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Mireles M, Xu E, Ragunathan R, Fang Q. Medium-adaptive compressive diffuse optical tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:5128-5142. [PMID: 39296389 PMCID: PMC11407237 DOI: 10.1364/boe.529195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The low spatial resolution of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has motivated the development of high-density DOT systems utilizing spatially-encoded illumination and detection strategies. Data compression methods, through the application of Fourier or Hadamard patterns, have been commonly explored for both illumination and detection but were largely limited to pre-determined patterns regardless of imaging targets. Here, we show that target-optimized detection patterns can yield significantly improved DOT reconstructions in both in silico and experimental tests. Applying reciprocity, we can further iteratively optimize both illumination and detection patterns and show that these simultaneously optimized source/detection patterns outperform predetermined patterns in simulation settings. In addition, we show media-adaptive measurement data compression methods enable wide-field DOT systems to recover highly complex inclusions inside optically-thick media with reduced background artifacts. Furthermore, using truncated optimized patterns shows an improvement of 2-4× in increased speed of data acquisition and reconstruction without significantly losing image quality. The proposed method can be readily extended for additional data dimensions such as spectrum and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mireles
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Edward Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Rahul Ragunathan
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, USA
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2
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Deng B, Muldoon A, Cormier J, Mercaldo ND, Niehoff E, Moffett N, Saksena MA, Isakoff SJ, Carp SA. Functional hemodynamic imaging markers for the prediction of pathological outcomes in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:066001. [PMID: 38737790 PMCID: PMC11088438 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.6.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Significance Achieving pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is a significant predictor of increased likelihood of survival in breast cancer patients. Early prediction of pCR is of high clinical value as it could allow personalized adjustment of treatment regimens in non-responding patients for improved outcomes. Aim We aim to assess the association between hemoglobin-based functional imaging biomarkers derived from diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and the pathological outcome represented by pCR at different timepoints along the course of NACT. Approach Twenty-two breast cancer patients undergoing NACT were enrolled in a multimodal DOT and X-ray digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging study in which their breasts were imaged at different compression levels. Logistic regressions were used to study the associations between DOT-derived imaging markers evaluated after the first and second cycles of chemotherapy, respectively, with pCR status determined after the conclusion of NACT at the time of surgery. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was also used to explore the predictive performance of selected DOT-derived markers. Results Normalized tumor HbT under half compression was significantly lower in the pCR group compared to the non-pCR group after two chemotherapy cycles (p = 0.042 ). In addition, the change in normalized tumor StO 2 upon reducing compression from full to half mammographic force was identified as another potential indicator of pCR at an earlier time point, i.e., after the first chemo cycle (p = 0.038 ). Exploratory predictive assessments showed that AUCs using DOT-derived functional imaging markers as predictors reach as high as 0.75 and 0.71, respectively, after the first and second chemo cycle, compared to AUCs of 0.50 and 0.53 using changes in tumor size measured on DBT and MRI. Conclusions These findings suggest that breast DOT could be used to assist response assessment in women undergoing NACT, a critical but unmet clinical need, and potentially enable personalized adjustments of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ailis Muldoon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jayne Cormier
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Breast Imaging Division, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nathaniel D. Mercaldo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Institute for Technology Assessment, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Elizabeth Niehoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Natalie Moffett
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mansi A. Saksena
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Breast Imaging Division, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Steven J. Isakoff
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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3
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Ivich F, Calderon I, Fang Q, Clark H, Niedre M. Ratiometric fluorescence sensing and quantification of circulating blood sodium sensors in mice in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5555-5568. [PMID: 38021147 PMCID: PMC10659809 DOI: 10.1364/boe.499263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce ratiometric diffuse in vivo flow cytometry (R-DiFC) for quantitative measurement of circulating fluorescent red blood cell (fRBC) sensors for systemic blood sodium levels. Unlike in our previous work in measuring circulating fRBC sensors, R-DiFC allows simultaneous measurement of two fluorophores encapsulated in the sensor, the ratio of which enables self-calibration of the fluorescence signal with different fRBC depths in biological tissue. We show that the R-DiFC signal varies significantly less than either fluorescence signal alone. This work holds promise for personalized monitoring of systemic sodium for bipolar patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ivich
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Isen Calderon
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Heather Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Mark Niedre
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02120, USA
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Poplack SP, Park EY, Ferrara KW. Optical Breast Imaging: A Review of Physical Principles, Technologies, and Clinical Applications. JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2023; 5:520-537. [PMID: 37981994 PMCID: PMC10655724 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging involves the propagation of light through tissue. Current optical breast imaging technologies, including diffuse optical spectroscopy, diffuse optical tomography, and photoacoustic imaging, capitalize on the selective absorption of light in the near-infrared spectrum by deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin. They provide information on the morphological and functional characteristics of different tissues based on their varied interactions with light, including physiologic information on lesion vascular content and anatomic information on tissue vascularity. Fluorescent contrast agents, such as indocyanine green, are used to visualize specific tissues, molecules, or proteins depending on how and where the agent accumulates. In this review, we describe the physical principles, spectrum of technologies, and clinical applications of the most common optical systems currently being used or developed for breast imaging. Most notably, US co-registered photoacoustic imaging and US-guided diffuse optical tomography have demonstrated efficacy in differentiating benign from malignant breast masses, thereby improving the specificity of diagnostic imaging. Diffuse optical tomography and diffuse optical spectroscopy have shown promise in assessing treatment response to preoperative systemic therapy, and photoacoustic imaging and diffuse optical tomography may help predict tumor phenotype. Lastly, fluorescent imaging using indocyanine green dye performs comparably to radioisotope mapping of sentinel lymph nodes and appears to improve the outcomes of autologous tissue flap breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Poplack
