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Suranjika S, Barla P, Sharma N, Dey N. A review on ubiquitin ligases: Orchestrators of plant resilience in adversity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112180. [PMID: 38964613 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitin- proteasome system (UPS) is universally present in plants and animals, mediating many cellular processes needed for growth and development. Plants constantly defend themselves against endogenous and exogenous stimuli such as hormonal signaling, biotic stresses such as viruses, fungi, nematodes, and abiotic stresses like drought, heat, and salinity by developing complex regulatory mechanisms. Ubiquitination is a regulatory mechanism involving selective elimination and stabilization of regulatory proteins through the UPS system where E3 ligases play a central role; they can bind to the targets in a substrate-specific manner, followed by poly-ubiquitylation, and subsequent protein degradation by 26 S proteasome. Increasing evidence suggests different types of E3 ligases play important roles in plant development and stress adaptation. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding the regulatory roles of different E3 ligases and primarily focus on protein ubiquitination in plant-environment interactions. It also highlights the diversity and complexity of these metabolic pathways that enable plant to survive under challenging conditions. This reader-friendly review provides a comprehensive overview of E3 ligases and their substrates associated with abiotic and biotic stresses that could be utilized for future crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Suranjika
- Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), an autonomous institute under Department of Biotechnology Government of India, NALCO Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), KIIT Road, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Preeti Barla
- Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), an autonomous institute under Department of Biotechnology Government of India, NALCO Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Namisha Sharma
- Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), an autonomous institute under Department of Biotechnology Government of India, NALCO Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Institute of Life Sciences (ILS), an autonomous institute under Department of Biotechnology Government of India, NALCO Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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2
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Liu Y, Jackson E, Liu X, Huang X, van der Hoorn RAL, Zhang Y, Li X. Proteolysis in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3099-3115. [PMID: 38723588 PMCID: PMC11371161 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Compared with transcription and translation, protein degradation machineries can act faster and be targeted to different subcellular compartments, enabling immediate regulation of signaling events. It is therefore not surprising that proteolysis has been used extensively to control homeostasis of key regulators in different biological processes and pathways. Over the past decades, numerous studies have shown that proteolysis, where proteins are broken down to peptides or amino acids through ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems and proteases, is a key regulatory mechanism to control plant immunity output. Here, we briefly summarize the roles various proteases play during defence activation, focusing on recent findings. We also update the latest progress of ubiquitin-mediated degradation systems in modulating immunity by targeting plant membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors, intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors, and downstream signaling components. Additionally, we highlight recent studies showcasing the importance of proteolysis in maintaining broad-spectrum resistance without obvious yield reduction, opening new directions for engineering elite crops that are resistant to a wide range of pathogens with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Edan Jackson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xingchuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100, China
| | | | - Yuelin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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3
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Li YB, Liu C, Shen N, Zhu S, Deng X, Liu Z, Han LB, Tang D. The actin motor protein OsMYA1 associates with OsExo70H1 and contributes to rice secretory defense by modulating OsSyp121 distribution. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39041957 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) is a devastating hemibiotrophic pathogen. Its biotrophic invasive hyphae (IH) are enclosed in the extrainvasive hyphal membrane produced by plant cells, thus generating a front line of the battlefield between the pathogen and the host plants. In plants, defense-related complexes such as proteins, callose-rich materials and vesicles, are directionally secreted to this interface to confer defense responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we found that a Myosin gene, Myosin A1 (OsMYA1), contributed to rice defense. The OsMYA1 knockout mutant exhibited decreased resistance to M. oryzae infection. OsMYA1 localizes to the actin cytoskeleton and surrounds the IH of M. oryzae. OsMYA1 interacts with an exocyst subunit, OsExo70H1, and regulates its accumulation at the plasma membrane (PM) and pathogen-plant interface. Furthermore, OsExo70H1 interacted with the rice syntaxin of the plants121 protein (OsSyp121), and the distribution of OsSyp121 to the PM or the pathogen-plant interface was disrupted in both the OsMYA1 and OsExo70H1 mutants. Overall, these results not only reveal a new function of OsMYA1 in rice blast resistance, but also uncover a molecular mechanism by which plants regulate defense against M. oryzae by OsMYA1-initiated vesicle secretory pathway, which originates from the actin cytoskeleton to the PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ningning Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xianya Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Li-Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Sharma I, Talakayala A, Tiwari M, Asinti S, Kirti PB. A synchronized symphony: Intersecting roles of ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy in cellular degradation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108700. [PMID: 38781635 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have evolved dynamic quality control pathways and recycling mechanisms for cellular homeostasis. We discuss here, the two major systems for quality control, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy that regulate cellular protein and organelle turnover and ensure efficient nutrient management, cellular integrity and long-term wellbeing of the plant. Both the pathways rely on ubiquitination signal to identify the targets for proteasomal and autophagic degradation, yet they use distinct degradation machinery to process these cargoes. Nonetheless, both UPS and autophagy operate together as an interrelated quality control mechanism where they communicate with each other at multiple nodes to coordinate and/or compensate the recycling mechanism particularly under development and environmental cues. Here, we provide an update on the cellular machinery of autophagy and UPS, unravel the nodes of their crosstalk and particularly highlight the factors responsible for their differential deployment towards protein, macromolecular complexes and organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India, 502324.
| | - Ashwini Talakayala
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India, 502324
| | - Manish Tiwari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, 435, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarath Asinti
- Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - P B Kirti
- Agri Biotech Foundation, Rajendranagar, 500030, Hyderabad, India
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Su Y, Ngea GLN, Wang K, Lu Y, Godana EA, Ackah M, Yang Q, Zhang H. Deciphering the mechanism of E3 ubiquitin ligases in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses and perspectives on PROTACs for crop resistance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38864414 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
With global climate change, it is essential to find strategies to make crops more resistant to different stresses and guarantee food security worldwide. E3 ubiquitin ligases are critical regulatory elements that are gaining importance due to their role in selecting proteins for degradation in the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolysis pathway. The role of E3 Ub ligases has been demonstrated in numerous cellular processes in plants responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. E3 Ub ligases are considered a class of proteins that are difficult to control by conventional inhibitors, as they lack a standard active site with pocket, and their biological activity is mainly due to protein-protein interactions with transient conformational changes. Proteolysis-targeted chimeras (PROTACs) are a new class of heterobifunctional molecules that have emerged in recent years as relevant alternatives for incurable human diseases like cancer because they can target recalcitrant proteins for destruction. PROTACs interact with the ubiquitin-proteasome system, principally the E3 Ub ligase in the cell, and facilitate proteasome turnover of the proteins of interest. PROTAC strategies harness the essential functions of E3 Ub ligases for proteasomal degradation of proteins involved in dysfunction. This review examines critical advances in E3 Ub ligase research in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It highlights how PROTACs can be applied to target proteins involved in plant stress response to mitigate pathogenic agents and environmental adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Su
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Kaili Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuchun Lu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Esa Abiso Godana
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Michael Ackah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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6
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Zhang W, Maksym R, Georgii E, Geist B, Schäffner AR. SA and NHP glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 affects plant defense in both SID2- and NPR1-dependent and independent manner. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:149. [PMID: 38780624 PMCID: PMC11116260 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The small-molecule glucosyltransferase loss-of-function mutant ugt76b1 exhibits both SID2- or NPR1-dependent and independent facets of enhanced plant immunity, whereupon FMO1 is required for the SID2 and NPR1 independence. The small-molecule glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 inactivates salicylic acid (SA), isoleucic acid (ILA), and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). ugt76b1 loss-of-function plants manifest an enhanced defense status. Thus, we were interested how UGT76B1 genetically integrates in defense pathways and whether all impacts depend on SA and NHP. We study the integration of UGT76B1 by transcriptome analyses of ugt76b1. The comparison of transcripts altered by the loss of UGT76B1 with public transcriptome data reveals both SA-responsive, ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1/SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT 2 (ICS1/SID2)- and NON EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1)-dependent, consistent with the role of UGT76B1 in glucosylating SA, and SA-non-responsive, SID2/NPR1-independent genes. We also discovered that UGT76B1 impacts on a group of genes showing non-SA-responsiveness and regulation by infections independent from SID2/NPR1. Enhanced resistance of ugt76b1 against Pseudomonas syringae is partially independent from SID2 and NPR1. In contrast, the ugt76b1-activated resistance is completely dependent on FMO1 encoding the NHP-synthesizing FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1). Moreover, FMO1 ranks top among the ugt76b1-induced SID2- and NPR1-independent pathogen responsive genes, suggesting that FMO1 determines the SID2- and NPR1-independent effect of ugt76b1. Furthermore, the genetic study revealed that FMO1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), SID2, and NPR1 are required for the SA-JA crosstalk and senescence development of ugt76b1, indicating that EDS1 and FMO1 have a similar effect like stress-induced SA biosynthesis (SID2) or the key SA signaling regulator NPR1. Thus, UGT76B1 influences both SID2/NPR1-dependent and independent plant immunity, and the SID2/NPR1 independence is relying on FMO1 and its product NHP, another substrate of UGT76B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rafał Maksym
