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Zhang H, Cheng L, Ju F. In vitro and silico studies of geraniin interfering with HSV-2 replication by targeting glycoprotein D. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2053-2059. [PMID: 37585693 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2241153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Residues ASN94 and GLN41 presented the highest frequency in molecular docking tests. The geraniin-glycoprotein D(gD) complexes was stable with RMSD(root mean square deviation)value less than 0.3 nm. The Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations revealed stable hydrogen bonds between gD and geraniin. Root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) values were less than 0.15 nm around the interface of geraniin-gD complex. In virucidal assays showed a much higher anti-HSV-2 inhibition activity of geraniin as compared to acyclovir(ACV).Human immunodeficiency virus transactivator (HIV-TAT) treatment significantly enhanced HSV-2 replication and lethal effect on HaCaT cells. The inhibitory rate of geraniin against HSV-2 coinfected with HIV-TAT was significantly decreased. The immunofluorescence results also revealed that HSV-2 gD expression presented a green fluorescence on HaCaT cells membranes and showed clear downregulation in geraniin-treated cells, but was expressed clearly on cell membranes under geraniin, HSV-2 and HIV-TAT cotreatment. The anti-apoptotic effect from geraniin persisted after 72 h, while the anti-apoptotic effect from geraniin diminished when HIV-TAT and geraniin were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Infection Medicine, Wuxi No.5 People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Tuberculosis Medicine, Wuxi No.5 People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuxi No.5 People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
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2
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Seyfizadeh N, Kalbermatter D, Imhof T, Ries M, Müller C, Jenner L, Blumenschein E, Yendrzheyevskiy A, Grün F, Moog K, Eckert D, Engel R, Diebolder P, Chami M, Krauss J, Schaller T, Arndt M. Development of a highly effective combination monoclonal antibody therapy against Herpes simplex virus. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:56. [PMID: 38807208 PMCID: PMC11134845 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 or -2 usually present as mild chronic recurrent disease, however in rare cases can result in life-threatening conditions with a large spectrum of pathology. Monoclonal antibody therapy has great potential especially to treat infections with virus resistant to standard therapies. HDIT101, a humanized IgG targeting HSV-1/2 gB was previously investigated in phase 2 clinical trials. The aim of this study was to develop a next-generation therapy by combining different antiviral monoclonal antibodies. METHODS A lymph-node derived phage display library (LYNDAL) was screened against recombinant gB from Herpes simplex virus (HSV) -1 and HDIT102 scFv was selected for its binding characteristics using bio-layer interferometry. HDIT102 was further developed as fully human IgG and tested alone or in combination with HDIT101, a clinically tested humanized anti-HSV IgG, in vitro and in vivo. T-cell stimulating activities by antigen-presenting cells treated with IgG-HSV immune complexes were analyzed using primary human cells. To determine the epitopes, the cryo-EM structures of HDIT101 or HDIT102 Fab bound to HSV-1F as well as HSV-2G gB protein were solved at resolutions < 3.5 Å. RESULTS HDIT102 Fab showed strong binding to HSV-1F gB with Kd of 8.95 × 10-11 M and to HSV-2G gB with Kd of 3.29 × 10-11 M. Neutralization of cell-free virus and inhibition of cell-to-cell spread were comparable between HDIT101 and HDIT102. Both antibodies induced internalization of gB from the cell surface into acidic endosomes by binding distinct epitopes in domain I of gB and compete for binding. CryoEM analyses revealed the ability to form heterogenic immune complexes consisting of two HDIT102 and one HDIT101 Fab bound to one gB trimeric molecule. Both antibodies mediated antibody-dependent phagocytosis by antigen presenting cells which stimulated autologous T-cell activation. In vivo, the combination of HDIT101 and HDIT102 demonstrated synergistic effects on survival and clinical outcome in immunocompetent BALB/cOlaHsd mice. CONCLUSION This biochemical and immunological study showcases the potential of an effective combination therapy with two monoclonal anti-gB IgGs for the treatment of HSV-1/2 induced disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Seyfizadeh
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - David Kalbermatter
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, Basel, CH - 4056, Switzerland
- Present address: University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, Balzerstrasse 2, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Imhof
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Moritz Ries
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Leonie Jenner
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Grün
- Vanudis GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Kevin Moog
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Daniel Eckert
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Ronja Engel
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Philipp Diebolder
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Present address: Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, Neuried, 82061, Germany
| | - Mohamed Chami
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, Basel, CH - 4056, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Michaela Arndt
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany.
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3
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Eskew MW, Reardon P, Benight AS. DNA-based assay for calorimetric determination of protein concentrations in pure or mixed solutions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298969. [PMID: 38427623 PMCID: PMC10906865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported that values of the transition heat capacities, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, for two globular proteins and a short DNA hairpin in NaCl buffer are essentially equivalent, at equal concentrations (mg/mL). To validate the broad applicability of this phenomenon, additional evidence for this equivalence is presented that reveals it does not depend on DNA sequence, buffer salt, or transition temperature (Tm). Based on the equivalence of transition heat capacities, a calorimetric method was devised to determine protein concentrations in pure and complex solutions. The scheme uses direct comparisons between the thermodynamic stability of a short DNA hairpin standard of known concentration, and thermodynamic stability of protein solutions of unknown concentrations. Sequences of two DNA hairpins were designed to confer a near 20°C difference in their Tm values. In all cases, evaluated protein concentrations determined from the DNA standard curves agreed with the UV-Vis concentration for monomeric proteins. For multimeric proteins evaluated concentrations were greater than determined by UV-Vis suggesting the calorimetric approach can also be an indicator of molecular stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Eskew
- ThermoCap Laboratories Inc, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Patrick Reardon
- OSU NMR Facility, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Albert S. Benight
- ThermoCap Laboratories Inc, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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4
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Schump MD, Bernstein DI, Bravo FJ, Neff CP. Selection, activity, and nuclease stabilization of cross-neutralizing DNA aptamers targeting HSV-1 and HSV-2. Virology 2024; 589:109916. [PMID: 37925791 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cross-neutralizing aptamers targeting both HSV-1 and HSV-2 were developed by selecting against the ectodomains of glycoprotein D (gD) from both viruses in parallel as well as sequentially using the SELEX method. Since gD facilitates viral invasion, sterically blocking the host-receptor interaction prevents infection. Candidate aptamers were screened, and lead aptamers were identified that exhibited exceptional neutralizing activity against both viruses in vitro. The specificity of the aptamers was confirmed by comparing their activity to scrambled versions of themselves. Modifications of the lead compounds were tested to define critical motifs to guide development. Stability of the aptamers was increased using phosphorothioate backbone linkages, and 2' methoxy substitutions of terminal and key internal bases. Aptamers were applied in a guinea pig vaginal HSV-2 infection model and found to reduce both the viral load of infected animals and the severity of the resulting disease. These results suggest that cross-neutralizing aptamers can be developed into on-demand antiviral interventions effective against both HSV-1 and HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schump
