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Abstract
Among its attributes, the mythical philosopher’s stone is supposedly capable of turning base metals to gold or silver. In an analogous fashion, we are finding that protein crystallization optimization using ionic liquids (ILs) often results in the conversion of base protein precipitate to crystals. Recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatases (8 of the 11 proteins) from pathogenic bacteria as well as several other proteins were tested for optimization by 23 ILs, plus a dH2O control, at IL concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 M. The ILs were used as additives, and all proteins were crystallized in the presence of at least one IL. For 9 of the 11 proteins, precipitation conditions were converted to crystals with at least one IL. The ILs could be ranked in order of effectiveness, and it was found that ~83% of the precipitation-derived crystallization conditions could be obtained with a suite of just eight ILs, with the top two ILs accounting for ~50% of the hits. Structural trends were found in the effectiveness of the ILs, with shorter-alkyl-chain ILs being more effective. The two top ILs, accounting for ~50% of the unique crystallization results, were choline dihydrogen phosphate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Curiously, however, a butyl group was present on the cation of four of the top eight ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crissy L. Tarver
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qunying Yuan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762, USA
| | - Marc L. Pusey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-256-701-7214
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2
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Daniel E, Maksimainen MM, Smith N, Ratas V, Biterova E, Murthy SN, Rahman MT, Kiema TR, Sridhar S, Cordara G, Dalwani S, Venkatesan R, Prilusky J, Dym O, Lehtiö L, Koski MK, Ashton AW, Sussman JL, Wierenga RK. IceBear: an intuitive and versatile web application for research-data tracking from crystallization experiment to PDB deposition. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:151-163. [PMID: 33559605 PMCID: PMC7869904 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320015223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The web-based IceBear software is a versatile tool to monitor the results of crystallization experiments and is designed to facilitate supervisor and student communications. It also records and tracks all relevant information from crystallization setup to PDB deposition in protein crystallography projects. Fully automated data collection is now possible at several synchrotrons, which means that the number of samples tested at the synchrotron is currently increasing rapidly. Therefore, the protein crystallography research communities at the University of Oulu, Weizmann Institute of Science and Diamond Light Source have joined forces to automate the uploading of sample metadata to the synchrotron. In IceBear, each crystal selected for data collection is given a unique sample name and a crystal page is generated. Subsequently, the metadata required for data collection are uploaded directly to the ISPyB synchrotron database by a shipment module, and for each sample a link to the relevant ISPyB page is stored. IceBear allows notes to be made for each sample during cryocooling treatment and during data collection, as well as in later steps of the structure determination. Protocols are also available to aid the recycling of pins, pucks and dewars when the dewar returns from the synchrotron. The IceBear database is organized around projects, and project members can easily access the crystallization and diffraction metadata for each sample, as well as any additional information that has been provided via the notes. The crystal page for each sample connects the crystallization, diffraction and structural information by providing links to the IceBear drop-viewer page and to the ISPyB data-collection page, as well as to the structure deposited in the Protein Data Bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Daniel
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirko M. Maksimainen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Neil Smith
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Ville Ratas
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Biterova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sudarshan N. Murthy
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M. Tanvir Rahman
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Shruthi Sridhar
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gabriele Cordara
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Subhadra Dalwani
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rajaram Venkatesan
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaime Prilusky
- Bioinformatics and Biological Computing Unit, Life Science Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Orly Dym
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Life Science Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Alun W. Ashton
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Joel L. Sussman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rik K. Wierenga
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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3
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Qin W, Xie SX, Zhang J, Zhao D, He CX, Li HJ, Xing L, Li PQ, Jin X, Yin DC, Cao HL. An Analysis on Commercial Screening Kits and Chemical Components in Biomacromolecular Crystallization Screening. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Si-Xiao Xie
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xia He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Lu Xing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Peng-Quan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Xi Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Da-Chuan Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience & Biotechnology; School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an 710072 P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ling Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders; Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine; Xi'an Medical University; Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
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4
