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Jafari A, Moshki M, Mokhtari AM, Naddafi F, Nejatian M. Validity and reliability of anxiety literacy (A-Lit) and its relationship with demographic variables in the Iranian general population. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1359146. [PMID: 38694985 PMCID: PMC11061481 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1359146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental disorders. This cross-sectional research aimed to determine anxiety literacy (A-Lit) psychometric properties among the Iranian population in 2022. Methods This research was conducted on 690 people in Iran in 2022. In this study, people were selected by proportional stratified sampling, and the validity and reliability of the A-Lit designed by Griffiths were assessed. Validity of A-Lit was assessed by face validity, content validity, and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability of A-Lit was evaluated by the McDonald's omega coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and test- retest. In analytical sections, the tests of One-way ANOVA, Chi-squared test, and independent samples t-test were used. Results The rates of S-CVI/Ave and CVR for A-Lit were 0.922 and 0.774, respectively. In confirmatory factor analysis, three items were deleted because the factor loading was less than 0.4, and goodness-of-fit indexes (Some of goodness-of-fit indexes: χ2/df = 4.175, GFI: 0.909, RMSEA = 0.068, PCFI = 0.745, AGFI = 0.883) were confirmed as the final model with 19 items. For all items, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.832, the McDonald's omega coefficient was 0.835, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.874. According to the results of this study, 1.3% (n = 9) did not answer any questions correctly and 8.4% (n = 58) were able to answer 1-6 questions correctly. Approximately 72% (n = 495) were able to answer 7-12 questions, and eventually only 18.6% (n = 128) were able to answer 13 questions and more. There was a significant relationship between sex, age group, occupation status, marital status, and get information related to mental illness with A-Lit level (p < 0.05). Conclusion The Persian version of A-Lit was confirmed with 19 items, and this scale is a reliable tool for measuring A-Lit in the general population. The results also showed that a few people have a higher level of anxiety literacy and that educational and intervention programs need to be designed and implemented for the public population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafari
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Moshki
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Mokhtari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Fatemehzahra Naddafi
- Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Nejatian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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Hewitt J, Murray K. Negative body image mental health literacy in women: Exploring aesthetic and functional concerns and the role of self-objectification. Body Image 2024; 48:101657. [PMID: 38061211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite its high prevalence in women, few studies have examined lay knowledge and beliefs about negative body image. Yet, studies applying mental health literacy to body image problems suggest recognition of appearance concerns is poor, which could impede help-seeking. The present study extended previous work by investigating problem recognition, beliefs and help-seeking for aesthetic and functional (physical ability focused) body image concerns in women, and the role of self-objectification in help-seeking. A within-subjects online survey design employing the mental health literacy paradigm was undertaken in a sample of 210 female-identifying adults residing in Australia (Mage = 31.25, SD = 12.76). Overall, results indicated that recognition of body image problems depicted via fictional text vignettes was limited. Moreover, recognition, as well as ratings of perceived prevalence, distress, sympathy, affective reactions, and help-seeking recommendations and intentions, were significantly greater for aesthetic compared to functional body image concerns. Self-objectification displayed significant negative associations with help-seeking recommendations for aesthetic (but not functional) concerns, and was not associated with help-seeking intentions. Findings suggest that negative body image mental health literacy is poor in women, particularly in relation to body functionality. More research is needed to facilitate help-seeking and reduce the impact of body image concerns in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hewitt
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Kristen Murray
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Dadgarinejad A, Nazarihermoshi N, Hematichegeni N, Jazaiery M, Yousefishad S, Mohammadian H, Sayyah M, Dastoorpoor M, Cheraghi M. Relationship between health literacy and generalized anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Khuzestan province, Iran. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1294562. [PMID: 38282836 PMCID: PMC10811604 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1294562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic, many changes occurred in various cultural, social, and economic fields, leading to the creation of psychological effects, especially anxiety, in the community. Fear and anxiety about emerging diseases (COVID-19) and less participation in preventive behaviors reduce individual resistance and ultimately lower one's quality of life. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between health literacy and generalized anxiety disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Khuzestan province, Iran. Methods This was a descriptive-analytical (cross-sectional) study conducted among participants aged 18-65 in Khuzestan province during the years 2020-2021 through online sampling. Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 and the impossibility of face-to-face communication, the questionnaire was designed on the Porseline Survey website and the questionnaire link was provided to participants through WhatsApp and Telegram. The data collection tool includes the Iranian Health Literacy Questionnaire, which includes 33 items, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, which has 7 items based on a Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using STATA14 software and descriptive and analytical statistical tests at a significant level less than 0.05. Results The mean (standard deviation) score for health literacy was 52.9 ± 9.3 and for generalized anxiety disorder was 5.2 ± 3.1. A significant negative correlation was found between the mean of anxiety disorder and health literacy (p < 0.05). The frequency of health literacy in individuals included 427 (37.8%) with inadequate health literacy, 628 (55.6%) with marginal health literacy, and 75 (6.6%) with sufficient health literacy. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean of generalized anxiety disorder among individuals with different levels of health literacy (p < 0.05). Conclusion As the level of health literacy increases, the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder caused by fear of COVID-19 decreases. Therefore, increasing awareness and health literacy about this virus, its transmission, and prevention methods is very effective in managing anxiety and stress caused by COVID-19. Paying attention to the issue of health literacy and generalized anxiety disorder, and promoting preventive behaviors can be effective tools for planners, health officials, and policymakers to promote health literacy for any type of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Dadgarinejad
- School of Dentistry, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nargess Nazarihermoshi
- Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Hematichegeni
- School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahta Jazaiery
- School of Dentistry, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Yousefishad
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hashem Mohammadian
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Department of Psychiatry, Educational Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Dastoorpoor
- Department of Biostatics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maria Cheraghi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Mboweni EN, Mphasha MH, Skaal L. Exploring Mental Health Awareness: A Study on Knowledge and Perceptions of Mental Health Disorders among Residents of Matsafeni Village, Mbombela, Mpumalanga Province. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:85. [PMID: 38200990 PMCID: PMC10779020 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The global rise in mental health disorders has significant social, economic, and physical impacts. Despite advancements in support, cultural beliefs attributing mental illnesses to spiritual causes persist, fostering discrimination and stigmatization. The study aims to explore the understanding and perceptions of mental health in Matsafeni Village, acknowledging the complexity of mental health issues. A qualitative method and a descriptive exploratory design were employed, enabling the researcher to describe, examine, and explore the knowledge and perceptions regarding mental health. Data collection was conducted through unstructured, open-ended interviews, with 15 participants selected through convenience sampling. The data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Measures of rigor were ensured through credibility, transferability, confirmability, and dependability. Participants demonstrated knowledge of mental health disorders, recognizing disruptions in thought patterns and diverse symptoms. They highlighted key signs and behaviors, emphasizing the need for spotting indicators such as untidiness. Perceptions of the causes of mental illness varied, including witchcraft and genetics. Participants unanimously advocated for seeking help from traditional healers, medical facilities, and therapies. Community members shared their views of mental health, covering their understanding, recognition of signs, personal interactions, and observations of behaviors in individuals with mental health conditions. Reported symptoms align with existing research, emphasizing the complexity of managing safety concerns in severe mental illnesses. The study highlights the need for community education to reduce stigma, considering cultural factors in mental health perceptions. Recommendations include early interventions, enhanced mental health services, and collaboration between western and traditional approaches for a holistic and culturally sensitive approach to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linda Skaal
- Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho University, Ga-Rankuwa 0204, South Africa;
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Ma SON, McCallum SM, Pasalich D, Batterham PJ, Calear AL. Understanding parental knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy in professional help-seeking for child anxiety. J Affect Disord 2023:S0165-0327(23)00720-6. [PMID: 37245548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child anxiety disorders are highly prevalent yet undertreated. As parents are often 'gatekeepers' to children receiving treatment and support, this study aimed to investigate modifiable parental factors affecting professional help-seeking for their children from general practitioners (GPs), psychologists, and paediatricians. METHODS In this study, 257 Australian parents of children aged 5-12 years with elevated anxiety symptoms completed a cross-sectional online survey. The survey assessed help-seeking from a GP, psychologist, and paediatrician (General Help Seeking Questionnaire), as