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Wlodkowic D, Karpiński TM. Live-Cell Systems in Real-Time Biomonitoring of Water Pollution: Practical Considerations and Future Perspectives. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217028. [PMID: 34770335 PMCID: PMC8588540 DOI: 10.3390/s21217028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring and early warning of potential water contamination with toxic chemicals is of paramount importance for human health and sustainable food production. During the last few decades there have been noteworthy advances in technologies for the automated sensing of physicochemical parameters of water. These do not translate well into online monitoring of chemical pollutants since most of them are either incapable of real-time detection or unable to detect impacts on biological organisms. As a result, biological early warning systems have been proposed to supplement conventional water quality test strategies. Such systems can continuously evaluate physiological parameters of suitable aquatic species and alert the user to the presence of toxicants. In this regard, single cellular organisms, such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, micro-algae and vertebrate cell lines, offer promising avenues for development of water biosensors. Historically, only a handful of systems utilising single-cell organisms have been deployed as established online water biomonitoring tools. Recent advances in recombinant microorganisms, cell immobilisation techniques, live-cell microarrays and microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip technologies open new avenues to develop miniaturised systems capable of detecting a broad range of water contaminants. In experimental settings, they have been shown as sensitive and rapid biosensors with capabilities to detect traces of contaminants. In this work, we critically review the recent advances and practical prospects of biological early warning systems based on live-cell biosensors. We demonstrate historical deployment successes, technological innovations, as well as current challenges for the broader deployment of live-cell biosensors in the monitoring of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Plenty Road, P.O. Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9925-7157; Fax: +61-3-9925-7110
| | - Tomasz M. Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland;
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Shaffaf T, Forouhi S, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Towards Fully Integrated Portable Sensing Devices for COVID-19 and Future Global Hazards: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:915. [PMID: 34442537 PMCID: PMC8401608 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this fatal disease has been the leading cause of the death of more than 3.9 million people around the world. This tragedy taught us that we should be well-prepared to control the spread of such infectious diseases and prevent future hazards. As a consequence, this pandemic has drawn the attention of many researchers to the development of portable platforms with short hands-on and turnaround time suitable for batch production in urgent pandemic situations such as that of COVID-19. Two main groups of diagnostic assays have been reported for the detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) including nucleic acid-based and protein-based assays. The main focus of this paper is on the latter, which requires a shorter time duration, less skilled technicians, and faces lower contamination. Furthermore, this paper gives an overview of the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) biosensors, which are potentially useful for implementing point-of-care (PoC) platforms based on such assays. CMOS technology, as a predominant technology for the fabrication of integrated circuits, is a promising candidate for the development of PoC devices by offering the advantages of reliability, accessibility, scalability, low power consumption, and distinct cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Shaffaf
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BioSA), York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (T.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Saghi Forouhi
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BioSA), York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (T.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BioSA), York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (T.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Jain MC, Nadaraja AV, Mohammadi S, Vizcaino BM, Zarifi MH. Passive Microwave Biosensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Subsurface Bacterial Growth. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:122-132. [PMID: 33513106 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3055227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A real-time and label-free microstrip sensor capable of detecting and monitoring subsurface growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on solid growth media such as Luria-Bertani (LB) agar is presented. The microwave ring resonator was designed to operate at 1.76 GHz to detect variations in the dielectric properties such as permittivity and loss tangent to monitor bacterial growth. The sensor demonstrated high efficiency in monitoring subsurface dynamics of E. coli growth between two layers of LB agar. The resonant amplitude variations (Δ Amplitude (dB)) were recorded for different volumes of E. coli (3 μL and 9 μL) and compared to control without E. coli for 36 hours. The control showed a maximum amplitude variation of 0.037 dB, which was selected as a threshold to distinguish between the presence and absence of E. coli growth. The measured results by sensors were further supported by microscopic images. It is worth noticing that the amplitude variations fit well with the Gompertz growth model. The rate of amplitude change correlating bacteria growth rate was calculated as 0.08 and 0.13 dB/hr. for 3 μL and 9 μL of E. coli, respectively. This work is a proof of concept to demonstrate the capability of microwave sensors to detect and monitor subsurface bacterial growth.