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Eun-Yeong Park
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Katherine W. Ferrara
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Deng B, Gu H, Zhu H, Chang K, Hoebel KV, Patel JB, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Carp SA. FDU-Net: Deep Learning-Based Three-Dimensional Diffuse Optical Image Reconstruction. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 42:2439-2450. [PMID: 37028063 PMCID: PMC10446911 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2023.3252576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a promising functional modality for breast cancer imaging; however, the clinical translation of DOT is hampered by technical limitations. Specifically, conventional finite element method (FEM)-based optical image reconstruction approaches are time-consuming and ineffective in recovering full lesion contrast. To address this, we developed a deep learning-based reconstruction model (FDU-Net) comprised of a Fully connected subnet, followed by a convolutional encoder-Decoder subnet, and a U-Net for fast, end-to-end 3D DOT image reconstruction. The FDU-Net was trained on digital phantoms that include randomly located singular spherical inclusions of various sizes and contrasts. Reconstruction performance was evaluated in 400 simulated cases with realistic noise profiles for the FDU-Net and conventional FEM approaches. Our results show that the overall quality of images reconstructed by FDU-Net is significantly improved compared to FEM-based methods and a previously proposed deep-learning network. Importantly, once trained, FDU-Net demonstrates substantially better capability to recover true inclusion contrast and location without using any inclusion information during reconstruction. The model was also generalizable to multi-focal and irregularly shaped inclusions unseen during training. Finally, FDU-Net, trained on simulated data, could successfully reconstruct a breast tumor from a real patient measurement. Overall, our deep learning-based approach demonstrates marked superiority over the conventional DOT image reconstruction methods while also offering over four orders of magnitude acceleration in computational time. Once adapted to the clinical breast imaging workflow, FDU-Net has the potential to provide real-time accurate lesion characterization by DOT to assist the clinical diagnosis and management of breast cancer.
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Zhou X, Xia Y, Uchitel J, Collins-Jones L, Yang S, Loureiro R, Cooper RJ, Zhao H. Review of recent advances in frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy technologies [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3234-3258. [PMID: 37497520 PMCID: PMC10368025 DOI: 10.1364/boe.484044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become a popular research and clinical tool for non-invasively measuring the oxygenation of biological tissues, with particular emphasis on applications to the human brain. In most cases, NIRS studies are performed using continuous-wave NIRS (CW-NIRS), which can only provide information on relative changes in chromophore concentrations, such as oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, as well as estimates of tissue oxygen saturation. Another type of NIRS known as frequency-domain NIRS (FD-NIRS) has significant advantages: it can directly measure optical pathlength and thus quantify the scattering and absorption coefficients of sampled tissues and provide direct measurements of absolute chromophore concentrations. This review describes the current status of FD-NIRS technologies, their performance, their advantages, and their limitations as compared to other NIRS methods. Significant landmarks of technological progress include the development of both benchtop and portable/wearable FD-NIRS technologies, sensitive front-end photonic components, and high-frequency phase measurements. Clinical applications of FD-NIRS technologies are discussed to provide context on current applications and needed areas of improvement. The review concludes by providing a roadmap toward the next generation of fully wearable, low-cost FD-NIRS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Zhou
- HUB of Intelligent Neuro-engineering (HUBIN), Aspire CREATe, IOMS, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Yunjia Xia
- HUB of Intelligent Neuro-engineering (HUBIN), Aspire CREATe, IOMS, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, HA7 4LP, UK
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Julie Uchitel
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Liam Collins-Jones
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shufan Yang
- HUB of Intelligent Neuro-engineering (HUBIN), Aspire CREATe, IOMS, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, HA7 4LP, UK
- School of Computing, Engineering & Build Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rui Loureiro
- Aspire CREATe, Department of Orthopaedics & Musculoskeletal Science, UCL, London, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Robert J. Cooper
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hubin Zhao
- HUB of Intelligent Neuro-engineering (HUBIN), Aspire CREATe, IOMS, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, HA7 4LP, UK
- DOT-HUB, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Vanegas M, Mireles M, Xu E, Yan S, Fang Q. Compact breast shape acquisition system for improving diffuse optical tomography image reconstructions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1579-1593. [PMID: 37078036 PMCID: PMC10110328 DOI: 10.1364/boe.481092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has been investigated for diagnosing malignant breast lesions, but its accuracy relies on model-based image reconstructions, which in turn depends on the accuracy of breast shape acquisition. In this work, we have developed a dual-camera structured light imaging (SLI) breast shape acquisition system tailored for a mammography-like compression setting. Illumination pattern intensity is dynamically adjusted to account for skin tone differences, while thickness-informed pattern masking reduces artifacts due to specular reflections. This compact system is affixed to a rigid mount that can be installed into existing mammography or parallel-plate DOT systems without the need for camera-projector re-calibration. Our SLI system produces sub-millimeter resolution with a mean surface error of 0.26 mm. This breast shape acquisition system results in more accurate surface recovery, with an average 1.6-fold reduction in surface estimation errors over a reference method via contour extrusion. Such improvement translates to 25% to 50% reduction in mean squared error in the recovered absorption coefficient for a series of simulated tumors 1-2 cm below the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Vanegas
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miguel Mireles