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Pedersen DV, Revel M, Gadeberg TAF, Andersen GR. Crystallization and X-ray analysis of monodisperse human properdin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 75:0. [PMID: 30713161 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18018150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The 54 kDa protein properdin, also known as factor P (FP), plays a major role in the complement system through the stabilization of the alternative pathway convertases. FP circulates in the blood as cyclic dimers, trimers and tetramers, and this heterogeneity challenges detailed structural insight into the mechanism of convertase stabilization by FP. Here, the generation of an intact FP monomer and a variant monomer with the third thrombospondin repeat liberated is described. Both FP monomers were excised from recombinant full-length FP containing internal cleavage sites for TEV protease. These FP monomers could be crystallized, and complete data sets extending to 2.8 Å resolution for the intact FP monomer and to 3.5 Å resolution for the truncated variant were collected. The principle of specific monomer excision and domain removal by the insertion of a protease cleavage site may be broadly applicable to structural studies of oligomeric, flexible and modular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Vestergaard Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Margot Revel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine Amalie Fogh Gadeberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Schatz-Jakobsen JA, Zhang Y, Johnson K, Neill A, Sheridan D, Andersen GR. Structural Basis for Eculizumab-Mediated Inhibition of the Complement Terminal Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:337-44. [PMID: 27194791 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eculizumab is a humanized mAb approved for treatment of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Eculizumab binds complement component C5 and prevents its cleavage by C5 convertases, inhibiting release of both the proinflammatory metabolite C5a and formation of the membrane attack complex via C5b. In this study, we present the crystal structure of the complex between C5 and a Fab fragment with the same sequence as eculizumab at a resolution of 4.2 Å. Five CDRs contact the C5 macroglobulin 7 domain, which contains the entire epitope. A complete mutational scan of the 66 CDR residues identified 28 residues as important for the C5-eculizumab interaction, and the structure of the complex offered an explanation for the reduced C5 binding observed for these mutant Abs. Furthermore, the structural observations of the interaction are supported by the reduced ability of a subset of these mutated Abs to inhibit membrane attack complex formation as tested in a hemolysis assay. Our results suggest that eculizumab functions by sterically preventing C5 from binding to convertases and explain the exquisite selectivity of eculizumab for human C5 and how polymorphisms in C5 cause eculizumab-resistance in a small number of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuchun Zhang
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, CT 06510
| | | | - Alyssa Neill
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., New Haven, CT 06510
| | | | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; and
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6
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Dinç I, Pusey ML, Aygün RS. Optimizing Associative Experimental Design for Protein Crystallization Screening. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2016; 15:101-12. [PMID: 26955046 PMCID: PMC4898777 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2016.2536030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The goal of protein crystallization screening is the determination of the main factors of importance to crystallizing the protein under investigation. One of the major issues about determining these factors is that screening is often expanded to many hundreds or thousands of conditions to maximize combinatorial chemical space coverage for maximizing the chances of a successful (crystalline) outcome. In this paper, we propose an experimental design method called "Associative Experimental Design (AED)" and an optimization method includes eliminating prohibited combinations and prioritizing reagents based on AED analysis of results from protein crystallization experiments. AED generates candidate cocktails based on these initial screening results. These results are analyzed to determine those screening factors in chemical space that are most likely to lead to higher scoring outcomes, crystals. We have tested AED on three proteins derived from the hyperthermophile Thermococcus thioreducens, and we applied an optimization method to these proteins. Our AED method generated novel cocktails (count provided in parentheses) leading to crystals for three proteins as follows: Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (4), HAD superfamily hydrolase (2), Nucleoside kinase (1). After getting promising results, we have tested our optimization method on four different proteins. The AED method with optimization yielded 4, 3, and 20 crystalline conditions for holo Human Transferrin, archaeal exosome protein, and Nucleoside diphosphate kinase, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imren Dinç
- DataMedia Research Lab, Computer Science Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899 USA
| | - Marc L. Pusey
- iXpressGenes, Inc., 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, Alabama 35806 USA
| | - Ramazan S. Aygün
- DataMedia Research Lab, Computer Science Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899 USA
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7
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Nonlinear Optical Characterization of Membrane Protein Microcrystals and Nanocrystals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 922:91-103. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35072-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Wiuf A, Kristensen LH, Kristensen O, Dorosz J, Jensen J, Gajhede M. Structure and binding properties of a cameloid nanobody raised against KDM5B. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1235-41. [PMID: 26457512 PMCID: PMC4601585 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1501537x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone demethylase KDM5B is considered to be a promising target for anticancer therapy. Single-chain antibodies from llama (nanobodies) have been raised to aid in crystallization and structure determination of this enzyme. The antigen-binding properties of 15 of these nanobodies have been characterized. The crystal structure of one of these (NB17) has been determined to a resolution of 1.85 Å. NB17 crystallizes in space group P4322 with six molecules in the asymmetric unit. The six molecules in the asymmetric unit pack as an entity with approximate D3 symmetry with interactions mediated by the CDR loops, which could act as a crystallization nucleus. NB17 does not bind to monomeric KDM5B residues 1-820, but is found to bind to aggregates formed after incubation at 310 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Wiuf