- Apspeeda Biosciences, 12635 E. Montview Blvd., Ste 100, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fernando J Bravo
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles P Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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5
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Rahangdale R, Tender T, Balireddy S, Goswami K, Pasupuleti M, Hariharapura RC. A critical review on antiviral peptides derived from viral glycoproteins and host receptors to decoy herpes simplex virus. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2036-2052. [PMID: 37740682 PMCID: PMC10616652 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of the human population has been continuously challenged by viral infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the common causes of illness and can lead to death in immunocompromised patients. Existing anti-HSV therapies are not completely successful in eliminating the infection due to anti-viral drug resistance, ineffectiveness against the latent virus and high toxicity over prolonged use. There is a need to update our knowledge of the current challenges faced in anti-HSV therapeutics and realize the necessity of developing alternative treatment approaches. Protein therapeutics are now being explored as a novel approach due to their high specificity and low toxicity. This review highlights the significance of HSV viral glycoproteins and host receptors in the pathogenesis of HSV infection. Proteins or peptides derived from HSV glycoproteins gC, gB, gD, gH and host cell receptors (HSPG, nectin and HVEM) that act as decoys to inhibit HSV attachment, entry, or fusion have been discussed. Few researchers have tried to improve the efficacy and stability of the identified peptides by modifying them using a peptidomimetic approach. With these efforts, we think developing an alternative treatment option for immunocompromised patients and drug-resistant organisms is not far off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Rahangdale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Tenzin Tender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sridevi Balireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Kamini Goswami
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Drug Research InstituteLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
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6
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Eskew MW, Reardon PW, Benight AS. Calorimetric analysis using DNA thermal stability to determine protein concentration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559360. [PMID: 37808849 PMCID: PMC10557601 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
It was recently reported for two globular proteins and a short DNA hairpin in NaCl buffer that values of the transition heat capacities, Cp,DNA and Cp,PRO, for equal concentrations (mg/mL) of DNA and proteins, are essentially equivalent (differ by less than 1%). Additional evidence for this equivalence is presented that reveals this phenomenon does not depend on DNA sequence, buffer salt, or Tm. Sequences of two DNA hairpins were designed to confer a near 20°C difference in their Tm's. For the molecules, in NaCl and CsCl buffer the evaluated Cp,PRO and Cp,DNA were equivalent. Based on the equivalence of transition heat capacities, a calorimetric method was devised to determine protein concentrations in pure and complex solutions. The scheme uses direct comparisons between the thermodynamic stability of a short DNA hairpin standard of known concentration, and thermodynamic stability of protein solutions of unknown concentrations. In all cases, evaluated protein concentrations determined from the DNA standard curve agreed with the UV-Vis concentration for monomeric proteins. For samples of multimeric proteins, streptavidin (tetramer), Herpes Simplex Virus glycoprotein D (trimer/dimer), and a 16 base pair DNA duplex (dimer), evaluated concentrations were greater than determined by UV-Vis by factors of 3.94, 2.65, and 2.15, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Eskew
- ThermoCap Laboratories Inc, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Albert S. Benight
- ThermoCap Laboratories Inc, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
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7
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Wang X, Shen Y, Wan X, Hu X, Cai WQ, Wu Z, Xin Q, Liu X, Gui J, Xin HY, Xin HW. Oncolytic virotherapy evolved into the fourth generation as tumor immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:500. [PMID: 37491263 PMCID: PMC10369732 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising anti-tumor modality that utilizes oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially attack cancers rather than normal tissues. With the understanding particularly in the characteristics of viruses and tumor cells, numerous innovative OVs have been engineered to conquer cancers, such as Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and tasadenoturev (DNX-2401). However, the therapeutic safety and efficacy must be further optimized and balanced to ensure the superior safe and efficient OVT in clinics, and reasonable combination therapy strategies are also important challenges worthy to be explored. MAIN BODY Here we provided a critical review of the development history and status of OVT, emphasizing the mechanisms of enhancing both safety and efficacy. We propose that oncolytic virotherapy has evolved into the fourth generation as tumor immunotherapy. Particularly, to arouse T cells by designing OVs expressing bi-specific T cell activator (BiTA) is a promising strategy of killing two birds with one stone. Amazing combination of therapeutic strategies of OVs and immune cells confers immense potential for managing cancers. Moreover, the attractive preclinical OVT addressed recently, and the OVT in clinical trials were systematically reviewed. CONCLUSION OVs, which are advancing into clinical trials, are being envisioned as the frontier clinical anti-tumor agents coming soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Yihua Shen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xingxia Wan
- College of Arts and Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Qi Cai
- Xinzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (Xinzhou), Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Zijun Wu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- School of Graduate Students, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Jingang Gui
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hong-Yi Xin
- The Doctoral Scientific Research Center, People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Guangdong, 524400, China.
- The Doctoral Scientific Research Center, Affiliated People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524400, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
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8
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Zhong L, Zhang W, Krummenacher C, Chen Y, Zheng Q, Zhao Q, Zeng MS, Xia N, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhang X. Targeting herpesvirus entry complex and fusogen glycoproteins with prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00077-X. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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9
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Engineering antiviral immune-like systems for autonomous virus detection and inhibition in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7629. [PMID: 36494373 PMCID: PMC9734111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that viral diseases represent an enormous public health and economic threat to mankind and that individuals with compromised immune systems are at greater risk of complications and death from viral diseases. The development of broad-spectrum antivirals is an important part of pandemic preparedness. Here, we have engineer a series of designer cells which we term autonomous, intelligent, virus-inducible immune-like (ALICE) cells as sense-and-destroy antiviral system. After developing a destabilized STING-based sensor to detect viruses from seven different genera, we have used a synthetic signal transduction system to link viral detection to the expression of multiple antiviral effector molecules, including antiviral cytokines, a CRISPR-Cas9 module for viral degradation and the secretion of a neutralizing antibody. We perform a proof-of-concept study using multiple iterations of our ALICE system in vitro, followed by in vivo functionality testing in mice. We show that dual output ALICESaCas9+Ab system delivered by an AAV-vector inhibited viral infection in herpetic simplex keratitis (HSK) mouse model. Our work demonstrates that viral detection and antiviral countermeasures can be paired for intelligent sense-and-destroy applications as a flexible and innovative method against virus infection.
