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Perez-Rial A, Carmona A, Ali L, Rubio J, Millan T, Castro P, Die JV. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of a near-isogenic line pair: insights into flowering time in chickpea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:709. [PMID: 39054447 PMCID: PMC11270784 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cicer arietinum is a significant legume crop cultivated mainly in short-season environments, where early-flowering is a desirable trait to overcome terminal constraints. Despite its agricultural significance, the genetic control of flowering time in chickpea is not fully understood. In this study, we developed, phenotyped, re-sequenced and genetically characterized a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) with contrasting days to flowering to identify candidate gene variants potentially associated with flowering time. RESULTS In addition to days to flowering, noticeable differences in multiple shoot architecture traits were observed between the NILs. The resequencing data confirms that the NILs developed in this study serve as appropriate plant materials, effectively constraining genetic variation to specific regions and thereby establishing a valuable resource for future genetic and functional investigations in chickpea research. Leveraging bioinformatics tools and public genomic datasets, we identified homologs of flowering-related genes from Arabidopsis thaliana, including ELF3 and, for the first time in chickpea, MED16 and STO/BBX24, with variants among the NILs. Analysis of the allelic distribution of these genes revealed their preservation within chickpea diversity and their potential association with flowering time. Variants were also identified in members of the ERF and ARF gene families. Furthermore, in silico expression analysis was conducted elucidating their putative roles in flowering. CONCLUSIONS While the gene CaELF3a is identified as a prominent candidate, this study also exposes new targets in chickpea, such as CaMED16b and LOC101499101 (BBX24-like), homologs of flowering-related genes in Arabidopsis, as well as ERF12 and ARF2. The in silico expression characterization and genetic variability analysis performed could contribute to their use as specific markers for chickpea breeding programs. This study lays the groundwork for future investigations utilizing this plant material, promising further insights into the complex mechanisms governing flowering time in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Perez-Rial
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carmona
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Latifah Ali
- Department of Plant Biology-Science Faculty, University of Tishreen, Lattakia City, Syria
| | - Josefa Rubio
- Área de Mejora y Biotecnología, IFAPA Centro 'Alameda del Obispo', Córdoba, 14080, Spain
| | - Teresa Millan
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
| | - Jose V Die
- Department of Genetics-ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
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Chen B, Shi Y, Sun Y, Lu L, Wang L, Liu Z, Cheng S. Innovations in functional genomics and molecular breeding of pea: exploring advances and opportunities. ABIOTECH 2024; 5:71-93. [PMID: 38576433 PMCID: PMC10987475 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a significant cool-season legume, serving as crucial food sources, animal feed, and industrial raw materials. The advancement of functional genomics over the past two decades has provided substantial theoretical foundations and progress to pea breeding. Notably, the release of the pea reference genome has enhanced our understanding of plant architecture, symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), flowering time, floral organ development, seed development, and stress resistance. However, a considerable gap remains between pea functional genomics and molecular breeding. This review summarizes the current advancements in pea functional genomics and breeding while highlighting the future challenges in pea molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baizhi Chen
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shifeng Cheng
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen (AGIS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shenzhen, China
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3
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Zhang Q, Zhong S, Dong Q, Yang H, Yang H, Tan F, Chen C, Ren T, Shen J, Cao G, Luo P. Identification of Photoperiod- and Phytohormone-Responsive DNA-Binding One Zinc Finger (Dof) Transcription Factors in Akebia trifoliata via Genome-Wide Expression Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054973. [PMID: 36902404 PMCID: PMC10002981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a kind of plant-specific transcription factor (TF), DNA-Binding One Zinc Finger (Dof) is widely involved in the response to environmental change, and as an evolutionarily important perennial plant species, Akebia trifoliata is ideal for studying environmental adaptation. In this study, a total of 41 AktDofs were identified in the A. trifoliata genome. First, the characteristics, including the length, exon number, and chromosomal distribution of the AktDofs and the isoelectric point (PI), amino acid number, molecular weight (MW), and conserved motifs of their putative proteins, were reported. Second, we found that all AktDofs evolutionarily underwent strong purifying selection, and many (33, 80.5%) of them were generated by whole-genome duplication (WGD). Third, we outlined their expression profiles by the use of available transcriptomic data and RT-qPCR analysis. Finally, we identified four candidate genes (AktDof21, AktDof20, AktDof36, and AktDof17) and three other candidate genes (AktDof26, AktDof16, and AktDof12) that respond to long day (LD) and darkness, respectively, and that are closely associated with phytohormone-regulating pathways. Overall, this research is the first to identify and characterize the AktDofs family and is very helpful for further research on A. trifoliata adaptation to environmental factors, especially photoperiod changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengfu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Feiquan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tianheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinliang Shen