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Liu N, Jiang X, Zhong G, Wang W, Hake K, Matschi S, Lederer S, Hoehenwarter W, Sun Q, Lee J, Romeis T, Tang D. CAMTA3 repressor destabilization triggers TIR domain protein TN2-mediated autoimmunity in the Arabidopsis exo70B1 mutant. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2021-2040. [PMID: 38309956 PMCID: PMC11062451 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) can decode and translate intracellular calcium signals to induce plant immunity. Mutation of the exocyst subunit gene EXO70B1 causes autoimmunity that depends on CPK5 and the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain resistance protein TIR-NBS2 (TN2), where direct interaction with TN2 stabilizes CPK5 kinase activity. However, how the CPK5-TN2 interaction initiates downstream immune responses remains unclear. Here, we show that, besides CPK5 activity, the physical interaction between CPK5 and functional TN2 triggers immune activation in exo70B1 and may represent reciprocal regulation between CPK5 and the TIR domain functions of TN2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Moreover, we detected differential phosphorylation of the calmodulin-binding transcription activator 3 (CAMTA3) in the cpk5 background. CPK5 directly phosphorylates CAMTA3 at S964, contributing to its destabilization. The gain-of-function CAMTA3A855V variant that resists CPK5-induced degradation rescues immunity activated through CPK5 overexpression or exo70B1 mutation. Thus, CPK5-mediated immunity is executed through CAMTA3 repressor degradation via phosphorylation-induced and/or calmodulin-regulated processes. Conversely, autoimmunity in camta3 also partially requires functional CPK5. While the TIR domain activity of TN2 remains to be tested, our study uncovers a TN2-CPK5-CAMTA3 signaling module for exo70B1-mediated autoimmunity, highlighting the direct embedding of a calcium-sensing decoder element within resistance signalosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiyuan Jiang
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Katharina Hake
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Susanne Matschi
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Sarah Lederer
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Qianqian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Justin Lee
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Tina Romeis
- Department for Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Monterisi S, Garcia-Perez P, Buffagni V, Zuluaga MYA, Ciriello M, Formisano L, El-Nakhel C, Cardarelli M, Colla G, Rouphael Y, Cristofano F, Cesco S, Lucini L, Pii Y. Unravelling the biostimulant activity of a protein hydrolysate in lettuce plants under optimal and low N availability: a multi-omics approach. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14357. [PMID: 38775128 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The application of protein hydrolysates (PH) biostimulants is considered a promising approach to promote crop growth and resilience against abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, PHs bioactivity depends on both the raw material used for their preparation and the molecular fraction applied. The present research aimed at investigating the molecular mechanisms triggered by applying a PH and its fractions on plants subjected to nitrogen limitations. To this objective, an integrated transcriptomic-metabolomic approach was used to assess lettuce plants grown under different nitrogen levels and treated with either the commercial PH Vegamin® or its molecular fractions PH1(>10 kDa), PH2 (1-10 kDa) and PH3 (<1 kDa). Regardless of nitrogen provision, biostimulant application enhanced lettuce biomass, likely through a hormone-like activity. This was confirmed by the modulation of genes involved in auxin and cytokinin synthesis, mirrored by an increase in the metabolic levels of these hormones. Consistently, PH and PH3 upregulated genes involved in cell wall growth and plasticity. Furthermore, the accumulation of specific metabolites suggested the activation of a multifaceted antioxidant machinery. Notwithstanding, the modulation of stress-response transcription factors and genes involved in detoxification processes was observed. The coordinated action of these molecular entities might underpin the increased resilience of lettuce plants against nitrogen-limiting conditions. In conclusion, integrating omics techniques allowed the elucidation of mechanistic aspects underlying PH bioactivity in crops. Most importantly, the comparison of PH with its fraction PH3 showed that, except for a few peculiarities, the effects induced were equivalent, suggesting that the highest bioactivity was ascribable to the lightest molecular fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Monterisi
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Valentina Buffagni
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Cristofano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Youry Pii
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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9
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Wu G, Wang W. Recent advances in understanding the role of two mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2256-2265. [PMID: 38241698 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MPK) cascade is an important intercellular signaling module that regulates plant growth, development, reproduction, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. A MAPK cascade usually consists of a MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK/MEKK), a MAPK kinase (MAPKK/MKK/MEK), and a MAPK. The well-characterized MAPK cascades in plant immunity to date are the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 cascade and the MAPKKK3/4/5-MKK4/5-MPK3/6 cascade. Recently, major breakthroughs have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of immune signaling by both of these MAPK cascades. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in understanding the role of both MAPK cascades in activating plant defense and in suppressing or fine-tuning immune signaling. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which plants stabilize and maintain the activation of MAPK cascades during immune signaling. Based on this review, we reveal the complexity and importance of the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 cascade and the MAPKKK3/4/5-MKK4/5-MPK3/6 cascade, which are tightly controlled by their interacting partners or substrates, in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, College of Ecology and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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10
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Li C, Luo S, Feng L, Wang Q, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Chen T. Protist ubiquitin ligase effector PbE3-2 targets cysteine protease RD21A to impede plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1778. [PMID: 38035763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. Understanding the pathogen infection strategy is crucial for the development of disease control. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, the molecular mechanism by which this pathogen promotes infection remains largely unknown. P. brassicae E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (PbE3-2) is a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in P. brassicae with E3 ligase activity in vitro. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase assay and apoplast washing fluid extraction showed that PbE3-2 harbors a functional signal peptide. Overexpression of PbE3-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in higher susceptibility to P. brassicae and decreases in chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and expression of marker genes in salicylic acid signaling. PbE3-2 interacted with and ubiquitinated host cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 21A (RD21A) in vitro and in vivo. Mutant plants deficient in RD21A exhibited similar susceptibility and compromised immune responses as in PbE3-2 overexpression plants. We show that PbE3-2, which targets RD21A, is an important virulence factor for P. brassicae. Two other secretory RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in P. brassicae performed the same function as PbE3-2 and ubiquitinated RD21A. This study reveals a substantial virulence functional role of protist E3 ubiquitin ligases and demonstrates a mechanism by which protist E3 ubiquitin ligases degrade host immune-associated cysteine proteases to impede host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shaofeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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11
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Trentini M, Zanolla I, Tiengo E, Zanotti F, Sommella E, Merciai F, Campiglia P, Licastro D, Degasperi M, Lovatti L, Bonora M, Danese A, Pinton P, Zavan B. Link between organic nanovescicles from vegetable kingdom and human cell physiology: intracellular calcium signalling. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:68. [PMID: 38369472 PMCID: PMC10875884 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) are a novelty in medical and agrifood environments, with several studies exploring their functions and potential applications. Among fruits, apples (sp. Malus domestica) have great potential as PDNVs source, given their widespread consumption, substantial waste production, and recognized health benefits. Notably, apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) can interact with human cell lines, triggering anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses. This work is dedicated to the comprehensive biochemical characterization of apple-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) through proteomic and lipidomic analysis, and small RNAs sequencing. This research also aims to shed light on the underlying mechanism of action (MOA) when ADNVs interface with human cells, through observation of intracellular calcium signalling in human fibroblasts, and to tackles differences in ADNVs content when isolated from fruits derived from integrated and organic production methods cultivars. RESULTS The ADNVs fraction is mainly composed of exocyst-positive organelles (EXPOs) and MVB-derived exosomes, identified through size and molecular markers (Exo70 and TET-3-like proteins). ADNVs' protein cargo is heterogeneous and exhibits a diverse array of functions, especially in plant's protection (favouring ABA stress-induced signalling, pathogen resistance and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) metabolism). Noteworthy plant miRNAs also contribute to phytoprotection. In relation with human cells lines, ADNVs elicit spikes of intracellular Ca2+ levels, utilizing the cation as second messenger, and produce an antioxidant effect. Lastly, organic samples yield a substantial increase in ADNV production and are particularly enriched in bioactive lysophospholipids. CONCLUSIONS We have conclusively demonstrated that ADNVs confer an antioxidant effect upon human cells, through the initiation of a molecular pathway triggered by Ca2+ signalling. Within ADNVs, a plethora of bioactive proteins, small RNAs, and lipids have been identified, each possessing well-established functions within the realm of plant biology. While ADNVs predominantly function in plants, to safeguard against pathogenic agents and abiotic stressors, it is noteworthy that proteins with antioxidant power might act as antioxidants within human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Trentini