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shijie Yan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Wada H, Yoshizawa N, Ohmae E, Ueda Y, Yoshimoto K, Mimura T, Nasu H, Asano Y, Ogura H, Sakahara H, Goshima S. Water and lipid content of breast tissue measured by six-wavelength time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:105002. [PMID: 36229894 PMCID: PMC9556800 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.10.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The water and lipid content of normal breast tissue showed mammary gland characteristics with less influence from the chest wall using six-wavelength time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (TD-DOS) in a reflectance geometry. AIM To determine the depth sensitivity of a six-wavelength TD-DOS system and evaluate whether the optical parameters in normal breast tissue can distinguish dense breasts from non-dense breasts. APPROACH Measurements were performed in normal breast tissue of 37 breast cancer patients. We employed a six-wavelength TD-DOS system to measure the water and lipid content in addition to the hemoglobin concentration. The breast density in mammography and optical parameters were then compared. RESULTS The depth sensitivity of the system for water and lipid content was estimated to be ∼15 mm. Our findings suggest that the influence of the chest wall on the water content is weaker than that on the total hemoglobin concentration. In data with evaluation conditions, the water content was significantly higher (p < 0.001) and the lipid content was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in dense breast tissue. The water and lipid content exhibited a high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish dense from non-dense breasts in receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis. CONCLUSIONS With less influence from the chest wall, the water and lipid content of normal breast tissue measured by a reflectance six-wavelength TD-DOS system, together with ultrasonography, can be applied to distinguish dense from non-dense breasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Wada
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Nobuko Yoshizawa
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ohmae
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yukio Ueda
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshimoto
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mimura
- Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hatsuko Nasu
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yuko Asano
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogura
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Breast Surgery, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Harumi Sakahara
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Higashiomicity Gamo Medical Center, PET Center, Higashiomishi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goshima
- Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Muldoon A, Kabeer A, Cormier J, Saksena MA, Fang Q, Carp SA, Deng B. Method to improve the localization accuracy and contrast recovery of lesions in separately acquired X-ray and diffuse optical tomographic breast imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5295-5310. [PMID: 36425617 PMCID: PMC9664870 DOI: 10.1364/boe.470373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has the potential to improve the accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis and aid in monitoring the response of breast tumors to chemotherapy by providing hemoglobin-based functional imaging. The use of structural lesion priors derived from clinical breast imaging methods, such as mammography, can improve recovery of tumor optical contrast; however, accurate lesion prior placement is essential to take full advantage of prior-guided DOT image reconstruction. Simultaneous optical and anatomical imaging may not always be possible or desired, which can make the accurate registration of the lesion prior challenging. In this paper, we present a three-step lesion prior scanning approach to facilitate improved accuracy in lesion localization based on the optical contrast quantified by the total hemoglobin concentration (HbT) for non-simultaneous multimodal DOT and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging. In three challenging breast cancer patient cases, where no clear optical contrast was present initially, we have demonstrated consistent improvement in the recovered HbT lesion contrast by utilizing this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailis Muldoon
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aiza Kabeer
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jayne Cormier
- Breast Imaging Division, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mansi A. Saksena
- Breast Imaging Division, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bin Deng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Li S, Zhang M, Xue M, Zhu Q. Difference imaging from single measurements in diffuse optical tomography: a deep learning approach. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220081GRR. [PMID: 36008881 PMCID: PMC9403167 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.086003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE "Difference imaging," which reconstructs target optical properties using measurements with and without target information, is often used in diffuse optical tomography (DOT) in vivo imaging. However, taking additional reference measurements is time consuming, and mismatches between the target medium and the reference medium can cause inaccurate reconstruction. AIM We aim to streamline the data acquisition and mitigate the mismatch problems in DOT difference imaging using a deep learning-based approach to generate data from target measurements only. APPROACH We train an artificial neural network to output data for difference imaging from target measurements only. The model is trained and validated on simulation data and tested with simulations, phantom experiments, and clinical data from 56 patients with breast lesions. RESULTS The proposed method has comparable performance to the traditional approach using measurements without mismatch between the target side and the reference side, and it outperforms the traditional approach using measurements when there is a mismatch. It also improves the target-to-artifact ratio and lesion localization in patient data. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method can simplify the data acquisition procedure, mitigate mismatch problems, and improve reconstructed image quality in DOT difference imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical and Ultrasound Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Menghao Zhang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical and Ultrasound Imaging Lab, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Minghao Xue
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical and Ultrasound Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Quing Zhu
- Washington University in St. Louis, Optical and Ultrasound Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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In Vivo Validation of Diffuse Optical Imaging with a Dual-Direction Measuring Module of Parallel-Plate Architecture for Breast Tumor Detection. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051040. [PMID: 35625777 PMCID: PMC9138400 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a working prototype of an optical breast imaging system involving parallel-plate architecture and a dual-direction scanning scheme designed in combination with a mammography machine; this system was validated in a pilot study to demonstrate its application in imaging healthy and malignant breasts in a clinical environment. The components and modules of the self-developed imaging system are demonstrated and explained, including its measuring architecture, scanning mechanism, and system calibration, and the reconstruction algorithm is presented. Additionally, the evaluation of feature indices that succinctly demonstrate the corresponding transmission measurements may provide insight into the existence of malignant tissue. Moreover, five cases are presented including one subject without disease (a control measure), one benign case, one suspected case, one invasive ductal carcinoma, and one positive case without follow-up treatment. A region-of-interest analysis demonstrated significant differences in absorption between healthy and malignant breasts, revealing the average contrast between the abnormalities and background tissue to exceed 1.4. Except for ringing artifacts, the average scattering property of the structure densities was 0.65–0.85 mm−1.
