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Sar GK, Ghosh D, O'Keeffe K. Solvable model of driven matter with pinning. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:044603. [PMID: 38755809 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.044603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We present a simple model of driven matter in a 1D medium with pinning impurities, applicable to magnetic domains walls, confined colloids, and other systems. We find rich dynamics, including hysteresis, reentrance, quasiperiodicity, and two distinct routes to chaos. In contrast to other minimal models of driven matter, the model is solvable: we derive the full phase diagram for small N, and for large N, we derive expressions for order parameters and several bifurcation curves. The model is also realistic. Its collective states match those seen in the experiments of magnetic domain walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kumar Sar
- Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Dibakar Ghosh
- Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B. T. Road, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Kevin O'Keeffe
- Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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You Q, Shao X, Wang J, Chen X. Progress on Physical Field-Regulated Micro/Nanomotors for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300426. [PMID: 37391275 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) are two major vasculature-related diseases that seriously affect public health worldwide, which can cause serious death and disability. Lack of targeting effect of the traditional CCVD treatment drugs may damage other tissues and organs, thus more specific methods are needed to solve this dilemma. Micro/nanomotors are new materials that can convert external energy into driving force for autonomous movement, which can not only enhance the penetration depth and retention rates, but also increase the contact areas with the lesion sites (such as thrombus and inflammation sites of blood vessels). Physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors using the physical energy sources with deep tissue penetration and controllable performance, such as magnetic field, light, and ultrasound, etc. are considered as the emerging patient-friendly and effective therapeutic tools to overcome the limitations of conventional CCVD treatments. Recent efforts have suggested that physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors on CCVD treatments could simultaneously provide efficient therapeutic effect and intelligent control. In this review, various physical field-driven micro/nanomotors are mainly introduced and their latest advances for CCVDs are highlighted. Last, the remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the physical field-regulated micro/nanomotors for CCVD treatments are discussed and outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Xinyue Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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3
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Zhang B, Jiang X. Magnetic Nanoparticles Mediated Thrombolysis-A Review. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 4:109-132. [PMID: 38111792 PMCID: PMC10727495 DOI: 10.1109/ojnano.2023.3273921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles containing thrombolytic medicines have been developed for thrombolysis applications in response to the increasing demand for effective, targeted treatment of thrombosis disease. In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in nanoparticles that can be navigated and driven by a magnetic field. However, there are few review publications concerning the application of magnetic nanoparticles in thrombolysis. In this study, we examine the current state of magnetic nanoparticles in the application of in vitro and in vivo thrombolysis under a static or dynamic magnetic field, as well as the combination of magnetic nanoparticles with an acoustic field for dual-mode thrombolysis. We also discuss four primary processes of magnetic nanoparticles mediated thrombolysis, including magnetic nanoparticle targeting, magnetic nanoparticle trapping, magnetic drug release, and magnetic rupture of blood clot fibrin networks. This review will offer unique insights for the future study and clinical development of magnetic nanoparticles mediated thrombolysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohua Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
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Yoon S, O'Keeffe KP, Mendes JFF, Goltsev AV. Sync and Swarm: Solvable Model of Nonidentical Swarmalators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:208002. [PMID: 36462001 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.208002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We study a model of nonidentical swarmalators, generalizations of phase oscillators that both sync in time and swarm in space. The model produces four collective states: asynchrony, sync clusters, vortexlike phase waves, and a mixed state. These states occur in many real-world swarmalator systems such as biological microswimmers, chemical nanomotors, and groups of drones. A generalized Ott-Antonsen ansatz provides the first analytic description of these states and conditions for their existence. We show how this approach may be used in studies of active matter and related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoon
- Departamento de Física da Universidade de Aveiro and I3N, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - K P O'Keeffe
- Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J F F Mendes
- Departamento de Física da Universidade de Aveiro and I3N, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A V Goltsev
- Departamento de Física da Universidade de Aveiro and I3N, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Gupta A, Soni S, Chauhan N, Khanuja M, Jain U. Nanobots-based advancement in targeted drug delivery and imaging: An update. J Control Release 2022; 349:97-108. [PMID: 35718213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation and targeted navigation of nanobots in complex biological conditions can be achieved by chemical reactions, by applying external forces, and via motile cells. Several studies have applied fuel-based and fuel-free propulsion mechanisms for nanobots movements in environmental sciences and robotics. However, their applications in biomedical sciences are still in the budding phase. Therefore, the current review introduces the fundamentals of different propulsion strategies based on the advantageous features of applied nanomaterials or cellular components. Furthermore, the recent developments reported in various literatures on next-generation nanobots, such as Xenobots with applications of in-vitro and in-vivo drug delivery and imaging were also explored in detail. The challenges and the future prospects are also highlighted with corresponding advantages and limitations of nanobots in biomedical applications. This review concludes that with ever booming research enthusiasm in this field and increasing multidisciplinary cooperation, micro-/nanorobots with intelligence and multifunctions will emerge in the near future, which would have a profound impact on the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan Gupta
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Shringika Soni
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manika Khanuja
- Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India.
