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Bowman JL, Moyroud E. Reflections on the ABC model of flower development. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1334-1357. [PMID: 38345422 PMCID: PMC11062442 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The formulation of the ABC model by a handful of pioneer plant developmental geneticists was a seminal event in the quest to answer a seemingly simple question: how are flowers formed? Fast forward 30 years and this elegant model has generated a vibrant and diverse community, capturing the imagination of developmental and evolutionary biologists, structuralists, biochemists and molecular biologists alike. Together they have managed to solve many floral mysteries, uncovering the regulatory processes that generate the characteristic spatio-temporal expression patterns of floral homeotic genes, elucidating some of the mechanisms allowing ABC genes to specify distinct organ identities, revealing how evolution tinkers with the ABC to generate morphological diversity, and even shining a light on the origins of the floral gene regulatory network itself. Here we retrace the history of the ABC model, from its genesis to its current form, highlighting specific milestones along the way before drawing attention to some of the unsolved riddles still hidden in the floral alphabet.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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2
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Fonseca R, Capel C, Lebrón R, Ortiz-Atienza A, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, Angosto T, Capel J, Lozano R. Insights into the functional role of tomato TM6 as a transcriptional regulator of flower development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae019. [PMID: 38464473 PMCID: PMC10923641 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Flower development is a crucial step towards the completion of the plant life cycle. Physiological processes and gene regulatory mechanisms underlying flower formation have been extensively characterized, and the implication of MADS-box transcription factors as primary regulators of flower morphology has been widely described, mainly due to the analysis of loss-of-function mutants in model species. Nevertheless, detailed characterization of allele variation in several MADS-box homologous genes from crop species remains undescribed. Here, we have characterized a tomato mutant with aberrant flower development. Mutant plants exhibit changes in petal cell identity, as well as homeotic transformations of stamens into carpelloid structures, which in most cases result in succulent organs. Molecular analysis proved that a loss-of-function mutation in the TOMATO MADS-BOX 6 (TM6) gene is responsible for this mutant phenotype. Furthermore, as a result of the loss of function of TM6, misregulation of the transcription and mRNA processing of other MADS-box genes involved in reproductive development has been detected. Our findings demonstrate that TM6 is a key player in the complex regulatory network of MADS-box genes controlling flower development and also provide a novel mutant that may be useful for generating male sterile lines in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fonseca
- Centro de Investigación en Agrosistemas Intensivos Mediterráneos y Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Edif. CITE II-B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Carmen Capel
- Centro de Investigación en Agrosistemas Intensivos Mediterráneos y Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Edif. CITE II-B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lebrón
- Centro de Investigación en Agrosistemas Intensivos Mediterráneos y Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Edif. CITE II-B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Ortiz-Atienza
- Centro de Investigación en Agrosistemas Intensivos Mediterráneos y Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Edif. CITE II-B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando J Yuste-Lisbona
- Centro de Investigación en Agrosistemas Intensivos Mediterráneos y Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Edif. CITE II-B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Centro de Investigación en Agrosistemas Intensivos Mediterráneos y Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Edif. CITE II-B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Capel
- Centro de Investigación en Agrosistemas Intensivos Mediterráneos y Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Edif. CITE II-B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Agrosistemas Intensivos Mediterráneos y Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (CIAIMBITAL), Universidad de Almería, Edif. CITE II-B, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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3
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Chopy M, Cavallini-Speisser Q, Chambrier P, Morel P, Just J, Hugouvieux V, Rodrigues Bento S, Zubieta C, Vandenbussche M, Monniaux M. Cell layer-specific expression of the homeotic MADS-box transcription factor PhDEF contributes to modular petal morphogenesis in petunia. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:324-345. [PMID: 37804091 PMCID: PMC10827313 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral homeotic MADS-box transcription factors ensure the correct morphogenesis of floral organs, which are organized in different cell layers deriving from distinct meristematic layers. How cells from these distinct layers acquire their respective identities and coordinate their growth to ensure normal floral organ morphogenesis is unresolved. Here, we studied petunia (Petunia × hybrida) petals that form a limb and tube through congenital fusion. We identified petunia mutants (periclinal chimeras) expressing the B-class MADS-box gene DEFICIENS in the petal epidermis or in the petal mesophyll, called wico and star, respectively. Strikingly, wico flowers form a strongly reduced tube while their limbs are almost normal, while star flowers form a normal tube but greatly reduced and unpigmented limbs, showing that petunia petal morphogenesis is highly modular. These mutants highlight the layer-specific roles of PhDEF during petal development. We explored the link between PhDEF and petal pigmentation, a well-characterized limb epidermal trait. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was strongly downregulated in star petals, including its major regulator ANTHOCYANIN2 (AN2). We established that PhDEF directly binds to the AN2 terminator in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PhDEF might regulate AN2 expression and therefore petal epidermis pigmentation. Altogether, we show that cell layer-specific homeotic activity in petunia petals differently impacts tube and limb development, revealing the relative importance of the different cell layers in the modular architecture of petunia petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Chopy
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Quentin Cavallini-Speisser
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Patrice Morel
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Jérémy Just
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Véronique Hugouvieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Suzanne Rodrigues Bento
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Marie Monniaux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
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Herrera-Ubaldo H. Defining petal cell identity layer-by-layer. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:215-216. [PMID: 37943669 PMCID: PMC10827306 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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Gui FF, Jiang GG, Bin Dong, Zhong SW, Xiao Z, Qiu Fang, Wang YG, Yang LY, Zhao H. Genome-wide identification and analysis of MIKC-type MADS-box genes expression in Chimonanthus salicifolius. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1127-1141. [PMID: 37438657 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MIKC type MADS-box transcription factors are one of the largest gene families and play a pivotal role in flowering time and flower development. Chimonanthus salicifolius belongs to the family Calycanthaceae and has a unique flowering time and flowering morphology compared to other Chimonanthus species, but the research on MIKC type MADS-box gene family of C. salicifolius has not been reported. OBJECTIVE Identification, comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, the expression pattern of MIKC-type MADS-box gene family from different tissues of C. salicifolius. METHODS Genome-wide investigation and expression pattern under different tissues of the MIKC-type MADS-box gene family in C. salicifolius, and their phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary characteristics, gene structure, motif distribution, promoter cis-acting element were performed. RESULTS A total of 29 MIKC-type MADS-box genes were identified from the whole genome sequencing. Interspecies synteny analysis revealed more significant collinearity between C. salicifolius and the magnoliids species compared to eudicots and monocots. MIKC-type MADS-box genes from the same subfamily share similar distribution patterns, gene structure, and expression patterns. Compared with Arabidopsis thaliana, Nymphaea colorata, and Chimonanthus praecox, the FLC genes were absent in C. salicifolius, while the AGL6 subfamily was expanded in C. salicifolius. The selectively expanded promoter (AGL6) and lack of repressor (FLC) genes may explain the earlier flowering in C. salicifolius. The loss of the AP3 homologous gene in C. salicifolius is probably the primary cause of the morphological distinction between C. salicifolius and C. praecox. The csAGL6a gene is specifically expressed in the flowering process and indicates the potential function of promoting flowering. CONCLUSION This study offers a genome-wide identification and expression profiling of the MIKC-types MADS-box genes in the C. salicifolius, and establishes the foundation for screening flowering development genes and understanding the potential function of the MIKC-types MADS-box genes in the C. salicifolius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Gui
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ge-Ge Jiang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Bin Dong
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Shi-Wei Zhong
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zheng Xiao
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qiu Fang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yi-Guang Wang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Li-Yuan Yang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Chen J, Yang Y, Li C, Chen Q, Liu S, Qin B. Genome-Wide Identification of MADS-Box Genes in Taraxacum kok-saghyz and Taraxacum mongolicum: Evolutionary Mechanisms, Conserved Functions and New Functions Related to Natural Rubber Yield Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10997. [PMID: 37446175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MADS-box transcription regulators play important roles in plant growth and development. However, very few MADS-box genes have been isolated in the genus Taraxacum, which consists of more than 3000 species. To explore their functions in the promising natural rubber (NR)-producing plant Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS), MADS-box genes were identified in the genome of TKS and the related species Taraxacum mongolicum (TM; non-NR-producing) via genome-wide screening. In total, 66 TkMADSs and 59 TmMADSs were identified in the TKS and TM genomes, respectively. From diploid TKS to triploid TM, the total number of MADS-box genes did not increase, but expansion occurred in specific subfamilies. Between the two genomes, a total of 11 duplications, which promoted the expansion of MADS-box genes, were identified in the two species. TkMADS and TmMADS were highly conserved, and showed good collinearity. Furthermore, most TkMADS genes exhibiting tissue-specific expression patterns, especially genes associated with the ABCDE model, were preferentially expressed in the flowers, suggesting their conserved and dominant functions in flower development in TKS. Moreover, by comparing the transcriptomes of different TKS lines, we identified 25 TkMADSs related to biomass formation and 4 TkMADSs related to NR content, which represented new targets for improving the NR yield of TKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Institute of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yushuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Institute of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qiuhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Bi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Alcantud R, Weiss J, Terry MI, Bernabé N, Verdú-Navarro F, Fernández-Breis JT, Egea-Cortines M. Flower transcriptional response to long term hot and cold environments in Antirrhinum majus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120183. [PMID: 36778675 PMCID: PMC9911551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short term experiments have identified heat shock and cold response elements in many biological systems. However, the effect of long-term low or high temperatures is not well documented. To address this gap, we grew Antirrhinum majus plants from two-weeks old until maturity under control (normal) (22/16°C), cold (15/5°C), and hot (30/23°C) conditions for a period of two years. Flower size, petal anthocyanin content and pollen viability obtained higher values in cold conditions, decreasing in middle and high temperatures. Leaf chlorophyll content was higher in cold conditions and stable in control and hot temperatures, while pedicel length increased under hot conditions. The control conditions were optimal for scent emission and seed production. Scent complexity was low in cold temperatures. The transcriptomic analysis of mature flowers, followed by gene enrichment analysis and CNET plot visualization, showed two groups of genes. One group comprised genes controlling the affected traits, and a second group appeared as long-term adaptation to non-optimal temperatures. These included hypoxia, unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, ribosomal proteins, carboxylic acid, sugar and organic ion transport, or protein folding. We found a differential expression of floral organ identity functions, supporting the flower size data. Pollinator-related traits such as scent and color followed opposite trends, indicating an equilibrium for rendering the organs for pollination attractive under changing climate conditions. Prolonged heat or cold cause structural adaptations in protein synthesis and folding, membrane composition, and transport. Thus, adaptations to cope with non-optimal temperatures occur in basic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alcantud