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanolla
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tiengo
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Zanotti
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Merciai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Lovatti
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Danese
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Departiment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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12
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Oliveira-Garcia E, Yan X, Oses-Ruiz M, de Paula S, Talbot NJ. Effector-triggered susceptibility by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1007-1020. [PMID: 38073141 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast, the most destructive disease of cultivated rice world-wide, is caused by the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. To cause disease in plants, M. oryzae secretes a diverse range of effector proteins to suppress plant defense responses, modulate cellular processes, and support pathogen growth. Some effectors can be secreted by appressoria even before host penetration, while others accumulate in the apoplast, or enter living plant cells where they target specific plant subcellular compartments. During plant infection, the blast fungus induces the formation of a specialized plant structure known as the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which appears to be crucial for effector delivery into plant cells. Here, we review recent advances in the cell biology of M. oryzae-host interactions and show how new breakthroughs in disease control have stemmed from an increased understanding of effector proteins of M. oryzae are deployed and delivered into plant cells to enable pathogen invasion and host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Miriam Oses-Ruiz
- IMAB, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Samuel de Paula
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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13
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Liu L, Chen J, Gu C, Wang S, Xue Y, Wang Z, Han L, Song W, Liu X, Zhang J, Li M, Li C, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhou Z. The exocyst subunit CsExo70B promotes both fruit length and disease resistance via regulating receptor kinase abundance at plasma membrane in cucumber. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:347-362. [PMID: 37795910 PMCID: PMC10826989 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant defence against pathogens generally occurs at the expense of growth and yield. Uncoupling the inverse relationship between growth and defence is of great importance for crop breeding, while the underlying genes and regulatory mechanisms remain largely elusive. The exocytosis complex was shown to play an important role in the trafficking of receptor kinases (RKs) to the plasma membrane (PM). Here, we found a Cucumis sativus exocytosis subunit Exo70B (CsExo70B) regulates the abundance of both development and defence RKs at the PM to promote fruit elongation and disease resistance in cucumber. Knockout of CsExo70B resulted in shorter fruit and susceptibility to pathogens. Mechanistically, CsExo70B associates with the developmental RK CsERECTA, which promotes fruit longitudinal growth in cucumber, and contributes to its accumulation at the PM. On the other side, CsExo70B confers to the spectrum resistance to pathogens in cucumber via a similar regulatory module of defence RKs. Moreover, CsExo70B overexpression lines showed an increased fruit yield as well as disease resistance. Collectively, our work reveals a regulatory mechanism that CsExo70B promotes both fruit elongation and disease resistance by maintaining appropriate RK levels at the PM and thus provides a possible strategy for superior cucumber breeding with high yield and robust pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiacai Chen
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chaoheng Gu
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yufan Xue
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lijie Han
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Weiyuan Song
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Sanya lnstitute of China Agricultural UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Liming Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Sanya lnstitute of China Agricultural UniversitySanyaChina
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Sanya lnstitute of China Agricultural UniversitySanyaChina
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14
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Yi SY, Nekrasov V, Ichimura K, Kang SY, Shirasu K. Plant U-box E3 ligases PUB20 and PUB21 negatively regulate pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:7. [PMID: 38265485 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Plant U-box E3 ligases PUB20 and PUB21 are flg22-triggered signaling components and negatively regulate immune responses. Plant U-box proteins (PUBs) constitute a class of E3 ligases that are associated with various stress responses. Among the class IV PUBs featuring C-terminal Armadillo (ARM) repeats, PUB20 and PUB21 are closely related homologs. Here, we show that both PUB20 and PUB21 negatively regulate innate immunity in plants. Loss of PUB20 and PUB21 function leads to enhanced resistance to surface inoculation with the virulent bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). However, the resistance levels remain unaffected after infiltration inoculation, suggesting that PUB20 and PUB21 primarily function during the early defense stages. The enhanced resistance to Pst DC3000 in PUB mutant plants (pub20-1, pub21-1, and pub20-1/pub21-1) correlates with extensive flg22-triggered reactive oxygen production, strong MPK3 activation, and enhanced transcriptional activation of early immune response genes. Additionally, PUB mutant plants (except pub21-1) exhibit constitutive stomatal closure after Pst DC3000 inoculation, implying the significant role of PUB20 in stomatal immunity. Comparative analyses of flg22 responses between PUB mutants and wild-type plants reveals that the robust activation of the pattern-induced immune responses may enhance resistance against Pst DC3000. Notably, the hypersensitivity responses triggered by RPM1/avrRpm1 and RPS2/avrRpt2 are independent of PUB20 and PUB21. These results suggest that PUB20 and PUB21 knockout mutations affect bacterial invasion, likely during the early stages, acting as negative regulators of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Research Center of Crop Breeding for Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea.
| | - Vladimir Nekrasov
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Kazuya Ichimura
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Si-Yong Kang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea.
- Research Center of Crop Breeding for Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan, 32439, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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15
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Yan P, Wang Y, Yu C, Piao J, Li S, Liu Y, Li S. The Targeted Regulation of BDUbc and BDSKL1 Enhances Resistance to Blight in Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:569. [PMID: 38203739 PMCID: PMC10779405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Arthrinium phaeospermum is the major pathogen responsible for the significant stem disease "blight" in B. pervariabilis × D. grandis. The interacting proteins of the key pathogenic factor ApCtf1β, BDUbc and BDSKL1, have previously been obtained by two-hybrid, BiFC, GST pull-down yeast assays. However, the functions of these interacting proteins remain unknown. This study successfully obtained transgenic plants overexpressing BDUbc, BDSKL1, and BDUbc + BDSKL1 via Agrobacterium-mediated gene overexpression. qRT-PCR analysis revealed significantly increased expression levels of BDUbc and BDSKL1 in the transgenic plants. After infection with the pathogenic spore suspension, the disease incidence and severity index significantly decreased across all three transgenic plants, accompanied by a marked increase in defense enzyme levels. Notably, the co-transformed plant, OE-BDUbc + BDSKL1, demonstrated the lowest disease incidence and severity index among the transgenic variants. These results not only indicate that BDUbc and BDSKL1 are disease-resistant genes, but also that these two genes may exhibit a synergistic enhancement effect, which further improves the resistance to blight in Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (J.P.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yisi Wang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (J.P.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Cailin Yu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (J.P.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jingmei Piao
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (J.P.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shuying Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (J.P.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yinggao Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (J.P.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shujiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (P.Y.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (J.P.); (S.L.); (Y.L.)
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu 611130, China
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16
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Du M, Lu D, Liu X. The Arabidopsis ubiquitin ligases ATL31 and ATL6 regulate plant response to salt stress in an ABA-independent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 685:149156. [PMID: 37913694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases play critical roles in regulating plant response to salt stress. Arabidopsis Tóxicos En Levadura (ATL) is a subfamily of RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases widely conserved in plant species. ATL genes have been shown to be involved in regulating plant response to biotic or abiotic stresses. We previously found that a pair of ATL genes, ATL31 and ATL6 positively regulated plant innate immunity. However, whether ATL31/6 are also involved in salt stress response remains to be investigated. Here, we demonstrate that ATL31/6 are induced by salt stress. The atl31 atl6 double mutant exhibits increased salt tolerance compared to the wild-type plants, while transgenic plants overexpressing ATL31 are more salt-sensitive. Notably, ATL31 and ATL6 do not participate in the abscisic acid (ABA) response. Furthermore, NaCl treatment induces the proteasomal degradation of ATL31 proteins. Together, we demonstrate that ATL31/6 positively regulate plant tolerance to salt stress, which is independent of ABA, and our work reveals that ATL31/6 are involved in regulating plant response to both biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Du
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, China.
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China.
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17
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De la Concepcion JC. The exocyst complex is an evolutionary battleground in plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102482. [PMID: 37924562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Exocytosis is a conserved trafficking pathway that transports secretory vesicles to the extracellular space, replenishes the plasma membrane and is essential for establishing cell polarity. Its spatiotemporal regulation is mediated by an evolutionary conserved octameric tethering complex, the exocyst. In plants, certain subunits of this complex have diversified and acquired multiple functions, including a central role in defense against pathogens and pests. Here, I review the latest evidence suggesting the dramatic expansion and functional diversification of the exocyst subunit Exo70 is likely driven by a coevolutionary arms race, in which Exo70 proteins are repeatedly targeted by effectors from multiple pathogens and, in turn, are monitored by plant immune receptors for pathogen perception.