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guoxing Cao
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peigao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Gretsova M, Surkova S, Kanapin A, Samsonova A, Logacheva M, Shcherbakov A, Logachev A, Bankin M, Nuzhdin S, Samsonova M. Transcriptomic Analysis of Flowering Time Genes in Cultivated Chickpea and Wild Cicer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032692. [PMID: 36769014 PMCID: PMC9916832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a major grain legume and a good source of plant-based protein. However, comprehensive knowledge of flowering time control in Cicer is lacking. In this study, we acquire high-throughput transcriptome sequencing data and analyze changes in gene expression during floral transition in the early flowering cultivar ICCV 96029, later flowering C. arietinum accessions, and two wild species, C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum. We identify Cicer orthologs of A. thaliana flowering time genes and analyze differential expression of 278 genes between four species/accessions, three tissue types, and two conditions. Our results show that the differences in gene expression between ICCV 96029 and other cultivated chickpea accessions are vernalization-dependent. In addition, we highlight the role of FTa3, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T in Arabidopsis, in the vernalization response of cultivated chickpea. A common set of differentially expressed genes was found for all comparisons between wild species and cultivars. The direction of expression change for different copies of the FT-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 gene was variable in different comparisons, which suggests complex mechanisms of FT protein transport. Our study makes a contribution to the understanding of flowering time control in Cicer, and can provide genetic strategies to further improve this important agronomic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gretsova
- Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Surkova
- Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Logacheva
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Shcherbakov
- Laboratory of Microbial Technology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Logachev
- Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Bankin
- Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Nuzhdin
- Section of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Maria Samsonova
- Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Zou X, Sun H. DOF transcription factors: Specific regulators of plant biological processes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1044918. [PMID: 36743498 PMCID: PMC9897228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1044918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant biological processes, such as growth and metabolism, hormone signal transduction, and stress responses, are affected by gene transcriptional regulation. As gene expression regulators, transcription factors activate or inhibit target gene transcription by directly binding to downstream promoter elements. DOF (DNA binding with One Finger) is a classic transcription factor family exclusive to plants that is characterized by its single zinc finger structure. With breakthroughs in taxonomic studies of different species in recent years, many DOF members have been reported to play vital roles throughout the plant life cycle. They are not only involved in regulating hormone signals and various biotic or abiotic stress responses but are also reported to regulate many plant biological processes, such as dormancy, tissue differentiation, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, and carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, some outstanding issues remain. This article mainly reviews the origin and evolution, protein structure, and functions of DOF members reported in studies published in many fields to clarify the direction for future research on DOF transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Zou
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, China
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6
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Maeda AE, Nakamichi N. Plant clock modifications for adapting flowering time to local environments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:952-967. [PMID: 35266545 PMCID: PMC9516756 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During and after the domestication of crops from ancestral wild plants, humans selected cultivars that could change their flowering time in response to seasonal daylength. Continuous selection of this trait eventually allowed the introduction of crops into higher or lower latitudes and different climates from the original regions where domestication initiated. In the past two decades, numerous studies have found the causal genes or alleles that change flowering time and have assisted in adapting crop species such as barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), maize (Zea mays spp. mays), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to new environments. This updated review summarizes the genes or alleles that contributed to crop adaptation in different climatic areas. Many of these genes are putative orthologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) core clock genes. We also discuss how knowledge of the clock's molecular functioning can facilitate molecular breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari E Maeda
