plane selection in Arabidopsis early embryos. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006771. [PMID: 30742612 PMCID: PMC6386405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant tissue architecture and organ morphogenesis rely on the proper orientation of cell divisions. Previous attempts to predict division planes from cell geometry in plants mostly focused on 2D symmetric divisions. Using the stereotyped division patterns of Arabidopsis thaliana early embryogenesis, we investigated geometrical principles underlying plane selection in symmetric and in asymmetric divisions within complex 3D cell shapes. Introducing a 3D computational model of cell division, we show that area minimization constrained on passing through the cell centroid predicts observed divisions. Our results suggest that the positioning of division planes ensues from cell geometry and gives rise to spatially organized cell types with stereotyped shapes, thus underlining the role of self-organization in the developing architecture of the embryo. Our data further suggested the rule could be interpreted as surface minimization constrained by the nucleus position, which was validated using live imaging of cell divisions in the stomatal cell lineage. The proper positioning of division planes is key for correct development and morphogenesis of organs, in particular in plants were cellular walls prevent cell rearrangements. Elucidating how division planes are selected is therefore essential to decipher the cellular bases of plant morphogenesis. Previous attempts to identify geometrical rules relating cell shape and division plane positioning in plants mostly focused on symmetric divisions in tissues reduced to 2D geometries. Here, we combined 3D quantitative image analysis and a new 3D cell division model to evaluate the existence of geometrical rules in asymmetrical and symmetrical divisions of complex cell shapes. We show that in the early embryo of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which presents stereotyped but complex cell division patterns, a single geometrical rule (area minimization constrained on passing through the cell centroid) recapitulates the complete sequence of division events. This new rule, valid for both symmetrical and asymmetrical divisions, generalizes previously proposed cell division rules and can be interpreted based on the dynamics of the cytoskeleton and on the positioning of the nucleus, a hypothesis that we validated using leaf cell division patterns. This work highlights the importance of self-organization in plant early morphogenesis and the emergence of robust cellular organizations based on geometrical feedback loops between cell geometry and division plane selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Moukhtar
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Alain Trubuil
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (AT); (J-CP); (PA)
| | - Katia Belcram
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - David Legland
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- INRA, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Zhor Khadir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Aurélie Urbain
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Palauqui
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- * E-mail: (AT); (J-CP); (PA)
| | - Philippe Andrey
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- * E-mail: (AT); (J-CP); (PA)
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20
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Alvarez JM, Bueno N, Cañas RA, Avila C, Cánovas FM, Ordás RJ. Analysis of the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX gene family in Pinus pinaster: New insights into the gene family evolution. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:304-318. [PMID: 29278847 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (WOX) genes are key players controlling stem cells in plants and can be divided into three clades according to the time of their appearance during plant evolution. Our knowledge of stem cell function in vascular plants other than angiosperms is limited, they separated from gymnosperms ca 300 million years ago and their patterning during embryogenesis differs significantly. For this reason, we have used the model gymnosperm Pinus pinaster to identify WOX genes and perform a thorough analysis of their gene expression patterns. Using transcriptomic data from a comprehensive range of tissues and stages of development we have shown three major outcomes: that the P. pinaster genome encodes at least fourteen members of the WOX family spanning all the major clades, that the genome of gymnosperms contains a WOX gene with no homologues in angiosperms representing a transitional stage between intermediate- and WUS-clade proteins, and that we can detect discrete WUS and WOX5 transcripts for the first time in a gymnosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Natalia Bueno
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rafael A Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Avila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
| | - Ricardo J Ordás
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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21
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Yeung EC. A perspective on orchid seed and protocorm development. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:33. [PMID: 28779349 PMCID: PMC5544657 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This perspective draws attention to the functional organization of orchid seed and protocorm during the course of development. The orchid embryos have a well-organized developmental plan generating a blue-print of a protocorm as they mature. The different phases of embryo development in orchids, i.e. histodifferentiation, storage product synthesis and accumulation, and maturation are essentially similar to other flowering plants. The protocorm is considered as a unique structure designed to establish symbiotic association with mycorrhizal fungi and with the primary goal to form a shoot apical meristem. This perspective brings forth arguments that the processes of embryo and protocorm development are highly programmed events, enhancing survival of orchid seeds and plantlets in their natural habitats. Furthermore, the ability of protocorm cells to divide, makes them ideal explants for micropropagation and transformation studies. Through seed germination and micropropagation using protocorms as explants, orchid conservation efforts are greatly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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22
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Boulard C, Fatihi A, Lepiniec L, Dubreucq B. Regulation and evolution of the interaction of the seed B3 transcription factors with NF-Y subunits. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:1069-1078. [PMID: 28866096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The LAFL genes (LEC2, ABI3, FUS3, LEC1) encode transcription factors that regulate different aspects of seed development, from early to late embryogenesis and accumulation of storage compounds. These transcription factors form a complex network, with members able to interact with various other players to control the switch between embryo development and seed maturation and, at a later stage in the plant life cycle, between the mature seed and germination. In this review, we first summarize our current understanding of the role of each member in the network in the light of recent advances regarding their regulation and structure/function relationships. In a second part, we discuss new insights concerning the evolution of the LAFL genes to address the more specific question of the conservation of LEAFY COTYLEDONS 2 in both dicots and monocots and the putative origin of the network. Last we examine the current major limitations to current knowledge and future prospects to improve our understanding of this regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boulard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL-CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - A Fatihi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL-CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - L Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL-CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - B Dubreucq
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL-CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
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23