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18
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Qi N, Yan J, Lei P, Kang W, Liu X, Xuan Y, Fan H, Wang Y, Yang N, Chen L, Duan Y, Zhu X. Transcriptome Analysis of GmPUB20A Overexpressing and RNA-Interferencing Transgenic Hairy Roots Reveals Underlying Negative Role in Soybean Resistance to Cyst Nematode. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18059-18073. [PMID: 37948664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination genes are key components of plant responses to biotic stress. GmPUB20A, a ubiquitination gene, plays a negative role in soybean resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN). In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing to investigate transcriptional changes in GmPUB20A overexpressing and RNA-interfering transgenic hairy roots. Totally, 7661 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that DEGs were significantly enriched in disease resistance and signal transduction pathways. In addition, silencing Glyma.15G021600 and Glyma.09G284700 by siRNA, the total number of nematodes was decreased by 33.48% and 27.47% than control plants, respectively. Further, GUS activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays revealed that GmPUB20A, Glyma.15G021600, and Glyma.09G284700 respond to SCN parasitism and interfere with the accumulation of ROS in plant roots, respectively. Collectively, our study provides insights into the molecular mechanism of GmPUB20A in soybean resistance to SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawei Qi
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Jichen Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shenyang 100161, China
| | - Piao Lei
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenshu Kang
- College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Sciences, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuxi Duan
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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19
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Yeqing C, Jun L, Weinan W, Chunguo F, Guozhen Y, Jingjing S, Jinyi L, Changquan W. Rose long noncoding RNA lncWD83 promotes flowering by modulating ubiquitination of the floral repressor RcMYC2L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2573-2591. [PMID: 37723122 PMCID: PMC10663112 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various signaling pathways in vascular plants. However, the crosstalk between lncRNAs and E3 ubiquitin ligases has been barely reported. In this study, we demonstrate that the lncRNA lncWD83 from rose (Rosa chinensis) 'Old blush' activates flowering by modulating the ubiquitination of the floral repressor MYC2 LIKE (RcMYC2L). Flowering was substantially delayed in rose by virus-induced gene silencing of lncWD83. In an in vitro pull-down assay, lncWD83 associated with PLANT U-BOX PROTEIN 11 (PUB11), a U-box-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase. Seedlings with knocked down RcPUB11 transcripts phenocopied the later-flowering phenotype of lncWD83-silenced seedlings. RcMYC2L physically interacted with RcPUB11 and was ubiquitinated in an RcPUB11-dependent manner in vitro. Accordingly, silencing RcMYC2L fully reversed the later-flowering phenotype resulting from RcPUB11 knockdown. Furthermore, RcMYC2L bound to G-box-related motifs in the FLOWERING LOCUS T (RcFT) promoter and repressed its transcription. However, RcPUB11 alleviated this repression of RcFT expression via proteasomal degradation of RcMYC2L, and lncWD83 enhanced this degradation by associating with RcPUB11. Therefore, lncWD83 promotes flowering by modulating the ubiquitination of the floral repressor RcMYC2L in rose plants. These findings reveal a distinct regulatory mechanism for an lncRNA in facilitating ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis to regulate rose flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yeqing
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Jun
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang Weinan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fan Chunguo
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan Guozhen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sun Jingjing
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liu Jinyi
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wang Changquan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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20
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Kotsaridis K, Michalopoulou VA, Tsakiri D, Kotsifaki D, Kefala A, Kountourakis N, Celie PHN, Kokkinidis M, Sarris PF. The functional and structural characterization of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris core effector XopP revealed a new kinase activity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:100-111. [PMID: 37344990 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Exo70B1 is a protein subunit of the exocyst complex with a crucial role in a variety of cell mechanisms, including immune responses against pathogens. The calcium-dependent kinase 5 (CPK5) of Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis), phosphorylates AtExo70B1 upon functional disruption. We previously reported that, the Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris effector XopP compromises AtExo70B1, while bypassing the host's hypersensitive response, in a way that is still unclear. Herein we designed an experimental approach, which includes biophysical, biochemical, and molecular assays and is based on structural and functional predictions, utilizing AplhaFold and DALI online servers, respectively, in order to characterize the in vivo XccXopP function. The interaction between AtExo70B1 and XccXopP was found very stable in high temperatures, while AtExo70B1 appeared to be phosphorylated at XccXopP-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis. XccXopP revealed similarities with known mammalian kinases and phosphorylated AtExo70B1 at Ser107, Ser111, Ser248, Thr309, and Thr364. Moreover, XccXopP protected AtExo70B1 from AtCPK5 phosphorylation. Together these findings show that XccXopP is an effector, which not only functions as a novel serine/threonine kinase upon its host target AtExo70B1 but also protects the latter from the innate AtCPK5 phosphorylation, in order to bypass the host's immune responses. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD041405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kotsaridis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 714 09, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A Michalopoulou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 714 09, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tsakiri
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 714 09, Crete, Greece
| | - Dina Kotsifaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 714 09, Crete, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Kefala
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 714 09, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Nikos Kountourakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Patrick H N Celie
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Kokkinidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 714 09, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, 714 09, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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21
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Langin G, González-Fuente M, Üstün S. The Plant Ubiquitin-Proteasome System as a Target for Microbial Manipulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:351-375. [PMID: 37253695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system perceives pathogens to trigger defense responses. In turn, pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert these defense responses. The initiation and maintenance of defense responses involve not only de novo synthesis of regulatory proteins and enzymes but also their regulated degradation. The latter is achieved through protein degradation pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS regulates all stages of immunity, from the perception of the pathogen to the execution of the response, and, therefore, constitutes an ideal candidate for microbial manipulation of the host. Pathogen effector molecules interfere with the plant UPS through several mechanisms. This includes hijacking general UPS functions or perturbing its ability to degrade specific targets. In this review, we describe how the UPS regulates different immunity-related processes and how pathogens subvert this to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Langin
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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22
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Liu L, Gu C, Zhang J, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhou Z. Genome-Wide Analysis of Exocyst Complex Subunit Exo70 Gene Family in Cucumber. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10929. [PMID: 37446106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable worldwide, but its yield is affected by a wide range of pathogens and pests. As the major subunit of the exocyst complex, the roles of Exo70 members have been shown in Arabidopsis and rice, but their function are unknown in cucumber. Here, we identified 18 CsExo70 members in cucumber, which were divided into three groups (Exo70.1-Exo70.3) and nine subgroups (Exo70A-Exo70I) based on the phylogenetic tree. Subsequently, systematical analyses were performed, including collinearity, gene structure, cis-acting elements, conserved motifs, expression patterns, and subcellular localization. Our results showed that CsExo70 genes were generally expressed in all tissues, and CsExo70C1 and CsExo70C2 were highly expressed in the stamen. Moreover, the expression levels of most CsExo70 genes were induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (Psl) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum Owen (Foc), especially CsExo70E2 and CsExo70H3. In addition, these CsExo70s displayed similar location patterns with discrete and punctate signals in the cytoplasm. Together, our results indicate that CsExo70 members may be involved in plant development and resistance, and provide a reference for future in-depth studies of Exo70 genes in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoheng Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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23
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Raffeiner M, Zhu S, González-Fuente M, Üstün S. Interplay between autophagy and proteasome during protein turnover. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:698-714. [PMID: 36801193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is epitomized by an equilibrium between protein biosynthesis and degradation: the 'life and death' of proteins. Approximately one-third of newly synthesized proteins are degraded. As such, protein turnover is required to maintain cellular integrity and survival. Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are the two principal degradation pathways in eukaryotes. Both pathways orchestrate many cellular processes during development and upon environmental stimuli. Ubiquitination of degradation targets is used as a 'death' signal by both processes. Recent findings revealed a direct functional link between both pathways. Here, we summarize key findings in the field of protein homeostasis, with an emphasis on the newly revealed crosstalk between both degradation machineries and how it is decided which pathway facilitates target degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Raffeiner
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Shanshuo Zhu
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel González-Fuente
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Suayib Üstün
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekular Biologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Biotechnology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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24
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Wang Z, Li T, Zhang X, Feng J, Liu Z, Shan W, Joosten MHAJ, Govers F, Du Y. A Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector targets a potato ubiquitin-like domain-containing protein to inhibit the proteasome activity and hamper plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:781-797. [PMID: 36653957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing proteins (UDPs) are involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome system because of their ability to interact with the 26S proteasome. Here, we identified potato StUDP as a target of the Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi06432 (PITG_06432), which supresses the salicylic acid (SA)-related immune pathway. By overexpressing and silencing of StUDP in potato, we show that StUDP negatively regulates plant immunity against P. infestans. StUDP interacts with, and destabilizes, the 26S proteasome subunit that is referred to as REGULATORY PARTICLE TRIPLE-A ATP-ASE (RPT) subunit StRPT3b. This destabilization represses the proteasome activity. Proteomic analysis and Western blotting show that StUDP decreases the stability of the master transcription factor SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1) in SA biosynthesis. StUDP negatively regulates the SA signalling pathway by repressing the proteasome activity and destabilizing StSARD1, leading to a decreased expression of the SARD1-targeted gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 and thereby a decrease in SA content. Pi06432 stabilizes StUDP, and it depends on StUDP to destabilize StRPT3b and thereby supress the proteasome activity. Our study reveals that the P. infestans effector Pi06432 targets StUDP to hamper the homeostasis of the proteasome by the degradation of the proteasome subunit StRPT3b and thereby suppresses SA-related immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiashu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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25