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Marta I. Terry
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Nuria Bernabé
- Department of Informatics and Systems, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fuensanta Verdú-Navarro
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- R&D Department, Bionet Engineering, Av/Azul, Parque Tecnológico Fuente Álamo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesualdo Tomás Fernández-Breis
- Department of Informatics and Systems, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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Monniaux M, Vandenbussche M. Flower Development in the Solanaceae. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:39-58. [PMID: 37540353 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Flower development is the process leading from a reproductive meristem to a mature flower with fully developed floral organs. This multi-step process is complex and involves thousands of genes in intertwined regulatory pathways; navigating through the FLOR-ID website will give an impression of this complexity and of the astonishing amount of work that has been carried on the topic (Bouché et al., Nucleic Acids Res 44:D1167-D1171, 2016). Our understanding of flower development mostly comes from the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, but numerous other studies outside of Brassicaceae have helped apprehend the conservation of these mechanisms in a large evolutionary context (Moyroud and Glover, Curr Biol 27:R941-R951, 2017; Smyth, New Phytol 220:70-86, 2018; Soltis et al., Ann Bot 100:155-163, 2007). Integrating additional species and families to the research on this topic can only advance our understanding of flower development and its evolution.In this chapter, we review the contribution that the Solanaceae family has made to the comprehension of flower development. While many of the general features of flower development (i.e., the key molecular players involved in flower meristem identity, inflorescence architecture or floral organ development) are similar to Arabidopsis, our main objective in this chapter is to highlight the points of divergence and emphasize specificities of the Solanaceae. We will not discuss the large topics of flowering time regulation, inflorescence architecture and fruit development, and we will restrict ourselves to the mechanisms included in a time window after the floral transition and before the fertilization. Moreover, this review will not be exhaustive of the large amount of work carried on the topic, and the choices that we made to describe in large details some stories from the literature are based on the soundness of the functional work performed, and surely as well on our own preferences and expertise.First, we will give a brief overview of the Solanaceae family and some of its specificities. Then, our focus will be on the molecular mechanisms controlling floral organ identity, for which extended functional work in petunia led to substantial revisions to the famous ABC model. Finally, after reviewing some studies on floral organ initiation and growth, we will discuss floral organ maturation, using the examples of the inflated calyx of the Chinese lantern Physalis and petunia petal pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Monniaux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.
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Ma YY, Meng Q, Tan XM, Yang L, Zhang KL, Xu ZQ. Functional identification of the different regions in B-class floral homeotic MADS-box proteins IiAP3 and IiPI from Isatis indigotica. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13713. [PMID: 35561122 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) are B-class MADS-box floral homeotic genes of Arabidopsis and are involved in specifying the identity of petals and stamens. In the present work, IiAP3 and IiPI, the respective orthologous genes of AP3 and PI, were cloned from Isatis indigotica. By expressing in ap3-6 and pi-1 homozygous mutant and in wild-type Arabidopsis under the control of AP3 promoter or CaMV 35S promoter, we demonstrated that IiAP3 and IiPI were functionally equivalent to AP3 and PI of Arabidopsis. Referring to previous reports and the research results in the present work, expression patterns of AP3 and PI homologs are not the same in different angiosperms possessing diverse floral structures. It suggests that the alterations in expression may contribute to the changing morphology of flowers. To further determine the relationship between IiAP3 and IiPI, the coding sequences of the different structural regions in these two proteins were swapped with each other, and the data collected from transgenic Arabidopsis plants of the chimeric constructs suggested that MADS domain was irreplaceable for the function of IiAP3, K domain of IiAP3 was involved in specifying the identity of stamens, K domain of IiPI was mainly related to the formation of petals, and C-terminal region of IiPI was involved in characterization of stamens. In addition, a complete KC region of these two proteins was more effective in phenotypic complementation of the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ye Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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10
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Liu H, Jia Y, Chai Y, Wang S, Chen H, Zhou X, Huang C, Guo S, Chen D. Whole-transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes between ray and disc florets and identification of flowering regulatory genes in Chrysanthemum morifolium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:947331. [PMID: 35991433 PMCID: PMC9388166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.947331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium has ornamental and economic values. However, there has been minimal research on the morphology of the chrysanthemum florets and related genes. In this study, we used the leaves as a control to screen for differentially expressed genes between ray and disc florets in chrysanthemum flowers. A total of 8,359 genes were differentially expressed between the ray and disc florets, of which 3,005 were upregulated and 5,354 were downregulated in the disc florets. Important regulatory genes that control flower development and flowering determination were identified. Among them, we identified a TM6 gene (CmTM6-mu) that belongs to the Class B floral homeotic MADS-box transcription factor family, which was specifically expressed in disc florets. We isolated this gene and found it was highly similar to other typical TM6 lineage genes, but a single-base deletion at the 3' end of the open reading frame caused a frame shift that generated a protein in which the TM6-specific paleoAP3 motif was missing at the C terminus. The CmTM6-mu gene was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Petal and stamen developmental processes were unaffected in transgenic A. thaliana lines; however, the flowering time was earlier than in the wild-type control. Thus, the C-terminal of paleoAP3 appears to be necessary for the functional performance in regulating the development of petals or stamens and CmTM6-mu may be involved in the regulation of flowering time in chrysanthemum. The results of this study will be useful for future research on flowering molecular mechanisms and for the breeding of novel flower types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Jia
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Chai
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Zhou
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
| | - Shuang Guo
- Chengdu Park City Construction Development Research Institute, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Conglin Huang,
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11
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Gong P, Song C, Liu H, Li P, Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhang S, He C. Physalis floridana CRABS CLAW mediates neofunctionalization of GLOBOSA genes in carpel development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6882-6903. [PMID: 34181715 PMCID: PMC8547157 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Floral B-function MADS-box genes, such as GLOBOSA (GLO), function in corolla and stamen organ identity specification. The functions of these genes outside these floral whorls are rarely reported. DOLL1 is a GLO gene controlling corolla and androecium organ identity. In this study we found that, in Physalis floridana double-layered-lantern 1 (doll1) mutant pollinated with wild-type pollen, fruit set was extremely low, indicating that doll1 females are dysfunctional. Stigma and style structure, stigma receptivity, pollen tube guidance, and embryo sac development were also impaired in doll1. P. floridana CRABS CLAW (PFCRC), predominantly expressed in carpels, was repressed in doll1 native carpels. Loss-of-function of PFCRC altered carpel meristem determinacy, carpel closure, and ovule number, and the resultant 'pistil' consisted of multiple spirally-arranged dorsiventral carpels occasionally with 1-2 naked ovules on the margin and trichomes at each mutated carpel tip, implying an alteration of carpel organ identity. Regulatory and genetic interactions between B-class MADS-box genes and PFCRC were revealed in a context-dependent manner in floral development. Our work reveals a new role for the B-function genes in carpel and ovule development via regulating PFCRC, providing a new understanding of genetic regulatory networks between MADS-domain and CRC transcription factors in mediating carpel organ specification, functionality, and origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingshu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jisi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Vijverberg K, Welten M, Kraaij M, van Heuven BJ, Smets E, Gravendeel B. Sepal Identity of the Pappus and Floral Organ Development in the Common Dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale; Asteraceae). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081682. [PMID: 34451727 PMCID: PMC8398263 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dry one-seeded fruits (cypselae) of the Asteraceae are often crowned with a pappus, an appendage of hairs or scales that assists in dispersal. It is generally assumed, but little investigated, that the pappus represents the outer floral whorl where the sepals are usually located. We analysed pappus–sepal homology in dandelions using micromorphological and floral gene expression analyses. We show that the pappus initiates from a ring primordium at the base of the corolla, heterochronic to the petals. Pappus parts form from this ring, with those in the alternipetalaous position usually being ahead in growth, referring to sepal identity. Tof-APETALLA1 expression increased during floret development and was highest in mature pappus. Tof-PISTILLATA expression was high and confined to the floral tissues containing the petals and stamens, consistent with expectations for sepals. Apart from the pappus, the dispersal structure of dandelion consists of the upper part of the fruit, the beak, which originates from the inner floral whorl. Thus, our results support the homology of the pappus with the sepals, but show that it is highly derived. Together with our floral stage definitions and verified qPCR reference genes, they provide a basis for evolution and development studies in dandelions and possibly other Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Vijverberg
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)715271910
| | - Monique Welten
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Marjan Kraaij
- Evolutionary Genetics, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Bertie Joan van Heuven
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Erik Smets
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.W.); (B.J.v.H.); (E.S.); (B.G.)