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Gaufichon L, Marmagne A, Belcram K, Yoneyama T, Sakakibara Y, Hase T, Grandjean O, Clément G, Citerne S, Boutet-Mercey S, Masclaux-Daubresse C, Chardon F, Soulay F, Xu X, Trassaert M, Shakiebaei M, Najihi A, Suzuki A. ASN1-encoded asparagine synthetase in floral organs contributes to nitrogen filling in Arabidopsis seeds. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:371-393. [PMID: 28390103 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite a general view that asparagine synthetase generates asparagine as an amino acid for long-distance transport of nitrogen to sink organs, its role in nitrogen metabolic pathways in floral organs during seed nitrogen filling has remained undefined. We demonstrate that the onset of pollination in Arabidopsis induces selected genes for asparagine metabolism, namely ASN1 (At3g47340), GLN2 (At5g35630), GLU1 (At5g04140), AapAT2 (At5g19950), ASPGA1 (At5g08100) and ASPGB1 (At3g16150), particularly at the ovule stage (stage 0), accompanied by enhanced asparagine synthetase protein, asparagine and total amino acids. Immunolocalization confined asparagine synthetase to the vascular cells of the silique cell wall and septum, but also to the outer and inner seed integuments, demonstrating the post-phloem transport of asparagine in these cells to developing embryos. In the asn1 mutant, aberrant embryo cell divisions in upper suspensor cell layers from globular to heart stages assign a role for nitrogen in differentiating embryos within the ovary. Induction of asparagine metabolic genes by light/dark and nitrate supports fine shifts of nitrogen metabolic pathways. In transgenic Arabidopsis expressing promoterCaMV35S ::ASN1 fusion, marked metabolomics changes at stage 0, including a several-fold increase in free asparagine, are correlated to enhanced seed nitrogen. However, specific promoterNapin2S ::ASN1 expression during seed formation and a six-fold increase in asparagine toward the desiccation stage result in wild-type seed nitrogen, underlining that delayed accumulation of asparagine impairs the timing of its use by releasing amide and amino nitrogen. Transcript and metabolite profiles in floral organs match the carbon and nitrogen partitioning to generate energy via the tricarboxylic acid cycle, GABA shunt and phosphorylated serine synthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gaufichon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Anne Marmagne
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Katia Belcram
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Cytologie Imagerie, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Tadakatsu Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi l-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sakakibara
- Institute for Protein Research, Division of Protein Chemistry, Laboratory of Regulation of Biological Reactions, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hase
- Institute for Protein Research, Division of Protein Chemistry, Laboratory of Regulation of Biological Reactions, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Olivier Grandjean
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Cytologie Imagerie, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Stéphanie Boutet-Mercey
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Observatoire du Végétal - Chimie Métabolisme, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | | | - Fabien Chardon
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Fabienne Soulay
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Xiaole Xu
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Marion Trassaert
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Maryam Shakiebaei
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Amina Najihi
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
| | - Akira Suzuki
- INRA, IJPB, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, Versailles, F-78026, France
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Meng WJ, Cheng ZJ, Sang YL, Zhang MM, Rong XF, Wang ZW, Tang YY, Zhang XS. Type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs Specify the Shoot Stem Cell Niche by Dual Regulation of WUSCHEL. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1357-1372. [PMID: 28576846 PMCID: PMC5502443 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are known for their capacity to regenerate the whole body through de novo formation of apical meristems from a mass of proliferating cells named callus. Exogenous cytokinin and auxin determine cell fate for the establishment of the stem cell niche, which is the vital step of shoot regeneration, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORs (ARRs), critical components of cytokinin signaling, activate the transcription of WUSCHEL (WUS), which encodes a key regulator for maintaining stem cells. In parallel, type-B ARRs inhibit auxin accumulation by repressing the expression of YUCCAs, which encode a key enzyme for auxin biosynthesis, indirectly promoting WUS induction. Both pathways are essential for de novo regeneration of the shoot stem cell niche. In addition, the dual regulation of type-B ARRs on WUS transcription is required for the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem in planta. Thus, our results reveal a long-standing missing link between cytokinin signaling and WUS regulator, and the findings provide critical information for understanding cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhi Juan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ya Lin Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Miao Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiao Fei Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhi Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ying Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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25
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Winnicki K, Polit JT, Żabka A, Maszewski J. Mitogen-activated protein kinases participate in determination of apical-basal symmetry in Pisum sativum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 256:186-195. [PMID: 28167032 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are implicated in various processes in plants. Apart from response to biotic and abiotic stresses they are involved in regulation of embryo development. Although MAPKs were found to be indispensable during embryo development it has never been established at which stages of embryogenesis and in which regions of a plant embryo activated MAPKs can be observed. Here, we show that apical and basal regions display activation of the same types of MAPKs and the only difference concerns the level of their phosphorylation and cellular localization. Dually-phosphorylated MAPKs were found in nuclei of the apical region of an embryo both at the early and late cotyledonary stage while no immunofluorescence signals were detected in nuclei of the basal region. However, in this case phosphorylated MAPKs were immunodetected in cytoplasm in the apical domain of cortex cells, indicating their role in auxin transport from the basal to apical region of an embryo. Furthermore, obtained data indicate that nuclear localization of activated MAPKs may result from epigenetic modifications and polar auxin transport. The presented data and previous studies lead to the conclusion that activated MAPKs and their cellular localization define apical and basal regions during formation of an apical-basal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143 9, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Justyna Teresa Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143 9, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Żabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143 9, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Maszewski
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143 9, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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26
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Ribosomal protein L18aB is required for both male gametophyte function and embryo development in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31195. [PMID: 27502163 PMCID: PMC4977502 DOI: 10.1038/srep31195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal proteins are involved in numerous essential cell activities in plants. However, the regulatory role in specific plant developmental processes has not yet been fully elucidated. Here we identified the new ribosomal protein L18aB, which is specifically involved in sexual reproduction and plays a critical role in male gametophyte development and embryo pattern formation. In rpl18aB mutant plants, the mature pollen grains can germinate normally, but their competitiveness for growing in the style is significantly reduced. More interestingly, RPL18aB is required in early embryogenesis. rpl18aB embryos displayed irregular cell division orientations in the early pro-embryo and arrested at the globular stage with possible, secondary pattern formation defects. Further investigations revealed that the polar transportation of auxin is disturbed in the rpl18aB mutant embryos, which may explain the observed failure in embryo pattern formation. The cell type-specific complementation of RPL18aB in rpl18aB was not able to recover the phenotype, indicating that RPL18aB may play an essential role in early cell fate determination. This work unravels a novel role in embryo development for a ribosomal protein, and provides insight into regulatory mechanism of early embryogenesis.