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Forouhi S, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Applications of CMOS Devices for the Diagnosis and Control of Infectious Diseases. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E1003. [PMID: 33202888 PMCID: PMC7698050 DOI: 10.3390/mi11111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), Ebola, influenza A, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in recent years have threatened the health and security of the global community as one of the greatest factors of mortality in the world. Accurate and immediate diagnosis of infectious agents and symptoms is a key to control the outbreak of these diseases. Rapid advances in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology offers great advantages like high accuracy, high throughput and rapid measurements in biomedical research and disease diagnosis. These features as well as low cost, low power and scalability of CMOS technology can pave the way for the development of powerful devices such as point-of-care (PoC) systems, lab-on-chip (LoC) platforms and symptom screening devices for accurate and timely diagnosis of infectious diseases. This paper is an overview of different CMOS-based devices such as optical, electrochemical, magnetic and mechanical sensors developed by researchers to mitigate the problems associated with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Forouhi
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
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Mohammadi S, Nadaraja AV, Luckasavitch K, Jain MC, June Roberts D, Zarifi MH. A Label-Free, Non-Intrusive, and Rapid Monitoring of Bacterial Growth on Solid Medium Using Microwave Biosensor. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:2-11. [PMID: 31715571 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2952841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microwave resonator sensors are attractive for their contactless and label-free capability of monitoring bacterial growth in liquid media. This paper outlines a new label-free microwave biosensor based on a pair of planar split ring resonators for non-invasive monitoring of bacterial growth on a solid agar media. The sensor is comprised of two split ring resonators with slightly different resonant frequencies for differential operation. The transmission coefficient (S21) of the sensor is considered as the sensor's response with a designed and measured quality factor above 200 to ensure a high-resolution operation of the biosensor. Two resonant frequencies of 1.95 and 2.11 GHz represent the sensing signal and the reference signal, respectively. The developed sensor demonstrates high performance in monitoring the growth dynamics of Escherichia coli (E. coli) on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar with 4 mm thickness. The sensor's resonant amplitude response demonstrated 0.5 dB variation corresponding to the bacterial growth over 48 hours when bacteria were spread on LB agar starting with initial OD600 = 1.5. Moreover, 0.6 dB change in the sensor's response was observed over 96 hours of bacterial growth starting with an initial OD600 = 1.17 spotted on LB agar. The measured results fit well to the curves created using Richards' bacterial growth model, showing the strength of the sensor as a potential candidate for use in predictive food microbiology systems.
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Zhang X, Jiang X, Hao Z, Qu K. Advances in online methods for monitoring microbial growth. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:433-447. [PMID: 30472440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics of microbial growth is of great significance to many fields including in scientific research, the food industry, health care, and agriculture. Many methods have been established to characterize the process of microbial growth. Online and automated methods, in which sample transfer is avoided, are popular because they can facilitate the development of simple, safe, and effective growth monitoring. This review focuses on advances in online monitoring methods over the last decade (2008-2018). We specifically focus on optic- and electrochemistry-based techniques, either through contact measurements or contactless measurement. Strengths and weaknesses of each set of methods are described and we also speculate on forthcoming trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106, Nanjing Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106, Nanjing Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agriculture University, 700, Changcheng Rd, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Keming Qu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106, Nanjing Rd, Shinan District, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China.
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Tawil N, Sacher E, Mandeville R, Meunier M. Bacteriophages: biosensing tools for multi-drug resistant pathogens. Analyst 2015; 139:1224-36. [PMID: 24434867 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen detection is of utmost importance in many sectors, such as in the food industry, environmental quality control, clinical diagnostics, bio-defence and counter-terrorism. Failure to appropriately, and specifically, detect pathogenic bacteria can lead to serious consequences, and may ultimately be lethal. Public safety, new legislation, recent outbreaks in food contamination, and the ever-increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant infections have fostered a worldwide research effort targeting novel biosensing strategies. This review concerns phage-based analytical and biosensing methods targeted towards theranostic applications. We discuss and review phage-based assays, notably phage amplification, reporter phage, phage lysis, and bioluminescence assays for the detection of bacterial species, as well as phage-based biosensors, including optical (comprising SPR sensors and fiber optic assays), electrochemical (comprising amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric sensors), acoustic wave and magnetoelastic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tawil
- Regroupement Québécois de Matériaux de Pointe, Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Case Postale 6079, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Ghafar-Zadeh E. Wireless integrated biosensors for point-of-care diagnostic applications. SENSORS 2015; 15:3236-61. [PMID: 25648709 PMCID: PMC4367357 DOI: 10.3390/s150203236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in integrated biosensors, wireless communication and power harvesting techniques are enticing researchers into spawning a new breed of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices that have attracted significant interest from industry. Among these, it is the ones equipped with wireless capabilities that drew our attention in this review paper. Indeed, wireless POC devices offer a great advantage, that of the possibility of exerting continuous monitoring of biologically relevant parameters, metabolites and other bio-molecules, relevant to the management of various morbid diseases such as diabetes, brain cancer, ischemia, and Alzheimer's. In this review paper, we examine three major categories of miniaturized integrated devices, namely; the implantable Wireless Bio-Sensors (WBSs), the wearable WBSs and the handheld WBSs. In practice, despite the aforesaid progress made in developing wireless platforms, early detection of health imbalances remains a grand challenge from both the technological and the medical points of view. This paper addresses such challenges and reports the state-of-the-art in this interdisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J1P3, Canada.