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Wang JX, Ming X, Tao YB, Xu ZF. Jatropha curcas ortholog of tomato MADS-box gene 6 ( JcTM6) promoter exhibits floral-specific activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9827. [PMID: 32995079 PMCID: PMC7502236 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jatropha curcas L., a perennial oilseed plant, is considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. Genetic modification of flowering characteristics is critical for Jatropha breeding. However, analysis of floral-specific promoters in Jatropha is limited. Methods In this study, we isolated the Jatropha ortholog of TM6 (JcTM6) gene from Jatropha flower cDNA library and detected the expression pattern of JcTM6 gene by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We isolated a 1.8-kb fragment from the 5’ region of the JcTM6 gene and evaluated its spatiotemporal expression pattern in Arabidopsis using the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and Arabidopsis ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferase 4 (AtIPT4) gene, respectively. Results JcTM6 was identified as a flower-specific gene in Jatropha. As expected, JcTM6 promoter was only active in transgenic Arabidopsis flowers with the strongest activity in stamens. Moreover, JcTM6:AtIPT4 transgenic Arabidopsis showed a phenotype of large flowers without any alterations in other organs. Furthermore, deletion of the region from –1,717 to –876 bp resulted in the disappearance of promoter activity in stamens but an increase in promoter activity in young leaves, sepals, and petals. Deletion analysis suggests that the –1,717- to –876-bp promoter fragment contains regulatory elements that confer promoter activity in stamens and inhibit activity in young leaves, sepals, and petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xian Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Ming
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Bin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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14
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Chung MY, Nath UK, Vrebalov J, Gapper N, Lee JM, Lee DJ, Kim CK, Giovannoni J. Ectopic expression of miRNA172 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) reveals novel function in fruit development through regulation of an AP2 transcription factor. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:283. [PMID: 32560687 PMCID: PMC7304166 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that can influence gene expression via diverse mechanisms. Tomato is a fruit widely consumed for its flavor, culinary attributes, and high nutritional quality. Tomato fruit are climacteric and fleshy, and their ripening is regulated by endogenous and exogenous signals operating through a coordinated genetic network. Much research has been conducted on mechanisms of tomato fruit ripening, but the roles of miRNA-regulated repression/expression of specific regulatory genes are not well documented. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that miR172 specifically targets four SlAP2 transcription factor genes in tomato. Among them, SlAP2a was repressed by the overexpression of SlmiR172, manifesting in altered flower morphology, development and accelerated ripening. miR172 over-expression lines specifically repressed SlAP2a, enhancing ethylene biosynthesis, fruit color and additional ripening characteristics. Most previously described ripening-regulatory genes, including RIN-MADS, NR, TAGL1 and LeHB-1 were not influenced by miR172 while CNR showed altered expression. CONCLUSIONS Tomato fruit ripening is directly influenced by miR172 targeting of the APETALA2 transcription factor, SlAP2a, with minimal influence over additional known ripening-regulatory genes. miR172a-guided SlAP2a expression provides insight into another layer of genetic control of ripening and a target for modifying the quality and nutritional value of tomato and possibly other fleshy fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Julia Vrebalov
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nigel Gapper
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Do-Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
| | - James Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
- US Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service, Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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15
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Lv S, Cheng S, Wang Z, Li S, Jin X, Lan L, Yang B, Yu K, Ni X, Li N, Hou X, Huang G, Wang J, Dong Y, Wang E, Huang J, Zhang G, Zhang C. Draft genome of the famous ornamental plant Paeonia suffruticosa. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4518-4530. [PMID: 32551041 PMCID: PMC7297784 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia Sect. Moutan) is a famous ornamental plant, with huge historical, cultural, and economic significance worldwide. In this study, we reported the ~13.79 Gb draft genome of a wide-grown Paeonia suffruticosa cultivar "Luo shen xiao chun," representing the largest sequenced genome in dicots to date. Phylogenetic analyses based on genome sequences demonstrated that P. suffruticosa was placed as sister to Vitales, and they together formed a clade that was sister to Rosids, weakly supporting a relationship of ((Saxifragales and Vitales) and Rosids). The identification and expression analysis of MADS-box genes based on the genome assembly and de novo transcriptome assembly of P. suffruticosa revealed that the function of C class genes was restricted in flower development, which might be responsible for the stamen petalody in tree peony cultivars. Overall, the first sequenced genome in the family Paeoniaceae provides an important resource for the origin, domestication, and evolutionary study as well as cultivar breeding in tree peony.
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16
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Githeng’u SK, Ding L, Zhao K, Zhao W, Chen S, Jiang J, Chen F. Ectopic expression of Chrysanthemum CDM19 in Arabidopsis reveals a novel function in carpel development. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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17
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Jing D, Chen W, Xia Y, Shi M, Wang P, Wang S, Wu D, He Q, Liang G, Guo Q. Homeotic transformation from stamen to petal in Eriobotrya japonica is associated with hormone signal transduction and reduction of the transcriptional activity of EjAG. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:893-908. [PMID: 31587280 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Double-flower loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a new germplasm with homeotic transformation of stamen into petal in whorl 3. However, little information is available on the molecular mechanism of this transformation. Herein, we analyzed the transcriptome, candidate genes and endogenous hormones to investigate the mechanisms underlying this homeotic transformation. Some transcription factors, such as MADS-box, TCP and MYB, were significantly differentially expressed. Importantly, we confirmed that one of these (DN39625_c0_g1), which encoded a C-class floral homeotic protein referred to as AGAMOUS ortholog (EjAG), was significantly downregulated. Subcellular localization of EjAG was found to be in the nucleus. Ectopic expression of EjAG rescued the development of stamens and carpels from the double-flower phenotype in an Arabidopsis ag mutant, suggesting that EjAG expression is associated with double-flower formation. Meanwhile, enrichment analyses showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in the metabolic pathways of hormone signal transduction. The DEGs of auxin, gibberellin A (GA) and cytokinin signaling pathways were mainly upregulated. However, the DEGs of abscisic acid (ABA) and the ethylene signaling pathway were mainly downregulated. Accordingly, the concentrations of indoleacetic acid, kinetin and GA3 were high at the petaloid stamen stage, but the ABA concentration remained low. The identified genes and pathways provide abundant sequence resources for studying the mechanisms underlying the homeotic transformation in loquat and other Rosaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao He
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Li BJ, Zheng BQ, Wang JY, Tsai WC, Lu HC, Zou LH, Wan X, Zhang DY, Qiao HJ, Liu ZJ, Wang Y. New insight into the molecular mechanism of colour differentiation among floral segments in orchids. Commun Biol 2020; 3:89. [PMID: 32111943 PMCID: PMC7048853 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An unbalanced pigment distribution among the sepal and petal segments results in various colour patterns of orchid flowers. Here, we explored this type of mechanism of colour pattern formation in flowers of the Cattleya hybrid 'KOVA'. Our study showed that pigment accumulation displayed obvious spatiotemporal specificity in the flowers and was likely regulated by three R2R3-MYB transcription factors. Before flowering, RcPAP1 was specifically expressed in the epichile to activate the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which caused substantial cyanin accumulation and resulted in a purple-red colour. After flowering, the expression of RcPAP2 resulted in a low level of cyanin accumulation in the perianths and a pale pink colour, whereas RcPCP1 was expressed only in the hypochile, where it promoted α-carotene and lutein accumulation and resulted in a yellow colour. Additionally, we propose that the spatiotemporal expression of different combinations of AP3- and AGL6-like genes might participate in KOVA flower colour pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Long-Hai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, 311300, Lin'an, China
| | - Xiao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
- Research & Development Center of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 311202, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong-Juan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China.