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27
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Du Q, Wang H. Retarded Embryo Development 1 (RED1) regulates embryo development, seed maturation and plant growth in Arabidopsis. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:439-49. [PMID: 27477025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of protein and carbohydrate as storage reserves during maturation. Thus, understanding the genetic control of embryo and seed development may provide bioengineering tools for yield improvement. In this study, we report the identification of Retarded Embryo Development 1 (RED1) gene in Arabidopsis, whose two independent T-DNA insertion mutant lines, SALK_085642 (red1-1) and SALK_022583 (red1-2), show a retarded embryo development phenotype. The embryogenesis process ceases at the late heart stage in red1-1 and at the bent-cotyledon stage in red1-2, respectively, resulting in seed abortion in both lines. The retarded embryo development and seed abortion phenotypes reverted to normal when RED1 complementation constructs were introduced into mutant plants. Small red1-2 homozygous plants can be successfully rescued by culturing immature seeds, indicating that seed abortion likely results from compromised tolerance to the desiccation process associated with seed maturation. Consistent with this observation, red1-2 seeds accumulate less protein, and the expression of two late embryo development reporter transgenes, LEA::GUS and β-conglycinin::GUS, was significantly weak and started relatively late in the red1-2 mutant lines compared to the wild type. The RED1 gene encodes a plant specific novel protein that is localized in the nucleus. These results indicate that RED1 plays important roles in embryo development, seed maturation and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Huanzhong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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28
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Alvarez JM, Sohlberg J, Engström P, Zhu T, Englund M, Moschou PN, von Arnold S. The WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 3 gene PaWOX3 regulates lateral organ formation in Norway spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:1078-88. [PMID: 26115363 PMCID: PMC5034847 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 3 (WOX3) genes are required for the recruitment of founder cells from the lateral domains of shoot meristems that form lateral regions of leaves. However, the regulation of the formation of lateral organs in gymnosperms remains unknown. By using somatic embryos of Norway spruce (Picea abies) we have studied the expression and function of PaWOX3 during embryo development. The mRNA abundance of PaWOX3 was determined by quantitative real-time PCR, and the spatial expression of PaWOX3 was analysed by histochemical β-glucuronidase (GUS) assays and in situ mRNA hybridization. To investigate the function of PaWOX3, we analysed how downregulation of PaWOX3 in RNA interference lines affected embryo development and morphology. PaWOX3 was highly expressed in mature embryos at the base of each cotyledon close to the junction between the cotyledons, and in the lateral margins of cotyledons and needles, separating them into an adaxial and an abaxial side. Downregulation of the expression of PaWOX3 caused defects in lateral margin outgrowth in cotyledons and needles, and reduced root elongation. Our data suggest that the WOX3 function in margin outgrowth in lateral organs is conserved among the seed plants, whereas its function in root elongation may be unique to gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Alvarez
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Joel Sohlberg
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Peter Engström
- Department of Organismal BiologyPhysiological BotanyUppsala University, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Marie Englund
- Department of Organismal BiologyPhysiological BotanyUppsala University, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Panagiotis N. Moschou
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Sara von Arnold
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Linnean Center for Plant BiologyPO Box 7080SE‐75007UppsalaSweden
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29
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Wang Z, Fang B, Chen X, Liao M, Chen J, Zhang X, Huang L, Luo Z, Yao Z, Li Y. Temporal patterns of gene expression associated with tuberous root formation and development in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:180. [PMID: 26174091 PMCID: PMC4502468 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tuberous root of sweetpotato is undisputedly an important organ from agronomic and biological perspectives. Little is known regarding the regulatory networks programming tuberous root formation and development. RESULTS Here, as a first step toward understanding these networks, we analyzed and characterized the genome-wide transcriptional profiling and dynamics of sweetpotato root in seven distinct developmental stages using a customized microarray containing 39,724 genes. Analysis of these genes identified temporal programs of gene expression, including hundreds of transcription factor (TF) genes. We found that most genes active in roots were shared across all developmental stages, although significant quantitative changes in gene abundance were observed for 5,368 (including 435 TFs) genes. Clustering analysis of these differentially expressed genes pointed out six distinct expression patterns during root development. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in different processes were enriched at specific stages of root development. In contrast with the large number of shared expressed genes in root development, each stage or period of root development has only a small number of specific genes. In total, 712 (including 27 TFs) and 1,840 (including 115 TFs) genes were identified as root-stage and root-period specific, respectively at the level of microarray. Several of the specific TF genes are known regulators of root development, including DA1-related protein, SHORT-ROOT and BEL1-like. The remaining TFs with unknown roles would also play critical regulatory roles during sweetpotato tuberous root formation and development. CONCLUSIONS The results generated in this study provided spatiotemporal patterns of root gene expression in support of future efforts for understanding the underlying molecular mechanism that control sweetpotato yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Boping Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xinliang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Minghuan Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiongjian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lifei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhongxia Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhufang Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yujun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetics and Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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30
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Abstract
Plant miRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that mediate the repression of hundreds of genes. The basic plant body plan is established during early embryogenesis, and recent results have demonstrated that miRNAs play pivotal roles during both embryonic pattern formation and developmental timing. Multiple miRNAs appear to specifically repress transcription factor families during early embryogenesis. Therefore miRNAs probably have a large influence on the gene regulatory networks that contribute to the earliest cellular differentiation events in plants.