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihito Nakamichi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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7
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González AM, Vander Schoor JK, Fang C, Kong F, Wu J, Weller JL, Santalla M. Ancient relaxation of an obligate short-day requirement in common bean through loss of CONSTANS-like gene function. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1643-1652.e2. [PMID: 33609454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major global food staple and source of dietary protein that was domesticated independently in Mexico and Andean South America. Its subsequent development as a crop of importance worldwide has been enabled by genetic relaxation of the strict short-day requirement typical of wild forms, but the genetic basis for this change is not well understood. Recently, a loss of photoperiod sensitivity was shown to result from mutations in the phytochrome photoreceptor gene Ppd/PHYA3 that arose independently within the two major domesticated lineages. Here, we define a second major photoperiod sensitivity locus, at which recessive alleles associate with deleterious mutations affecting the CONSTANS-like gene COL2. A wider survey of sequence variation in over 800 diverse lines, including wild, landrace, and domesticated accessions, show that distinct col2 haplotypes are associated with early flowering in Andean and Mesoamerican germplasm. The relative frequencies and distributions of COL2 and PHYA3 haplotypes imply that photoperiod adaptation developed in two phases within each gene pool: an initial reduction in sensitivity through impairment of COL2 function and subsequent complete loss through PHYA3. Gene expression analyses indicate that COL2 functions downstream of PHYA3 to repress expression of FT genes and may function in parallel with PvE1, the bean ortholog of a key legume-specific flowering repressor. Collectively, these results define the molecular basis for a key phenological adaptation, reveal a striking convergence in the naturally replicated evolution of this major crop, and further emphasize the wider evolutionary lability of CONSTANS effects on flowering time control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M González
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, PO Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Chao Fang
- Innovation Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovation Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
| | - Marta Santalla
- Grupo de Genética del Desarrollo de Plantas, Misión Biológica de Galicia-CSIC, PO Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain.
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8
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Thomson G, Zhang L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Putterill J. The Candidate Photoperiod Gene MtFE Promotes Growth and Flowering in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:634091. [PMID: 33841463 PMCID: PMC8032900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.634091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time influences the yield and productivity of legume crops. Medicago truncatula is a reference temperate legume that, like the winter annual Arabidopsis thaliana, shows accelerated flowering in response to vernalization (extended cold) and long-day (LD) photoperiods (VLD). However, unlike A. thaliana, M. truncatula appears to lack functional homologs of core flowering time regulators CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) which act upstream of the mobile florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Medicago truncatula has three LD-induced FT-like genes (MtFTa1, MtFTb1, and MtFTb2) with MtFTa1 promoting M. truncatula flowering in response to VLD. Another photoperiodic regulator in A. thaliana, FE, acts to induce FT expression. It also regulates the FT transport pathway and is required for phloem development. Our study identifies a M. truncatula FE homolog Medtr6g444980 (MtFE) which complements the late flowering fe-1 mutant when expressed from the phloem-specific SUCROSE-PROTON SYMPORTER 2 (SUC2) promoter. Analysis of two M. truncatula Tnt1 insertional mutants indicate that MtFE promotes flowering in LD and VLD and growth in all conditions tested. Expression of MtFTa1, MtFTb1, and MtFTb2 are reduced in Mtfe mutant (NF5076), correlating with its delayed flowering. The NF5076 mutant plants are much smaller than wild type indicating that MtFE is important for normal plant growth. The second mutant (NF18291) displays seedling lethality, like strong fe mutants. We searched for mutants in MtFTb1 and MtFTb2 identifying a Mtftb2 knock out Tnt1 mutant (NF20803). However, it did not flower significantly later than wild type. Previously, yeast-two-hybrid assays (Y2H) suggested that Arabidopsis FE interacted with CO and NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y (NF-Y)-like proteins to regulate FT. We found that MtFE interacts with CO and also M. truncatula NF-Y-like proteins in Y2H experiments. Our study indicates that despite the apparent absence of a functional MtCO-like gene, M. truncatula FE likely influences photoperiodic FT expression and flowering time in M. truncatula via a partially conserved mechanism with A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Thomson
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey Thomson, ;
| | - Lulu Zhang
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | | | - Joanna Putterill
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey Thomson, ;
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9