well as anxiety knowledge (Anxiety Literacy Scale), help-seeking attitudes (Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help), personal stigma (Generalised Anxiety Stigma Scale) and self-efficacy (Self-Efficacy in Seeking Mental Health Care). RESULTS 66.9 % of participants had sought help from a GP, 61.1 % from a psychologist, and 33.9 % from a paediatrician. Help-seeking from a GP or psychologist was associated with lower personal stigma (p = .02 and p = .03 respectively). Participants who sought help from a psychologist also had more positive attitudes toward seeking professional support (p = .01). Conversely, knowledge of anxiety disorders and self-efficacy were not associated with help-seeking from any source. LIMITATIONS Limitations of the study include the representativeness of our sample (female gender, higher education level); unexplained variance potentially accounted for by other factors (e.g., structural barriers); lack of prior validation of measures in a parent sample. CONCLUSIONS This research will inform the development of public health policy and psychoeducation interventions for parents, to reduce personal stigma and increase positive attitudes toward professional help-seeking, in turn improving help-seeking for child anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O N Ma
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sonia M McCallum
- Centre for Mental Health Research, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Dave Pasalich
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Philip J Batterham
- Centre for Mental Health Research, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alison L Calear
- Centre for Mental Health Research, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Tomczyk S, Schlick S, Gansler T, McLaren T, Muehlan H, Peter LJ, Schomerus G, Schmidt S. Continuum beliefs of mental illness: a systematic review of measures. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1-16. [PMID: 35927343 PMCID: PMC9845169 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The continuum of mental health/illness has been subject to scientific debate for decades. While current research indicates that continuum belief interventions can reduce mental health stigma and improve treatment seeking in affected populations, no study has yet systematically examined measures of continuum beliefs. METHODS This preregistered systematic review summarizes measures of continuum beliefs. Following the PRISMA statement, three scientific databases (PubMed, PsycInfo and PsycArticles via EBSCOhost, Web of Science) are searched, instruments are described and discussed regarding their scope, and methodological quality. RESULTS Overall, 7351 records were identified, with 35 studies reporting relevant findings on 11 measures. Most studies examined general population samples and used vignette-based measures. Schizophrenia and depression were most commonly examined, few studies focused on dementia, ADHD, OCD, eating disorders, and problematic alcohol use, or compared continuum beliefs across disorders. Validity was very good for most measures, but reliability was rarely tested. Measures mostly assessed beliefs in the normality of mental health symptoms or the normality of persons with such symptoms but rarely nosological aspects (i.e., categorical v continuous conceptualization of mental disorders). CONCLUSIONS Current research provides psychometrically sound instruments to examine continuum beliefs for a variety of mental disorders. While studies suggest utility for general population samples and mental health professionals, more research is necessary to corroborate findings, for instance, regarding age (e.g., in adolescents), gender, or type of mental disorder. Future research should also compare self-report ratings, and vignette-based measures, include measures of nosological concepts to fully grasp the continuum concept of mental illness. PREREGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42019123606.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Tomczyk
- grid.5603.0Department Health and Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Straße 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - S. Schlick
- grid.5603.0Department Health and Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Straße 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T. Gansler
- grid.5603.0Department Health and Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Straße 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - T. McLaren
- grid.5603.0Department Health and Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Straße 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - H. Muehlan
- grid.5603.0Department Health and Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Straße 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - L.-J. Peter
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G. Schomerus
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S. Schmidt
- grid.5603.0Department Health and Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Straße 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Tay JL, Goh YSS, Sim K, Klainin-Yobas P. Impact of the HOPE Intervention on Mental Health Literacy, Psychological Well-Being and Stress Levels amongst University Undergraduates: A Randomised Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159772. [PMID: 35955126 PMCID: PMC9368620 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mental health literacy (MHL) promotes mental health among youths. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly developed HOPE intervention in improving depression literacy, anxiety literacy, psychological well-being, and reducing personal stigma and stress levels amongst young adults at a university in Singapore. After two pilot studies, we conducted a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and recruited 174 participants aged 18-24 years old through social media platforms. The HOPE intervention group received four online sessions over two weeks and the control group received online inspirational quotes. Study outcomes were measured with self-reported questionnaires and they were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and two-month follow-up (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04266119). Compared with the control arm, the intervention group was associated with increased depression and anxiety literacy levels at post-intervention and two-month follow-up. In addition, personal stigma for depression was reduced at the post-intervention juncture. However, there were no statistically significant changes in the ratings of psychological well-being and stress levels between the two groups. Longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to replicate and extend the extant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ling Tay