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31
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Schaller GE, Bishopp A, Kieber JJ. The yin-yang of hormones: cytokinin and auxin interactions in plant development. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:44-63. [PMID: 25604447 PMCID: PMC4330578 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.133595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones auxin and cytokinin interact to regulate many plant growth and developmental processes. Elements involved in the biosynthesis, inactivation, transport, perception, and signaling of these hormones have been elucidated, revealing the variety of mechanisms by which signal output from these pathways can be regulated. Recent studies shed light on how these hormones interact with each other to promote and maintain plant growth and development. In this review, we focus on the interaction of auxin and cytokinin in several developmental contexts, including its role in regulating apical meristems, the patterning of the root, the development of the gynoecium and female gametophyte, and organogenesis and phyllotaxy in the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280
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32
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Chen MX, Zheng SX, Yang YN, Xu C, Liu JS, Yang WD, Chye ML, Li HY. Strong seed-specific protein expression from the Vigna radiata storage protein 8SGα promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. J Biotechnol 2014; 174:49-56. [PMID: 24503210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vigna radiata (mung bean) is an important crop plant and is a major protein source in developing countries. Mung bean 8S globulins constitute nearly 90% of total seed storage protein and consist of three subunits designated as 8SGα, 8SGα' and 8SGβ. The 5'-flanking sequences of 8SGα' has been reported to confer high expression in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. In this study, a 472-bp 5'-flanking sequence of 8SGα was identified by genome walking. Computational analysis subsequently revealed the presence of numerous putative seed-specific cis-elements within. The 8SGα promoter was then fused to the gene encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) to create a reporter construct for Arabidopsis thaliana transformation. The spatial and temporal expression of 8SGα∷GUS, as investigated using GUS histochemical assays, showed GUS expression exclusively in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. Quantitative GUS assays revealed that the 8SGα promoter showed 2- to 4-fold higher activity than the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. This study has identified a seed-specific promoter of high promoter strength, which is potentially useful for directing foreign protein expression in seed bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Xian Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu-Xiao Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yue-Ning Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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33
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Kawai-Yamada M, Nagano M, Kakimoto M, Uchimiya H. Plastidic protein Cdf1 is essential in Arabidopsis embryogenesis. PLANTA 2014; 239:39-46. [PMID: 24097264 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis cell growth defect factor-1 (Cdf1 in yeast, At5g23040) was originally isolated as a cell growth suppressor of yeast from genetic screening. To investigate the in vivo role of Cdf1 in plants, a T-DNA insertion line was analyzed. A homozygous T-DNA insertion mutant (cdf1/cdf1) was embryo lethal and showed arrested embryogenesis at the globular stage. The Cdf1 protein, when fused with green fluorescent protein, was localized to the plastid in stomatal guard cells and mesophyll cells. A promoter-β-glucuronidase assay found expression of Cdf1 in the early heart stage of embryogenesis, suggesting that Cdf1 was essential for Arabidopsis embryogenesis during the transition of the embryo from the globular to heart stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan,
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34
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Su YH, Liu YB, Bai B, Zhang XS. Establishment of embryonic shoot-root axis is involved in auxin and cytokinin response during Arabidopsis somatic embryogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:792. [PMID: 25642237 PMCID: PMC4294322 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin and cytokinin signaling participates in regulating a large spectrum of developmental and physiological processes in plants. The shoots and roots of plants have specific and sometimes even contrary responses to these hormones. Recent studies have clearly shown that establishing the spatiotemporal distribution of auxin and cytokinin response signals is central for the control of shoot apical meristem (SAM) induction in cultured tissues. However, little is known about the role of these hormones in root apical meristem (RAM) initiation. Here, we found that the expression patterns of several regulatory genes critical for RAM formation were correlated with the establishment of the embryonic root meristem during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, the early expression of the WUS-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) and WUSCHEL genes was induced and was nearly overlapped within the embryonic callus when somatic embryos (SEs) could not be identified morphologically. Their correct expression was essential for RAM and SAM initiation and embryonic shoot-root axis establishment. Furthermore, we analyzed the auxin and cytokinin response during SE initiation. Notably, cytokinin response signals were detected in specific regions that were correlated with induced WOX5 expression and subsequent SE formation. Overexpression of the ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR genes ARR7 and ARR15 (feedback repressors of cytokinin signaling), disturbed RAM initiation and SE induction. These results provide new information on auxin and cytokinin-regulated apical-basal polarity formation of shoot-root axis during somatic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- *Correspondence: Xian Sheng Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China e-mail:
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35
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Hill RD, Huang S, Stasolla C. Hemoglobins, programmed cell death and somatic embryogenesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 211:35-41. [PMID: 23987809 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a universal process in all multicellular organisms. It is a critical component in a diverse number of processes ranging from growth and differentiation to response to stress. Somatic embryogenesis is one such process where PCD is significantly involved. Nitric oxide is increasingly being recognized as playing a significant role in regulating PCD in both mammalian and plant systems. Plant hemoglobins scavenge NO, and evidence is accumulating that events that modify NO levels in plants also affect hemoglobin expression. Here, we review the process of PCD, describing the involvement of NO and plant hemoglobins in the process. NO is an effector of cell death in both plants and vertebrates, triggering the cascade of events leading to targeted cell death that is a part of an organism's response to stress or to tissue differentiation and development. Expression of specific hemoglobins can alter this response in plants by scavenging the NO, thus, interrupting the death process. Somatic embryogenesis is used as a model system to demonstrate how cell-specific expression of different classes of hemoglobins can alter the embryogenic process, affecting hormone synthesis, cell metabolite levels and genes associated with PCD and embryogenic competence. We propose that plant hemoglobins influence somatic embryogenesis and PCD through cell-specific expression of a distinct plant hemoglobin. It is based on the premise that both embryogenic competence and PCD are strongly influenced by cellular NO levels. Increases in cellular NO levels result in elevated Zn(2+) and reactive-oxygen species associated with PCD, but they also result in decreased expression of MYC2, a transcription factor that is a negative effector of indoleacetic acid synthesis, a hormone that positively influences embryogenic competence. Cell-specific hemoglobin expression reduces NO levels as a result of NO scavenging, resulting in cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hill
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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36
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Leljak-Levanić D, Juranić M, Sprunck S. De novo zygotic transcription in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) includes genes encoding small putative secreted peptides and a protein involved in proteasomal degradation. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2013; 26:267-85. [PMID: 23912470 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-013-0229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the world's most important crops, and increasing grain yield is a major challenge for the future. Still, our knowledge about the molecular machineries responsible for early post-fertilization events such as zygotic reprogramming, the initial cell-specification events during embryogenesis, and the intercellular communication between the early embryo and the developing endosperm is very limited. Here, we describe the identification of de novo transcribed genes in the wheat zygote. We used wheat ovaries of defined post-fertilization stages to isolate zygotes and early embryos, and identified genes that are specifically induced in these particular stages. Importantly, we observed that some of the zygotic-induced genes encode proteins with similarity to secreted signaling peptides such as TAPETUM DETERMINANT 1 and EGG APPARATUS 1, and to MATH-BTB proteins which are known substrate-binding adaptors for the Cullin3-based ubiquitin E3 ligase. This suggests that both cell-cell signaling and targeted proteasomal degradation may be important molecular events during zygote formation and the progression of early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Leljak-Levanić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Lawit SJ, Chamberlin MA, Agee A, Caswell ES, Albertsen MC. Transgenic manipulation of plant embryo sacs tracked through cell-type-specific fluorescent markers: cell labeling, cell ablation, and adventitious embryos. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2013; 26:125-137. [PMID: 23539301 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-013-0215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression datasets relating to the Arabidopsis female gametophyte have enabled the creation of a tool set which allows simultaneous visual tracking of each specific cell type (egg, synergids, central cell, and antipodals). This cell-specific, fluorescent labeling tool-set functions from gametophyte cellularization through fertilization and early embryo development. Using this system, cell fates were tracked within Arabidopsis ovules following molecular manipulations, such as the ablation of the egg and/or synergids. Upon egg cell ablation, it was observed that a synergid can switch its developmental fate to become egg/embryo-like upon loss of the native egg. Also, manipulated was the fate of the somatic ovular cells, which can become egg- and embryo-like, reminiscent of adventitious embryony. These advances represent initial steps toward engineering synthetic apomixis resulting in seed derived wholly from the maternal plant. The end goal of applied apomixis research, fixing important agronomic traits such as hybrid vigor, would be a key benefit to agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai J Lawit
- Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131-1004, USA.