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12
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Zhang Y, Fang Q. BlenderPhotonics: an integrated open-source software environment for three-dimensional meshing and photon simulations in complex tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:083014. [PMID: 35429155 PMCID: PMC9010662 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.083014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Rapid advances in biophotonics techniques require quantitative, model-based computational approaches to obtain functional and structural information from increasingly complex and multiscaled anatomies. The lack of efficient tools to accurately model tissue structures and subsequently perform quantitative multiphysics modeling greatly impedes the clinical translation of these modalities. AIM Although the mesh-based Monte Carlo (MMC) method expands our capabilities in simulating complex tissues using tetrahedral meshes, the generation of such domains often requires specialized meshing tools, such as Iso2Mesh. Creating a simplified and intuitive interface for tissue anatomical modeling and optical simulations is essential toward making these advanced modeling techniques broadly accessible to the user community. APPROACH We responded to the above challenge by combining the powerful, open-source three-dimensional (3D) modeling software, Blender, with state-of-the-art 3D mesh generation and MC simulation tools, utilizing the interactive graphical user interface in Blender as the front-end to allow users to create complex tissue mesh models and subsequently launch MMC light simulations. RESULTS Here, we present a tutorial to our Python-based Blender add-on-BlenderPhotonics-to interface with Iso2Mesh and MMC, which allows users to create, configure and refine complex simulation domains and run hardware-accelerated 3D light simulations with only a few clicks. We provide a comprehensive introduction to this tool and walk readers through five examples, ranging from simple shapes to sophisticated realistic tissue models. CONCLUSIONS BlenderPhotonics is user friendly and open source, and it leverages the vastly rich ecosystem of Blender. It wraps advanced modeling capabilities within an easy-to-use and interactive interface. The latest software can be downloaded at http://mcx.space/bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhang
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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13
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Wang Y, Li S, Wang Y, Yan Q, Wang X, Shen Y, Li Z, Kang F, Cao X, Zhu S. Compact fiber-free parallel-plane multi-wavelength diffuse optical tomography system for breast imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:6469-6486. [PMID: 35299431 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the clinical applicability of the diffuse optical inspection device, a compact multi-wavelength diffuse optical tomography system for breast imaging (compact-DOTB) with a fiber-free parallel-plane structure was designed and fabricated for acquiring three-dimensional optical properties of the breast in continuous-wave mode. The source array consists of 56 surface-mounted micro light-emitting diodes (LEDs), each integrating three wavelengths (660, 750, and 840 nm). The detector array is arranged with 56 miniaturized surface-mounted optical sensors, each encapsulating a high-sensitivity photodiode (PD) and a low-noise current amplifier with a gain of 24×. The system provides 3,136 pairs of source-detector measurements at each wavelength, and the fiber-free design largely ensures consistency between source/detection channels while effectively reducing the complexity of system operation and maintenance. We have evaluated the compact-DOTB system's characteristics and demonstrated its performance in terms of reconstruction positioning accuracy and recovery contrast with breast-sized phantom experiments. Furthermore, the breast cancer patient studies have been carried out, and the quantitative results indicate that the compact-DOTB system is able to observe the changes in the functional tissue components of the breast after receiving the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), demonstrating the great potential of the proposed compact system for clinical applications, while its cost and ease of operation are competitive with the existing breast-DOT devices.
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14
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Li S, Zhang M, Zhu Q. Ultrasound segmentation-guided edge artifact reduction in diffuse optical tomography using connected component analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5320-5336. [PMID: 34513259 PMCID: PMC8407838 DOI: 10.1364/boe.428107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-guided diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has demonstrated potential value for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment response assessment. However, in clinical use, the chest wall, poor probe-tissue contact, and tissue heterogeneity can all cause image artifacts. These image artifacts, appearing commonly as hot spots in the non-lesion regions (edge artifacts), can decrease the reconstruction accuracy and cause misinterpretation of lesion images. Here we introduce an iterative, connected component analysis-based image artifact reduction algorithm. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to segment co-registered US images to extract the lesion location and size to guide the artifact reduction. We demonstrate its performance using Monte Carlo simulations on VICTRE digital breast phantoms and breast patient images. In simulated tissue mismatch models, this algorithm successfully reduces edge artifacts without significantly changing the reconstructed target absorption coefficients. With clinical data it improves the optical contrast between malignant and benign groups, from 1.55 without artifact reduction to 1.91 with artifact reduction. The proposed algorithm has a broad range of applications in other modality-guided DOT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis 63130, USA
| | - Menghao Zhang
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis 63130, USA
| | - Quing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis 63130, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis 63110, USA
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15
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Lin L, Tong X, Hu P, Invernizzi M, Lai L, Wang LV. Photoacoustic Computed Tomography of Breast Cancer in Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003396. [PMID: 33854889 PMCID: PMC8025032 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has contributed to improving breast cancer outcomes, and it would ideally reduce the need for definitive breast surgery in patients who have no residual cancer after NAC treatment. However, there is no reliable noninvasive imaging modality accepted as the routine method to assess response to NAC. Because of the inability to detect complete response, post-NAC surgery remains the standard of care. To overcome this limitation, a single-breath-hold photoacoustic computed tomography (SBH-PACT) system is developed to provide contrast similar to that of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, but with much higher spatial and temporal resolution and without injection of contrast chemicals. SBH-PACT images breast cancer patients at three time points: before, during, and after NAC. The analysis of tumor size, blood vascular density, and irregularity in the distribution and morphology of the blood vessels on SBH-PACT accurately identifies response to NAC as confirmed by the histopathological diagnosis. SBH-PACT shows its near-term potential as a diagnostic tool for assessing breast cancer response to systemic treatment by noninvasively measuring the changes in cancer-associated angiogenesis. Further development of SBH-PACT may also enable serial imaging, rather than the use of current invasive biopsies, to diagnose and follow indeterminate breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
