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Shaltout AA, Seoudi R, Almalawi DR, Abdellatief M, Tanthanuch W. Quantitative phase analysis and molecular structure of human gallstones using synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123777. [PMID: 38128330 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Human gallstones are the most common disorder in the biliary system, affecting up to 20 % of the adult population. The formation of gallstones is primarily due to the supersaturating of cholesterol in bile. In order to comprehend gallstone disease in detail, it is necessary to have accurate information about phase identification and molecular structure. Different types of gallstone samples were collected from the Middle East area after surgical operations including; cholesterol, pigment, and mixed gallstones. To estimate the basic information about the stone formation and the pathophysiology of cholelithiasis as well as to classify the collected human gallstones, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform Infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) was used to analyze the different gallstone structures in the wavenumber range from 400 to 4000 cm-1. Calcium bilirubinate was specified by the bands at 1662 cm-1, 1626 cm-1, and 1572 cm-1, while cholesterol rings were designated by the bands at 1464, 1438, 1055, and 1022 cm-1. It can be assumed that all samples consist of mixed gallstones based on the doublets at 1375 cm-1 and 1365 cm-1. The levels of calcium bilirubin and various minerals varied among the analyzed samples, indicating the heterogeneity in their composition and suggesting potential implications for gallstone formation. Based on the quantitative phase analysis using synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD), two phases of anhydrous cholesterol as a major content and one phase of monohydrate cholesterols as trace content represent the main components of most of the gallstones. Additional phases of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite, vaterite, aragonite, and bilirubinate were also quantified. According to the outcomes of the FTIR and the SR-XRD measurements, there exists a statistical correlation between the different types of chemical constituents of the gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah A Shaltout
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Roshdi Seoudi
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Division, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dhaifallah R Almalawi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Abdellatief
- Synchrotron-Light for Experimental and Scientific Applications in the Middle East (SESAME), P.O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan
| | - Waraporn Tanthanuch
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Reinle-Schmitt M, Šišak Jung D, Morin M, Costa F, Casati N, Gozzo F. Exploring high-throughput synchrotron X-Ray powder diffraction for the structural analysis of pharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100221. [PMID: 38146324 PMCID: PMC10749245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation offers a host of advanced properties, surpassing conventional laboratory sources with its high brightness, tunable phonon energy, photon beam coherence for advanced X-ray imaging, and a structured time profile, ideal for capturing dynamic atomic and molecular processes. However, these benefits come at the cost of operational complexity and expenses. Three decades ago, synchrotron radiation facilities, while technically open to all scientists, primarily served a limited community. Despite substantial accessibility improvements over the past two decades, synchrotron measurements still do not qualify as routine analyses. The intrinsic complexity of synchrotron science means experiments are pursued only when no alternatives suffice. In recent years, strides have been made in technology transfer offices, intermediate synchrotron-based analytical service companies, and the development of high-throughput synchrotron systems at various facilities, reshaping the perception of synchrotron science. This article investigates the practical application of synchrotron X-Ray Powder Diffraction (s-XRPD) techniques in pharmaceutical analysis. By utilizing concrete examples, we demonstrate how high-throughput systems have the potential to revolutionize s-XRPD applications in the pharmaceutical industry, rapidly generating XRPD patterns of comparable or superior quality to those obtained in state-of-the-art laboratory XRPD, all in less than 5 s. Additional cases featuring well-established pharmaceutical active ingredients (API) and excipients substantiate the concept of high throughput in pharmaceuticals, affirming data quality through structural refinements aligned with literature-derived unit cell parameters. Synchrotron data need not always be state-of-the-art to compete with lab-XRPD data. The key lies in ensuring user-friendliness, reproducibility, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and the streamlined efforts associated with synchrotron instrumentation to remain highly competitive with their laboratory counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Reinle-Schmitt
- Excelsus Structural Solutions (Swiss) AG, PARK INNOVAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - D. Šišak Jung
- DECTRIS, Täfernweg 1, 5405 Baden-Dättwil, Switzerland
| | - M. Morin
- Excelsus Structural Solutions (Swiss) AG, PARK INNOVAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - F.N. Costa
- Excelsus Structural Solutions (Swiss) AG, PARK INNOVAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - N. Casati
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F. Gozzo
- Excelsus Structural Solutions (Swiss) AG, PARK INNOVAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