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Katayama N, Kato M, Yamada T. Origin and development of the cryptic shoot meristem in Zeylanidium lichenoides (Podostemaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:635-646. [PMID: 23482482 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The shoot apical meristem is the source of aerial shoot systems. In the aquatic eudicot family Podostemaceae, subfamily Podostemoideae, however, shoots develop in the absence of a distinct apical meristem. Previous studies suggest that the cryptic embryonic shoot meristem is involved in primary shoot development in some species (e.g., Zeylanidium lichenoides), although it is unclear whether the meristem maintains meristematic identity. Our aim was to determine how an embryonic shoot meristem is established during embryogenesis and how it is involved in plumular leaf development in the seedling. METHODS We observed anatomy and analyzed gene expression in Z. lichenoides, using an ortholog of the shoot meristem marker gene SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM). KEY RESULTS Expression of the STM ortholog, ZlSTM, began in the apical part of the 16-cell embryo. By the heart-shaped embryo stage, its expression was restricted to the putative organizing center (OC) and the protodermal cells just above them, forming a cryptic embryonic shoot meristem without a typical stem cell (apical initials) layer. During seedling development, expression was not maintained in the meristem, but instead shifted to the adaxial bases of cotyledons where plumular leaves would form. CONCLUSIONS ZlSTM expression demonstrated that the meristematic identity is partly retained in the embryonic shoot apex. This cryptic embryonic shoot meristem has a putative OC, but no typical stem cell layer, and it is not maintained during primary shoot development. Modification of the regulatory mechanism between the OC and stem cells might be responsible for this ephemeral shoot meristem in Podostemaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsu Katayama
- Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Jin X, Fu Z, Ding D, Li W, Liu Z, Tang J. Proteomic identification of genes associated with maize grain-filling rate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59353. [PMID: 23527170 PMCID: PMC3601958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain filling during the linear phase contributes most of the dry matter accumulated in the maize kernel, which in turn determines the final grain yield. Endosperms and embryos of three elite maize hybrids (Zhengdan 958, Nongda 108, and Pioneer 335) were sampled 17, 22, 25, and 28 days after pollination, during the linear phase of grain filling, for proteomic analysis to explore the regulatory factors critical for grain filling rate. In total, 39 and 43 protein spots that showed more than 2-fold changes in abundance at P<0.01 between any two sampling stages in the endosperm and embryo were analyzed by protein mass spectrometry. The changing patterns in expression index of these proteins in the endosperm were evenly distributed, whereas up-regulation patterns predominated (74%) in the embryo. Functional analysis revealed that metabolism was the largest category, represented by nine proteins in the endosperm and 12 proteins in the embryo, of the proteins that significantly changed in abundance. Glycolysis, a critical process both for glucose conversion into pyruvate and for release of free energy and reducing power, and proteins related to redox homeostasis were emphasized in the endosperm. Additionally, lipid, nitrogen, and inositol metabolism related to fatty acid biosynthesis and late embryogenesis abundant proteins were emphasized in the embryo. One protein related to cellular redox equilibrium, which showed a more than 50-fold change in abundance and was co-localized with a quantitative trait locus for grain yield on chromosome 1, was further investigated by transcriptional profile implying consistent expression pattern with protein accumulation. The present results provide a first step towards elucidation of the gene network responsible for regulation of grain filling in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Jin
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fu
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Ding
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weihua Li
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Liu
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Physiological Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crops in Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Lee C, Clark SE. Core pathways controlling shoot meristem maintenance. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 2:671-84. [PMID: 24014453 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Essential to the function of shoot meristems in plants to act as sites of continuous organ and tissue formation is the ability of cells within the meristem to remain undifferentiated and proliferate indefinitely. These are characteristics of the stem cells within meristems that are critical for their growth properties. Stem cells are found in tight association with the stem cell niche-those cells that signal to maintain stem cells. Shoot meristems are unique among stem cell systems in that the stem cell niche is a constantly changing population of recent daughter stem cells. Recent progress from Arabidopsis and other systems have uncovered a large number of genes with defined roles in meristem structure and maintenance. This review will focus on well-studied pathways that represent signaling between the stem cells and the niche, that prevent ectopic differentiation of stem cells, that regulate the chromatin status of stem cell factors, and that reveal intersection of hormone signaling and meristem maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghee Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Tang X, Liu Y, He Y, Ma L, Sun MX. Exine dehiscing induces rape microspore polarity, which results in different daughter cell fate and fixes the apical-basal axis of the embryo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:215-28. [PMID: 23162119 PMCID: PMC3528033 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The roles of cell polarity and the first asymmetric cell division during early embryogenesis in apical-basal cell fate determination remain unclear. Previously, a novel Brassica napus microspore embryogenesis system was established, by which rape exine-dehisced microspores were induced by physical stress. Unlike traditional microspore culture, cell polarity and subsequent asymmetric division appeared in the exine-dehisced microspore, which finally developed into a typical embryo with a suspensor. Further studies indicated that polarity is critical for apical-basal cell fate determination and suspensor formation. However, the pattern of the first division was not only determined by cell polarity but was also regulated by the position of the ruptured exine. The first division could be equal or unequal, with its orientation essentially perpendicular to the polar axis. In both types of cell division, the two daughter cells could have different cell fates and give rise to an embryo with a suspensor, similar to zygotic apical-basal cell differentiation. The alignment of the two daughter cells is consistent with the orientation of the apical-basal axis of future embryonic development. Thus, the results revealed that exine dehiscing induces rape microspore polarization, and this polarity results in a different cell fate and fixes the apical-basal axis of embryogenesis, but is uncoupled from cell asymmetric division. The present study demonstrated the relationships among cell polarity, asymmetric cell division, and cell fate determination in early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchun Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Life and Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ligang Ma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng-xiang Sun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Bloemendal S, Kück U. Cell-to-cell communication in plants, animals, and fungi: a comparative review. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2013. [PMID: 23128987 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a prerequisite for differentiation and development in multicellular organisms. This communication has to be tightly regulated to ensure that cellular components such as organelles, macromolecules, hormones, or viruses leave the cell in a precisely organized way. During evolution, plants, animals, and fungi have developed similar ways of responding to this biological challenge. For example, in higher plants, plasmodesmata connect adjacent cells and allow communication to regulate differentiation and development. In animals, two main general structures that enable short- and long-range intercellular communication are known, namely gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, respectively. Finally, filamentous fungi have also developed specialized structures called septal pores that allow intercellular communication via cytoplasmic flow. This review summarizes the underlying mechanisms for intercellular communication in these three eukaryotic groups and discusses its consequences for the regulation of differentiation and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bloemendal
