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Särestöniemi M, Singh D, Dessai R, Heredia C, Myllymäki S, Myllylä T. Realistic 3D Phantoms for Validation of Microwave Sensing in Health Monitoring Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1975. [PMID: 38544238 PMCID: PMC10974510 DOI: 10.3390/s24061975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of new medical-monitoring applications requires precise modeling of effects on the human body as well as the simulation and the emulation of realistic scenarios and conditions. The first aim of this paper is to develop realistic and adjustable 3D human-body emulation platforms that could be used for evaluating emerging microwave-based medical monitoring/sensing applications such as the detection of brain tumors, strokes, and breast cancers, as well as for capsule endoscopy studies. New phantom recipes are developed for microwave ranges for phantom molds with realistic shapes. The second aim is to validate the feasibility and reliability of using the phantoms for practical scenarios with electromagnetic simulations using tissue-layer models and biomedical antennas. The third aim is to investigate the impact of the water temperature in the phantom-cooking phase on the dielectric properties of the stabilized phantom. The evaluations show that the dielectric properties of the developed phantoms correspond closely to those of real human tissue. The error in dielectric properties varies between 0.5-8%. In the practical-scenario simulations, the differences obtained with phantoms-based simulations in S21 parameters are 0.1-13 dB. However, the differences are smaller in the frequency ranges used for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Särestöniemi
- Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (D.S.); (T.M.)
- Centre for Wireless Communications, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Daljeet Singh
- Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (D.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Rakshita Dessai
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Charline Heredia
- Optoelectronics and Measurements Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Sami Myllymäki
- Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Teemu Myllylä
- Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (D.S.); (T.M.)
- Optoelectronics and Measurements Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Makarov SN, Noetscher GM, Yanamadala J, Piazza MW, Louie S, Prokop A, Nazarian A, Nummenmaa A. Virtual Human Models for Electromagnetic Studies and Their Applications. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 10:95-121. [PMID: 28682265 PMCID: PMC10502908 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2722420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerical simulation of electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical responses of the human body to different stimuli in magnetic resonance imaging safety, antenna research, electromagnetic tomography, and electromagnetic stimulation is currently limited by the availability of anatomically adequate and numerically efficient cross-platform computational models or "virtual humans." The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of modern human models and body region models available in the field and their important features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N. Makarov
- ECE Dept., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 ()
| | - Gregory M. Noetscher
- ECE Dept., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609; Neva Electromagnetics, LLC., Yarmouth Port, MA 02675 ()
| | | | | | | | | | - Ara Nazarian
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02675 ()
| | - Aapo Nummenmaa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 ()
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