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Jaudal M, Wen J, Mysore KS, Putterill J. Medicago PHYA promotes flowering, primary stem elongation and expression of flowering time genes in long days. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:329. [PMID: 32652925 PMCID: PMC7353751 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowering time is an important trait for productivity in legumes, which include many food and fodder plants. Medicago truncatula (Medicago) is a model temperate legume used to study flowering time pathways. Like Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), its flowering is promoted by extended periods of cold (vernalization, V), followed by warm long day (LD) photoperiods. However, Arabidopsis flowering-time genes such as the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)/ MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING (MAF) clade are missing and CONSTANS-LIKE (CO-LIKE) genes do not appear to have a role in Medicago or Pisum sativum (pea). Another photoperiodic regulator, the red/far red photoreceptor PHYTOCHROME A (PHYA), promotes Arabidopsis flowering by stabilizing the CO protein in LD. Interestingly, despite the absence of CO-LIKE function in pea, PsPHYA plays a key role in promoting LD photoperiodic flowering and plant architecture. Medicago has one homolog of PHYA, MtPHYA, but its function is not known. RESULTS Genetic analysis of two MtPHYA Tnt1 insertion mutant alleles indicates that MtPHYA has an important role in promoting Medicago flowering and primary stem elongation in VLD and LD and in perception of far-red wavelengths in seedlings. MtPHYA positively regulates the expression of MtE1-like (MtE1L), a homologue of an important legume-specific flowering time gene, E1 in soybean and other Medicago LD-regulated flowering-time gene homologues, including the three FLOWERING LOCUS T-LIKE (FT-LIKE) genes, MtFTa1, MtFTb1 and MtFTb2 and the two FRUITFULL-LIKE (FUL-LIKE) genes MtFULa and MtFULb. MtPHYA also modulates the expression of the circadian clock genes, GIGANTEA (GI) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1a (TOC1a). Genetic analyses indicate that Mtphya-1 Mte1l double mutants flowered at the same time as the single mutants. However, Mtphya-1 Mtfta1 double mutants had a weak additive effect in delaying flowering and in reduction of primary axis lengths beyond what was conferred by either of the single mutants. CONCLUSION MtPHYA has an important role in LD photoperiodic control of flowering, plant architecture and seedling de-etiolation under far-red wavelengths in Medicago. It promotes the expression of LD-induced flowering time genes and modulates clock-related genes. In addition to MtFTa1, MtPHYA likely regulates other targets during LD floral induction in Medicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauren Jaudal
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK73401, USA
| | | | - Joanna Putterill
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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10
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Hasan ASMM, Vander Schoor JK, Hecht V, Weller JL. The CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE Module of the Mediator Complex Promotes Flowering and Reproductive Development in Pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1375-1386. [PMID: 31964799 PMCID: PMC7054868 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Control of flowering time has been a major focus of comparative genetic analyses in plant development. This study reports on a forward genetic approach to define previously uncharacterized components of flowering control pathways in the long-day legume, pea (Pisum sativum). We isolated two complementation groups of late-flowering mutants in pea that define two uncharacterized loci, LATE BLOOMER3 (LATE3) and LATE4, and describe their diverse effects on vegetative and reproductive development. A map-based comparative approach was employed to identify the underlying genes for both loci, revealing that that LATE3 and LATE4 are orthologs of CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE8 (CDK8) and CYCLIN C1 (CYCC1), components of the CDK8 kinase module of the Mediator complex, which is a deeply conserved regulator of transcription in eukaryotes. We confirm the genetic and physical interaction of LATE3 and LATE4 and show that they contribute to the transcriptional regulation of key flowering genes, including the induction of the florigen gene FTa1 and repression of the floral repressor LF Our results establish the conserved importance of the CDK8 module in plants and provide evidence for the function of CYCLIN C1 orthologs in the promotion of flowering and the maintenance of normal reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S M Mainul Hasan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | | - Valerie Hecht
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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11
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Gaudinier A, Blackman BK. Evolutionary processes from the perspective of flowering time diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1883-1898. [PMID: 31536639 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well appreciated that genetic studies of flowering time regulation have led to fundamental advances in the fields of molecular and developmental biology, the ways in which genetic studies of flowering time diversity have enriched the field of evolutionary biology have received less attention despite often being equally profound. Because flowering time is a complex, environmentally responsive trait that has critical impacts on plant fitness, crop yield, and reproductive isolation, research into the genetic architecture and molecular basis of its evolution continues to yield novel insights into our understanding