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19
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Morel P, Chambrier P, Boltz V, Chamot S, Rozier F, Rodrigues Bento S, Trehin C, Monniaux M, Zethof J, Vandenbussche M. Divergent Functional Diversification Patterns in the SEP/AGL6/AP1 MADS-Box Transcription Factor Superclade. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:3033-3056. [PMID: 31591161 PMCID: PMC6925017 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Members of SEPALLATA (SEP) and APETALA1 (AP1)/SQUAMOSA (SQUA) MADS-box transcription factor subfamilies play key roles in floral organ identity determination and floral meristem determinacy in the rosid species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we present a functional characterization of the seven SEP/AGL6 and four AP1/SQUA genes in the distant asterid species petunia (Petunia × hybrida). Based on the analysis of single and higher order mutants, we report that the petunia SEP1/SEP2/SEP3 orthologs together with AGL6 encode classical SEP floral organ identity and floral termination functions, with a master role for the petunia SEP3 ortholog FLORAL BINDING PROTEIN2 (FBP2). By contrast, the FBP9 subclade members FBP9 and FBP23, for which no clear ortholog is present in Arabidopsis, play a major role in determining floral meristem identity together with FBP4, while contributing only moderately to floral organ identity. In turn, the four members of the petunia AP1/SQUA subfamily redundantly are required for inflorescence meristem identity and act as B-function repressors in the first floral whorl, together with BEN/ROB genes. Overall, these data together with studies in other species suggest major differences in the functional diversification of the SEP/AGL6 and AP1/SQUA MADS-box subfamilies during angiosperm evolution.plantcell;31/12/3033/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Morel
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Boltz
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Sophy Chamot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Suzanne Rodrigues Bento
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Monniaux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Zethof
- Plant Genetics, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
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Palumbo F, Vannozzi A, Magon G, Lucchin M, Barcaccia G. Genomics of Flower Identity in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:316. [PMID: 30949190 PMCID: PMC6437108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The identity of the four characteristic whorls of typical eudicots, namely, sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, is specified by the overlapping action of homeotic genes, whose single and combined contributions have been described in detail in the so-called ABCDE model. Continuous species-specific refinements and translations resulted in this model providing the basis for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms of flower development in model organisms, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and other main plant species. Although grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) represents an extremely important cultivated fruit crop globally, studies related to the genetic determinism of flower development are still rare, probably because of the limited interest in sexual reproduction in a plant that is predominantly propagated asexually. Nonetheless, several studies have identified and functionally characterized some ABCDE orthologs in grapevine. The present study is intended to provide a comprehensive screenshot of the transcriptional behavior of 18 representative grapevine ABCDE genes encoding MADS-box transcription factors in a developmental kinetic process, from preanthesis to the postfertilization stage and in different flower organs, namely, the calyx, calyptra, anthers, filaments, ovary, and embryos. The transcript levels found were compared with the proposed model for Arabidopsis to evaluate their biological consistency. With a few exceptions, the results confirmed the expression pattern expected based on the Arabidopsis data.
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Botella JR. Now for the hard ones: is there a limit on CRISPR genome editing in crops? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:734-737. [PMID: 30722048 PMCID: PMC6363081 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on the following paper: Martín-Pizarro C, Triviño JC, Posé D. 2019. Functional analysis of the TM6 MADS-box gene in the octoploid strawberry by CRISPR/Cas9-directed mutagenesis. Journal of Experimental Botany 70, 885–895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Botella
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
- Correspondence:
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22
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Martín-Pizarro C, Triviño JC, Posé D. Functional analysis of the TM6 MADS-box gene in the octoploid strawberry by CRISPR/Cas9-directed mutagenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:885-895. [PMID: 30428077 PMCID: PMC6363087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The B-class of MADS-box transcription factors has been studied in many plant species, but remains functionally uncharacterized in Rosaceae. APETALA3 (AP3), a member of this class, controls petal and stamen identities in Arabidopsis. In this study, we identified two members of the AP3 lineage in cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, namely FaAP3 and FaTM6. FaTM6, and not FaAP3, showed an expression pattern equivalent to that of AP3 in Arabidopsis. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for the first time in an octoploid species to characterize the function of TM6 in strawberry flower development. An analysis by high-throughput sequencing of the FaTM6 locus spanning the target sites showed highly efficient genome editing already present in the T0 generation. Phenotypic characterization of the mutant lines indicated that FaTM6 plays a key role in anther development in strawberry. Our results validate the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene functional analysis in F. × ananassa as an octoploid species, and offer new opportunities for engineering strawberry to improve traits of interest in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martín-Pizarro
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - David Posé
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Martín-Pizarro C, Triviño JC, Posé D. Functional analysis of the TM6 MADS-box gene in the octoploid strawberry by CRISPR/Cas9-directed mutagenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:885-895. [PMID: 30428077 DOI: 10.1101/351296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The B-class of MADS-box transcription factors has been studied in many plant species, but remains functionally uncharacterized in Rosaceae. APETALA3 (AP3), a member of this class, controls petal and stamen identities in Arabidopsis. In this study, we identified two members of the AP3 lineage in cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, namely FaAP3 and FaTM6. FaTM6, and not FaAP3, showed an expression pattern equivalent to that of AP3 in Arabidopsis. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for the first time in an octoploid species to characterize the function of TM6 in strawberry flower development. An analysis by high-throughput sequencing of the FaTM6 locus spanning the target sites showed highly efficient genome editing already present in the T0 generation. Phenotypic characterization of the mutant lines indicated that FaTM6 plays a key role in anther development in strawberry. Our results validate the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene functional analysis in F. × ananassa as an octoploid species, and offer new opportunities for engineering strawberry to improve traits of interest in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martín-Pizarro
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - David Posé
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
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Zhou K, Cao QX, Jin CM, Niu YY, Li GL, Zhang JJ. Identification of Two GLOBOSA-Like MADS-Box Genes in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze). Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Morel P, Heijmans K, Ament K, Chopy M, Trehin C, Chambrier P, Rodrigues Bento S, Bimbo A, Vandenbussche M. The Floral C-Lineage Genes Trigger Nectary Development in Petunia and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2020-2037. [PMID: 30087206 PMCID: PMC6181019 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To attract insects, flowers produce nectar, an energy-rich substance secreted by specialized organs called nectaries. For Arabidopsis thaliana, a rosid species with stamen-associated nectaries, the floral B-, C-, and E-functions were proposed to redundantly regulate nectary development. Here, we investigated the molecular basis of carpel-associated nectary development in the asterid species petunia (Petunia hybrida). We show that its euAGAMOUS (euAG) and PLENA (PLE) C-lineage MADS box proteins are essential for nectary development, while their overexpression is sufficient to induce ectopic nectaries on sepals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis nectary development also fully depends on euAG/PLE C-lineage genes. In turn, we show that petunia nectary development depends on two homologs of CRABS CLAW (CRC), a gene previously shown to be required for Arabidopsis nectary development, and demonstrate that CRC expression in both species depends on the members of both euAG/PLE C-sublineages. Therefore, petunia and Arabidopsis employ a similar molecular mechanism underlying nectary development, despite otherwise major differences in the evolutionary trajectory of their C-lineage genes, their distant phylogeny, and different nectary positioning. However, unlike in Arabidopsis, petunia nectary development is position independent within the flower. Finally, we show that the TARGET OF EAT-type BLIND ENHANCER and APETALA2-type REPRESSOR OF B-FUNCTION genes act as major regulators of nectary size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Morel
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Klaas Heijmans
- Plant Genetics, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Ament
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Mathilde Chopy
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Suzanne Rodrigues Bento
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Bimbo
- Plant Genetics, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
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Coito JL, Silva H, Ramos MJN, Montez M, Cunha J, Amâncio S, Costa MMR, Rocheta M. Vitis Flower Sex Specification Acts Downstream and Independently of the ABCDE Model Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1029. [PMID: 30061913 PMCID: PMC6055017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The most discriminating characteristic between the cultivated Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera and the wild-form Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris is their sexual system. Flowers of cultivars are mainly hermaphroditic, whereas wild plants have female and male individuals whose flowers follow a hermaphroditic pattern during early stages of development and later develop non-functional reproductive organs. In angiosperms, the basic developmental system for floral organ identity is explained by the ABCDE model. This model postulates that regulatory gene functions work in a combinatorial way to confer organ identity in each whorl. In wild Vitis nothing is known about the function and expression profile of these genes. Here we show an overall view of the temporal and spatial expression pattern of the ABCDE genes as well as the pattern of VviSUPERMAN that establishes a boundary between the stamen and the carpel whorls, in the male, female and complete flower types. The results show a similar pattern in Vitis species suggesting that the pathway leading to unisexuality acts independently and/or downstream of B- and C- function genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L. Coito
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Silva
- Plant Functional Biology Centre, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel J. N. Ramos
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Montez
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Cunha
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sara Amâncio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria M. R. Costa
- Plant Functional Biology Centre, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Rocheta
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Identification and Characterization of the MADS-Box Genes and Their Contribution to Flower Organ in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040193. [PMID: 29617274 PMCID: PMC5924535 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dianthus is a large genus containing many species with high ornamental economic value. Extensive breeding strategies permitted an exploration of an improvement in the quality of cultivated carnation, particularly in flowers. However, little is known on the molecular mechanisms of flower development in carnation. Here, we report the identification and description of MADS-box genes in carnation (DcaMADS) with a focus on those involved in flower development and organ identity determination. In this study, 39 MADS-box genes were identified from the carnation genome and transcriptome by the phylogenetic analysis. These genes were categorized into four subgroups (30 MIKCc, two MIKC*, two Mα, and five Mγ). The MADS-box domain, gene structure, and conserved motif compositions of the carnation MADS genes were analysed. Meanwhile, the expression of DcaMADS genes were significantly different in stems, leaves, and flower buds. Further studies were carried out for exploring the expression of DcaMADS genes in individual flower organs, and some crucial DcaMADS genes correlated with their putative function were validated. Finally, a new expression pattern of DcaMADS genes in flower organs of carnation was provided: sepal (three class E genes and two class A genes), petal (two class B genes, two class E genes, and one SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP)), stamen (two class B genes, two class E genes, and two class C), styles (two class E genes and two class C), and ovary (two class E genes, two class C, one AGAMOUS-LIKE 6 (AGL6), one SEEDSTICK (STK), one B sister, one SVP, and one Mα). This result proposes a model in floral organ identity of carnation and it may be helpful to further explore the molecular mechanism of flower organ identity in carnation.