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Jeon H, Segonzac C. Manipulation of the Host Endomembrane System by Bacterial Effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:208-217. [PMID: 36645655 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0190-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system, extending from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane, is critical to the plant response to pathogen infection. Synthesis and transport of immunity-related proteins and antimicrobial compounds to and from the plasma membrane are supported by conventional and unconventional processes of secretion and internalization of vesicles, guided by the cytoskeleton networks. Although plant bacterial pathogens reside mostly in the apoplast, major structural and functional modifications of the endomembrane system in the host cell occur during bacterial infection. Here, we review the dynamics of these cellular compartments, briefly, for their essential contributions to the plant defense responses and, in parallel, for their emerging roles in bacterial pathogenicity. We further focus on Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas spp., and Ralstonia solanacearum type III secreted effectors that one or both localize to and associate with components of the host endomembrane system or the cytoskeleton network to highlight the diversity of virulence strategies deployed by bacterial pathogens beyond the inhibition of the secretory pathway. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyelim Jeon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Agricultural and Life Science Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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26
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Li JM, Ye MY, Wang C, Ma XH, Wu NN, Zhong CL, Zhang Y, Cheng N, Nakata PA, Zeng L, Liu JZ. Soybean GmSAUL1, a Bona Fide U-Box E3 Ligase, Negatively Regulates Immunity Likely through Repressing the Activation of GmMPK3. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076240. [PMID: 37047211 PMCID: PMC10094664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in plant immunity, but their role in soybean has not been investigated previously. Here, we used Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to investigate the function of GmSAUL1 (Senescence-Associated E3 Ubiquitin Ligase 1) homologs in soybean. When two closely related SAUL1 homologs were silenced simultaneously, the soybean plants displayed autoimmune phenotypes, which were significantly alleviated by high temperature, suggesting that GmSAUL1a/1b might be guarded by an R protein. Interestingly, silencing GmSAUL1a/1b resulted in the decreased activation of GmMPK6, but increased activation of GmMPK3 in response to flg22, suggesting that the activation of GmMPK3 is most likely responsible for the activated immunity observed in the GmSAUL1a/1b-silenced plants. Furthermore, we provided evidence that GmSAUL1a is a bona fide E3 ligase. Collectively, our results indicated that GmSAUL1 plays a negative role in regulating cell death and immunity in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Mei Li
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Mei-Yan Ye
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chaofeng Wang
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0666, USA
| | - Xiao-Han Ma
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ni-Ni Wu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chen-Li Zhong
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ninghui Cheng
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul A. Nakata
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lirong Zeng
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0666, USA
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Correspondence:
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27
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Yun HS, Sul WJ, Chung HS, Lee JH, Kwon C. Secretory membrane traffic in plant-microbe interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:53-59. [PMID: 36089820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses include the extracellular release of defense-related molecules, such as pathogenesis-related proteins and secondary metabolites, as well as cell wall materials. This primarily depends on the trafficking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they discharge their contents into the apoplastic space via soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor-assisted exocytosis. However, some pathogenic and symbiotic microbes have developed strategies to manipulate host plant exocytic pathways. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant exocytic pathways function in immunity and how microbes have evolved to manipulate those pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Ghent University, Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
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28
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Sandmann A, Dissmeyer N. In vitro autoubiquitination activity of E3 ubiquitin ligases of the N-degron pathway. Methods Enzymol 2023. [PMID: 37532400 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
As a part of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, E3 ubiquitin ligases play an important role in the regulation of the proteome in eukaryotic cells. These enzymes are extensively studied because of their crucial function, however it can be challenging to observe E3 ubiquitin ligases in action. Here, we outline a method for determining whether a known or potential E3 ubiquitin ligase exhibits autoubiquitination activity in vitro using PROTEOLYSIS1 (PRT1, AT3G24800), the first identified N-degron pathway E3 ubiquitin ligase from plants as an example. The approach provided here makes it possible to analyze mutations that could reduce or eliminate activity, to test for interaction with E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes, as well as to check for in vitro substrate ubiquitination.
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29
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Functional Characterization of Ubiquitination Genes in the Interaction of Soybean—Heterodera glycines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810771. [PMID: 36142678 PMCID: PMC9504373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a kind of post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. The response of soybean GmPUB genes to soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) infection is largely unknown. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the relative expression of 49 GmPUB genes in susceptible cultivar William 82 and resistant cultivar Huipizhi after SCN inoculation. The results show that GmPUB genes responded to cyst nematode infection at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi), 5 dpi, 10 dpi and 15 dpi. The expression levels of GmPUB16A, GmPUB20A, GmCHIPA, GmPUB33A, GmPUB23A and GmPUB24A were dramatically changed during SCN infection. Furthermore, functional analysis of these GmPUB genes by overexpression and RNAi showed that GmPUB20A, GmPUB33A and GmPUB24A negatively regulated soybean resistance under SCN stress. The results from our present study provide insights into the complicated molecular mechanism of the interaction between soybean and SCN.
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Varshney V, Majee M. Emerging roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in enhancing crop yield by optimizing seed agronomic traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1805-1826. [PMID: 35678849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has the potential to modulate crop productivity by influencing agronomic traits. Being sessile, the plant often uses the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to maintain the stability of different regulatory proteins to survive in an ever-changing environment. The ubiquitin system influences plant reproduction, growth, development, responses to the environment, and processes that control critical agronomic traits. E3 ligases are the major players in this pathway, and they are responsible for recognizing and tagging the targets/substrates. Plants have a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose functions have been studied extensively, ranging from plant growth to defense strategies. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: seed size and weight, seed germination, and accessory plant agronomic traits particularly panicle architecture, tillering in rice, and tassels branch number in maize. This review article highlights some recent progress on how the ubiquitin system influences the stability/modification of proteins that determine seed agronomic properties like size, weight, germination and filling, and ultimately agricultural productivity and quality. Further research into the molecular basis of the aforementioned processes might lead to the identification of genes that could be modified or selected for crop development. Likewise, we also propose advances and future perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Varshney
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Khanal A, Adhikari P, Kaiser C, Lipka AE, Jamann TM, Mideros SX. Genetic mapping of sorghum resistance to an Illinois isolate of Colletotrichum sublineola. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20243. [PMID: 35822435 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose leaf blight (ALB) is an economically important disease of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineola Henn. ex Sacc. & Trotter. Although qualitative and quantitative resistance have been identified for ALB, the usefulness of resistance loci differs depending on the pathogen pathotype. Identifying resistance effective against unique pathogen pathotypes is critical to managing ALB, as the disease is managed primarily through the deployment of host resistance. We isolated C. sublineola from ALB-infected leaves collected in Illinois and found that the strain was a novel pathotype, as it produced a unique combination of virulence against a set of differential lines. Using this isolate, we inoculated 579 temperate-adapted sorghum conversion lines in 2019 and 2020. We then conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and a metabolic pathway analysis using the Pathway Associated Study Tool (PAST). We identified 47 significant markers distributed across all chromosomes except chromosome 8. We identified 32 candidate genes based on physical proximity with significant markers, some of which have a known role in host defense. We identified 47 pathways associated with ALB resistance, indicating a role for secondary metabolism in defense to ALB. Our results are important to improve the understanding of the genetic basis of ALB resistance in sorghum and highlight the importance of developing durable resistance to ALB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Khanal
- Dep. of Crop Sciences, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Pragya Adhikari
- Dep. of Crop Sciences, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Christopher Kaiser
- Dep. of Crop Sciences, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Alexander E Lipka
- Dep. of Crop Sciences, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Tiffany M Jamann
- Dep. of Crop Sciences, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Santiago X Mideros
- Dep. of Crop Sciences, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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Zou JP, Zhao QF, Yang T, Shang YF, Ahammed GJ, Zhou J. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RING1 interacts with COP9 Signalosome Subunit 4 to positively regulate resistance to root-knot nematodes in Solanum lycopersicum L. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111344. [PMID: 35659944 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause massive production losses in all major crops. E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in plant growth, development and immune response. But their roles in plant defense against RKNs are largely unclear. Here, we show that tomato E3 ubiquitin ligase RING1 interacts with COP9 Signalosome Subunit 4 (CSN4) which is essential for jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent basal defense against RKNs. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that RING1 expression was the highest in tomato roots and the expression was significantly increased with RKN (Meloidogyne incognita) infection. Compared with the wild-type plants, the number of egg masses in roots significantly increased in the ring1 mutants, while RING1 overexpression conferred resistance against RKNs. Furthermore, RKN infection increased the accumulation of CSN4 protein in the roots of wild-type plants, which was largely compromised in the ring1 mutants but was enhanced in the RING1 overexpressing plants. The RKN-induced transcripts of JA biosynthetic and signaling genes as well as the accumulation of JA and JA-isoleucine were compromised in ring1 mutants but were increased in RING1 overexpressing plants. These results suggest that RING1 positively regulates JA-dependent basal defense against RKNs by interacting with CSN4 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Zou
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiu-Feng Zhao
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Fen Shang
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China.