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747, Singapore
- Correspondence:
| | - Yong Shian Shawn Goh
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, 2 National University of Singapore Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD11, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Level 18, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Piyanee Klainin-Yobas
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, 2 National University of Singapore Level 2, Clinical Research Centre, Block MD11, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Shan JC, Chen IM, Lin PH, Chen WJ, Liao SC, Lee MB, Kuo PH. Associations between lifetime mental disorders and suicidal behaviors: findings from the Taiwan psychiatry morbidity survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1579-1589. [PMID: 35150308 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND East Asia has high suicide rates but low prevalence of mental disorders. We examined the associations between prior lifetime mental disorders (mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and impulse control disorders) and subsequent suicidal behaviors (suicidal ideation and attempts in the general population and suicide plans, planned attempts, and unplanned attempts in suicidal ideators) in Taiwan. METHODS This survey applied the World Mental Health Survey Composite International Diagnostic Interview to a population representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults between 2003 and 2005. Odds ratios (ORs) obtained using discrete-time survival analysis were used to estimate population attributable fractions (PAFs) of suicidal behaviors due to lifetime mental disorders. RESULTS Lifetime mental illness was a significant risk factor for subsequent suicidal behaviors (except unplanned attempts among ideators) despite the relatively low prevalence of mental disorders in people with suicidality (16.1%-35.0%). Each diagnosis increased the odds of suicidal ideation. In terms of acting on suicidal ideation, mood disorders were most strongly associated with having plans (OR = 10.0; 95% confidence interval, CI 4.3-21.1), whereas substance use disorders most strongly with either planned (OR = 27.3; 95% CI 6.3-118.5) or unplanned attempts (OR = 14.5; 95% CI 1.7-121.5). PAFs of all mental disorders on suicidality lay between 20 and 30% (except 11% of unplanned attempts among ideators). Mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders had higher PAFs than impulse control disorders. CONCLUSIONS In addition to mood disorders, considering anxiety and substance use disorders is essential in devising population-based suicide prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chi Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsien Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Been Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry, Shin Kong Wu Ho Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, 100, Taiwan
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Miles R, Rabin L, Krishnan A, Grandoit E, Kloskowski K. Mental health literacy in a diverse sample of undergraduate students: demographic, psychological, and academic correlates. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1699. [PMID: 33187487 PMCID: PMC7663887 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating variables associated with mental health literacy in the college-age population takes us one step closer to providing intervention for this vulnerable group, where growing rates of psychological disorders are a serious public concern. This study adds to the existing literature by incorporating, within a single model, multi-faceted variables (demographic, psychological, and academic) that contribute to mental health literacy in demographically and ethnically diverse college students. METHODS Participants were undergraduate students enrolled at nine different colleges that are part of a large, urban, public university system. A total of 1213 respondents (62.0% female, 73.3% non-white) completed an in-person assessment of mental health literacy and answered questions about demographics, college experience, and mental health experience. Data were analyzed to identify which variables best discriminated between high, mid-level, and low performers on this assessment. RESULTS Discriminant correspondence analysis revealed that the difference between high and low performers (accounting for 90.27% of the total variance) was driven by participants who had taken at least one course related to clinical psychology and who typically majored in psychology and applied health science fields. These participants were more likely to report being white, female, between the ages of 28-32, and in the fourth year or later of their undergraduate program. In addition, high performers were more likely to have been diagnosed and/or treated for a psychological disorder, have more experience with psychological disorders through personal, family, or peer history, and have families who are open to discussing mental health issues. CONCLUSION The main contributor to variation in mental health literacy scores was having taken a clinical psychology course, followed by majoring in psychology. Importantly, our findings identified not only the high performers, but also the low performers, for whom an increase in knowledge and awareness of mental health is crucial to overall psychological well-being. These results have important implications for the design of educational interventions aimed at improving mental health literacy at the college level, especially for students who otherwise would not have been exposed to this information from coursework or their major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Miles