of domestication, adaptation, and speciation. For instance, recent studies of flowering time variation have reconstructed how, when, and where polygenic evolution of phenotypic plasticity proceeded from standing variation and de novo mutations; shown how antagonistic pleiotropy and temporally varying selection maintain polymorphisms in natural populations; and provided important case studies of how assortative mating can evolve and facilitate speciation with gene flow. In addition, functional studies have built detailed regulatory networks for this trait in diverse taxa, leading to new knowledge about how and why developmental pathways are rewired and elaborated through evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin K Blackman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Zhang L, Jiang A, Thomson G, Kerr-Phillips M, Phan C, Krueger T, Jaudal M, Wen J, Mysore KS, Putterill J. Overexpression of Medicago MtCDFd1_1 Causes Delayed Flowering in Medicago via Repression of MtFTa1 but Not MtCO-Like Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1148. [PMID: 31608091 PMCID: PMC6761483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing flowering time is crucial for maximizing crop productivity, but gaps remain in the knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning temperate legume flowering. Medicago, like winter annual Arabidopsis, accelerates flowering after exposure to extended cold (vernalization, V) followed by long-day (LD) photoperiods. In Arabidopsis, photoperiodic flowering is triggered through CO, a photoperiodic switch that directly activates the FT gene encoding a mobile florigen and potent activator of flowering. In Arabidopsis, several CYCLING DOF FACTORs (CDFs), including AtCDF1, act redundantly to repress CO and thus FT expression, until their removal in LD by a blue-light-induced F-BOX1/GIGANTEA (FKF1/GI) complex. Medicago possesses a homolog of FT, MtFTa1, which acts as a strong activator of flowering. However, the regulation of MtFTa1 does not appear to involve a CO-like gene. Nevertheless, work in pea suggests that CDFs may still regulate flowering time in temperate legumes. Here, we analyze the function of Medicago MtCDF genes with a focus on MtCDFd1_1 in flowering time and development. MtCDFd1_1 causes strong delays to flowering when overexpressed in Arabidopsis and shows a cyclical diurnal expression in Medicago with peak expression at dawn, consistent with AtCDF genes like AtCDF1. However, MtCDFd1_1 lacks predicted GI or FKF1 binding domains, indicating possible differences in its regulation from AtCDF1. In Arabidopsis, CDFs act in a redundant manner, and the same is likely true of temperate legumes as no flowering time phenotypes were observed when MtCDFd1_1 or other MtCDFs were knocked out in Medicago Tnt1 lines. Nevertheless, overexpression of MtCDFd1_1 in Medicago plants resulted in late flowering relative to wild type in inductive vernalized long-day (VLD) conditions, but not in vernalized short days (VSDs), rendering them day neutral. Expression of MtCO-like genes was not affected in the transgenic lines, but LD-induced genes MtFTa1, MtFTb1, MtFTb2, and MtSOC1a showed reduced expression. Plants carrying both the Mtfta1 mutation and 35S:MtCDFd1_1 flowered no later than the Mtfta1 plants. This indicates that 35S:MtCDFd1_1 likely influences flowering in VLD via repressive effects on MtFTa1 expression. Overall, our study implicates MtCDF genes in photoperiodic regulation in Medicago by working redundantly to repress FT-like genes, particularly MtFTa1, but in a CO-independent manner, indicating differences from the Arabidopsis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Jiang
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey Thomson
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Megan Kerr-Phillips
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chau Phan
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thorben Krueger
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mauren Jaudal
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | | | - Joanna Putterill
- The Flowering Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Ortega R, Hecht VFG, Freeman JS, Rubio J, Carrasquilla-Garcia N, Mir RR, Penmetsa RV, Cook DR, Millan T, Weller JL. Altered Expression of an FT Cluster Underlies a Major Locus Controlling Domestication-Related Changes to Chickpea Phenology and Growth Habit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:824. [PMID: 31333691 PMCID: PMC6616154 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time is a key trait in breeding and crop evolution, due to its importance for adaptation to different environments and for yield. In the particular case of chickpea, selection for early phenology was essential for the successful transition of this species from a winter to a summer crop. Here, we used genetic and expression analyses in two different inbred populations to examine the genetic control of domestication-related differences in flowering time and growth habit between domesticated chickpea and its wild progenitor Cicer reticulatum. A single major quantitative trait locus for flowering time under short-day conditions [Days To Flower (DTF)3A] was mapped to a 59-gene interval on chromosome three containing a cluster of three FT genes, which collectively showed upregulated expression in domesticated relative to wild parent lines. An equally strong association with growth habit suggests a pleiotropic effect of the region on both traits. These results indicate the likely molecular explanation for the characteristic early flowering of domesticated chickpea, and the previously described growth habit locus Hg. More generally, they point to de-repression of this specific gene cluster as a conserved mechanism for achieving adaptive early phenology in temperate legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Ortega