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, ND7/131, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany
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Bloemendal S, Kück U. Cell-to-cell communication in plants, animals, and fungi: a comparative review. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 100:3-19. [PMID: 23128987 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a prerequisite for differentiation and development in multicellular organisms. This communication has to be tightly regulated to ensure that cellular components such as organelles, macromolecules, hormones, or viruses leave the cell in a precisely organized way. During evolution, plants, animals, and fungi have developed similar ways of responding to this biological challenge. For example, in higher plants, plasmodesmata connect adjacent cells and allow communication to regulate differentiation and development. In animals, two main general structures that enable short- and long-range intercellular communication are known, namely gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, respectively. Finally, filamentous fungi have also developed specialized structures called septal pores that allow intercellular communication via cytoplasmic flow. This review summarizes the underlying mechanisms for intercellular communication in these three eukaryotic groups and discusses its consequences for the regulation of differentiation and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bloemendal
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, ND7/131, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany
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Yu M, Zhao J. The cytological changes of tobacco zygote and proembryo cells induced by beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent suggest the involvement of arabinogalactan proteins in cell division and cell plate formation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:126. [PMID: 22853005 PMCID: PMC3487971 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dicotyledonous plant, the first asymmetric zygotic division and subsequent several cell divisions are crucial for proembryo pattern formation and later embryo development. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a family of extensively glycosylated cell surface proteins that are thought to have important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development, including embryogenesis. Previous results from our laboratory show that AGPs are concerned with tobacco egg cell fertilization and zygotic division. However, how AGPs interact with other factors involved in zygotic division and proembryo development remains unknown. RESULTS In this study, we used the tobacco in vitro zygote culture system and series of meticulous cell biology techniques to investigate the roles of AGPs in zygote and proembryo cell division. For the first time, we examined tobacco proembryo division patterns detailed to every cell division. The bright-field images and statistical results both revealed that with the addition of an exogenous AGPs inhibitor, beta-glucosyl Yariv (beta-GlcY) reagent, the frequency of aberrant division increased remarkably in cultured tobacco zygotes and proembryos, and the cell plate specific locations of AGPs were greatly reduced after beta-GlcY treatment. In addition, the accumulations of new cell wall materials were also significantly affected by treating with beta-GlcY. Detection of cellulose components by Calcofluor white stain showed that strong fluorescence was located in the newly formed wall of daughter cells after the zygotic division of in vivo samples and the control samples from in vitro culture without beta-GlcY treatment; while there was only weak fluorescence in the newly formed cell walls with beta-GlcY treatment. Immunocytochemistry examination with JIM5 and JIM7 respectively against the low- and high-esterified pectins displayed that these two pectins located in opposite positions of zygotes and proembryos in vivo and the polarity was not affected by beta-GlcY. Furthermore, FM4-64 staining revealed that endosomes were distributed in the cell plates of proembryos, and the localization pattern was also affected by beta-GlcY treatment. These results were further confirmed by subsequent observation with transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the changes to proembryo cell-organelles induced by beta-GlcY reagent were also observed using fluorescent dye staining technique. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that AGPs may not only relate to cell plate position decision, but also to the location of new cell wall components. Correlated with other factors, AGPs further influence the zygotic division and proembryo pattern establishment in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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45
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Xu H, Zhang W, Gao Y, Zhao Y, Guo L, Wang J. Proteomic analysis of embryo development in rice (Oryza sativa). PLANTA 2012; 235:687-701. [PMID: 22015996 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although embryo development is a major subject in plant growth and development research, a number of aspects of the mechanism of this development process remain unknown. Rice (Oryza sativa) is an excellent monocot plant model for studying embryogenesis with a known genome sequence. Here, we conducted proteomic analysis of embryo development in rice (O. sativa L. ssp. indica cv. 9311). The aim was to investigate and characterize the changes in the protein expression profile during embryo development. For this purpose, the proteome of developing embryos was characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and nano liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Proteomic analyses identified 275 differentially expressed proteins throughout the 5 sequential developmental stages from 5 to 30 days after pollination. Most of these proteins were classified into eight functional categories: metabolism, protein synthesis/destination, disease and defense, transporter, transcription, signal transduction, cell growth/division, and storage proteins, which were involved in different cellular and metabolic processes. Hierarchical clustering analyses of protein expression profiles showed that highly expressed proteins in early stages were involved in metabolism, protein synthesis/destination, and most of the other cellular functions, whereas the proteins highly expressed in later stages functioned in the desiccation and dormancy of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Development Biology, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Maternal and paternal genomes contribute equally to the transcriptome of early plant embryos. Nature 2012; 482:94-7. [PMID: 22266940 DOI: 10.1038/nature10756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In animals, maternal gene products deposited into eggs regulate embryonic development before activation of the zygotic genome. In plants, an analogous period of prolonged maternal control over embryogenesis is thought to occur based on some gene-expression studies. However, other gene-expression studies and genetic analyses show that some transcripts must derive from the early zygotic genome, implying that the prevailing model does not fully explain the nature of zygotic genome activation in plants. To determine the maternal, paternal and zygotic contributions to the early embryonic transcriptome, we sequenced the transcripts of hybrid embryos from crosses between two polymorphic inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana and used single-nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic of each parental line to quantify parental contributions. Although some transcripts seemed to be either inherited from primarily one parent or transcribed from imprinted loci, the vast majority of transcripts were produced in near-equal amounts from both maternal and paternal alleles, even during the initial stages of embryogenesis. Results of reporter experiments and analyses of transcripts from genes that are not expressed in sperm and egg indicate early and widespread zygotic transcription. Thus, in contrast to early animal embryogenesis, early plant embryogenesis is mostly under zygotic control.