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
| | - Laura Rabin
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Anjali Krishnan
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Evan Grandoit
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.,Psychology Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kamil Kloskowski
- Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
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Jo M, Rim SJ, Lee MG, Park S. Illuminating the treatment gap of mental disorders: A comparison of community survey-based and national registry-based prevalence rates in Korea. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:381-386. [PMID: 32882580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Estimating the prevalence rates of mental disorders is important for developing prevention, treatment, and research plans. Given that survey-based and registry-based prevalence rates of mental disorders each have pros and cons yet complement one another, it is important to consider both assessments when investigating the prevalence rates of mental disorders. However, no study has utilized actual treatment data of patients with mental disorders when investigating the treatment gap. The results of the Survey of Mental Disorders in Korea from 2006, 2011, and 2016 and data from the National Health Insurance Database were used to compare survey-based and registry-based prevalence rates for 17 disorders, as well the prevalence rates for each sex. The survey-based prevalence rate was higher for 10 years in Korea. However, the registry-based prevalence rate continuously increased. By 2016 the two rates were comparable. For alcohol use and nicotine use disorders, the survey-based prevalence rate was consistently higher than the registry-based prevalence rate, while the registry-based prevalence rate was higher for schizophrenia. Mood disorder rates were similar between the two types. Most anxiety disorders had a higher survey-based prevalence rate, except for panic disorder. Men had a higher survey-based prevalence rate, whereas women had a higher registry-based prevalence rate of mental disorders. Korea's registry-based prevalence rate of mental disorders has consistently increased due to various efforts in the field. However, there is still room for improvement, especially in mental health literacy. Therefore, each disorder and patient sex needs to be considered separately when planning education and campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinKyung Jo
- Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea; Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Soo Jung Rim
- Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea; Graduate School of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Min-Geu Lee
- Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Subin Park
- Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea.
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11
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Naal H, Tavitian-Elmadjian LR, Yacoubian HA. Predictors of mental health literacy in a sample of university students in Lebanon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2020.1838239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hady Naal
- Department of Psychology, Haigazian University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Global Health Institute at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lucy R. Tavitian-Elmadjian
- Department of Psychology, Haigazian University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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12
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Schofield CA, Ponzini GT. The Skidmore Anxiety Stigma Scale (SASS): A covert and brief self-report measure. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 74:102259. [PMID: 32585425 PMCID: PMC7780731 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Shame and concerns about stigma are salient barriers to treatment for people with anxiety disorders, and yet very little stigma research has focused on this class of disorders. One explanation for this research gap is the absence of a brief, psychometrically sound measure for assessing public stigma for the anxiety disorders as a class. This (three-study) paper presents the psychometric properties of a 7-item scale that covertly assesses anxiety stigma by presenting as a test of knowledge. Items for the measure were derived from a mixed-methods project (Study 1) which assessed patient (N = 47) experiences with stigma. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis (N = 270) demonstrated that the scale fit a one-factor solution (Study 2). Study 3 comprehensively evaluated the measure's psychometric properties, including confirming the one-factor solution. Results further demonstrated test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and internal consistency. This brief measure fills an important gap by providing means for covertly assessing public stigma encountered by individuals with anxiety disorders and thus subverts social desirability concerns that plague self-report measures of stigma. Thus, the SASS increases the feasibility of work capturing the nature and impact of anxiety stigma - a highly relevant barrier to treatment.