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Al-Handawi MB, Commins P, Dinnebier RE, Abdellatief M, Li L, Naumov P. Harvesting of aerial humidity with natural hygroscopic salt excretions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313134120. [PMID: 37903263 PMCID: PMC10636306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313134120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and animals that thrive in arid regions utilize the diurnal changes in environmental temperature and humidity to optimize their water budget by combining water-harvesting mechanisms and morphophysiological traits. The Athel tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla) is a halophytic desert shrub that survives in arid, hypersaline conditions by excreting concentrated solutions of ions as droplets on its surface that crystallize into salt crystals and fall off the branches. Here, we describe the crystallization on the surface of the plant and explore the effects of external conditions such as diurnal changes in humidity and temperature. The salt mixtures contain at least ten common minerals, with NaCl and CaSO4·2H2O being the major products, SiO2 and CaCO3 main sand contaminants, and Li2SO4, CaSO4, KCl, K2Ca(SO4)2·H2O, CaMg(CO3)2 and AlNaSi3O8 present in smaller amounts. In natural conditions, the hanging or sitting droplets remain firmly attached to the surface, with an average adhesion force of 275 ± 3.5 µN measured for pure water. Rather than using morphological features of the surface, the droplets adhere by chemical interactions, predominantly by hydrogen bonding. Increasing ion concentration slightly increases the contact angle on the hydrophobic cuticle, thereby lowering surface wettability. Small amounts of lithium sulfate and possibly other hygroscopic salts result in strong hygroscopicity and propensity for deliquescence of the salt mixture overnight. Within a broader context, this natural mechanism for humidity harvesting that uses environmentally benign salts as moisture adsorbents could provide a bioinspired approach that complements the currently available water collection or cloud-seeding technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieh B. Al-Handawi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Patrick Commins
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, MK-1000 Skopje, Macedonia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY10003
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Stone KH, Cosby MR, Strange NA, Thampy V, Walroth RC, Troxel Jr C. Remote and automated high-throughput powder diffraction measurements enabled by a robotic sample changer at SSRL beamline 2-1. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1480-1484. [PMID: 37791352 PMCID: PMC10543666 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723007148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The general-purpose powder diffractometer beamline (BL2-1) at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) is described. The evolution of design and performance of BL2-1 are presented, in addition to current operating specifications, applications and measurement capabilities. Recent developments involve a robotic sample changer enabling high-throughput X-ray diffraction measurements, applicable to mail-in and remote operations. In situ and operando capabilities to measure samples with different form factors (e.g. capillary, flat plate or thin film, and transmission) and under variable experimental conditions are discussed. Several example datasets and accompanying Rietveld refinements are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Monty R. Cosby
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Strange
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Vivek Thampy
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Richard C. Walroth
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Charles Troxel Jr
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Ghezzi L, Mugnaioli E, Perchiazzi N, Duce C, Pelosi C, Zamponi E, Pollastri S, Campanella B, Onor M, Abdellatief M, Franceschini F, Petrini R. Hexavalent chromium release over time from a pyrolyzed Cr-bearing tannery sludge. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16283. [PMID: 37770570 PMCID: PMC10539330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere is a widely applied route to convert tannery wastes into reusable materials. In the present study, the Cr(III) conversion into the toxic hexavalent form in the pyrolyzed tannery waste referred to as KEU was investigated. Ageing experiments and leaching tests demonstrated that the Cr(III)-Cr(VI) inter-conversion occurs in the presence of air at ambient temperature, enhanced by wet environmental conditions. Microstructural analysis revealed that the Cr-primary mineral assemblage formed during pyrolysis (Cr-bearing srebrodolskite and Cr-magnetite spinel) destabilized upon spray water cooling in the last stage of the process. In the evolution from the higher to the lower temperature mineralogy, Cr is incorporated into newly formed CrOOH flakes which likely react in air forming extractable Cr(VI) species. This property transforms KEU from an inert waste to a hazardous material when exposed to ordinary ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ghezzi
- Department of Earth Science, University of Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Department of Earth Science, University of Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Natale Perchiazzi
- Department of Earth Science, University of Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Celia Duce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Zamponi
- Department of Earth Science, University of Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Pollastri
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatrice Campanella
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR) Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Onor
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM-CNR) Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Franceschini
- Environmental Protection Agency of Tuscany (ARPAT), Via Vittorio Veneto, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrini
- Department of Earth Science, University of Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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