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10
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Backes IM, Byrd BK, Slein MD, Patel CD, Taylor SA, Garland CR, MacDonald SW, Balazs AB, Davis SC, Ackerman ME, Leib DA. Maternally transferred mAbs protect neonatal mice from HSV-induced mortality and morbidity. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220110. [PMID: 36156707 PMCID: PMC9516843 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal herpes simplex virus (nHSV) infections often result in significant mortality and neurological morbidity despite antiviral drug therapy. Maternally transferred herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific antibodies reduce the risk of clinically overt nHSV, but this observation has not been translationally applied. Using a neonatal mouse model, we tested the hypothesis that passive transfer of HSV-specific human mAbs can prevent mortality and morbidity associated with nHSV. The mAbs were expressed in vivo via vectored immunoprophylaxis or recombinantly. Through these maternally derived routes or through direct administration to pups, diverse mAbs to HSV glycoprotein D protected against neonatal HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. Using in vivo bioluminescent imaging, both pre- and post-exposure mAb treatment significantly reduced viral load in mouse pups. Together these studies support the notion that HSV-specific mAb-based therapies could prevent or improve HSV infection outcomes in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara M. Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Brook K. Byrd
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Matthew D. Slein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Chaya D. Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Sean A. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Callaghan R. Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | | | | | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - David A. Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
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11
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Backes IM, Leib DA, Ackerman ME. Monoclonal antibody therapy of herpes simplex virus: An opportunity to decrease congenital and perinatal infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959603. [PMID: 36016956 PMCID: PMC9398215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal/neonatal period represents both a unique window of opportunity for interventions as well as vulnerability to a number of viral infections. While Herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) are highly prevalent and typically of little consequence among healthy adults, they are among the most consequential infections of early life. Despite treatment with antiviral drugs, neonatal HSV (nHSV) infections can still result in significant mortality and lifelong neurological morbidity. Fortunately, newborns in our pathogen-rich world inherit some of the protection provided by the maternal immune system in the form of transferred antibodies. Maternal seropositivity, resulting in placental transfer of antibodies capable of neutralizing virus and eliciting the diverse effector functions of the innate immune system are associated with dramatically decreased risk of nHSV. Given this clear epidemiological evidence of reduced risk of infection and its sequelae, we present what is known about the ability of monoclonal antibody therapies to treat or prevent HSV infection and explore how effective antibody-based interventions in conjunction with antiviral therapy might reduce early life mortality and long-term morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara M Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - David A Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Horton MS, Minnier M, Cosmi S, Cox K, Galli J, Peters J, Sullivan N, Squadroni B, Tang A, Fridman A, Wang D, Chen Z, Vora KA. Development of a microneutralization assay for HSV-2. J Virol Methods 2021; 297:114268. [PMID: 34437874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) is the standard assay used for measuring neutralizing antibody responses to Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2). The PRNT is a cumbersome, time-consuming and laborious assay. The development of a faster, high throughput microneutralization assay (MNA) for HSV-2 viruses carried out in a 96-well format will allow for rapid testing of large numbers of samples for drug and vaccine development. METHODS We describe the generation of a MNA that utilizes a pair of anti-HSV human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for virus detection in HSV-2 infected Vero cells. Antibodies were generated by B-cell cloning from PBMC's isolated from HSV-1 negative/HSV-2 positive donors. We describe the selection and characterization of the antibodies used for virus detection by ELISA with purified, recombinant anti-HSV glycoproteins, antibody binding in infected cells, and Western Blot. We determine the anti-HSV-2 neutralizing titers of immune sera from mice by MNA and PRNT and compare these results by linear regression analysis. RESULTS We show that neutralization titers for HSV-2, determined by the 96-well MNA correlate with titers determined by a PRNT completed in 24-well plates in both the absence (R2 = 0.8250) and presence (R2 = 0.7075) of complement. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully developed an MNA that can be used in place of the burdensome PRNT to determine anti-HSV-2 neutralizing activity in serum. This MNA has much greater throughput than the PRNT, allowing many more samples to be processed in a shorter time saving ∼90 % of the time required by the laboratory scientist to complete the task as compared to the traditional PRNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Horton
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA.
| | | | - Scott Cosmi
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Professional Scientific Service, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Kara Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Galli
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Peters
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Professional Scientific Service, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Sullivan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Brian Squadroni
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Aimin Tang
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Arthur Fridman
- Scientific Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Dai Wang
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
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13
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Magar R, Yadav P, Barati Farimani A. Potential neutralizing antibodies discovered for novel corona virus using machine learning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5261. [PMID: 33664393 PMCID: PMC7970853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fast and untraceable virus mutations take lives of thousands of people before the immune system can produce the inhibitory antibody. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 infected and killed thousands of people in the world. Rapid methods in finding peptides or antibody sequences that can inhibit the viral epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 will save the life of thousands. To predict neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 in a high-throughput manner, in this paper, we use different machine learning (ML) model to predict the possible inhibitory synthetic antibodies for SARS-CoV-2. We collected 1933 virus-antibody sequences and their clinical patient neutralization response and trained an ML model to predict the antibody response. Using graph featurization with variety of ML methods, like XGBoost, Random Forest, Multilayered Perceptron, Support Vector Machine and Logistic Regression, we screened thousands of hypothetical antibody sequences and found nine stable antibodies that potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2. We combined bioinformatics, structural biology, and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to verify the stability of the candidate antibodies that can inhibit SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Magar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Prakarsh Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Amir Barati Farimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Magar R, Yadav P, Barati Farimani A. Potential neutralizing antibodies discovered for novel corona virus using machine learning. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5261. [PMID: 33664393 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.14.992156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The fast and untraceable virus mutations take lives of thousands of people before the immune system can produce the inhibitory antibody. The recent outbreak of COVID-19 infected and killed thousands of people in the world. Rapid methods in finding peptides or antibody sequences that can inhibit the viral epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 will save the life of thousands. To predict neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 in a high-throughput manner, in this paper, we use different machine learning (ML) model to predict the possible inhibitory synthetic antibodies for SARS-CoV-2. We collected 1933 virus-antibody sequences and their clinical patient neutralization response and trained an ML model to predict the antibody response. Using graph featurization with variety of ML methods, like XGBoost, Random Forest, Multilayered Perceptron, Support Vector Machine and Logistic Regression, we screened thousands of hypothetical antibody sequences and found nine stable antibodies that potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2. We combined bioinformatics, structural biology, and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to verify the stability of the candidate antibodies that can inhibit SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Magar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Prakarsh Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Amir Barati Farimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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15
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Singh VK, Kumar S, Dhaked RK, Ansari AS, Lohiya NK, Tapryal S. Generation of oligomers of subunit vaccine candidate glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 expressed in fusion with IgM Fc domain(s) in Escherichia coli: A strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigen. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:463. [PMID: 33047090 PMCID: PMC7541101 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein D (gD) of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 is used as an antigen in various anti-herpes subunit vaccines owing to its involvement in binding the host cell receptors for host infectivity. However, most of these monomeric protein based candidates have shown low immunogenicity in animal models. To enhance the immunogenicity of gD, a fresh approach of fusing its ectodomain with the Fc domain(s) of IgM has been adopted to oligomerize the viral antigen and to exploite the immune-modulating potential of IgM Fc. Six vaccine constructs, generated by fusing three gD-ectodomain-length-variants with the Ig µ-chain domain 4 (µCH4) and µCH3-CH4 fragment, were cloned in Escherichia coli using pET28b( +) vector. The vaccine proteins were expressed in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs) and were in vitro refolded into protein oligomers of high stoichiometries of ~ 15–24, with 70–80% refolding yields. The conformations of gD and Fc components of the refolded oligomers were analyzed by ELISA and CD spectroscopy and were found to be native-like. The sizes and profiles of the size-distribution of oligomers were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The candidate C2 (gD-μCH3-CH4), showing the most compact oligomer size and uniform distribution of its particles was chosen as the suitable candidate for mice immunization studies to assess the immunogenicity of the antigen gD. The C2 oligomer stimulated a strong anti-gD humoral response with an antibody titer of 102,400 and a strong, biased Th1 immune response in C57BL/6 mice, indicating its potential as a strong immunogen which may serve as an effective vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| | - Rajeev Kumar Dhaked
- Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Abdul S. Ansari
- Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Nirmal K. Lohiya
- Indian Society for the Study of Reproduction and Fertility, Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Suman Tapryal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
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16
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous, double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that establish lifelong infections and cause a range of diseases. Entry into host cells requires binding of the virus to specific receptors, followed by the coordinated action of multiple viral entry glycoproteins to trigger membrane fusion. Although the core fusion machinery is conserved for all herpesviruses, each species uses distinct receptors and receptor-binding glycoproteins. Structural studies of the prototypical herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) entry glycoproteins have defined the interaction sites for glycoprotein complexes and receptors, and have revealed conformational changes that occur on receptor binding. Recent crystallography and electron microscopy studies have refined our model of herpesvirus entry into cells, clarifying both the conserved features and the unique features. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into herpesvirus entry by analysing the structures of entry glycoproteins, including the diverse receptor-binding glycoproteins (HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD), EBV glycoprotein 42 (gp42) and HCMV gH-gL-gO trimer and gH-gL-UL128-UL130-UL131A pentamer), as well gH-gL and the fusion protein gB, which are conserved in all herpesviruses.