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13
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Aydin S, Crone MR, Siebelink BM, Vermeiren RRJM, Numans ME, Westenberg PM. Recognition of anxiety disorders in children: a cross-sectional vignette-based survey among general practitioners. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e035799. [PMID: 32300000 PMCID: PMC7200042 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify general practitioners' (GPs) sensitivity to anxiety disorders (ADs) when confronted with the range of symptoms common to children with ADs. Also, to explore GPs' conscious preferences and implicit tendencies for referral of children with ADs to mental healthcare. DESIGN AND SETTING In a cross-sectional vignette-based survey, all attendees of a Dutch continuing medical education conference for primary care physicians were presented with subtitled audio fragments of five vignettes that we constructed to mimic symptom presentation of children with ADs in general practice. We asked attendees to select per vignette the most plausible diagnoses and most adequate referral option, and for their general referral preferences when they suspect each of the most common mental health problems. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 229 GPs, resulting in a total of 1128 vignette evaluations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE GPs' selection rate of ADs in the five vignettes compared with a benchmark provided by mental health professionals (MHPs). RESULTS Overall, recognition of ADs was less likely in GPs compared with MHPs (OR=0.26, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.46). GPs varied in their recognition of anxiety, with 44.1% not once selecting anxiety as the probable presenting problem. When asked explicitly, 63.9% of the GPs reported that they would refer a child to mental healthcare when they suspect probable ADs. By contrast, only 12.0% of the GPs who recognised anxiety in the vignettes actually selected that referral option. CONCLUSION A significant fraction of GPs did not notice the depicted symptoms as anxiety. Despite the widespread prevalence of ADs, GPs seem to overlook anxiety already in their early diagnostic opinion. Improving GPs' familiarity with initial symptom presentation, ADs' base-rate, relevance and impact yields potential for timely recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semiha Aydin
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Curium-LUMC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde R Crone
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Siebelink
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Curium-LUMC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Robert R J M Vermeiren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Curium-LUMC, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Youz, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Mattijs E Numans
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - P Michiel Westenberg
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
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Kent M, Scott S, Lambert S, Kirk E, Terhune-Cotter B, Thompson B, Neal S, Dozier B, Bardi M, Lambert K. Contingency Training Alters Neurobiological Components of Emotional Resilience in Male and Female Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 386:121-136. [PMID: 29928950 PMCID: PMC8112904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior research with a rat model of behavioral therapy [i.e., effort-based reward (EBR) contingency training] suggests that strengthened associations between physical effort and desired outcomes enhance neurobiological indices of resilience. In the current study, male and female Long-Evans rats were exposed to either six weeks of EBR training or noncontingent training prior to 10 days of exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Subsequently, all animals were exposed to a problem-solving task and then trained in a spatial learning/foraging task, the Dry Land Maze (DLM). Following habituation training and test trials, rats were assessed in a probe trial that generated a prediction error (cognitive uncertainty). Results indicated that, during CUS exposure, contingency-training enhanced dehydroepiandrosterone/corticosterone ratios (consistent with healthier stress responses), especially in male rats. Additionally, contingency training increased exploratory behaviors in the probe trial as well as differentially influenced on-task problem-solving performance in males and females. Following the probe trial, brains were exposed to histological analyses to determine the effects of sex and contingency training on various neurobiological markers. Contingency training decreased BDNF-immunoreactivity (ir) in the hippocampus CA1 and lateral habenula, implicating differential neuroplasticity responses in the training groups. Further, coordinated fos-ir activation in areas associated with emotional resilience (i.e., motivation-regulation) was observed in contingent-trained animals. In sum, the current findings confirm that behavioral training is associated with neurobiological markers of emotional resilience; however, further assessments are necessary to more accurately determine the therapeutic potential for the EBR contingency training model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kent
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Concentration, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, United States
| | - S Scott
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - S Lambert
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - E Kirk
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - B Terhune-Cotter
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - B Thompson
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - S Neal
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - B Dozier
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - M Bardi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - K Lambert
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Concentration, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, United States.