| | - Peng Hu
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
| | - Marta Invernizzi
- Division of Surgical OncologyDepartment of SurgeryCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCA91010USA
| | - Lily Lai
- Division of Surgical OncologyDepartment of SurgeryCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer CenterDuarteCA91010USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging LaboratoryAndrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91125USA
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Lin L, Hu P, Tong X, Na S, Cao R, Yuan X, Garrett DC, Shi J, Maslov K, Wang LV. High-speed three-dimensional photoacoustic computed tomography for preclinical research and clinical translation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:882. [PMID: 33563996 PMCID: PMC7873071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) has generated increasing interest for uses in preclinical research and clinical translation. However, the imaging depth, speed, and quality of existing PACT systems have previously limited the potential applications of this technology. To overcome these issues, we developed a three-dimensional photoacoustic computed tomography (3D-PACT) system that features large imaging depth, scalable field of view with isotropic spatial resolution, high imaging speed, and superior image quality. 3D-PACT allows for multipurpose imaging to reveal detailed angiographic information in biological tissues ranging from the rodent brain to the human breast. In the rat brain, we visualize whole brain vasculatures and hemodynamics. In the human breast, an in vivo imaging depth of 4 cm is achieved by scanning the breast within a single breath hold of 10 s. Here, we introduce the 3D-PACT system to provide a unique tool for preclinical research and an appealing prototype for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Peng Hu
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Xin Tong
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Shuai Na
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Rui Cao
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Xiaoyun Yuan
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Present Address: Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - David C. Garrett
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Junhui Shi
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA ,Present Address: Zhejiang Lab, China Artificial Intelligence Town, Hangzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
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Al abdi RM, Deng B, Hijazi HH, Wu M, Carp SA. Mechanical and hemodynamic responses of breast tissue under mammographic-like compression during functional dynamic optical imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5425-5441. [PMID: 33149960 PMCID: PMC7587258 DOI: 10.1364/boe.398110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studying tissue hemodynamics following breast compression has the potential to reveal new contrast mechanisms for evaluating breast cancer. However, how compression will be distributed and, consequently, how hemodynamics will be altered inside the compressed breast remain unclear. To explore the effect of compression, 12 healthy volunteers were studied by applying a step compression increase (4.5-53.4 N) using an optical imaging system capable of concurrently measuring pressure distribution and hemodynamic responses. Finite element analysis was used to predict the distribution of internal fluid pressure (IFP) in breast models. Comparisons between the measured pressure distribution and the reconstructed hemodynamic images for the healthy volunteers indicated significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations. The findings from a breast cancer patient showed that IFP distribution during compression strongly correlates with the observed differential hemodynamic images. We concluded that dynamic breast compression results in non-uniform internal pressure distribution throughout the breast that could potentially drive directed blood flow. The encouraging results obtained highlight the promise of developing dynamic optical imaging biomarkers for breast cancer by interpreting differential hemodynamic images of breast tissue during compression in the context of measured pressure distribution and predicted IFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah M. Al abdi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Bin Deng
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Heba H. Hijazi
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Melissa Wu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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18
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Recent Developments in Instrumentation of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Systems. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last three decades, the development and steady improvement of various optical technologies at the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum has inspired a large number of scientists around the world to design and develop functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) systems for various medical applications. This has been driven further by the availability of new sources and detectors that support very compact and wearable system designs. In this article, we review fNIRS systems from the instrumentation point of view, discussing the associated challenges and state-of-the-art approaches. In the beginning, the fundamentals of fNIRS systems as well as light-tissue interaction at NIR are briefly introduced. After that, we present the basics of NIR systems instrumentation. Next, the recent development of continuous-wave, frequency-domain, and time-domain fNIRS systems are discussed. Finally, we provide a summary of these three modalities and an outlook into the future of fNIRS technology.
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Development of digital breast tomosynthesis and diffuse optical tomography fusion imaging for breast cancer detection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13127. [PMID: 32753578 PMCID: PMC7403423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) non-invasively measures the functional characteristics of breast lesions using near infrared light to probe tissue optical properties. This study aimed to evaluate a new digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT)/DOT fusion imaging technique and obtain preliminary data for breast cancer detection. Twenty-eight women were prospectively enrolled and underwent both DBT and DOT examinations. DBT/DOT fusion imaging was created after acquisition of both examinations. Two breast radiologists analyzed DBT and DOT images independently, and then finally evaluated the fusion images. The diagnostic performance of each reading session was compared and interobserver agreement was assessed. The technical success rate was 96.4%, with one failure due to an error during DOT data storage. Among the 27 women finally included in the analysis, 13 had breast cancer. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for DBT were 0.783 and 0.854 for readers 1 and 2, respectively. DOT showed comparable diagnostic performance to DBT for both readers. The AUCs were significantly improved (P = 0.004) when the DBT/DOT fusion images were used. Interobserver agreements were highest for the DBT/DOT fusion images. In conclusion, this study suggests that DBT/DOT fusion imaging technique appears to be a promising tool for breast cancer diagnosis.