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Yu K, Wang X, Chen F, Peng Q, Chen S, Li H, Zhang W, Fu S, Hu M, Long W, Chu P, Guan R, Zhang J. Quantitative Trait Transcripts Mapping Coupled with Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping Reveal the Molecular Network Regulating the Apetalous Characteristic in Brassica napus L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:89. [PMID: 29472937 PMCID: PMC5810251 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The apetalous trait of rapeseed (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38) is important for breeding an ideal high-yield rapeseed with superior klendusity to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Currently, the molecular mechanism underlying the apetalous trait of rapeseed is unclear. In this study, 14 petal regulators genes were chosen as target genes (TGs), and the expression patterns of the 14 TGs in the AH population, containing 189 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between apetalous "APL01" and normal "Holly," were analyzed in two environments using qRT-PCR. Phenotypic data of petalous degree (PDgr) in the AH population were obtained from the two environments. Both quantitative trait transcript (QTT)-association mapping and expression QTL (eQTL) analyses of TGs expression levels were performed to reveal regulatory relationships among TGs and PDgr. QTT mapping for PDgr determined that PLURIPETALA (PLP) was the major negative QTT associated with PDgr in both environments, suggesting that PLP negatively regulates the petal development of line "APL01." The QTT mapping of PLP expression levels showed that CHROMATIN-REMODELING PROTEIN 11 (CHR11) was positively associated with PLP expression, indicating that CHR11 acts as a positive regulator of PLP expression. Similarly, QTT mapping for the remaining TGs identified 38 QTTs, associated with 13 TGs, and 31 QTTs, associated with 10 TGs, respectively, in the first and second environments. Additionally, eQTL analyses of TG expression levels showed that 12 and 11 unconditional eQTLs were detected in the first and second environment, respectively. Based on the QTTs and unconditional eQTLs detected, we presented a hypothetical molecular regulatory network in which 14 petal regulators potentially regulated the apetalous trait in "APL01" through the CHR11-PLP pathway. PLP acts directly as the terminal signal integrator negatively regulating petal development in the CHR11-PLP pathway. These findings will aid in the understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the apetalous trait of rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunjiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongge Li
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Sanxiong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maolong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Long
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongzhan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Rongzhan Guan
| | - Jiefu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton and Rapeseed, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiefu Zhang
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Sobral R, Costa MMR. Role of floral organ identity genes in the development of unisexual flowers of Quercus suber L. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10368. [PMID: 28871195 PMCID: PMC5583232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoecious species provide an excellent system to study the specific determinants that underlie male and female flower development. Quercus suber is a monoecious species with unisexual flowers at inception. Despite the overall importance of this and other tree species with a similar reproductive habit, little is known regarding the mechanisms involved in the development of their male and female flowers. Here, we have characterised members of the ABCDE MADS-box gene family of Q. suber. The temporal expression of these genes was found to be sex-biased. The B-class genes, in particular, are predominantly, or exclusively (in the case of QsPISTILLATA), expressed in the male flowers. Functional analysis in Arabidopsis suggests that the B-class genes have their function conserved. The identification of sex-biased gene expression plus the identification of unusual protein-protein interactions suggest that the floral organ identity of Q. suber may be under control of specific changes in the dynamics of the ABCDE model. This study constitutes a major step towards the characterisation of the mechanisms involved in reproductive organ identity in a monoecious tree with a potential contribution towards the knowledge of conserved developmental mechanisms in other species with a similar sex habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rómulo Sobral
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Manuela R Costa
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Morel P, Heijmans K, Rozier F, Zethof J, Chamot S, Bento SR, Vialette-Guiraud A, Chambrier P, Trehin C, Vandenbussche M. Divergence of the Floral A-Function between an Asterid and a Rosid Species. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29. [PMID: 28646074 PMCID: PMC5559753 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ABC model is widely used as a genetic framework for understanding floral development and evolution. In this model, the A-function is required for the development of sepals and petals and to antagonize the C-function in the outer floral whorls. In the rosid species Arabidopsis thaliana, the AP2-type AP2 transcription factor represents a major A-function protein, but how the A-function is encoded in other species is not well understood. Here, we show that in the asterid species petunia (Petunia hybrida), AP2B/BLIND ENHANCER (BEN) confines the C-function to the inner petunia floral whorls, in parallel with the microRNA BLINDBEN belongs to the TOE-type AP2 gene family, members of which control flowering time in Arabidopsis. In turn, we demonstrate that the petunia AP2-type REPRESSOR OF B-FUNCTION (ROB) genes repress the B-function (but not the C-function) in the first floral whorl, together with BEN We propose a combinatorial model for patterning the B- and C-functions, leading to the homeotic conversion of sepals into petals, carpels, or stamens, depending on the genetic context. Combined with earlier results, our findings suggest that the molecular mechanisms controlling the spatial restriction of the floral organ identity genes are more diverse than the well-conserved B and C floral organ identity functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Morel
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Klaas Heijmans
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Jan Zethof
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophy Chamot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Suzanne Rodrigues Bento
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Vialette-Guiraud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Himeno M, Sasano M, Koinuma H, Nijo T, Tomomitsu T, Yoshida T, Okano Y, Yoshikawa N, Maejima K, Oshima K, Namba S. Phytoplasma-conserved phyllogen proteins induce phyllody across the Plantae by degrading floral MADS domain proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2799-2811. [PMID: 28505304 PMCID: PMC5853863 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ABCE-class MADS domain transcription factors (MTFs) are key regulators of floral organ development in angiosperms. Aberrant expression of these genes can result in abnormal floral traits such as phyllody. Phyllogen is a virulence factor conserved in phytoplasmas, plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes. It triggers phyllody in Arabidopsis thaliana by inducing degradation of A- and E-class MTFs. However, it is still unknown whether phyllogen can induce phyllody in plants other than A. thaliana, although phytoplasma-associated phyllody symptoms are observed in a broad range of angiosperms. In this study, phyllogen was shown to cause phyllody phenotypes in several eudicot species belonging to three different families. Moreover, phyllogen can interact with MTFs of not only angiosperm species including eudicots and monocots but also gymnosperms and a fern, and induce their degradation. These results suggest that phyllogen induces phyllody in angiosperms and inhibits MTF function in diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Himeno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nijo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tomomitsu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Okano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Gong P, Ao X, Liu G, Cheng F, He C. Duplication and Whorl-Specific Down-Regulation of the Obligate AP3-PI Heterodimer Genes Explain the Origin of Paeonia lactiflora Plants with Spontaneous Corolla Mutation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:411-425. [PMID: 28013274 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora) is a globally important ornamental plant. Spontaneous floral mutations occur frequently during cultivation, and are selected as a way to release new cultivars, but the underlying evolutionary developmental genetics remain largely elusive. Here, we investigated a collection of spontaneous corolla mutational plants (SCMPs) whose other floral organs were virtually unaffected. Unlike the corolla in normal plants (NPs) that withered soon after fertilization, the transformed corolla (petals) in SCMPs was greenish and persistent similar to the calyx (sepals). Epidermal cellular morphology of the SCMP corolla was also similar to that of calyx cells, further suggesting a sepaloid corolla in SCMPs. Ten floral MADS-box genes from these Paeonia plants were comparatively characterized with respect to sequence and expression. Codogenic sequence variation of these MADS-box genes was not linked to corolla changes in SCMPs. However, we found that both APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) lineages of B-class MADS-box genes were duplicated, and subsequent selective expression alterations of these genes were closely associated with the origin of SCMPs. AP3-PI obligate heterodimerization, essential for organ identity of corolla and stamens, was robustly detected. However, selective down-regulation of these duplicated genes might result in a reduction of this obligate heterodimer concentration in a corolla-specific manner, leading to the sepaloid corolla in SCMPs, thus representing a new sepaloid corolla model taking advantage of gene duplication. Our work suggests that modifying floral MADS-box genes could facilitate the breeding of novel cultivars with distinct floral morphology in ornamental plants, and also provides new insights into the functional evolution of the MADS-box genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Gaixiu Liu
- Luoyang National Peony Garden, Mangshan Town, Old City District, Luoyang, China
| | - Fangyun Cheng
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, China
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Ai Y, Zhang C, Sun Y, Wang W, He Y, Bao M. Characterization and Functional Analysis of Five MADS-Box B Class Genes Related to Floral Organ Identification in Tagetes erecta. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169777. [PMID: 28081202 PMCID: PMC5231280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the floral organ development ABC model, B class genes specify petal and stamen identification. In order to study the function of B class genes in flower development of Tagetes erecta, five MADS-box B class genes were identified and their expression and putative functions were studied. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses indicated that there were one PI-like gene-TePI, two euAP3-like genes-TeAP3-1 and TeAP3-2, and two TM6-like genes-TeTM6-1 and TeTM6-2 in T. erecta. Strong expression levels of these genes were detected in stamens of the disk florets, but little or no expression was detected in bracts, receptacles or vegetative organs. Yeast hybrid experiments of the B class proteins showed that TePI protein could form a homodimer and heterodimers with all the other four B class proteins TeAP3-1, TeAP3-2, TeTM6-1 and TeTM6-2. No homodimer or interaction was observed between the euAP3 and TM6 clade members. Over-expression of five B class genes of T. erecta in Nicotiana rotundifolia showed that only the transgenic plants of 35S::TePI showed altered floral morphology compared with the non-transgenic line. This study could contribute to the understanding of the function of B class genes in flower development of T. erecta, and provide a theoretical basis for further research to change floral organ structures and create new materials for plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yalin Sun
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weining Wang