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Jules S. Freeman
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Josefa Rubio
- E. Genomica y Biotecnologia, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Reyazul Rouf Mir
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - R. Varma Penmetsa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Douglas R. Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Teresa Millan
- Department of Genetics ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - James L. Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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14
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Thomson G, Taylor J, Putterill J. The transcriptomic response to a short day to long day shift in leaves of the reference legume Medicago truncatula. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6626. [PMID: 30923654 PMCID: PMC6432905 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoperiodic flowering aligns plant reproduction to favourable seasons of the year to maximise successful production of seeds and grains. However understanding of this process in the temperate legumes of the Fabaceae family, which are important both agriculturally and ecologically, is incomplete. Previous work in the reference legume Medicago truncatula has shown that the FT-like gene MtFTa1 is a potent floral activator. While MtFTa1 is upregulated by long-day photoperiods (LD) and vernalisation, the molecular basis of this is unknown as functional homologues of key regulatory genes present in other species, notably CONSTANS in A. thaliana, have not been identified. In LD MtFTa1 maintains a near constant diurnal pattern of expression unlike its homologue FT in A. thaliana, which has a notable peak in expression at dusk. This suggests a different manner of regulation. Furthermore, M. truncatula possesses other FT-like genes such as two LD induced MtFTb genes which may also act in the regulation of flowering time. MtFTb genes have a diurnal pattern of expression with peaks at both four and sixteen hours after dawn. This study utilises RNA-Seq to analyse the transcriptome of M. truncatula leaves to identify genes which may regulate or be co-expressed with these FT-like genes following a shift from short-day photoperiods to inductive long-days. Specifically this study focuses on the first four hours of the day in the young leaves, which coincides with the first diurnal peak of the FTb genes. Following differential expression analysis at each timepoint, genes which alter their pattern of expression are distinguished from those which just alter their magnitude of expression (and those that do neither). It goes on to categorise these genes into groups with similar patterns of expression using c-means clustering and identifies a number of potential candidate photoperiod flowering time genes for future studies to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Thomson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna Putterill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Toda Y, Kudo T, Kinoshita T, Nakamichi N. Evolutionary Insight into the Clock-Associated PRR5 Transcriptional Network of Flowering Plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2983. [PMID: 30814643 PMCID: PMC6393427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks regulate the daily timing of metabolic, physiological, and behavioral activities to adapt organisms to day-night cycles. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, transcript-translational feedback loops (TTFL) constitute the circadian clock, which is conserved among flowering plants. Arabidopsis TTFL directly regulates key genes in the clock-output pathways, whereas the pathways for clock-output control in other plants is largely unknown. Here, we propose that the transcriptional networks of clock-associated pseudo-response regulators (PRRs) are conserved among flowering plants. Most PRR genes from Arabidopsis, poplar, and rice encode potential transcriptional repressors. The PRR5-target-like gene group includes genes that encode key transcription factors for flowering time regulation, cell elongation, and chloroplast gene expression. The 5'-upstream regions of PRR5-target-like genes from poplar and rice tend to contain G-box-like elements that are potentially recognized by PRRs in vivo as has been shown in Arabidopsis. Expression of PRR5-target-like genes from poplar and rice tends to decrease when PRRs are expressed, possibly suggesting that the transcriptional network of PRRs is evolutionarily conserved in these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Toda
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0022, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Toru Kudo
- Metabologenomics, Inc., 246-2 Mizukami Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Norihito Nakamichi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-molecules, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
- Graduate School of Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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16
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Functional Genomics and Flowering Time in Medicago truncatula: An Overview. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2018; 1822:261-271. [PMID: 30043309 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8633-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Flowering time is an important trait that influences adaptation and yield in many crop legumes. Both the inherent earliness of flowering and the degree to which it is responsive to environmental factors determine both the eco-geographic range across which crops can be successfully grown and the seasonal cycles most suitable for production. This chapter will provide a brief review of studies investigating the genetic control of flowering time in Medicago truncatula.