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Michalopoulou VA, Mermigka G, Kotsaridis K, Mentzelopoulou A, Celie PHN, Moschou PN, Jones JDG, Sarris PF. The host exocyst complex is targeted by a conserved bacterial type-III effector that promotes virulence. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3400-3424. [PMID: 35640532 PMCID: PMC9421483 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
For most Gram-negative bacteria, pathogenicity largely depends on the type-III secretion system that delivers virulence effectors into eukaryotic host cells. The subcellular targets for the majority of these effectors remain unknown. Xanthomonas campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of crucifers such as Brassica spp., radish, and turnip, delivers XopP, a highly conserved core-effector protein produced by X. campestris, which is essential for virulence. Here, we show that XopP inhibits the function of the host-plant exocyst complex by direct targeting of Exo70B, a subunit of the exocyst complex, which plays a significant role in plant immunity. XopP interferes with exocyst-dependent exocytosis and can do this without activating a plant NOD-like receptor that guards Exo70B in Arabidopsis. In this way, Xanthomonas efficiently inhibits the host's pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity by blocking exocytosis of pathogenesis-related protein-1A, callose deposition, and localization of the FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2 (FLS2) immune receptor to the plasma membrane, thus promoting successful infection. Inhibition of exocyst function without activating the related defenses represents an effective virulence strategy, indicating the ability of pathogens to adapt to host defenses by avoiding host immunity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Michalopoulou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete 714 09, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Glykeria Mermigka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kotsaridis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete 714 09, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | | | - Patrick H N Celie
- Division of Biochemistry, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete 714 09, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala S-75007, Sweden
| | | | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete 714 09, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Wei W, Wu X, Blahut-Beatty L, Simmonds DH, Clough SJ. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Molecular Players in Early Soybean- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Interaction. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1739-1752. [PMID: 35778800 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0329-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes Sclerotinia stem rot on soybean. Using RNA sequencing, the transcriptomes of the soybean host and the S. sclerotiorum pathogen were simultaneously determined at 4 and 8 h postinoculation (hpi). Two soybean genotypes were involved: a resistant oxalate oxidase (OxO)-transgenic line and its susceptible parent, AC Colibri (AC). Of the 594 genes that were significantly induced by S. sclerotiorum, both hosts expressed genes related to jasmonic acid, ethylene, oxidative burst, and phenylpropanoids. In all, 36% of the differentially expressed genes encoded genes associated with transcription factors, ubiquitination, or general signaling transduction such as receptor-like kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases, and hormones. No significant differentially expressed genes were identified between genotypes, suggesting that oxalic acid (OA) did not play a differential role in early disease development or primary lesion formation under the conditions used. Looking at pathogen behavior through its gene expression during infection, thousands of genes in S. sclerotiorum were induced at 8 hpi, compared with expression in culture. Many plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), sugar transport genes, and genes involved in secondary metabolism were upregulated and could contribute to early pathogenesis. When infecting the OxO plants, there was a higher induction of genes encoding OA, botcinic acid, PCWDEs, proteases, and potential effectors, revealing the wealth of virulence factors available to this pathogen as it attempts to colonize a host. Data presented identify hundreds of genes associated with the very early stages of infection for both the host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Laureen Blahut-Beatty
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Daina H Simmonds
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Steven J Clough
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
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Holden S, Bergum M, Green P, Bettgenhaeuser J, Hernández-Pinzón I, Thind A, Clare S, Russell JM, Hubbard A, Taylor J, Smoker M, Gardiner M, Civolani L, Cosenza F, Rosignoli S, Strugala R, Molnár I, Šimková H, Doležel J, Schaffrath U, Barrett M, Salvi S, Moscou MJ. A lineage-specific Exo70 is required for receptor kinase-mediated immunity in barley. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7258. [PMID: 35857460 PMCID: PMC9258809 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the evolution of land plants, the plant immune system has experienced expansion in immune receptor and signaling pathways. Lineage-specific expansions have been observed in diverse gene families that are potentially involved in immunity but lack causal association. Here, we show that Rps8-mediated resistance in barley to the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (wheat stripe rust) is conferred by a genetic module: Pur1 and Exo70FX12, which are together necessary and sufficient. Pur1 encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase and is the ortholog of rice Xa21, and Exo70FX12 belongs to the Poales-specific Exo70FX clade. The Exo70FX clade emerged after the divergence of the Bromeliaceae and Poaceae and comprises from 2 to 75 members in sequenced grasses. These results demonstrate the requirement of a lineage-specific Exo70FX12 in Pur1-mediated immunity and suggest that the Exo70FX clade may have evolved a specialized role in receptor kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Holden
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Molly Bergum
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Phon Green
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jan Bettgenhaeuser
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Anupriya Thind
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Shaun Clare
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James M. Russell
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Amelia Hubbard
- NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, England, UK
| | - Jodi Taylor
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew Smoker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Matthew Gardiner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Laura Civolani
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Cosenza
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Rosignoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roxana Strugala
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - István Molnár
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Šimková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Doležel
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 31, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthew Barrett
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Smithfield 4878, Australia
| | - Silvio Salvi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthew J. Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Žárský V. Exocyst functions in plants - secretion and autophagy. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2324-2334. [PMID: 35729750 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tethering complexes mediate vesicle-target compartment contact. Octameric complex exocyst initiates vesicle exocytosis at specific cytoplasmic membrane domains. Plant exocyst is possibly stabilized at the membrane by a direct interaction between SEC3 and EXO70A. Land plants evolved three basic membrane-targeting EXO70 subfamilies, the evolution of which resulted in several types of exocyst with distinct functions within the same cell. Surprisingly, some of these EXO70-exocyst versions are implicated in autophagy as is animal exocyst or are involved in host defense, cell-wall fortification and secondary metabolites transport. Interestingly, EXO70Ds act as selective autophagy receptors in the regulation of cytokinin signalling pathway. Secretion of double membrane autophagy-related structures formed with the contribution of EXO70s to the apoplast hints at the possibility of secretory autophagy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ubiquitin ligases at the nexus of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:123-133. [PMID: 35704617 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants must cope with an ever-changing environment, including concurrent biotic and abiotic stresses. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is intricately involved in regulating signaling events that facilitate cellular changes required to mitigate the detrimental effects of environmental stress. A key component of the UPS are ubiquitin ligases (or E3s) that catalyze the attachment of ubiquitin molecules to select substrate proteins, which are then recognized by the 26S proteasome for degradation. With the identification of substrate proteins, a growing number of E3s are shown to differentially regulate responses to abiotic as well as bioitic stresses. The review discusses select E3s to illustrate the role of ubiquitin ligases as negative and/or positive regulators of responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Offor BC, Mhlongo MI, Dubery IA, Piater LA. Plasma Membrane-Associated Proteins Identified in Arabidopsis Wild Type, lbr2-2 and bak1-4 Mutants Treated with LPSs from Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060606. [PMID: 35736313 PMCID: PMC9230897 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognise bacterial microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from the environment via plasma membrane (PM)-localised pattern recognition receptor(s) (PRRs). Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are known as MAMPs from gram-negative bacteria that are most likely recognised by PRRs and trigger defence responses in plants. The Arabidopsis PRR(s) and/or co-receptor(s) complex for LPS and the associated defence signalling remains elusive. As such, proteomic identification of LPS receptors and/or co-receptor complexes will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underly LPS perception and defence signalling in plants. The Arabidopsis LPS-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)-related-2 (LBR2) have been shown to recognise LPS and trigger defence responses while brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1)-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) acts as a co-receptor for several PRRs. In this study, Arabidopsis wild type (WT) and T-DNA knock out mutants (lbr2-2 and bak1-4) were treated with LPS chemotypes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc) over a 24 h period. The PM-associated protein fractions were separated by liquid chromatography and analysed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by data analysis using ByonicTM software. Using Gene Ontology (GO) for molecular function and biological processes, significant LPS-responsive proteins were grouped according to defence and stress response, perception and signalling, membrane transport and trafficking, metabolic processes and others. Venn diagrams demarcated the MAMP-responsive proteins that were common and distinct to the WT and mutant lines following treatment with the two LPS chemotypes, suggesting contributions from differential LPS sub-structural moieties and involvement of LBR2 and BAK1 in the LPS-induced MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Moreover, the identification of RLKs and RLPs that participate in other bacterial and fungal MAMP signalling proposes the involvement of more than one receptor and/or co-receptor for LPS perception as well as signalling in Arabidopsis defence responses.