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Wimauma, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yanhong He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Lehti-Shiu MD, Panchy N, Wang P, Uygun S, Shiu SH. Diversity, expansion, and evolutionary novelty of plant DNA-binding transcription factor families. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1860:3-20. [PMID: 27522016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant transcription factors (TFs) that interact with specific sequences via DNA-binding domains are crucial for regulating transcriptional initiation and are fundamental to plant development and environmental response. In addition, expansion of TF families has allowed functional divergence of duplicate copies, which has contributed to novel, and in some cases adaptive, traits in plants. Thus, TFs are central to the generation of the diverse plant species that we see today. Major plant agronomic traits, including those relevant to domestication, have also frequently arisen through changes in TF coding sequence or expression patterns. Here our goal is to provide an overview of plant TF evolution by first comparing the diversity of DNA-binding domains and the sizes of these domain families in plants and other eukaryotes. Because TFs are among the most highly expanded gene families in plants, the birth and death process of TFs as well as the mechanisms contributing to their retention are discussed. We also provide recent examples of how TFs have contributed to novel traits that are important in plant evolution and in agriculture.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Gene Regulatory Mechanisms and Networks, edited by Dr. Erich Grotewold and Dr. Nathan Springer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Panchy
- The Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sahra Uygun
- The Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; The Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Panchy N, Lehti-Shiu M, Shiu SH. Evolution of Gene Duplication in Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2294-316. [PMID: 27288366 PMCID: PMC4972278 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ancient duplication events and a high rate of retention of extant pairs of duplicate genes have contributed to an abundance of duplicate genes in plant genomes. These duplicates have contributed to the evolution of novel functions, such as the production of floral structures, induction of disease resistance, and adaptation to stress. Additionally, recent whole-genome duplications that have occurred in the lineages of several domesticated crop species, including wheat (Triticum aestivum), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and soybean (Glycine max), have contributed to important agronomic traits, such as grain quality, fruit shape, and flowering time. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and impacts of gene duplication will be important to future studies of plants in general and of agronomically important crops in particular. In this review, we survey the current knowledge about gene duplication, including gene duplication mechanisms, the potential fates of duplicate genes, models explaining duplicate gene retention, the properties that distinguish duplicate from singleton genes, and the evolutionary impact of gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Panchy
- Genetics Program (N.P., S.-H.S.) and Department of Plant Biology (M.L.-S., S.-H.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Melissa Lehti-Shiu
- Genetics Program (N.P., S.-H.S.) and Department of Plant Biology (M.L.-S., S.-H.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Genetics Program (N.P., S.-H.S.) and Department of Plant Biology (M.L.-S., S.-H.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Li Q, Huo Q, Wang J, Zhao J, Sun K, He C. Expression of B-class MADS-box genes in response to variations in photoperiod is associated with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flower development in Viola philippica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:151. [PMID: 27388887 PMCID: PMC4936093 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some plants develop a breeding system that produces both chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. RESULTS In the present study, we observed that Viola philippica develops CH flowers with short daylight, whereas an extended photoperiod induces the formation of intermediate CL and CL flowers. In response to long daylight, the respective number and size of petals and stamens was lower and smaller than those of normally developed CH flowers, and a minimum of 14-h light induced complete CL flowers that had no petals but developed two stamens of reduced fertility. The floral ABC model indicates that B-class MADS-box genes largely influence the development of the affected two-whorl floral organs; therefore, we focused on characterizing these genes in V. philippica to understand this particular developmental transition. Three such genes were isolated and respectively designated as VpTM6-1, VpTM6-2, and VpPI. These were differentially expressed during floral development (particularly in petals and stamens) and the highest level of expression was observed in CH flowers; significantly low levels were detected in intermediate CL flowers, and the lowest level in CL flowers. The observed variations in the levels of expression after floral induction and organogenesis apparently occurred in response to variations in photoperiod. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, inhibition of the development of petals and stamens might be due to the downregulation of B-class MADS-box gene expression by long daylight, thereby inducing the generation of CL flowers. Our work contributes to the understanding of the adaptive evolutionary formation of dimorphic flowers in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxia Li
- />Life Science College, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road 967, Anning, 730070 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Qingdi Huo
- />Life Science College, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road 967, Anning, 730070 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Juan Wang
- />Life Science College, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road 967, Anning, 730070 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Jing Zhao
- />Life Science College, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road 967, Anning, 730070 Lanzhou, Gansu China
- />State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan 100093 Beijing, China
| | - Kun Sun
- />Life Science College, Northwest Normal University, Anning East Road 967, Anning, 730070 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Chaoying He
- />State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan 100093 Beijing, China
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38
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Nakatsuka T, Saito M, Nishihara M. Functional characterization of duplicated B-class MADS-box genes in Japanese gentian. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:895-904. [PMID: 26769577 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The heterodimer formation between B-class MADS-box proteins of GsAP3a and GsPI2 proteins plays a core role for petal formation in Japanese gentian plants. We previously isolated six B-class MADS-box genes (GsAP3a, GsAP3b, GsTM6, GsPI1, GsPI2, and GsPI3) from Japanese gentian (Gentiana scabra). To study the roles of these MADS-box genes in determining floral organ identities, we investigated protein-protein interactions among them and produced transgenic Arabidopsis and gentian plants overexpressing GsPI2 alone or in combination with GsAP3a or GsTM6. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analyses revealed that among the GsPI proteins, GsPI2 interacted with both GsAP3a and GsTM6, and that these heterodimers were localized to the nuclei. The heterologous expression of GsPI2 partially converted sepals into petaloid organs in transgenic Arabidopsis, and this petaloid conversion phenomenon was accelerated by combined expression with GsAP3a but not with GsTM6. In contrast, there were no differences in morphology between vector-control plants and transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GsAP3a or GsTM6 alone. Transgenic gentian ectopically expressing GsPI2 produced an elongated tubular structure that consisted of an elongated petaloid organ in the first whorl and stunted inner floral organs. These results imply that the heterodimer formation between GsPI2 and GsAP3a plays a core role in determining petal and stamen identities in Japanese gentian, but other B-function genes might be important for the complete development of petal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakatsuka
- Graduated School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Misa Saito
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
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Li X, Jackson A, Xie M, Wu D, Tsai WC, Zhang S. Proteomic insights into floral biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1050-60. [PMID: 26945514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The flower is the most important biological structure for ensuring angiosperms reproductive success. Not only does the flower contain critical reproductive organs, but the wide variation in morphology, color, and scent has evolved to entice specialized pollinators, and arguably mankind in many cases, to ensure the successful propagation of its species. Recent proteomic approaches have identified protein candidates related to these flower traits, which has shed light on a number of previously unknown mechanisms underlying these traits. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in proteomic research in floral biology according to the order of flower structure, from corolla to male and female reproductive organs. It summarizes mainstream proteomic methods for plant research and recent improvements on two dimensional gel electrophoresis and gel-free workflows for both peptide level and protein level analysis. The recent advances in sequencing technologies provide a new paradigm for the ever-increasing genome and transcriptome information on many organisms. It is now possible to integrate genomic and transcriptomic data with proteomic results for large-scale protein characterization, so that a global understanding of the complex molecular networks in flower biology can be readily achieved. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 139, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
| | | | - Ming Xie
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 139, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
| | - Dianxing Wu
- International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
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Guo X, Hu Z, Yin W, Yu X, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Chen G. The tomato floral homeotic protein FBP1-like gene, SlGLO1, plays key roles in petal and stamen development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20454. [PMID: 26842499 PMCID: PMC4740859 DOI: 10.1038/srep20454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MADS-box transcription factors play important role in plant growth and development, especially floral organ identities. In our study, a MADS-box gene SlGLO1- tomato floral homeotic protein FBP1-like gene was isolated. Its tissue-specific expression profile analysis showed that SlGLO1 was highly expressed in petals and stamens. RNAi (RNA interference) repression of SlGLO1 resulted in floral organ abnormal phenotypes, including green petals with shorter size, and aberrant carpelloid stamens. SlGLO1-silenced lines are male sterile. Total chlorophyll content was increased and chlorophyll biosynthetic genes were significantly up-regulated in SlGLO1-silenced petals and stamens. Furthermore, B-class genes expression analysis indicated that the repressed function of SlGLO1 led to the enhanced expression of TAP3 and the down-regulation of TPI in the petals and stamens, while the expression of TM6 was reduced in petals and increased in stamens and carpels of SlGLO1-RNAi plants. Additionally, pollen grains of transgenic lines were aberrant and failed to germinate and tomato pollen-specific genes were down-regulated by more than 90% in SlGLO1-silenced lines. These results suggest that SlGLO1 plays important role in regulating plant floral organ and pollen development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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Vandenbussche M, Chambrier P, Rodrigues Bento S, Morel P. Petunia, Your Next Supermodel? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:72. [PMID: 26870078 PMCID: PMC4735711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant biology in general, and plant evo-devo in particular would strongly benefit from a broader range of available model systems. In recent years, technological advances have facilitated the analysis and comparison of individual gene functions in multiple species, representing now a fairly wide taxonomic range of the plant kingdom. Because genes are embedded in gene networks, studying evolution of gene function ultimately should be put in the context of studying the evolution of entire gene networks, since changes in the function of a single gene will normally go together with further changes in its network environment. For this reason, plant comparative biology/evo-devo will require the availability of a defined set of 'super' models occupying key taxonomic positions, in which performing gene functional analysis and testing genetic interactions ideally is as straightforward as, e.g., in Arabidopsis. Here we review why petunia has the potential to become one of these future supermodels, as a representative of the Asterid clade. We will first detail its intrinsic qualities as a model system. Next, we highlight how the revolution in sequencing technologies will now finally allows exploitation of the petunia system to its full potential, despite that petunia has already a long history as a model in plant molecular biology and genetics. We conclude with a series of arguments in favor of a more diversified multi-model approach in plant biology, and we point out where the petunia model system may further play a role, based on its biological features and molecular toolkit.
