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Mitra M, Kumar A, Khandare S, Gaddale P, Anandan Y, Pedibhotla S, Roy K, Chen H, Pratap R, Kothapalli SR. Low-Cost Scalable PCB-Based 2-D Transducer Arrays for Volumetric Photoacoustic Imaging. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2024; 24:4380-4386. [PMID: 38505656 PMCID: PMC10947080 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2023.3344824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging provides deep tissue molecular imaging of chromophores with optical absorption contrast and ultrasonic resolution. Present PA imaging techniques are predominantly limited to one 2D plane per acquisition. 2D ultrasound transducers, required for real-time 3D PA imaging, are high-cost, complex to fabricate and have limited scalability in design. We present novel PCB-based 2D matrix ultrasound transducer arrays that are capable of being bulk manufactured at low-cost without using laborious ultrasound fabrication tools. The 2D ultrasound array specifications are easily scalable with respect to widely available PCB design and fabrication tools at low cost. To demonstrate scalability, we fabricated low (11 MHz) frequency 8x8 matrix array and high (40 MHz) frequency 4x4 matrix array by directly bonding an undiced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric material of desired thickness to the custom designed PCB substrate. Characterization results demonstrate wideband PA receive sensitivity for both low (87%) and high (188%) frequency arrays. Volumetric PA imaging results of light absorbing targets inside optical scattering medium demonstrate improved spatial resolution and field of view with increase in aperture size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahaan Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, KA, India
| | - Shubham Khandare
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Prameth Gaddale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yashoda Anandan
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, KA, India
| | - Srian Pedibhotla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kaustav Roy
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, KA, India
| | - Haoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rudra Pratap
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, KA, India
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Graduate Program in Acoustics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
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Lee C, Kim C, Park B. Review of Three-Dimensional Handheld Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging Systems and Their Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8149. [PMID: 37836978 PMCID: PMC10575128 DOI: 10.3390/s23198149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a non-invasive biomedical imaging technique that combines the benefits of optics and acoustics to provide high-resolution structural and functional information. This review highlights the emergence of three-dimensional handheld PA imaging systems as a promising approach for various biomedical applications. These systems are classified into four techniques: direct imaging with 2D ultrasound (US) arrays, mechanical-scanning-based imaging with 1D US arrays, mirror-scanning-based imaging, and freehand-scanning-based imaging. A comprehensive overview of recent research in each imaging technique is provided, and potential solutions for system limitations are discussed. This review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in advancements and opportunities in three-dimensional handheld PA imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyeop Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byullee Park
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Fang Z, Gao F, Jin H, Liu S, Wang W, Zhang R, Zheng Z, Xiao X, Tang K, Lou L, Tang KT, Chen J, Zheng Y. A Review of Emerging Electromagnetic-Acoustic Sensing Techniques for Healthcare Monitoring. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:1075-1094. [PMID: 36459601 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3226290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electromagnetic (EM) sensing techniques such as radar and LiDAR are widely used for remote sensing, vehicle applications, weather monitoring, and clinical monitoring. Acoustic techniques such as sonar and ultrasound sensors are also used for consumer applications, such as ranging and in vivo medical/healthcare applications. It has been of long-term interest to doctors and clinical practitioners to realize continuous healthcare monitoring in hospitals and/or homes. Physiological and biopotential signals in real-time serve as important health indicators to predict and prevent serious illness. Emerging electromagnetic-acoustic (EMA) sensing techniques synergistically combine the merits of EM sensing with acoustic imaging to achieve comprehensive detection of physiological and biopotential signals. Further, EMA enables complementary fusion sensing for challenging healthcare settings, such as real-world long-term monitoring of treatment effects at home or in remote environments. This article reviews various examples of EMA sensing instruments, including implementation, performance, and application from the perspectives of circuits to systems. The novel and significant applications to healthcare are discussed. Three types of EMA sensors are presented: (1) Chip-based radar sensors for health status monitoring, (2) Thermo-acoustic sensing instruments for biomedical applications, and (3) Photoacoustic (PA) sensing and imaging systems, including dedicated reconstruction algorithms were reviewed from time-domain, frequency-domain, time-reversal, and model-based solutions. The future of EMA techniques for continuous healthcare with enhanced accuracy supported by artificial intelligence (AI) is also presented.
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Chen Q, Qin W, Qi W, Xi L. Progress of clinical translation of handheld and semi-handheld photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100264. [PMID: 33868921 PMCID: PMC8040335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), featuring rich contrast, high spatial/temporal resolution and deep penetration, is one of the fastest-growing biomedical imaging technology over the last decade. To date, numbers of handheld and semi-handheld photoacoustic imaging devices have been reported with corresponding potential clinical applications. Here, we summarize emerged handheld and semi-handheld systems in terms of photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), optoacoustic mesoscopy (OAMes), and photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). We will discuss each modality in three aspects: laser delivery, scanning protocol, and acoustic detection. Besides new technical developments, we also review the associated clinical studies, and the advantages/disadvantages of these new techniques. In the end, we propose the challenges and perspectives of miniaturized PAI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Physics, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Weizhi Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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