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Hyltoft Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ole Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jerzy Dorosz
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Gajhede
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Jensen RK, Plum M, Tjerrild L, Jakob T, Spillner E, Andersen GR. Structure of the omalizumab Fab. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2015; 71:419-26. [PMID: 25849503 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15004100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Omalizumab is a humanized anti-IgE antibody that inhibits the binding of IgE to its receptors on mast cells and basophils, thus blocking the IgE-mediated release of inflammatory mediators from these cells. Omalizumab binds to the Fc domains of IgE in proximity to the binding site of the high-affinity IgE receptor FcℇRI, but the epitope and the mechanisms and conformations governing the recognition remain unknown. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of its anti-IgE activity, the aim was to analyse the interaction of omalizumab with human IgE. Therefore, IgE Fc Cℇ2-4 was recombinantly produced in mammalian HEK-293 cells. Functionality of the IgE Fc was proven by ELISA and mediator-release assays. Omalizumab IgG was cleaved with papain and the resulting Fab was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The complex of IgE Fc with omalizumab was prepared by size-exclusion chromatography. However, crystals containing the complex were not obtained, suggesting that the process of crystallization favoured the dissociation of the two proteins. Instead, two structures of the omalizumab Fab with maximum resolutions of 1.9 and 3.0 Å were obtained. The structures reveal the arrangement of the CDRs and the position of omalizumab residues known from prior functional studies to be involved in IgE binding. Thus, the structure of omalizumab provides the structural basis for understanding the function of omalizumab, allows optimization of the procedure for complex crystallization and poses questions about the conformational requirements for anti-IgE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus K Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Melanie Plum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Luna Tjerrild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg Medical Center, Hauptstrasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edzard Spillner
- Department of Engineering - Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Rom Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wiedsvej 10C, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Andersen JL, Schrøder TJ, Christensen S, Strandbygård D, Pallesen LT, García-Alai MM, Lindberg S, Langgård M, Eskildsen JC, David L, Tagmose L, Simonsen KB, Maltas PJ, Rønn LCB, de Jong IEM, Malik IJ, Egebjerg J, Karlsson JJ, Uppalanchi S, Sakumudi DR, Eradi P, Watson SP, Thirup S. Identification of the first small-molecule ligand of the neuronal receptor sortilin and structure determination of the receptor-ligand complex. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:451-60. [PMID: 24531479 PMCID: PMC3940197 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sortilin is a type I membrane glycoprotein belonging to the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) family of sorting receptors and is most abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. Sortilin has emerged as a key player in the regulation of neuronal viability and has been implicated as a possible therapeutic target in a range of disorders. Here, the identification of AF40431, the first reported small-molecule ligand of sortilin, is reported. Crystals of the sortilin-AF40431 complex were obtained by co-crystallization and the structure of the complex was solved to 2.7 Å resolution. AF40431 is bound in the neurotensin-binding site of sortilin, with the leucine moiety of AF40431 mimicking the binding mode of the C-terminal leucine of neurotensin and the 4-methylumbelliferone moiety of AF40431 forming π-stacking with a phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lauwring Andersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tenna Juul Schrøder
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Søren Christensen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Strandbygård
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lone Tjener Pallesen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maria Marta García-Alai
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Samsa Lindberg
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Morten Langgård
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Laurent David
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Lena Tagmose
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Klaus Baek Simonsen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Philip James Maltas
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Inge E. M. de Jong
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim John Malik
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jan Egebjerg
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Jens-Jacob Karlsson
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Srinivas Uppalanchi
- Medicinal Chemistry, GVK BioScience, Plot No. 28 A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Durga Rao Sakumudi
- Medicinal Chemistry, GVK BioScience, Plot No. 28 A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Pradheep Eradi
- Medicinal Chemistry, GVK BioScience, Plot No. 28 A, IDA Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Steven P. Watson
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Søren Thirup
- The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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