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Shabani A, Marquette CA, Mandeville R, Lawrence MF. Modern Probe-Assisted Methods for the Specific Detection of Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2015.82011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nikkhoo N, Gulak PG, Maxwell K. Rapid detection of E. coli bacteria using potassium-sensitive FETs in CMOS. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2013; 7:621-630. [PMID: 24107977 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2013.2276013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel integrated system for the detection of live bacteria in less than 10 minutes is presented. It utilizes the specificity of bacteriophages as biological detection elements with the sensitivity of integrated ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISFETs) implemented in conventional 0.18 μm CMOS with additional post-processes PVC-based potassium-sensitive membrane to provide a rapid, low-cost bacteria detection platform. Experimental methods to cancel ISFET non-idealities as well as data processing techniques to enhance detection capability of the bacteria sensor are demonstrated. Three groups of experimental results are provided using four strains of E. coli with two bacteriophages at two different temperatures. Measurements incorporating positive and negative control experiments are presented that successfully exhibit sensor specificity as well detection capability.
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McGeough CM, O'Driscoll S. Camera phone-based quantitative analysis of C-reactive protein ELISA. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2013; 7:655-659. [PMID: 24232626 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2012.2234122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a camera phone as a low-cost optical detector for quantitative analysis of a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The camera phone was used to acquire images of the ELISA carried out in a conventional 96 well plate. Colorimetric analysis of the images was used to determine a standard curve that exhibited excellent agreement with a fitted 4-parameter logistic model (R²=0.998). The limit of detection (LOD) for this approach was determined to be 0.026 ± 0.002 μg/ml (1.035 ± 0.079 μM) CRP. Furthermore, these results were found to be in very close agreement with measurements obtained for the same assay using a laboratory-based instrument. These findings indicate the basic technology to enable low-cost quantitative home-based monitoring of an important clinical biomarker of inflammatory disease may already be present in the patient's home.
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Baeg JC, Wi H, Oh TI, McEwan AL, Woo EJ. An amplitude-to-time conversion technique suitable for multichannel data acquisition and bioimpedance imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2013; 7:349-354. [PMID: 23853334 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2012.2212437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we exploit the high timing resolution offered by microprocessors to develop an amplitude measurement approach that is convenient for high channel count portable sinusoidal recording systems such as the bioimpedance measurements used in impedance imaging. This approach reduces the number of components required per channel, reducing cost, size and power consumption compared to the traditional approaches. The setup uses two high performance comparators to convert amplitude difference to a timing difference. This is captured by a high speed microprocessor. A straightforward algorithm removes DC and timing offsets. We suggest three modes of operation: fast: less than one period of the input, normal: exactly one input period and high precision: multiple input periods. The mean signal-to-noise ratio was 40, 81, and 112.4 dB in fast, normal, and high precision mode respectively for a range of resistive loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Cheol Baeg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Korea
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Yao L, Yung KY, Cheung MC, Chodavarapu VP, Bright FV. CMOS direct time interval measurement of long-lived luminescence lifetimes. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:5-9. [PMID: 22254237 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6089883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe a Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Direct Time Interval Measurement (DTIM) Integrated Circuit (IC) to detect the decay (fall) time of the luminescence emission when analyte-sensitive luminophores are excited with an optical pulse. The CMOS DTIM IC includes 14 × 14 phototransistor array, transimpedance amplifier, regulated gain amplifier, fall time detector, and time-to-digital convertor. We examined the DTIM system to measure the emission lifetime of oxygen-sensitive luminophores tris(4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) ([Ru(dpp)(3)](2+)) encapsulated in sol-gel derived xerogel thin-films. The DTIM system fabricated using TSMC 0.35 μm process functions to detect lifetimes from 4 μs to 14.4 μs but can be tuned to detect longer lifetimes. The system provides 8-bit digital output proportional to lifetimes and consumes 4.5 mW of power with 3.3 V DC supply. The CMOS system provides a useful platform for the development of reliable, robust, and miniaturized optical chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2A7, Canada.
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