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Trenner J, Monaghan J, Saeed B, Quint M, Shabek N, Trujillo M. Evolution and Functions of Plant U-Box Proteins: From Protein Quality Control to Signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:93-121. [PMID: 35226816 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-012310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications add complexity and diversity to cellular proteomes. One of the most prevalent modifications across eukaryotes is ubiquitination, which is orchestrated by E3 ubiquitin ligases. U-box-containing E3 ligases have massively expanded in the plant kingdom and have diversified into plant U-box proteins (PUBs). PUBs likely originated from two or three ancestral forms, fusing with diverse functional subdomains that resulted in neofunctionalization. Their emergence and diversification may reflect adaptations to stress during plant evolution, reflecting changes in the needs of plant proteomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Through their close association with protein kinases, they are physically linked to cell signaling hubs and activate feedback loops by dynamically pairing with E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to generate distinct ubiquitin polymers that themselves act as signals. Here, we complement current knowledgewith comparative genomics to gain a deeper understanding of PUB function, focusing on their evolution and structural adaptations of key U-box residues, as well as their various roles in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Trenner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ,
| | | | - Bushra Saeed
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ,
| | - Marcel Quint
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; ,
| | - Nitzan Shabek
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ,
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Cooperative regulation of PBI1 and MAPKs controls WRKY45 transcription factor in rice immunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2397. [PMID: 35577789 PMCID: PMC9110426 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The U-box type ubiquitin ligase PUB44 positively regulates pattern-triggered immunity in rice. Here, we identify PBI1, a protein that interacts with PUB44. Crystal structure analysis indicates that PBI1 forms a four-helix bundle structure. PBI1 also interacts with WRKY45, a master transcriptional activator of rice immunity, and negatively regulates its activity. PBI1 is degraded upon perception of chitin, and this is suppressed by silencing of PUB44 or expression of XopP, indicating that PBI1 degradation depends on PUB44. These data suggest that PBI1 suppresses WRKY45 activity when cells are in an unelicited state, and during chitin signaling, PUB44-mediated degradation of PBI1 leads to activation of WRKY45. In addition, chitin-induced MAP kinase activation is required for WRKY45 activation and PBI1 degradation. These results demonstrate that chitin-induced activation of WRKY45 is regulated by the cooperation between MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation and PUB44-mediated PBI1 degradation. The U-box type ubiquitin ligase PUB44 positively regulates pattern-triggered immunity in rice. Here the authors identify a PUB44 substrate whose degradation is required for activation of the WRKY45 transcription factor upon immune elicitation.
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Ubiquitination of Receptorsomes, Frontline of Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062937. [PMID: 35328358 PMCID: PMC8948693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sessile plants are constantly exposed to myriads of unfavorable invading organisms with different lifestyles. To survive, plants have evolved plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to initiate sophisticated downstream immune responses. Ubiquitination serves as one of the most important and prevalent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to fine-tune plant immune responses. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in delineating the critical roles of ubiquitination in plant immunity. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of ubiquitination in the modulation of plant immunity, with a particular focus on ubiquitination in the regulation of receptorsomes, and discuss how ubiquitination and other PTMs act in concert to ensure rapid, proper, and robust immune responses.
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Pang L, Ma Z, Zhang X, Huang Y, Li R, Miao Y, Li R. The small GTPase RABA2a recruits SNARE proteins to regulate the secretory pathway in parallel with the exocyst complex in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:398-418. [PMID: 34798312 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of proteins to the plasma membrane occurs via secretion, which requires tethering, docking, priming, and fusion of vesicles. In yeast and mammalian cells, an evolutionarily conserved RAB GTPase activation cascade functions together with the exocyst and SNARE proteins to coordinate vesicle transport with fusion at the plasma membrane. However, it is unclear whether this is the case in plants. In this study, we show that the small GTPase RABA2a recruits and interacts with the VAMP721/722-SYP121-SNAP33 SNARE ternary complex for membrane fusion. Through immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry analysis followed by the validatation with a series of biochemical assays, we identified the SNARE proteins VAMP721 and SYP121 as the interactors and downstream effectors of RABA2a. Further expreiments showed that RABA2a interacts with all members of the SNARE complex in its GTP-bound form and modulates the assembly of the VAMP721/722-SYP121-SNAP33 SNARE ternary complex. Intriguingly, we did not observe the interaction of the exocyst subunits with either RABA2a or theSNARE proteins in several different experiments. Neither RABA2a inactivation affects the subcellular localization or assembly of the exocystnor the exocyst subunit mutant exo84b shows the disrupted RABA2a-SNARE association or SNARE assembly, suggesting that the RABA2a-SNARE- and exocyst-mediated secretory pathways are largely independent. Consistently, our live imaging experiments reveal that the two sets of proteins follow non-overlapping trafficking routes, and genetic and cell biologyanalyses indicate that the two pathways select different cargos. Finally, we demonstrate that the plant-specific RABA2a-SNARE pathway is essential for the maintenance of potassium homeostasis in Arabisopsis seedlings. Collectively, our findings imply that higher plants might have generated different endomembrane sorting pathways during evolution and may enable the highly conserved endomembrane proteins to participate in plant-specific trafficking mechanisms for adaptation to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanzhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruili Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Yang CL, Huang YT, Schmidt W, Klein P, Chan MT, Pan IC. Ethylene Response Factor109 Attunes Immunity, Photosynthesis, and Iron Homeostasis in Arabidopsis Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:841366. [PMID: 35310669 PMCID: PMC8924546 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.841366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient element for all organisms including plants. Chlorosis of young leaves is a common symptom of Fe deficiency, reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis, and, ultimately, crop yield. Previous research revealed strong responsiveness of the putative key transcription factor ERF109 to the Fe regime. To elucidate the possible role of ERF109 in leaf Fe homeostasis and photosynthesis, we subjected Arabidopsis thaliana erf109 knockout lines and Col-0 wild-type plants to transcriptome profiling via RNA-seq. The transcriptome profile of Fe-sufficient erf109 leaves showed a 71% overlap with Fe-deficient Col-0 plants. On the other hand, genes that were differentially expressed between Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient Col-0 plants remained unchanged in erf109 plants under conditions of Fe deficiency. Mutations in ERF109 increased the expression of the clade Ib bHLH proteins bHLH38, bHLH39, bHLH101, the nicotianamine synthase NAS4, and the Fe storage gene FER1. Moreover, mutations in ERF109 led to significant down-regulation of defense genes, including CML37, WRKY40, ERF13, and EXO70B2. Leaves of erf109 exhibited increased Fe levels under both Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions. Reduced Fv/Fm and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values in erf109 lines under Fe deficiency indicate curtailed ability of photosynthesis relative to the wild-type. Our findings suggest that ERF109 is a negative regulator of the leaf response to Fe deficiency. It further appears that the function of ERF109 in the Fe response is critical for regulating pathogen defense and photosynthetic efficiency. Taken together, our study reveals a novel function of ERF109 and provides a systematic perspective on the intertwining of the immunity regulatory network and cellular Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ling Yang
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Patricia Klein
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ming-Tsair Chan
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Pan
- Department of Horticulture, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Zhong H, Chen S, Wong KB, Xia Y. Arabidopsis PUB2 and PUB4 connect signaling components of pattern-triggered immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2249-2265. [PMID: 34918346 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Precise regulation of information from PRRs to downstream signaling components is vital to mounting an appropriate immune response and requires dynamic interactions of these PTI components. We used transcriptome profiling, phenotypic analysis, molecular genetics, and protein-protein interaction analysis to understand the roles of the Arabidopsis plant U-box (PUB) proteins PUB2 and PUB4 in disease resistance and PTI signaling. Loss of function of both PUB2 and PUB4 diminishes the PAMP-triggered oxidative bursts and dampens mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, resulting in a severe compromise in resistance to not only pathogenic but also nonpathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae. Within PUB4, the E3 ligase activity is dispensable, but the armadillo repeat region is essential and sufficient for its function in immunity. PUB2 and PUB4 interact with PTI signaling components, including FLS2, BIK1, PBL27, and RbohD, and enhance FLS2-BIK1 and BIK1-RbohD interactions. Our study reveals that PUB2 and PUB4 are critical components of plant immunity and connect PTI components to positively regulate defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shen Zhen, 518057, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological and Environmental Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Ortmannová J, Sekereš J, Kulich I, Šantrůček J, Dobrev P, Žárský V, Pečenková T. Arabidopsis EXO70B2 exocyst subunit contributes to papillae and encasement formation in antifungal defence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:742-755. [PMID: 34664667 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the reaction to non-adapted Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), Arabidopsis thaliana leaf epidermal cells deposit cell wall reinforcements called papillae or seal fungal haustoria in encasements, both of which involve intensive exocytosis. A plant syntaxin, SYP121/PEN1, has been found to be of key importance for the timely formation of papillae, and the vesicle tethering complex exocyst subunit EXO70B2 has been found to contribute to their morphology. Here, we identify a specific role for the EXO70B2-containing exocyst complex in the papillae membrane domains important for callose deposition and GFP-SYP121 delivery to the focal attack sites, as well as its contribution to encasement formation. The mRuby2-EXO70B2 co-localizes with the exocyst core subunit SEC6 and GFP-SYP121 in the membrane domain of papillae, and EXO70B2 and SYP121 proteins have the capacity to directly interact. The exo70B2/syp121 double mutant produces a reduced number of papillae and haustorial encasements in response to Bgh, indicating an additive role of the exocyst in SYP121-coordinated non-host resistance. In summary, we report cooperation between the plant exocyst and a SNARE protein in penetration resistance against non-adapted fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Ortmannová
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Laboratory of Applied Proteomics, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Pečenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Chen W, Chi Y, Zhang J, Bai B, Ji X, Shen Y. MtWRP1, a Novel Fabacean Specific Gene, Regulates Root Nodulation and Plant Growth in Medicago truncatula. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020193. [PMID: 35205237 PMCID: PMC8871812 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabaceans symbiotically interact with nitrogen-fixing rhizobacteria to form root nodules. Some fabacean specific proteins play important roles in the symbiosis. WRKY-related Protein (WRP) is a novel fabacean specific protein, whose functions have not been well characterized. In this study, MtWRP1 was functionally characterized in Medicago truncatula. It contains a WRKY domain at C-terminal and a novel transmembrane (TM) domain at N-terminal, and its WRKY domain was highly similar to the N-terminal WRKY domain of the group I WRKY proteins. The TM domain was highly homologous to the eukaryotic cytochrome b561 (Cytb561) proteins from birds. Subcellular localization revealed that MtWRP1 was targeted to the Golgi apparatus through the novel TM domain. MtWRP1 was highly expressed in roots and nodules, suggesting its possible roles in the regulation of root growth and nodulation. Both MtWRP1-overexpression transgenic M. truncatula and MtWRP1 mutants showed altered root nodulation and plant growth performance. Specifically, the formation of root nodules was significantly reduced in the absence of MtWRP1. These results demonstrated that MtWRP1 plays critical roles in root nodulation and plant growth.