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Synthesis, molecular modeling and antiviral activity of novel 5-fluoro-1H-indole-2,3-dione 3-thiosemicarbazones. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104202. [PMID: 32892069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, novel 5-fluoro-1-methyl/ethyl-1H-indole-2,3-dione 3-[4-(substituted phenyl)-thiosemicarbazones] 6a-n and 7a-n were synthesized. The antiviral effects of the compounds were tested against HSV-1 (KOS), HSV-2 (G) HSV-1 TK- KOS ACVr and VV in HEL cell cultures using acyclovir and ganciclovir as standards, and Coxsackie B4 virus in Vero cell cultures using ribavirin and mycophenolic acid as standards. R2 ethyl substituted 7 derivatives were found effective against viruses tested. R1 4-CF3 substituted 7d, R1 4-OCH3 substituted 7 g and R1 3-Cl substituted 7 l showed activity against HSV-1 (KOS), HSV-2 (G) HSV-1 TK- KOS ACVr and VV. Whereas only R1 4-Br substituted 7n has selective activity against coxsackie B4 virus. Molecular modelingstudies of 7d and 7l were performed to determine binding side on HSV-1 glycoprotein B and D, HSV-2 glycoprotein B structures.
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Brooks BD, Closmore A, Yang J, Holland M, Cairns T, Cohen GH, Bailey-Kellogg C. Characterizing Epitope Binding Regions of Entire Antibody Panels by Combining Experimental and Computational Analysis of Antibody: Antigen Binding Competition. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163659. [PMID: 32796656 PMCID: PMC7464469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and immunotherapies depend on the ability of antibodies to sensitively and specifically recognize particular antigens and specific epitopes on those antigens. As such, detailed characterization of antibody-antigen binding provides important information to guide development. Due to the time and expense required, high-resolution structural characterization techniques are typically used sparingly and late in a development process. Here, we show that antibody-antigen binding can be characterized early in a process for whole panels of antibodies by combining experimental and computational analyses of competition between monoclonal antibodies for binding to an antigen. Experimental "epitope binning" of monoclonal antibodies uses high-throughput surface plasmon resonance to reveal which antibodies compete, while a new complementary computational analysis that we call "dock binning" evaluates antibody-antigen docking models to identify why and where they might compete, in terms of possible binding sites on the antigen. Experimental and computational characterization of the identified antigenic hotspots then enables the refinement of the competitors and their associated epitope binding regions on the antigen. While not performed at atomic resolution, this approach allows for the group-level identification of functionally related monoclonal antibodies (i.e., communities) and identification of their general binding regions on the antigen. By leveraging extensive epitope characterization data that can be readily generated both experimentally and computationally, researchers can gain broad insights into the basis for antibody-antigen recognition in wide-ranging vaccine and immunotherapy discovery and development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Brooks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- Inovan Inc., Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-435-222-1403
| | - Adam Closmore
- Department of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Juechen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Michael Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Tina Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.C.); (G.H.C.)
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19
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Su X, Wang Q, Wen Y, Jiang S, Lu L. Protein- and Peptide-Based Virus Inactivators: Inactivating Viruses Before Their Entry Into Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1063. [PMID: 32523582 PMCID: PMC7261908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other highly pathogenic enveloped viruses, have threatened the global public health. Most antiviral drugs act as passive defenders to inhibit viral replication inside the cell, while a few of them function as gate keepers to combat viruses outside the cell, including fusion inhibitors, e.g., enfuvirtide, and receptor antagonists, e.g., maraviroc, as well as virus inactivators (including attachment inhibitors). Different from fusion inhibitors and receptor antagonists that must act in the presence of target cells, virus inactivators can actively inactivate cell-free virions in the blood, through interaction with one or more sites in the envelope glycoproteins (Envs) on virions. Notably, a number of protein- and peptide-based virus inactivators (PPVIs) under development are expected to have a better utilization rate than the current antiviral drugs and be safer for in vivo human application than the chemical-based virus inactivators. Here we have highlighted recent progress in developing PPVIs against several important enveloped viruses, including HIV, influenza virus, Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), and the potential use of PPVIs for urgent treatment of infection by newly emerging or re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Lee CC, Su YC, Ko TP, Lin LL, Yang CY, Chang SSC, Roffler SR, Wang AHJ. Structural basis of polyethylene glycol recognition by antibody. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:12. [PMID: 31907057 PMCID: PMC6945545 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used in industry and medicine. Anti-PEG antibodies have been developed for characterizing PEGylated drugs and other applications. However, the underlying mechanism for specific PEG binding has not been elucidated. Methods The Fab of two cognate anti-PEG antibodies 3.3 and 2B5 were each crystallized in complex with PEG, and their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The PEG-Fab interactions in these two crystals were analyzed and compared with those in a PEG-containing crystal of an unrelated anti-hemagglutinin 32D6-Fab. The PEG-binding stoichiometry was examined by using analytical ultracentrifuge (AUC). Results A common PEG-binding mode to 3.3 and 2B5 is seen with an S-shaped core PEG fragment bound to two dyad-related Fab molecules. A nearby satellite binding site may accommodate parts of a longer PEG molecule. The core PEG fragment mainly interacts with the heavy-chain residues D31, W33, L102, Y103 and Y104, making extensive contacts with the aromatic side chains. At the center of each half-circle of the S-shaped PEG, a water molecule makes alternating hydrogen bonds to the ether oxygen atoms, in a similar configuration to that of a crown ether-bound lysine. Each satellite fragment is clamped between two arginine residues, R52 from the heavy chain and R29 from the light chain, and also interacts with several aromatic side chains. In contrast, the non-specifically bound PEG fragments in the 32D6-Fab crystal are located in the elbow region or at lattice contacts. The AUC data suggest that 3.3-Fab exists as a monomer in PEG-free solution but forms a dimer in the presence of PEG-550-MME, which is about the size of the S-shaped core PEG fragment. Conclusions The differing amino acids in 3.3 and 2B5 are not involved in PEG binding but engaged in dimer formation. In particular, the light-chain residue K53 of 2B5-Fab makes significant contacts with the other Fab in a dimer, whereas the corresponding N53 of 3.3-Fab does not. This difference in the protein-protein interaction between two Fab molecules in a dimer may explain the temperature dependence of 2B5 in PEG binding, as well as its inhibition by crown ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ya Yang
- Medigen Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stanley Shi-Chung Chang
- Medigen Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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White EM, Stampfer SD, Heldwein EE. Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of HSV-1 Glycoproteins for Structure Determination. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:377-393. [PMID: 31617192 PMCID: PMC9903252 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses utilize glycoproteins displayed on the viral envelope to perform a variety of functions in the viral infectious cycle. Structural and functional studies of these viral glycoproteins can benefit from biochemical, biophysical, and structural analysis of purified proteins. Here, we describe a general protocol for expression and purification of viral glycoproteins from insect cells based on those developed for the HSV-1 gB and HSV-2 gH/gL ectodomains as well as the protocol for crystallization of these glycoproteins. This protocol can be used for generating milligram amounts of wild-type (WT) or mutant gB and gH/gL ectodomains or can be adapted to produce purified ectodomains of glycoproteins from HSV or other herpesviruses for biochemical and structural studies.