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15
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Farrer LM, Walker J, Harrison C, Banfield M. Primary care access for mental illness in Australia: Patterns of access to general practice from 2006 to 2016. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198400. [PMID: 29856836 PMCID: PMC5983527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
General practice has an important role within the Australian healthcare system to provide access to care and effective management of chronic health conditions. However, people with serious mental illness experience challenges associated with service access. The current paper seeks to examine drivers of access to general practice for people with common and serious mental disorders, compared with people who access care for type II diabetes, a common physical health problem managed in general practice. The Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) programme provides the most comprehensive and objective measurement of general practitioner activity in Australia. Using BEACH data, this study compared general practice encounters for depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and type II diabetes during a 10-year period between 2006 and 2016. Analysis revealed more frequent encounters for depression compared to anxiety, and a higher representation of women in encounters for bipolar disorder compared to men. The relationship between number of encounters and patient age was strongly associated with the life course and mortality characteristics associated with each disorder. The findings highlight specific challenges associated with access to primary care for people with serious mental illness, and suggest areas of focus to improve the ability of these patients to access and navigate the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Farrer
- Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jennie Walker
- Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christopher Harrison
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Banfield
- Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Johnson SE, Lawrence D, Sawyer M, Zubrick SR. Mental disorders in Australian 4- to 17- year olds: Parent-reported need for help. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2018; 52:149-162. [PMID: 28462588 DOI: 10.1177/0004867417706032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the extent to which parents report that 4- to 17-year-olds with symptoms meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria for mental disorders need help, the types of help needed, the extent to which this need is being met and factors associated with a need for help. METHOD During 2013-2014, a national household survey of the mental health of Australia's young people (Young Minds Matter) was conducted, involving 6310 parents (and carers) of 4- to 17-year-olds. The survey identified 12-month mental disorders using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children - Version IV ( n = 870) and asked parents about the need for four types of help - information, medication, counselling and life skills. RESULTS Parents of 79% of 4- to 17-year-olds with mental disorders reported that their child needed help, and of these, only 35% had their needs fully met. The greatest need for help was for those with major depressive disorder (95%) and conduct disorder (93%). Among these, 39% of those with major depressive disorder but only 19% of those with conduct disorder had their needs fully met. Counselling was the type of help most commonly identified as being needed (68%). In multivariate models, need for counselling was higher when children had autism or an intellectual disability, in blended families, when parents were distressed, and in the most advantaged socioeconomic areas. CONCLUSIONS Many children and adolescents meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria for mental disorders have a completely unmet need for help, especially those with conduct disorders. Even with mild disorders, lack of clinical assessment represents an important missed opportunity for early intervention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Johnson
- 1 Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David Lawrence
- 2 Graduate School of Education, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Sawyer
- 3 School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,4 Research and Evaluation Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen R Zubrick
- 1 Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia.,2 Graduate School of Education, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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17
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Greenberg JL, Berman NC, Braddick V, Schwartz R, Mothi SS, Wilhelm S. Treatment utilization and barriers to treatment among individuals with olfactory reference syndrome (ORS). J Psychosom Res 2018; 105:31-36. [PMID: 29332631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory reference syndrome (ORS) is characterized by a preoccupation that one is emitting a foul or offensive odor. Despite the profound psychosocial impact of ORS, many patients do not receive appropriate treatment, and there is no empirical research on treatment-seeking behavior in ORS. This study investigated treatment utilization patterns and barriers to treatment in individuals with ORS. METHOD 253 subjects completed an online survey between January-March 2010. Data were obtained from the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for ORS (ORS-YBOCS), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), and questionnaires specific to treatment utilization and barriers. RESULTS The sample was ethnically diverse, predominately