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Liu X, Zhou Y, Du M, Liang X, Fan F, Huang G, Zou Y, Bai J, Lu D. The calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28 is targeted by the ubiquitin ligases ATL31 and ATL6 for proteasome-mediated degradation to fine-tune immune signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:679-697. [PMID: 34599338 PMCID: PMC8774090 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses are triggered when pattern recognition receptors recognize microbial molecular patterns. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) acts as a signaling hub of plant immunity. BIK1 homeostasis is maintained by a regulatory module in which CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE28 (CPK28) regulates BIK1 turnover via the activities of two E3 ligases. Immune-induced alternative splicing of CPK28 attenuates CPK28 function. However, it remained unknown whether CPK28 is under proteasomal control. Here, we demonstrate that CPK28 undergoes ubiquitination and 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, which is enhanced by flagellin treatment. Two closely related ubiquitin ligases, ARABIDOPSIS TÓXICOS EN LEVADURA31 (ATL31) and ATL6, specifically interact with CPK28 at the plasma membrane; this association is enhanced by flagellin elicitation. ATL31/6 directly ubiquitinate CPK28, resulting in its proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, ATL31/6 promotes the stability of BIK1 by mediating CPK28 degradation. Consequently, ATL31/6 positively regulate BIK1-mediated immunity. Our findings reveal another mechanism for attenuating CPK28 function to maintain BIK1 homeostasis and enhance immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshuo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xuelian Liang
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Fenggui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Guozhong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Jiaojiao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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Ma A, Zhang D, Wang G, Wang K, Li Z, Gao Y, Li H, Bian C, Cheng J, Han Y, Yang S, Gong Z, Qi J. Verticillium dahliae effector VDAL protects MYB6 from degradation by interacting with PUB25 and PUB26 E3 ligases to enhance Verticillium wilt resistance. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3675-3699. [PMID: 34469582 PMCID: PMC8643689 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a severe plant disease that causes massive losses in multiple crops. Increasing the plant resistance to Verticillium wilt is a critical challenge worldwide. Here, we report that the hemibiotrophic Verticillium dahliae-secreted Asp f2-like protein VDAL causes leaf wilting when applied to cotton leaves in vitro but enhances the resistance to V. dahliae when overexpressed in Arabidopsis or cotton without affecting the plant growth and development. VDAL protein interacts with Arabidopsis E3 ligases plant U-box 25 (PUB25) and PUB26 and is ubiquitinated by PUBs in vitro. However, VDAL is not degraded by PUB25 or PUB26 in planta. Besides, the pub25 pub26 double mutant shows higher resistance to V. dahliae than the wild-type. PUBs interact with the transcription factor MYB6 in a yeast two-hybrid screen. MYB6 promotes plant resistance to Verticillium wilt while PUBs ubiquitinate MYB6 and mediate its degradation. VDAL competes with MYB6 for binding to PUBs, and the role of VDAL in increasing Verticillium wilt resistance depends on MYB6. Taken together, these results suggest that plants evolute a strategy to utilize the invaded effector protein VDAL to resist the V. dahliae infection without causing a hypersensitive response (HR); alternatively, hemibiotrophic pathogens may use some effectors to keep plant cells alive during its infection in order to take nutrients from host cells. This study provides the molecular mechanism for plants increasing disease resistance when overexpressing some effector proteins without inducing HR, and may promote searching for more genes from pathogenic fungi or bacteria to engineer plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Guangxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hengchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jinkui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Junsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang W, Liu N, Gao C, Rui L, Jiang Q, Chen S, Zhang Q, Zhong G, Tang D. The truncated TNL receptor TN2-mediated immune responses require ADR1 function. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:672-689. [PMID: 34396631 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The loss of function of exocyst subunit EXO70B1 leads to autoimmunity, which is dependent on TIR-NBS2 (TN2), a truncated intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR). However, how TN2 triggers plant immunity and whether typical NLRs are required in TN2-activated resistance remain unclear. Through the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system and knockout analysis, we found that the spontaneous cell death and enhanced resistance in exo70B1-3 were independent of the full-length NLR SOC3 and its closest homolog SOC3-LIKE 1 (SOC3-L1). Additionally, knocking out SOC3-L1 or TN2 did not suppress the chilling sensitivity conferred by chilling sensitive 1-2 (chs1-2). The ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (ADR1) family and the N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 (NRG1) family have evolved as helper NLRs for many typical NLRs. Through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing methods, we discovered that the autoimmunity of exo70B1-3 fully relied on ADR1s, but not NRG1s, and ADR1s contributed to the upregulation of TN2 transcript levels in exo70B1-3. Furthermore, overexpression of TN2 also led to ADR1-dependent autoimmune responses. Taken together, our genetic analysis highlights that the truncated TNL protein TN2-triggered immune responses require ADR1s as helper NLRs to activate downstream signaling, revealing the importance and complexity of ADR1s in plant immunity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chenyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lu Rui
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiaochu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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50
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Li S, Hanlon R, Wise H, Pal N, Brar H, Liao C, Gao H, Perez E, Zhou L, Tyler BM, Bhattacharyya MK. Interaction of Phytophthora sojae Effector Avr1b With E3 Ubiquitin Ligase GmPUB1 Is Required for Recognition by Soybeans Carrying Phytophthora Resistance Rps1-b and Rps1-k Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:725571. [PMID: 34691104 PMCID: PMC8526854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.725571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete that causes stem and root rot disease in soybean. P. sojae delivers many RxLR effector proteins, including Avr1b, into host cells to promote infection. We show here that Avr1b interacts with the soybean U-box protein, GmPUB1-1, in yeast two-hybrid, pull down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) assays. GmPUB1-1, and a homeologous copy GmPUB1-2, are induced by infection and encode 403 amino acid proteins with U-Box domains at their N-termini. Non-synonymous mutations in the Avr1b C-terminus that abolish suppression of cell death also abolished the interaction of Avr1b with GmPUB1-1, while deletion of the GmPUB1-1 C-terminus, but not the U box, abolished the interaction. BIFC experiments suggested that the GmPUB1-1-Avr1b complex is targeted to the nucleus. In vitro ubiquitination assays demonstrated that GmPUB1-1 possesses E3 ligase activity. Silencing of the GmPUB1 genes in soybean cotyledons resulted in loss of recognition of Avr1b by gene products encoded by Rps1-b and Rps1-k. The recognition of Avr1k (which did not interact with GmPUB1-1) by Rps1-k plants was not, however, affected following GmPUB1-1 silencing. Furthermore, over-expression of GmPUB1-1 in particle bombardment experiments triggered cell death suggesting that GmPUB1 may be a positive regulator of effector-triggered immunity. In a yeast two-hybrid system, GmPUB1-1 also interacted with a number of other RxLR effectors including Avr1d, while Avr1b and Avr1d interacted with a number of other infection-induced GmPUB proteins, suggesting that the pathogen uses a multiplex of interactions of RxLR effectors with GmPUB proteins to modulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Regina Hanlon
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hua Wise
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Narinder Pal
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hargeet Brar
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chunyu Liao
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eli Perez
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Lecong Zhou
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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