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22
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Surface Plasmon Resonance Reveals Direct Binding of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoproteins gH/gL to gD and Locates a gH/gL Binding Site on gD. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00289-19. [PMID: 31092568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00289-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) requires fusion between the viral envelope and host membrane. Four glycoproteins, gD, gH/gL, and gB, are essential for this process. To initiate fusion, gD binds its receptor and undergoes a conformational change that hypothetically leads to activation of gH/gL, which in turn triggers the fusion protein gB to undergo rearrangements leading to membrane fusion. Our model predicts that gD must interact with both its receptor and gH/gL to promote fusion. In support of this, we have shown that gD is structurally divided into two "faces": one for the binding receptor and the other for its presumed interaction with gH/gL. However, until now, we have been unable to demonstrate a direct interaction between gD and gH/gL. Here, we used surface plasmon resonance to show that the ectodomain of gH/gL binds directly to the ectodomain of gD when (i) gD is captured by certain anti-gD monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that are bound to a biosensor chip, (ii) gD is bound to either one of its receptors on a chip, and (iii) gD is covalently bound to the chip surface. To localize the gH/gL binding site on gD, we used multiple anti-gD MAbs from six antigenic communities and determined which ones interfered with this interaction. MAbs from three separate communities block gD-gH/gL binding, and their epitopes encircle a geographical area on gD that we propose comprises the gH/gL binding domain. Together, our results show that gH/gL interacts directly with gD, supporting a role for this step in HSV entry.IMPORTANCE HSV entry is a multistep process that requires the actions of four glycoproteins, gD, gH/gL, and gB. Our current model predicts that gD must interact with both its receptor and gH/gL to promote viral entry. Although we know a great deal about how gD binds its receptors, until now we have been unable to demonstrate a direct interaction between gD and gH/gL. Here, we used a highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance technique to clearly demonstrate that gD and gH/gL interact. Furthermore, using multiple MAbs with defined epitopes, we have delineated a domain on gD that is independent of that used for receptor binding and which likely represents the gH/gL interaction domain. Targeting this interaction to prevent fusion may enhance both therapeutic and vaccine strategies.
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23
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An Effective Neutralizing Antibody Against Influenza Virus H1N1 from Human B Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4546. [PMID: 30872685 PMCID: PMC6418199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a contagious acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus infection. Hemagglutinin (HA) is an important target in the therapeutic treatment and diagnostic detection of the influenza virus. Influenza A virus encompasses several different HA subtypes with different strains, which are constantly changing. In this study, we identified a fully human H1N1 neutralizing antibody (32D6) via an Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cell-based technology. 32D6 specifically neutralizes the clinically isolated H1N1 strains after the 2009 pandemic but not the earlier strains. The epitope was identified through X-ray crystallographic analysis of the 32D6-Fab/HA1 complex structure, which revealed a unique loop conformation located on the top surface of HA. The major region is composed of two peptide segments (residues 172-177 and 206-213), which form an abreast loop conformation. The residue T262 between the two loops forms a conformational epitope for recognition by 32D6. Three water molecules were observed at the interface of HA and the heavy chain, and they may constitute a stabilizing element for the 32D6-HA association. In addition, each 32D6-Fab is likely capable of blocking one HA trimer. This study provides important information on the strain specificity of 32D6 for the therapeutic treatment and detection of viral infection.