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Wang XD, Song Y, Sheahan MB, Garg ML, Rose RJ. From embryo sac to oil and protein bodies: embryo development in the model legume Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:327-38. [PMID: 21988647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
• The cell and developmental biology of zygotic embryogenesis in the model legume Medicago truncatula has received little attention. We studied M. truncatula embryogenesis from embryo sac until cotyledon maturation, including oil and protein body biogenesis. • We characterized embryo development using light and electron microscopy, measurement of protein and lipid fatty acid accumulation and by profiling the expression of key seed storage genes. • Embryo sac development in M. truncatula is of the Polygonum type. A distinctive multicellular hypophysis and suspensor develops before the globular stage and by the early cotyledon stage, the procambium connects the developing apical meristems. In the storage parenchyma of cotyledons, ovoid oil bodies surround protein bodies and the plasma membrane. Four major lipid fatty acids accumulate as cotyledons develop, paralleling the expression of OLEOSIN and the storage protein genes, VICILIN and LEGUMIN. • Zygotic embryogenesis in M. truncatula features the development of a distinctive multicellular hypophysis and an endopolyploid suspensor with basal transfer cell. A clear procambial connection between the apical meristems is evident and there is a characteristic arrangement of oil bodies in the cotyledons and radicle. Our data help link embryogenesis to the genetic regulation of oil and protein body biogenesis in legume seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ding Wang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Bryan A, Racolta A, Tax F, Liljegren S. The Social Network: Receptor Kinases and Cell Fate Determination in Plants. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23044-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hu TX, Yu M, Zhao J. Comparative transcriptional analysis reveals differential gene expression between asymmetric and symmetric zygotic divisions in tobacco. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27120. [PMID: 22069495 PMCID: PMC3206072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell divisions occur widely during many developmental processes in plants. In most angiosperms, the first zygotic cell division is asymmetric resulting in two daughter cells of unequal size and with distinct fates. However, the critical molecular mechanisms regulating this division remain unknown. Previously we showed that treatment of tobacco zygotes with beta-glucosyl Yariv (βGlcY) could dramatically alter the first zygotic asymmetric division to produce symmetric two-celled proembryos. In the present study, we isolated zygotes and two-celled asymmetric proembryos in vivo by micromanipulation, and obtained symmetric, two-celled proembryos by in vitro cell cultures. Using suppression-subtractive hybridization (SSH) and macroarray analysis differential gene expression between the zygote and the asymmetric and symmetric two-celled proembryos was investigated. After sequencing of the differentially expressed clones, a total of 1610 EST clones representing 685 non-redundant transcripts were obtained. Gene ontology (GO) term analysis revealed that these transcripts include those involved in physiological processes such as response to stimulus, regulation of gene expression, and localization and formation of anatomical structures. A homology search against known genes from Arabidopsis indicated that some of the above transcripts are involved in asymmetric cell division and embryogenesis. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the up- or down-regulation of the selected candidate transcripts during zygotic division. A few of these transcripts were expressed exclusively in the zygote, or in either type of the two-celled proembryos. Expression analyses of select genes in different tissues and organs also revealed potential roles of these transcripts in fertilization, seed maturation and organ development. The putative roles of few of the identified transcripts in the regulation of zygotic division are discussed. Further functional work on these candidate transcripts will provide important information for understanding asymmetric zygotic division, generation of apical-basal polarity and cell fate decisions during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Khan GA, Declerck M, Sorin C, Hartmann C, Crespi M, Lelandais-Brière C. MicroRNAs as regulators of root development and architecture. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:47-58. [PMID: 21607657 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of growth and development in both plants and animals. In plants, roots play essential roles in their anchorage to the soil as well as in nutrient and water uptake. In this review, we present recent advances made in the identification of miRNAs involved in embryonic root development, radial patterning, vascular tissue differentiation and formation of lateral organs (i.e., lateral and adventitious roots and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes). Certain mi/siRNAs target members of the Auxin Response Factors family involved in auxin homeostasis and signalling and participate in complex regulatory loops at several crucial stages of root development. Other miRNAs target and restrict the action of various transcription factors that control root-related processes in several species. Finally, because abiotic stresses, which include nutrient or water deficiencies, generally modulate root growth and branching, we summarise the action of certain miRNAs in response to these stresses that may be involved in the adaptation of the root system architecture to the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar A Khan
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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