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Grimplet J, Martínez-Zapater JM, Carmona MJ. Structural and functional annotation of the MADS-box transcription factor family in grapevine. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:80. [PMID: 26818751 PMCID: PMC4729134 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that are involved in developmental control and signal transduction in eukaryotes. In plants, they are associated to numerous development processes most notably those related to reproductive development: flowering induction, specification of inflorescence and flower meristems, establishment of flower organ identity, as well as regulation of fruit, seed and embryo development. Genomic analyses of MADS-box genes in different plant species are providing new relevant information on the function and evolution of this transcriptional factor family. We have performed a true genome-wide analysis of the complete set of MADS-box genes in grapevine (Vitis vinifera), analyzed their expression pattern and establish their phylogenetic relationships (including MIKC* and type I MADS-box) with genes from 16 other plant species. This study was integrated to previous works on the family in grapevine. Results A total of 90 MADS-box genes were detected in the grapevine reference genome by completing current gene annotations with a genome-wide analysis based on sequence similarity. We performed a thorough in-depth curation of all gene models and combined the results with gene expression information including RNAseq data to clarifying the expression of newly identified genes and improve their functional characterization. Curated data were uploaded to the ORCAE database for grapevine in the frame of the grapevine genome curation effort. This approach resulted in the identification of 30 additional MADS box genes. Among them, ten new MIKCC genes were identified, including a potential new group of short proteins similar to the SVP protein subfamily. The MIKC* subgroup contains six genes in grapevine that can be grouped in the S (4 genes) and P (2 genes) clades, showing less redundancy than that observed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression pattern of these genes in grapevine is compatible with a role in male gametophyte development. Most of the identified new genes belong to the type I MADS-box genes and were classified as members of the Mα and Mγ subclasses. Ours analyses indicate that only few members of type I genes in grapevine have homology in other species and that species-specific clades appeared both in the Mα and Mγ subclasses. On the other hand, as deduced from the phylogenetic analysis with other plant species, genes that can be crucial for development of central cell, endosperm and embryos seems to be conserved in plants. Conclusions The genome analysis of MADS-box genes in grapevine, the characterization of their pattern of expression and the phylogenetic analysis with other plant species allowed the identification of new MADS-box genes not yet described in other plant species as well as basic characterization of their possible role, particularly in the case of type I and MIKC* genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2398-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Grimplet
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, 26007, Spain.
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Zapater
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, 26007, Spain.
| | - María José Carmona
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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Wang D, Chen X, Zhang Z, Liu D, Song G, Kong X, Geng S, Yang J, Wang B, Wu L, Li A, Mao L. A MADS-box gene NtSVP regulates pedicel elongation by directly suppressing a KNAT1-like KNOX gene NtBPL in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6233-44. [PMID: 26175352 PMCID: PMC4588881 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optimal inflorescence architecture is important for plant reproductive success by affecting the ultimate number of flowers that set fruits and for plant competitiveness when interacting with biotic or abiotic conditions. The pedicel is one of the key contributors to inflorescence architecture diversity. To date, knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of pedicel development is derived from Arabidopsis. Not much is known regarding other plants. Here, an SVP family MADS-box gene, NtSVP, in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that is required for pedicel elongation was identified. It is shown that knockdown of NtSVP by RNA interference (RNAi) caused elongated pedicels, while overexpression resulted in compact inflorescences with much shortened pedicels. Moreover, an Arabidopsis BREVIPEDECELLUS/KNAT1 homologue NtBP-Like (NtBPL) was significantly up-regulated in NtSVP-RNAi plants. Disruption of NtBPL decreased pedicel lengths and shortened cortex cells. Consistent with the presence of a CArG-box at the NtBPL promoter, the direct binding of NtSVP to the NtBPL promoter was demonstrated by yeast one-hybrid assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and dual-luciferase assay, in which NtSVP may act as a repressor of NtBPL. Microarray analysis showed that down-regulation of NtBPL resulted in differential expression of genes associated with a number of hormone biogenesis and signalling genes such as those for auxin and gibberellin. These findings together suggest the function of a MADS-box transcription factor in plant pedicel development, probably via negative regulation of a BP-like class I KNOX gene. The present work thus postulates the conservation and divergence of the molecular regulatory pathways underlying the development of plant inflorescence architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zenglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Danmei Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Gaoyuan Song
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingchen Kong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuaifeng Geng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiayue Yang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingnan Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aili Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Long Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
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Nakatsuka T, Saito M, Yamada E, Fujita K, Yamagishi N, Yoshikawa N, Nishihara M. Isolation and characterization of the C-class MADS-box gene involved in the formation of double flowers in Japanese gentian. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:182. [PMID: 26183329 PMCID: PMC4504037 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, double-flowered varieties are more attractive than single-flowered varieties in ornamental plants. Japanese gentian is one of the most popular floricultural plants in Japan, and it is desirable to breed elite double-flowered cultivars. In this study, we attempted to characterize a doubled-flower mutant of Japanese gentian. To identify the gene that causes the double-flowered phenotype in Japanese gentian, we isolated and characterized MADS-box genes. RESULTS Fourteen MADS-box genes were isolated, and two of them were C-class MADS-box genes (GsAG1 and GsAG2). Both GsAG1 and GsAG2 were categorized into the PLE/SHP subgroup, rather than the AG/FAR subgroup. In expression analyses, GsAG1 transcripts were detected in the second to fourth floral whorls, while GsAG2 transcripts were detected in only the inner two whorls. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing GsAG1 lacked petals and formed carpeloid organs instead of sepals. Compared with a single-flowered gentian cultivar, a double-flowered gentian mutant showed decreased expression of GsAG1 but unchanged expression of GsAG2. An analysis of the genomic structure of GsAG1 revealed that the gene had nine exons and eight introns, and that a 5,150-bp additional sequence was inserted into the sixth intron of GsAG1 in the double-flowered mutant. This insert had typical features of a Ty3/gypsy-type LTR-retrotransposon, and was designated as Tgs1. Virus-induced gene silencing of GsAG1 by the Apple latent spherical virus vector resulted in the conversion of the stamen to petaloid organs in early flowering transgenic gentian plants expressing an Arabidopsis FT gene. CONCLUSIONS These results revealed that GsAG1 plays a key role as a C-functional gene in stamen organ identity. The identification of the gene responsible for the double-flowered phenotype will be useful in further research on the floral morphogenesis of Japanese gentian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakatsuka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Misa Saito
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
| | - Eri Yamada
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
| | - Kohei Fujita
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
| | - Noriko Yamagishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan.