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24
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Chen L, Liu J, Shi L, Song Y, Song Y, Gao Y, Dong Y, Li L, Shen M, Zhai Y, Cao Z. Seasonal influence on TORCH infection and analysis of multi-positive samples with indirect immunofluorescence assay. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22828. [PMID: 30666721 PMCID: PMC6528586 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TORCH including the pathogens of Toxoplasma gondii (TOX), rubella virus (RV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes intrauterine infections and poses a worldwide threat to women especially in pregnancy. In this study, we described the seasonal difference in TORCH infection and analyzed the anti‐TORCH IgM multipositive serum samples by the indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA). Methods To observe the seasonal influence of the anti‐TORCH IgG and IgM antibodies, a retrospective study was conducted with 10 669 women (20–40 y old) before pregnancy from August 2016 to July 2017. Totally 199 ELISA anti‐TORCH IgM multipositive serum samples were further tested by IFAs for false‐positive analysis. Results The prevalence of positive HSV1‐IgM, RV‐IgM, HSV2‐IgM, CMV‐IgM, and TOX‐IgM in the present population was 6.30%, 2.55%, 1.94%, 1.24%, and 0.67%, respectively. Additionally, the prevalence of positive RV‐IgM, CMV‐IgM, and HSV1‐IgM was statistically different among four seasons, with the highest positive rates of RV‐IgM (4.12%) in autumn, CMV‐IgM (1.75%) in summer, and HSV1‐IgM (7.53%) in winter. The confirmatory IFAs showed that the positive rates of RUV‐IgM, CMV‐IgM, and HSV2‐IgM were significantly different from those in ELISA screening experiments. Interestingly, only 32.7% (65/199) of the TORCH IgM multipositive results were consistent with those by the IFA, indicating that cross‐reaction caused false positives were common in ELISA IgM antibody screening. Conclusion The TORCH infection displayed different prevalence among four seasons in our 12‐month retrospective study. The IgM multipositives by ELISA screening may need further confirmation analysis due to its relatively high cross‐reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Reference Laboratory, Medical System Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
| | - Yanhong Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Monoclonal Antibodies, Derived from Humans Vaccinated with the RV144 HIV Vaccine Containing the HVEM Binding Domain of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Glycoprotein D, Neutralize HSV Infection, Mediate Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity, and Protect Mice from Ocular Challenge with HSV-1. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00411-17. [PMID: 28701403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00411-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The RV144 HIV vaccine trial included a recombinant HIV glycoprotein 120 (gp120) construct fused to a small portion of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) so that the first 40 amino acids of gp120 were replaced by the signal sequence and the first 27 amino acids of the mature form of gD. This region of gD contains most of the binding site for HVEM, an HSV receptor important for virus infection of epithelial cells and lymphocytes. RV144 induced antibodies to HIV that were partially protective against infection, as well as antibodies to HSV. We derived monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from peripheral blood B cells of recipients of the RV144 HIV vaccine and showed that these antibodies neutralized HSV-1 infection in cells expressing HVEM, but not the other major virus receptor, nectin-1. The MAbs mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and mice that received the MAbs and were then challenged by corneal inoculation with HSV-1 had reduced eye disease, shedding, and latent infection. To our knowledge, this is the first description of MAbs derived from human recipients of a vaccine that specifically target the HVEM binding site of gD. In summary, we found that monoclonal antibodies derived from humans vaccinated with the HVEM binding domain of HSV-1 gD (i) neutralized HSV-1 infection in a cell receptor-specific manner, (ii) mediated ADCC, and (iii) reduced ocular disease in virus-infected mice.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) causes cold sores and neonatal herpes and is a leading cause of blindness. Despite many trials, no HSV vaccine has been approved. Nectin-1 and HVEM are the two major cellular receptors for HSV. These receptors are expressed at different levels in various tissues, and the role of each receptor in HSV pathogenesis is not well understood. We derived human monoclonal antibodies from persons who received the HIV RV144 vaccine that contained the HVEM binding domain of HSV-1 gD fused to HIV gp120. These antibodies were able to specifically neutralize HSV-1 infection in vitro via HVEM. Furthermore, we showed for the first time that HVEM-specific HSV-1 neutralizing antibodies protect mice from HSV-1 eye disease, indicating the critical role of HVEM in HSV-1 ocular infection.
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Cairns TM, Ditto NT, Lou H, Brooks BD, Atanasiu D, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH. Global sensing of the antigenic structure of herpes simplex virus gD using high-throughput array-based SPR imaging. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006430. [PMID: 28614387 PMCID: PMC5484518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While HSV-2 typically causes genital lesions, HSV-1 is increasingly the cause of genital herpes. In addition, neonatal HSV infections are associated with a high rate of mortality and HSV-2 may increase the risk for HIV or Zika infections, reinforcing the need to develop an effective vaccine. In the GSK Herpevac trial, doubly sero-negative women were vaccinated with a truncated form of gD2 [gD2(284t)], then examined for anti-gD serum titers and clinical manifestations of disease. Surprisingly, few vaccinees were protected against genital HSV-2 but 86% were protected from genital HSV-1. These observations suggest that subtle differences in gD structure might influence a protective response. To better understand the antigenic structure of gD and how it impacts a protective response, we previously utilized several key anti-gD monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to dissect epitopes in vaccinee sera. Several correlations were observed but the methodology limited the number of sera and mAbs that could be tested. Here, we used array-based surface plasmon imaging (SPRi) to simultaneously measure a larger number of protein-protein interactions. We carried out cross-competition or "epitope binning" studies with 39 anti-gD mAbs and four soluble forms of gD, including a form [gD2(285t)] that resembles the Herpevac antigen. The results from these experiments allowed us to organize the mAbs into four epitope communities. Notably, relationships within and between communities differed depending on the form of gD, and off-rate analysis suggested differences in mAb-gD avidity depending on the gD serotype and length. Together, these results show that gD1 and gD2 differ in their structural topography. Consistent with the Herpevac results, several mAbs that bind both gD1 and gD2 neutralize only HSV-1. Thus, this technology provides new insights into the antigenic structure of gD and provides a rationale as to how vaccination with a gD2 subunit may lead to protection from HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M. Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Noah T. Ditto
- Wasatch Microfluidics, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Huan Lou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Doina Atanasiu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roselyn J. Eisenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Clementi N, Cappelletti F, Criscuolo E, Castelli M, Mancini N, Burioni R, Clementi M. Role and potential therapeutic use of antibodies against herpetic infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:381-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Minaya MA, Korom M, Wang H, Belshe RB, Morrison LA. The herpevac trial for women: Sequence analysis of glycoproteins from viruses obtained from infected subjects. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176687. [PMID: 28448558 PMCID: PMC5407825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Herpevac Trial for Women revealed that three dose HSV-2 gD vaccine was 58% protective against culture-positive HSV-1 genital disease, but it was not protective against HSV-2 infection or disease. To determine whether vaccine-induced immune responses had selected for a particular gD sequence in strains infecting vaccine recipients compared with viruses infecting control subjects, genetic sequencing studies were carried out on viruses isolated from subjects infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2. We identified naturally occurring variants among the gD sequences obtained from 83 infected subjects. Unique or low frequency amino acid substitutions in the ectodomain of gD were found in 6 of 39 HSV-1-infected subjects and in 7 of 44 HSV-2-infected subjects. However, no consistent amino acid change was identified in isolates from gD-2 vaccine recipients compared with infected placebo recipients. gC and gE surround and partially shield gD from neutralizing antibody, and gB also participates closely in the viral entry process. Therefore, these genes were sequenced from a number of isolates to assess whether sequence variation may alter protein conformation and influence the virus strain’s capacity to be neutralized by vaccine-induced antibody. gC and gE genes sequenced from HSV-1-infected subjects showed more variability than their HSV-2 counterparts. The gB sequences of HSV-1 oral isolates resembled each other more than they did gB sequences rom genital isolates. Overall, however, comparison of glycoprotein sequences of viral isolates obtained from infected subjects did not reveal any singular selective pressure on the viral cell attachment protein or surrounding glycoproteins due to administration of gD-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Minaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria Korom
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Belshe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lynda A. Morrison
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bacteriophages and Their Immunological Applications against Infectious Threats. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3780697. [PMID: 28484722 PMCID: PMC5412166 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3780697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage therapy dates back almost a century, but the discovery of antibiotics led to a rapid decline in the interests and investments within this field of research. Recently, the novel threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria highlighted the alarming drop in research and development of new antibiotics: 16 molecules were discovered during 1983–87, 10 new therapeutics during the nineties, and only 5 between 2003 and 2007. Phages are therefore being reconsidered as alternative therapeutics. Phage display technique has proved to be extremely promising for the identification of effective antibodies directed against pathogens, as well as for vaccine development. At the same time, conventional phage therapy uses lytic bacteriophages for treatment of infections and recent clinical trials have shown great potential. Moreover, several other approaches have been developed in vitro and in vivo using phage-derived proteins as antibacterial agents. Finally, their use has also been widely considered for public health surveillance, as biosensor phages can be used to detect food and water contaminations and prevent bacterial epidemics. These novel approaches strongly promote the idea that phages and their proteins can be exploited as an effective weapon in the near future, especially in a world which is on the brink of a “postantibiotic era.”