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20
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A review of optical breast imaging: Multi-modality systems for breast cancer diagnosis. Eur J Radiol 2020; 129:109067. [PMID: 32497943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review of optical breast imaging describes basic physical and system principles and summarizes technological evolution with a focus on multi-modality platforms and recent clinical trial results. Ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography and co-registered ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging systems are emphasized as models of state of the art optical technology that are most conducive to clinical translation.
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21
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Sabir S, Cho S, Kim Y, Pua R, Heo D, Kim KH, Choi Y, Cho S. Convolutional neural network-based approach to estimate bulk optical properties in diffuse optical tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:1461-1470. [PMID: 32225405 DOI: 10.1364/ao.377810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning has been actively investigated for various applications such as image classification, computer vision, and regression tasks, and it has shown state-of-the-art performance. In diffuse optical tomography (DOT), the accurate estimation of the bulk optical properties of a medium is paramount because it directly affects the overall image quality. In this work, we exploit deep learning to propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approach to estimate the bulk optical properties of a highly scattering medium such as biological tissue in DOT. We validated the proposed method by using experimental, as well as, simulated data. For performance assessment, we compared the results of the proposed method with those of existing approaches. The results demonstrate that the proposed CNN-based approach for bulk optical property estimation outperforms existing methods in terms of estimation accuracy, with lower computation time.
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22
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Ohmae E, Yoshizawa N, Yoshimoto K, Hayashi M, Wada H, Mimura T, Suzuki H, Homma S, Suzuki N, Ogura H, Nasu H, Sakahara H, Yamashita Y, Ueda Y. Stable tissue-simulating phantoms with various water and lipid contents for diffuse optical spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5792-5808. [PMID: 30460162 PMCID: PMC6238899 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We introduced a method for producing solid phantoms with various water-to-lipid ratios that can simulate the absorption, and to some extent the scattering characteristics of human breast tissue. We also achieved phantom stability for a minimum of one month by solidifying the emulsion phantoms. The characteristics of the phantoms were evaluated using the six-wavelength time-domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (TD-DOS) system we developed to measure water and lipid contents and hemoglobin concentration. The TD-DOS measurements were validated with a magnetic resonance imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ohmae
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Nobuko Yoshizawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshimoto
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Maho Hayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Wada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mimura
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Shu Homma
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogura
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hatsuko Nasu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Harumi Sakahara
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamashita
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
| | - Yukio Ueda
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka Pref., 434-8601, Japan
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Lin L, Hu P, Shi J, Appleton CM, Maslov K, Li L, Zhang R, Wang LV. Single-breath-hold photoacoustic computed tomography of the breast. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2352. [PMID: 29907740 PMCID: PMC6003984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a single-breath-hold photoacoustic computed tomography (SBH-PACT) system to reveal detailed angiographic structures in human breasts. SBH-PACT features a deep penetration depth (4 cm in vivo) with high spatial and temporal resolutions (255 µm in-plane resolution and a 10 Hz 2D frame rate). By scanning the entire breast within a single breath hold (~15 s), a volumetric image can be acquired and subsequently reconstructed utilizing 3D back-projection with negligible breathing-induced motion artifacts. SBH-PACT clearly reveals tumors by observing higher blood vessel densities associated with tumors at high spatial resolution, showing early promise for high sensitivity in radiographically dense breasts. In addition to blood vessel imaging, the high imaging speed enables dynamic studies, such as photoacoustic elastography, which identifies tumors by showing less compliance. We imaged breast cancer patients with breast sizes ranging from B cup to DD cup, and skin pigmentations ranging from light to dark. SBH-PACT identified all the tumors without resorting to ionizing radiation or exogenous contrast, posing no health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Junhui Shi
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Catherine M Appleton
- Breast Imaging Section, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 510 South Kingshighway Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Konstantin Maslov
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA. .,Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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Niu S, Zhu Q, Jiang Y, Zhu J, Xiao M, You S, Zhou W, Xiao Y. Correlations Among Ultrasound-Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography, Microvessel Density, and Breast Cancer Prognosis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2018; 37:833-842. [PMID: 29048710 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the correlation among ultrasound-guided diffuse optical tomography (DOT), microvessel density, and breast cancer prognosis. METHODS Before surgery, the total hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations of 184 female patients with breast cancer with only a single lesion were measured. During follow-up, 23 patients had recurrence or metastatic disease after surgery. Among these patients, 18 with recurrence or metastatic disease within 3 years after surgery were paired with 18 patients without recurrence or metastatic disease. We retrospectively reviewed the pathologic sections of those 36 patients, conducted immunohistochemical staining, and counted the microvessel densities. Then we analyzed the correlation between microvessel density and total Hb, compared total Hb and microvessel density among breast cancers with different prognoses, and tested the value of DOT in predicting the prognosis of breast cancer. RESULTS Microvessel density and total Hb were linearly correlated (r = 0.584; P < .001). Total Hb and microvessel density were significantly increased in the metastasis group (P = .001 and .027, respectively). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that at a total Hb cutoff value of 221.7 μmol/L, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of DOT for predicting recurrence or metastasis were 0.826, 0.516, and 0.660, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The total Hb concentration can reflect a tumor's blood supply. Patients with a high total Hb concentration and microvessel density have a higher risk for a poorer prognosis. Total Hb can be used as an indicator of breast cancer prognosis. Diffuse optical tomography can help physicians identify patients with a high risk of metastasis and make clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Niu
- Departments of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qingli Zhu