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Rocha de Almeida AM, Yockteng R, Specht CD. Evolution of petaloidy in the zingiberales: An assessment of the relationship between ultrastructure and gene expression patterns. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1121-1132. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Rocha de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Bahia; Campus Ondina Salvador/BA Brazil
- Departments of Plant and Microbial Biology and Integrative Biology and the University and Jepson Herbaria; University of California; Berkeley California
| | - Roxana Yockteng
- Departments of Plant and Microbial Biology and Integrative Biology and the University and Jepson Herbaria; University of California; Berkeley California
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación (CORPOICA); Bogotá Colombia
| | - Chelsea D. Specht
- Departments of Plant and Microbial Biology and Integrative Biology and the University and Jepson Herbaria; University of California; Berkeley California
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Zhang S, Zhang JS, Zhao J, He C. Distinct subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization of the B-class MADS-box genes in Physalis floridana. PLANTA 2015; 241:387-402. [PMID: 25326772 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This work suggested that in Physalis PFGLO1-PFDEF primarily determined corolla and androecium identity, and acquired a novel role in gynoecia functionality, while PFGLO2-PFTM6 functioned in pollen maturation only. The B-class MADS-box genes play a crucial role in determining the organ identity of the corolla and androecium. Two GLOBOSA-like (GLO-like) PFGLO1 and PFGLO2 and two DEFICIENS-like (DEF-like) PFDEF and PFTM6 genes were present in Physalis floridana. However, the double-layered-lantern1 (doll1) mutant is the result of a single recessive mutation in PFGLO1, hinting a distinct divergent pattern of B-class genes. In this work, we utilized the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene silencing approach to further verify this assumption in P. floridana. Silencing of PFGLO1 or/and PFDEF demonstrated their primary role in determining corolla and androecium identity. However, specific PFGLO2 or/and PFTM6 silencing did not affect any organ identity but showed a reduction in mature pollen. These results suggested that both PFGLO2 and PFTM6 had lost their role in organ identity determination but functioned in pollen maturation. Evaluation of fruit setting in reciprocal crosses suggested that both PFGLO1 and PFDEF might have acquired an essential and novel role in the functionality of gynoecia. Such a divergence of the duplicated GLO-DEF heterodimer genes in floral development is different from the existing observations within Solanaceae. Therefore, our research sheds new light on the functional evolution of the duplicated B-class MADS-box genes in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
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Pabón-Mora N, Suárez-Baron H, Ambrose BA, González F. Flower Development and Perianth Identity Candidate Genes in the Basal Angiosperm Aristolochia fimbriata (Piperales: Aristolochiaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1095. [PMID: 26697047 PMCID: PMC4675851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae: Piperales) exhibits highly synorganized flowers with a single convoluted structure forming a petaloid perianth that surrounds the gynostemium, putatively formed by the congenital fusion between stamens and the upper portion of the carpels. Here we present the flower development and morphology of A. fimbriata, together with the expression of the key regulatory genes that participate in flower development, particularly those likely controlling perianth identity. A. fimbriata is a member of the magnoliids, and thus gene expression detected for all ABCE MADS-box genes in this taxon, can also help to elucidate patterns of gene expression prior the independent duplications of these genes in eudicots and monocots. Using both floral development and anatomy in combination with the isolation of MADS-box gene homologs, gene phylogenetic analyses and expression studies (both by reverse transcription PCR and in situ hybridization), we present hypotheses on floral organ identity genes involved in the formation of this bizarre flower. We found that most MADS-box genes were expressed in vegetative and reproductive tissues with the exception of AfimSEP2, AfimAGL6, and AfimSTK transcripts that are only found in flowers and capsules but are not detected in leaves. Two genes show ubiquitous expression; AfimFUL that is found in all floral organs at all developmental stages as well as in leaves and capsules, and AfimAG that has low expression in leaves and is found in all floral organs at all stages with a considerable reduction of expression in the limb of anthetic flowers. Our results indicate that expression of AfimFUL is indicative of pleiotropic roles and not of a perianth identity specific function. On the other hand, expression of B-class genes, AfimAP3 and AfimPI, suggests their conserved role in stamen identity and corroborates that the perianth is sepal and not petal-derived. Our data also postulates an AGL6 ortholog as a candidate gene for sepal identity in the Aristolochiaceae and provides testable hypothesis for a modified ABCE model in synorganized magnoliid flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
- The New York Botanical Garden, BronxNY, USA
- *Correspondence: Natalia Pabón-Mora,
| | | | | | - Favio González
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia
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Scutt CP, Vandenbussche M. Current trends and future directions in flower development research. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1399-406. [PMID: 25335868 PMCID: PMC4204790 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowers, the reproductive structures of the approximately 400 000 extant species of flowering plants, exist in a tremendous range of forms and sizes, mainly due to developmental differences involving the number, arrangement, size and form of the floral organs of which they consist. However, this tremendous diversity is underpinned by a surprisingly robust basic floral structure in which a central group of carpels forms on an axis of determinate growth, almost invariably surrounded by two successive zones containing stamens and perianth organs, respectively. Over the last 25 years, remarkable progress has been achieved in describing the molecular mechanisms that control almost all aspects of flower development, from the phase change that initiates flowering to the final production of fruits and seeds. However, this work has been performed almost exclusively in a small number of eudicot model species, chief among which is Arabidopsis thaliana. Studies of flower development must now be extended to a much wider phylogenetic range of flowering plants and, indeed, to their closest living relatives, the gymnosperms. Studies of further, more wide-ranging models should provide insights that, for various reasons, cannot be obtained by studying the major existing models alone. The use of further models should also help to explain how the first flowering plants evolved from an unknown, although presumably gymnosperm-like ancestor, and rapidly diversified to become the largest major plant group and to dominate the terrestrial flora. The benefits for society of a thorough understanding of flower development are self-evident, as human life depends to a large extent on flowering plants and on the fruits and seeds they produce. In this preface to the Special Issue, we introduce eleven articles on flower development, representing work in both established and further models, including gymnosperms. We also present some of our own views on current trends and future directions of the flower development field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie P Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, (Unité mixte de recherche 5667: CNRS-INRA-Université de Lyon), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, (Unité mixte de recherche 5667: CNRS-INRA-Université de Lyon), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Sasaki K, Yamaguchi H, Nakayama M, Aida R, Ohtsubo N. Co-modification of class B genes TfDEF and TfGLO in Torenia fournieri Lind. alters both flower morphology and inflorescence architecture. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:319-34. [PMID: 25082268 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The class B genes DEFICIENS (DEF)/APETALA3 (AP3) and GLOBOSA (GLO)/PISTILLATA (PI), encoding MADS-box transcription factors, and their functions in petal and stamen development have been intensely studied in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. However, the functions of class B genes in other plants, including ornamental species exhibiting floral morphology different from these model plants, have not received nearly as much attention. Here, we examine the cooperative functions of TfDEF and TfGLO on floral organ development in the ornamental plant torenia (Torenia fournieri Lind.). Torenia plants co-overexpressing TfDEF and TfGLO showed a morphological alteration of sepals to petaloid organs. Phenotypically, these petaloid sepals were nearly identical to petals but had no stamens or yellow patches like those of wild-type petals. Furthermore, the inflorescence architecture in the co-overexpressing torenias showed a characteristic change in which, unlike the wild-types, their flowers developed without peduncles. Evaluation of the petaloid sepals showed that these attained a petal-like nature in terms of floral organ phenotype, cell shape, pigment composition, and the expression patterns of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes. In contrast, torenias in which TfDEF and TfGLO were co-suppressed exhibited sepaloid petals in the second whorl. The sepaloid petals also attained a sepal-like nature, in the same way as the petaloid sepals. The results clearly demonstrate that TfDEF and TfGLO play important cooperative roles in petal development in torenia. Furthermore, the unique transgenic phenotypes produced create a valuable new way through which characteristics of petal development and inflorescence architecture can be investigated in torenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutomo Sasaki
- NARO Institute of Floricultural Science (NIFS), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8519, Japan
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Fang ZW, Qi R, Li XF, Liu ZX. Ectopic expression of FaesAP3, a Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonaceae) AP3 orthologous gene rescues stamen development in an Arabidopsis ap3 mutant. Gene 2014; 550:200-6. [PMID: 25149019 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana APETALA3 (AP3) and Antirrhinum majus DEFICIENS (DEF) MADS box genes are required to specify petal and stamen identity. AP3 and DEF are members of the euAP3 lineage, which arose by gene duplication coincident with radiation of the core eudicots. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying organ development in early diverging clades of core eudicots, we isolated and identified an AP3 homolog, FaesAP3, from Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat, Polygonaceae), a multi-food-use pseudocereal with healing benefits. Protein sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses revealed that FaesAP3 grouped into the euAP3 lineage. Expression analysis showed that FaesAP3 was transcribed only in developing stamens, and differed from AP3 and DEF, which expressed in developing petals and stamens. Moreover, ectopic expression of FaesAP3 rescued stamen development without complementation of petal development in an Arabidopsis ap3 mutant. Our results suggest that FaesAP3 is involved in the development of stamens in buckwheat. These results also suggest that FaesAP3 holds some potential for biotechnical engineering to create a male sterile line of F. esculentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-wu Fang
- Institute of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, Hubei 434025, PR China.
| | - Rui Qi
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, Hubei 434025, PR China.
| | - Xiao-fang Li
- Institute of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, Hubei 434025, PR China.
| | - Zhi-xiong Liu
- Institute of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, Hubei 434025, PR China; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou City, Hubei 434025, PR China.
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