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Clementi N, Criscuolo E, Cappelletti F, Quaranta P, Pistello M, Diotti RA, Sautto GA, Tarr AW, Mailland F, Concas D, Burioni R, Clementi M, Mancini N. Entry inhibition of HSV-1 and -2 protects mice from viral lethal challenge. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:48-61. [PMID: 28396205 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on inhibition of HSV-1 and -2 replication and pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo, through the selective targeting of the envelope glycoprotein D. Firstly, a human monoclonal antibody (Hu-mAb#33) was identified that could neutralise both HSV-1 and -2 at nM concentrations, including clinical isolates from patients affected by different clinical manifestations and featuring different susceptibility to acyclovir in vitro. Secondly, the potency of inhibition of both infection by cell-free viruses and cell-to-cell virus transmission was also assessed. Finally, mice receiving a single systemic injection of Hu-mAb#33 were protected from death and severe clinical manifestations following both ocular and vaginal HSV-1 and -2 lethal challenge. These results pave the way for further studies reassessing the importance of HSV entry as a novel target for therapeutic intervention and inhibition of cell-to-cell virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Quaranta
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta A Diotti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Life Sciences & NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniela Concas
- Wezen Bio AG, Fondation pour Recherches Medicales, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, Milan, Italy; Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Persson J, Zhang Y, Olafsdottir TA, Thörn K, Cairns TM, Wegmann F, Sattentau QJ, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Harandi AM. Nasal Immunization Confers High Avidity Neutralizing Antibody Response and Immunity to Primary and Recurrent Genital Herpes in Guinea Pigs. Front Immunol 2016; 7:640. [PMID: 28082979 PMCID: PMC5183738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections in both the developing and developed world. Following infection, individuals experience life-long latency associated with sporadic ulcerative outbreaks. Despite many efforts, no vaccine has yet been licensed for human use. Herein, we demonstrated that nasal immunization with an adjuvanted HSV-2 gD envelope protein mounts significant protection to primary infection as well as the establishment of latency and recurrent genital herpes in guinea pigs. Nasal immunization was shown to elicit specific T cell proliferative and IFN-γ responses as well as systemic and vaginal gD-specific IgG antibody (Ab) responses. Furthermore, systemic IgG Abs displayed potent HSV-2 neutralizing properties and high avidity. By employing a competitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis combined with a battery of known gD-specific neutralizing monoclonal Abs (MAbs), we showed that nasal immunization generated IgG Abs directed to two major discontinuous neutralizing epitopes of gD. These results highlight the potential of nasal immunization with an adjuvanted HSV-2 envelope protein for induction of protective immunity to primary and recurrent genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Persson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Thorunn A Olafsdottir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Karolina Thörn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Tina M Cairns
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | | | - Roselyn J Eisenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Gary H Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Ali M Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Jin Z, Sun T, Xia X, Wei Q, Song Y, Han Q, Chen Q, Hu J, Zhang J. Optimized Expression, Purification of Herpes B Virus gD Protein in Escherichia coli, and Production of Its Monoclonal Antibodies. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e32183. [PMID: 27226876 PMCID: PMC4877525 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.32183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes B virus (BV) is a zoonotic disease caused by double-stranded enveloped DNA virus with cercopithecidae as its natural host. The mortality rate of infected people could be up to 70% with fatal encephalitis and encephalomyelitis. Up to now, there are no effective treatments for BV infection. Among the various proteins encoded by monkey B virus, gD, a conserved structural protein, harbors important application value for serological diagnosis of frequent variations of the monkey B virus. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to expressed the gD protein of BV in Escherichia coli by a recombinant vector, and prepare specific monoclonal antibodies against gD of BV to pave the way for effective and quick diagnosis reagent research. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gD gene of BV was optimized by OptimWiz to improve codon usage bias and synthesis, and the recombinant plasmid, pET32a/gD, was constructed and expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3). The expressed fusion protein, His-gD, was purified and the BALB/c mice were immunized by this protein. Spleen cells from the immunized mice and SP2/0 myeloma cells were fused together, and the monoclonal cell strains were obtained by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening, followed by preparation of monoclonal antibody ascetic fluid. RESULTS The optimized gD protein was highly expressed in E. coli and successfully purified. Five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against BV were obtained and named as 4E3, 3F8, 3E7, 1H3 and 4B6, and with ascetic fluid titers of 2 × 10(6), 2 × 10(5), 2 × 10(5), 2 × 10(3) and 2 × 10(2), respectively. The 1H3 and 4E3 belonged to the IgG2b subclass, while 3E7, 3F8 and 4B6 belonged to the IgG1 subclass. CONCLUSIONS The cell lines obtained in this work secreted potent, stable and specific anti-BV mAbs, which were suitable for the development of herpes B virus diagnosis reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Jin
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qiujiang Wei
- Kunming Biomed International Company, Kunming, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Corresponding author: Jinyang Zhang, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China. Tel: +86-87165939528, Fax: +86-87165939528, E-mail:
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Clementi N, Criscuolo E, Cappelletti F, Burioni R, Clementi M, Mancini N. Novel therapeutic investigational strategies to treat severe and disseminated HSV infections suggested by a deeper understanding of in vitro virus entry processes. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:682-91. [PMID: 26976690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of herpes simplex virus (HSV) legitimates the critical need to develop new prevention strategies, such as drugs and vaccines that are able to fight either primary HSV infections or reactivations. Moreover, the ever-growing number of patients receiving transplants increases the number of severe HSV infections that are unresponsive to current therapies. Finally, the high global incidence of genital HSV-2 infection increases the risk of perinatal transmission to newborns, in which disseminated infection or central nervous system (CNS) involvement is frequent, with associated high morbidity and mortality rates. There are several key features shared by novel anti-HSV drugs, from currently available optimized drugs to small molecules able to interfere with various virus replication steps. However, several virological aspects of the disease and associated clinical needs highlight why an ideal anti-HSV drug has yet to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelletti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Kanekiyo M, Bu W, Joyce MG, Meng G, Whittle JRR, Baxa U, Yamamoto T, Narpala S, Todd JP, Rao SS, McDermott AB, Koup RA, Rossmann MG, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Cohen JI, Nabel GJ. Rational Design of an Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine Targeting the Receptor-Binding Site. Cell 2015; 162:1090-100. [PMID: 26279189 PMCID: PMC4757492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) represents a major global health problem. Though it is associated with infectious mononucleosis and ∼200,000 cancers annually worldwide, a vaccine is not available. The major target of immunity is EBV glycoprotein 350/220 (gp350) that mediates attachment to B cells through complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21). Here, we created self-assembling nanoparticles that displayed different domains of gp350 in a symmetric array. By focusing presentation of the CR2-binding domain on nanoparticles, potent neutralizing antibodies were elicited in mice and non-human primates. The structurally designed nanoparticle vaccine increased neutralization 10- to 100-fold compared to soluble gp350 by targeting a functionally conserved site of vulnerability, improving vaccine-induced protection in a mouse model. This rational approach to EBV vaccine design elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses by arrayed presentation of a conserved viral entry domain, a strategy that can be applied to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Geng Meng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - James R R Whittle