- Departments of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Jiang
- Departments of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaan Zhu
- Departments of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengsu Xiao
- Departments of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan You
- Departments of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weixun Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Deng B, Lundqvist M, Fang Q, Carp SA. Impact of errors in experimental parameters on reconstructed breast images using diffuse optical tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1130-1150. [PMID: 29541508 PMCID: PMC5846518 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared diffuse optical tomography (NIR-DOT) is an emerging technology that offers hemoglobin based, functional imaging tumor biomarkers for breast cancer management. The most promising clinical translation opportunities are in the differential diagnosis of malignant vs. benign lesions, and in early response assessment and guidance for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Accurate quantification of the tissue oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration across the field of view, as well as repeatability during longitudinal imaging in the context of therapy guidance, are essential for the successful translation of NIR-DOT to clinical practice. The ill-posed and ill-condition nature of the DOT inverse problem makes this technique particularly susceptible to model errors that may occur, for example, when the experimental conditions do not fully match the assumptions built into the image reconstruction process. To evaluate the susceptibility of DOT images to experimental errors that might be encountered in practice for a parallel-plate NIR-DOT system, we simulated 7 different types of errors, each with a range of magnitudes. We generated simulated data by using digital breast phantoms derived from five actual mammograms of healthy female volunteers, to which we added a 1-cm tumor. After applying each of the experimental error types and magnitudes to the simulated measurements, we reconstructed optical images with and without structural prior guidance and assessed the overall error in the total hemoglobin concentrations (HbT) and in the HbT contrast between the lesion and surrounding area vs. the best-case scenarios. It is found that slight in-plane probe misalignment and plate rotation did not result in large quantification errors. However, any out-of-plane probe tilting could result in significant deterioration in lesion contrast. Among the error types investigated in this work, optical images were the least likely to be impacted by breast shape inaccuracies but suffered the largest deterioration due to cross-talk between signal channels. However, errors in optical images could be effectively controlled when experimental parameters were properly estimated during data acquisition and accounted for in the image processing procedure. Finally, optical images recovered using structural priors were, in general, less susceptible to experimental errors; however, lesion contrasts were more sensitive to errors when tumor locations were used as a priori info. Findings in this simulation study can provide guidelines for system design and operation in optical breast imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mats Lundqvist
- Philips Healthcare, Torshamnsgatan 30A, 164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Vedantham S, Karellas A. Emerging Breast Imaging Technologies on the Horizon. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2018; 39:114-121. [PMID: 29317033 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of breast cancers by mammography in conjunction with adjuvant therapy has contributed to reduction in breast cancer mortality. Mammography remains the "gold-standard" for breast cancer screening but is limited by tissue superposition. Digital breast tomosynthesis and more recently, dedicated breast computed tomography have been developed to alleviate the tissue superposition problem. However, all of these modalities rely upon x-ray attenuation contrast to provide anatomical images, and there are ongoing efforts to develop and clinically translate alternative modalities. These emerging modalities could provide for new contrast mechanisms and may potentially improve lesion detection and diagnosis. In this article, several of these emerging modalities are discussed with a focus on technologies that have advanced to the stage of in vivo clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Vedantham
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ.
| | - Andrew Karellas
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ
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Modiri A, Goudreau S, Rahimi A, Kiasaleh K. Review of breast screening: Toward clinical realization of microwave imaging. Med Phys 2017; 44:e446-e458. [PMID: 28976568 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave imaging (MI) technology has come a long way to introduce a noninvasive, inexpensive, fast, convenient, and safe screening tool for clinical breast monitoring. However, there is a niche between the existing understanding of MI by engineers versus clinicians. Our manuscript targets that niche and highlights the state of the art in MI technology compared to the existing breast cancer detection modalities (mammography, ultrasound, molecular imaging, and magnetic resonance). The significance of our review article is in consolidation of up-to-date breast clinician views with the practical needs and engineering challenges of a novel breast screening modality. We summarize breast tissue abnormalities and highlight the benefits as well as potential drawbacks of the MI as a cancer detection methodology. Our goal is to present an article that MI researchers as well as practitioners in the field can use to assess the viability of the MI technology as a competing or complementary modality to the existing means of breast cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Modiri
- School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sally Goudreau
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Asal Rahimi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kamran Kiasaleh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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28
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Baikejiang R, Zhang W, Zhu D, Hernandez AM, Shakeri SA, Wang G, Qi J, Boone JM, Li C. Kernel-based anatomically-aided diffuse optical tomography reconstruction. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa87bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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RUIZ JESSICA, NOUIZI FAROUK, CHO JAEDU, ZHENG JIE, LI YIFAN, CHEN JEONHOR, SU MINYING, GULSEN GULTEKIN. Breast density quantification using structured-light-based diffuse optical tomography simulations. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:7146-7157. [PMID: 29047975 PMCID: PMC6691974 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.007146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the feasibility of structured-light-based diffuse optical tomography (DOT) to quantify the breast density with an extensive simulation study. This study is performed on multiple numerical breast phantoms built from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. These phantoms represent realistic tissue morphologies and are given typical breast optical properties. First, synthetic data are simulated at five wavelengths using our structured-light-based DOT forward problem. Afterwards, the inverse problem is solved to obtain the absorption images and subsequently the chromophore concentration maps. Parameters, such as segmented volumes and mean concentrations, are extracted from these maps and used in a regression model to estimate the percent breast densities. These estimations are correlated with the true values from MRI, r=0.97, showing that our new technique is promising in measuring breast density.