male (67%), with an average age of 33.7years, and moderately severe ORS symptoms. Most participants first sought care from a medical specialist (44%), and mental health services were underutilized (14%). Higher functional impairment was significantly correlated with seeking care from a mental health provider, compared to a medical specialist. Nearly all participants endorsed multiple barriers to treatment, including (a) logistical/financial, (b) stigma/discrimination, and (c) treatment perception barriers. ORS symptom severity was significantly, positively correlated with number of logistical/financial and stigma/discrimination barriers. Treatment barriers were significantly influenced by ethnic group, ORS symptom severity, and source of odor. CONCLUSION Results highlight the importance of increasing awareness and enhancing access to care for individuals with ORS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Noah C Berman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Valerie Braddick
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Rachel Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Suraj S Mothi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building 185 Cambridge Street, Suite 2000, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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18
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Ramkissoon AK, Donald C, Hutchinson G. Supernatural versus medical: Responses to mental illness from undergraduate university students in Trinidad. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2017; 63:330-338. [PMID: 28446041 DOI: 10.1177/0020764017702412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background/Introduction: Perceptions about the aetiology of mental illness are likely to influence help-seeking behaviour. Understanding help-seeking behaviour will improve service provision and access. Therefore, this is likely to improve treatment outcomes. METHODS We assessed the perceptions and help-seeking behaviours surrounding mental illness in a Trinidadian population of 158 tertiary-level students (136 female, 22 male; mean age 30) by analysing their responses to a questionnaire which asked for responses regarding a case vignette of a 25-year-old young woman exhibiting symptoms suggestive of schizophrenia. RESULTS Of the respondents, 32.3% attributed the symptoms to supernatural causes. Specifically, 27.8% to someone doing her bad and 24.1% to evil spirits. In all, 77.2% of respondents indicated that mental illness was caused by medical problems and 63.3% to work stress. A minimum of 9.5% of the students therefore have dual perceptions regarding causation (77.2 + 32.3 = 109.5) Those who perceived causation to be supernatural said they would seek help from both medical ( p = .000) and supernatural ( p = .000) modalities. This also applied significantly to those who said the causation was medical, that is, seeking both religious intervention ( p = .000) and medical intervention (.000) as the first path in the health-seeking pathway. CONCLUSION Dual help-seeking behaviour seems to be the functional result of an integration of religious and medical models of mental illness causation even in respondents who clearly identified only one of these as the likely cause of the illness behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Casswina Donald
- Psychiatry Unit, The University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gerard Hutchinson
- Psychiatry Unit, The University of the West Indies, Mt. Hope, Trinidad and Tobago
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Smith AH, Paulus DJ, Norton PJ. Transdiagnostic assessment of anxiety symptoms using the Anxiety Disorder Diagnostic Questionnaire - weekly version. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2016; 30:96-106. [PMID: 27229362 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2016.1186272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norton and Robinson [2010. Development and evaluation of the anxiety disorder diagnostic questionnaire. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39(2), 137-149. doi: 10.1080/16506070903140430 ] developed the Anxiety Disorder Diagnostic Questionnaire (ADDQ) as a transdiagnostic assessment of fear and anxiety to address problems in using diagnosis-specific measures as well as limitations with the extant transdiagnostic measures of anxiety. The present study validated a weekly version of the ADDQ, the Anxiety Disorder Diagnostic Questionnaire - Weekly (ADDQ-W) allowing session-by-session transdiagnostic assessment of anxiety. METHOD Data were a secondary analysis of 49 treatment-seeking outpatient adults from a previous clinical trial. The ADDQ-W was administered weekly over the course of 12-group therapy sessions. RESULTS The ADDQ-W was a valid weekly measure and neither scores, F(2, 37) = 2.70, p = .08, nor trajectories of change, F(2, 37) = 0.31, p = .73, differed by primary diagnosis, though power was limited. Rate of ADDQ-W change was predictive of change in both primary diagnosis severity, t = 2.40, p = .02, β = 0.32, and overall severity, t = 3.01, p < .01, β = 0.36, at post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study has established initial support for the use of the brief, easily scored, ADDQ-W for repeated assessment over treatment using a diagnostically heterogeneous clinical sample of treatment-seeking individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Smith
- a Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Daniel J Paulus
- b Department of Psychology , University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Peter J Norton
- c Department of Psychology , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
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