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Crystal structure of herpes simplex virus 2 gD bound to nectin-1 reveals a conserved mode of receptor recognition. J Virol 2014; 88:13678-88. [PMID: 25231300 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01906-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 are among the most prevalent human pathogens. Both viruses can recognize, via the surface envelope glycoprotein D (gD), human nectin-1 as a functional receptor. Previous studies have successfully elucidated the molecular basis of the binding between HSV-1 gD and nectin-1 by cocrystallography. Despite a high sequence identity between HSV-1 and HSV-2 gDs, the atomic intermolecule details for the HSV-2-gD/nectin-1 interaction remain elusive. Here, we report the crystal structures of both the unbound and the nectin-1-bound HSV-2 gDs. The free-gD structure expectedly comprises an IgV-like core and the surface-exposed terminal extensions as observed in its HSV-1 counterpart but lacks traceable electron densities for a large portion of the terminal elements. These terminal residues were clearly traced in the complex structure as a definitive loop in the N terminus and an α-helix in the C terminus, thereby showing a conserved nectin-1-binding mode as reported for HSV-1 gD. The interface residues in nectin-1 were further mutated and tested for the gD interaction by surface plasmon resonance. The resultant binding patterns were similar for HSV-1 and HSV-2 gDs, further supporting a homologous receptor-binding basis by the two viruses for nectin-1. These data, together with a cell-based fusion assay showing a cross-inhibition of the gD/nectin-1-mediated cell-cell fusion by soluble HSV-1 and HSV-2 gDs, provided solid structural and functional evidence that HSV-1 and HSV-2 recognize nectin-1 via the same binding mode. Finally, we also demonstrated that nectin-1 I80 is an important residue involved in gD interaction. IMPORTANCE Despite intensified studies, a detailed picture of the molecular features in the HSV-2-gD/nectin-1 interaction remains unavailable. Previous work focused on HSV-1 gD, which folds into an IgV-like core with large terminal extensions and utilizes the extension elements to engage nectin-1. Here, we report the crystal structures of HSV-2 gD in both the free and the nectin-1-bound forms. The atomic intermolecule details for HSV-2-gD/nectin-1 interaction are clearly presented. The observed binding mode is identical to that reported for its HSV-1 counterpart. This structural observation was further supported by our comparative functional assays showing that nectin-1 mutations similarly affect the ligand-receptor interaction of both virus gDs. Taken together, we provide comprehensive structural and functional data demonstrating a conserved receptor-binding mode between HSV-1 and HSV-2 for nectin-1. Our results also indicate that the tropism difference between the two viruses likely arises from aspects other than the gD/nectin-1 binding features.
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Repertoire of epitopes recognized by serum IgG from humans vaccinated with herpes simplex virus 2 glycoprotein D. J Virol 2014; 88:7786-95. [PMID: 24789783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00544-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of a clinical trial of a subunit vaccine against genital herpes were recently reported (R. B. Belshe, P. A. Leone, D. I. Bernstein, A. Wald, M. J. Levin, J. T. Stapleton, I. Gorfinkel, R. L. Morrow, M. G. Ewell, A. Stokes-Riner, G. Dubin, T. C. Heineman, J. M. Schulte, C. D. Deal, N. Engl. J. Med. 366: 34-43, 2012, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1103151). The vaccine consisted of a soluble form of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD2) with adjuvant. The goal of the current study was to examine the composition of the humoral response to gD2 within a selected subset of vaccinated individuals. Serum samples from 30 vaccine recipients were selected based upon relative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titers against gD2; 10 samples had high titers, 10 had medium titers, and the remaining 10 had low ELISA titers. We employed a novel, biosensor-based monoclonal antibody (MAb)-blocking assay to determine whether gD2 vaccination elicited IgG responses against epitopes overlapping those of well-characterized MAbs. Importantly, IgGs from the majority of gD2-immunized subjects competed for gD binding with four antigenically distinct virus-neutralizing MAbs (MC2, MC5, MC23, and DL11). Screening of patient IgGs against overlapping peptides spanning the gD2 ectodomain revealed that about half of the samples contained antibodies against linear epitopes within the N and C termini of gD2. We found that the virus-neutralizing abilities of the 10 most potent samples correlated with overall gD-binding activity and to an even greater extent with the combined content of IgGs against the epitopes of MAbs MC2, MC5, MC23, and DL11. This suggests that optimal virus-neutralizing activity is achieved by strong and balanced responses to the four major discontinuous neutralizing epitopes of gD2. Importance: Several herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) subunit vaccine studies have been conducted in human subjects using a recombinant form of HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2). Although several distinct, well-characterized virus-neutralizing epitopes on gD2 are targeted by murine monoclonal antibodies, it is not known whether the same epitopes are targeted by the humoral response to gD2 in humans. We have developed a novel, biosensor-based competition assay to directly address this important question. Using this approach, we identified epitopes that elicit strong humoral responses in humans, as well as other epitopes that elicit much weaker responses. These data provide new insight into the human response to known neutralizing gD2 epitopes and reveal characteristics of this response that may guide future vaccine development.
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Lazear E, Whitbeck JC, Zuo Y, Carfí A, Cohen GH, Eisenberg RJ, Krummenacher C. Induction of conformational changes at the N-terminus of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D upon binding to HVEM and nectin-1. Virology 2013; 448:185-95. [PMID: 24314649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus entry is initiated by glycoprotein D (gD) binding to a cellular receptor, such as HVEM or nectin-1. gD is activated by receptor-induced displacement of the C-terminus from the core of the glycoprotein. Binding of HVEM requires the formation of an N-terminal hairpin loop of gD; once formed this loop masks the nectin-1 binding site on the core of gD. We found that HVEM and nectin-1 exhibit non-reciprocal competition for binding to gD. The N-terminus of gD does not spontaneously form a stable hairpin in the absence of receptor and HVEM does not appear to rely on a pre-existing hairpin for binding to gD(3C-38C) mutants. However, HVEM function is affected by mutations that impair optimal hairpin formation. Furthermore, nectin-1 induces a new conformation of the N-terminus of gD. We conclude that the conformation of the N-terminus of gD is actively modified by the direct action of both receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lazear
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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