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17
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Kurokura T, Samad S, Koskela E, Mouhu K, Hytönen T. Fragaria vesca CONSTANS controls photoperiodic flowering and vegetative development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4839-4850. [PMID: 29048562 PMCID: PMC5853477 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the external coincidence model, photoperiodic flowering occurs when CONSTANS (CO) mRNA expression coincides with light in the afternoon of long days (LDs), leading to the activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). CO has evolved in Brassicaceae from other Group Ia CO-like (COL) proteins which do not control photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis. COLs in other species have evolved different functions as floral activators or even as repressors. To understand photoperiodic development in the perennial rosaceous model species woodland strawberry, we functionally characterized FvCO, the only Group Ia COL in its genome. We demonstrate that FvCO has a major role in the photoperiodic control of flowering and vegetative reproduction through runners. FvCO is needed to generate a bimodal rhythm of FvFT1 which encodes a floral activator in the LD accession Hawaii-4: a sharp FvCO expression peak at dawn is followed by the FvFT1 morning peak in LDs indicating possible direct regulation, but additional factors that may include FvGI and FvFKF1 are probably needed to schedule the second FvFT1 peak around dusk. These results demonstrate that although FvCO and FvFT1 play major roles in photoperiodic development, the CO-based external coincidence around dusk is not fully applicable to the woodland strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kurokura
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AS, UK
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Samia Samad
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elli Koskela
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Mouhu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Hytönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
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18
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Goralogia GS, Liu T, Zhao L, Panipinto PM, Groover ED, Bains YS, Imaizumi T. CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 represses transcription through the TOPLESS co-repressor to control photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:244-262. [PMID: 28752516 PMCID: PMC5634919 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1 (CDF1) and its homologs play an important role in the floral transition by repressing the expression of floral activator genes such as CONSTANS (CO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis. The day-length-specific removal of CDF1-dependent repression is a critical mechanism in photoperiodic flowering. However, the mechanism by which CDF1 represses CO and FT transcription remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that Arabidopsis CDF proteins contain non-EAR motif-like conserved domains required for interaction with the TOPLESS (TPL) co-repressor protein. This TPL interaction confers a repressive function on CDF1, as mutations of the N-terminal TPL binding domain largely impair the ability of CDF1 protein to repress its targets. TPL proteins are present on specific regions of the CO and FT promoters where CDF1 binds during the morning. In addition, TPL binding increases when CDF1 expression is elevated, suggesting that TPL is recruited to these promoters in a time-dependent fashion by CDFs. Moreover, reduction of TPL activity induced by expressing a dominant negative version of TPL (tpl-1) in phloem companion cells results in early flowering and a decreased sensitivity to photoperiod in a manner similar to a cdf loss-of-function mutant. Our results indicate that the mechanism of CDF1 repression is through the formation of a CDF-TPL transcriptional complex, which reduces the expression levels of CO and FT during the morning for seasonal flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S. Goralogia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Tongkun Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Paul M. Panipinto
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Evan D. Groover
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Yashkarn S. Bains
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
- For correspondence:
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19