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Microscopic Swarms: From Active Matter Physics to Biomedical and Environmental Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020295. [PMID: 35208419 PMCID: PMC8876490 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic swarms consisting of, e.g., active colloidal particles or microorganisms, display emergent behaviors not seen in equilibrium systems. They represent an emerging field of research that generates both fundamental scientific interest and practical technological value. This review seeks to unite the perspective of fundamental active matter physics and the perspective of practical applications of microscopic swarms. We first summarize experimental and theoretical results related to a few key aspects unique to active matter systems: the existence of long-range order, the prediction and observation of giant number fluctuations and motility-induced phase separation, and the exploration of the relations between information and order in the self-organizing patterns. Then we discuss microscopic swarms, particularly microrobotic swarms, from the perspective of applications. We introduce common methods to control and manipulate microrobotic swarms and summarize their potential applications in fields such as targeted delivery, in vivo imaging, biofilm removal, and wastewater treatment. We aim at bridging the gap between the community of active matter physics and the community of micromachines or microrobotics, and in doing so, we seek to inspire fruitful collaborations between the two communities.
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Wang L, Wang J, Hao J, Dong Z, Wu J, Shen G, Ying T, Feng L, Cai X, Liu Z, Zheng Y. Guiding Drug Through Interrupted Bloodstream for Potentiated Thrombolysis by C-Shaped Magnetic Actuation System In Vivo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105351. [PMID: 34647345 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fast and effective thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is limited by the poor delivery efficiency of thrombolytic drugs, which is induced by an interrupted bloodstream and delayed recanalization. Existing magnetic micro/nanodrug-loaded robots used for targeted thrombotic therapy are limited by the complexity of the clinical verification of nanodrugs and the limited space of magnetic actuation systems. Herein, a general drug delivery strategy based on mass transportation theory for thrombolysis is presented, and an open space C-shaped magnetic actuation system with laser location and ultrasound imaging navigation for in vivo evaluation is developed. tPA can be guided through an interrupted bloodstream to the thrombi by the locomotion of magnetic nanoparticle swarms (MNSs), thereby improving the thrombolysis efficacy. Notably, this strategy is able to quickly establish a life channel to achieve time-critical recanalization, which is typically inaccessible using native tPA. Both in vitro and in vivo thrombolysis experiments demonstrate that the thrombus lysis efficacy significantly increases after the application of the MNS under a rotating magnetic field. This study provides an anticipated C-shaped magnetic actuation system for in vivo validation and also presents a clinically feasible drug delivery strategy for targeted thrombolytic therapy with minimal systemic tPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchen Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Jienan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Junnian Hao
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ying
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Liangzhu Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyi Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
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Zhang J. Evolving from Laboratory Toys towards Life-Savers: Small-Scale Magnetic Robotic Systems with Medical Imaging Modalities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1310. [PMID: 34832722 PMCID: PMC8620623 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small-scale magnetic robots are remotely actuated and controlled by an externally applied magnetic field. These robots have a characteristic size ranging from several millimetres down to a few nanometres. They are often untethered in order to access constrained and hard-to-reach space buried deep in human body. Thus, they promise to bring revolutionary improvement to minimally invasive diagnostics and therapeutics. However, existing research is still mostly limited to scenarios in over-simplified laboratory environment with unrealistic working conditions. Further advancement of this field demands researchers to consider complex unstructured biological workspace. In order to deliver its promised potentials, next-generation small-scale magnetic robotic systems need to address the constraints and meet the demands of real-world clinical tasks. In particular, integrating medical imaging modalities into the robotic systems is a critical step in their evolution from laboratory toys towards potential life-savers. This review discusses the recent efforts made in this direction to push small-scale magnetic robots towards genuine biomedical applications. This review examines the accomplishment achieved so far and sheds light on the open challenges. It is hoped that this review can offer a perspective on how next-generation robotic systems can not only effectively integrate medical imaging methods, but also take full advantage of the imaging equipments to enable additional functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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