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Serrano-Bueno G, Romero-Campero FJ, Lucas-Reina E, Romero JM, Valverde F. Evolution of photoperiod sensing in plants and algae. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 37:10-17. [PMID: 28391047 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Measuring day length confers a strong fitness improvement to photosynthetic organisms as it allows them to anticipate light phases and take the best decisions preceding diurnal transitions. In close association with signals from the circadian clock and the photoreceptors, photoperiodic sensing constitutes also a precise way to determine the passing of the seasons and to take annual decisions such as the best time to flower or the beginning of dormancy. Photoperiodic sensing in photosynthetic organisms is ancient and two major stages in its evolution could be identified, the cyanobacterial time sensing and the evolutionary tool kit that arose in green algae and developed into the photoperiodic system of modern plants. The most recent discoveries about the evolution of the perception of light, measurement of day length and relationship with the circadian clock along the evolution of the eukaryotic green lineage will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Serrano-Bueno
- Plant Development Unit, Institute for Plan Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 49th, Americo Vespucio Av., 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco J Romero-Campero
- Plant Development Unit, Institute for Plan Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 49th, Americo Vespucio Av., 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Lucas-Reina
- Plant Development Unit, Institute for Plan Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 49th, Americo Vespucio Av., 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose M Romero
- Plant Development Unit, Institute for Plan Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 49th, Americo Vespucio Av., 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Federico Valverde
- Plant Development Unit, Institute for Plan Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 49th, Americo Vespucio Av., 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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20
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Rubenach AJS, Hecht V, Vander Schoor JK, Liew LC, Aubert G, Burstin J, Weller JL. EARLY FLOWERING3 Redundancy Fine-Tunes Photoperiod Sensitivity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:2253-2264. [PMID: 28202598 PMCID: PMC5373058 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Three pea (Pisum sativum) loci controlling photoperiod sensitivity, HIGH RESPONSE (HR), DIE NEUTRALIS (DNE), and STERILE NODES (SN), have recently been shown to correspond to orthologs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) circadian clock genes EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3), ELF4, and LUX ARRHYTHMO, respectively. A fourth pea locus, PHOTOPERIOD (PPD), also contributes to the photoperiod response in a similar manner to SN and DNE, and recessive ppd mutants on a spring-flowering hr mutant background show early, photoperiod-insensitive flowering. However, the molecular identity of PPD has so far remained elusive. Here, we show that the PPD locus also has a role in maintenance of diurnal and circadian gene expression rhythms and identify PPD as an ELF3 co-ortholog, termed ELF3b Genetic interactions between pea ELF3 genes suggest that loss of PPD function does not affect flowering time in the presence of functional HR, whereas PPD can compensate only partially for the lack of HR These results provide an illustration of how gene duplication and divergence can generate potential for the emergence of more subtle variations in phenotype that may be adaptively significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Rubenach
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (A.J.S.R., V.H., J.K.V., L.C.L., J.L.W.); and
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, F-21065, Dijon, France (G.A., J.B.)
| | - Valérie Hecht
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (A.J.S.R., V.H., J.K.V., L.C.L., J.L.W.); and
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, F-21065, Dijon, France (G.A., J.B.)
| | - Jacqueline K Vander Schoor
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (A.J.S.R., V.H., J.K.V., L.C.L., J.L.W.); and
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, F-21065, Dijon, France (G.A., J.B.)
| | - Lim Chee Liew
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (A.J.S.R., V.H., J.K.V., L.C.L., J.L.W.); and
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, F-21065, Dijon, France (G.A., J.B.)
| | - Gregoire Aubert
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (A.J.S.R., V.H., J.K.V., L.C.L., J.L.W.); and
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, F-21065, Dijon, France (G.A., J.B.)
| | - Judith Burstin
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (A.J.S.R., V.H., J.K.V., L.C.L., J.L.W.); and
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, F-21065, Dijon, France (G.A., J.B.)
| | - James L Weller
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (A.J.S.R., V.H., J.K.V., L.C.L., J.L.W.); and
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, F-21065, Dijon, France (G.A., J.B.)
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