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Affiliation(s)
- JESSICA RUIZ
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - FAROUK NOUIZI
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - JAEDU CHO
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - JIE ZHENG
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - YIFAN LI
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - JEON-HOR CHEN
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - MIN-YING SU
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - GULTEKIN GULSEN
- Tu & Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to summarize the physical principles, technology features, and first clinical applications of optical imaging techniques to the breast. CONCLUSION Light-breast tissue interaction is expressed as absorption and scattering coefficients, allowing image reconstruction based on endogenous or exogenous contrast. Diffuse optical spectroscopy and imaging, fluorescence molecular tomography, photoacoustic imaging, and multiparametric infrared imaging show potential for clinical application, especially for lesion characterization, estimation of cancer probability, and monitoring the effect of neoadjuvant therapy.
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Zimmermann BB, Deng B, Singh B, Martino M, Selb J, Fang Q, Sajjadi AY, Cormier J, Moore RH, Kopans DB, Boas DA, Saksena MA, Carp SA. Multimodal breast cancer imaging using coregistered dynamic diffuse optical tomography and digital breast tomosynthesis. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:46008. [PMID: 28447102 PMCID: PMC5406652 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.046008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is emerging as a noninvasive functional imaging method for breast cancer diagnosis and neoadjuvant chemotherapy monitoring. In particular, the multimodal approach of combining DOT with x-ray digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is especially synergistic as DBT prior information can be used to enhance the DOT reconstruction. DOT, in turn, provides a functional information overlay onto the mammographic images, increasing sensitivity and specificity to cancer pathology. We describe a dynamic DOT apparatus designed for tight integration with commercial DBT scanners and providing a fast (up to 1 Hz) image acquisition rate to enable tracking hemodynamic changes induced by the mammographic breast compression. The system integrates 96 continuous-wave and 24 frequency-domain source locations as well as 32 continuous wave and 20 frequency-domain detection locations into low-profile plastic plates that can easily mate to the DBT compression paddle and x-ray detector cover, respectively. We demonstrate system performance using static and dynamic tissue-like phantoms as well as in vivo images acquired from the pool of patients recalled for breast biopsies at the Massachusetts General Hospital Breast Imaging Division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard B. Zimmermann
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Bin Deng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mark Martino
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Juliette Selb
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Amir Y. Sajjadi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jayne Cormier
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Breast Imaging Division, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Richard H. Moore
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Breast Imaging Division, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Daniel B. Kopans
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Breast Imaging Division, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mansi A. Saksena
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Breast Imaging Division, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stefan A. Carp, E-mail:
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Ban HY, Schweiger M, Kavuri VC, Cochran JM, Xie L, Busch DR, Katrašnik J, Pathak S, Chung SH, Lee K, Choe R, Czerniecki BJ, Arridge SR, Yodh AG. Heterodyne frequency-domain multispectral diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer in the parallel-plane transmission geometry. Med Phys 2017; 43:4383. [PMID: 27370153 DOI: 10.1118/1.4953830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors introduce a state-of-the-art all-optical clinical diffuse optical tomography (DOT) imaging instrument which collects spatially dense, multispectral, frequency-domain breast data in the parallel-plate geometry. METHODS The instrument utilizes a CCD-based heterodyne detection scheme that permits massively parallel detection of diffuse photon density wave amplitude and phase for a large number of source-detector pairs (10(6)). The stand-alone clinical DOT instrument thus offers high spatial resolution with reduced crosstalk between absorption and scattering. Other novel features include a fringe profilometry system for breast boundary segmentation, real-time data normalization, and a patient bed design which permits both axial and sagittal breast measurements. RESULTS The authors validated the instrument using tissue simulating phantoms with two different chromophore-containing targets and one scattering target. The authors also demonstrated the instrument in a case study breast cancer patient; the reconstructed 3D image of endogenous chromophores and scattering gave tumor localization in agreement with MRI. CONCLUSIONS Imaging with a novel parallel-plate DOT breast imager that employs highly parallel, high-resolution CCD detection in the frequency-domain was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Ban
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - M Schweiger
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - V C Kavuri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J M Cochran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - L Xie
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - D R Busch
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J Katrašnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - S Pathak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - S H Chung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - K Lee
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-813, South Korea
| | - R Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - B J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - S R Arridge
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - A G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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33
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Sajjadi AY, Isakoff SJ, Deng B, Singh B, Wanyo CM, Fang Q, Specht MC, Schapira L, Moy B, Bardia A, Boas DA, Carp SA. Normalization of compression-induced hemodynamics in patients responding to neoadjuvant chemotherapy monitored by dynamic tomographic optical breast imaging (DTOBI). BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:555-569. [PMID: 28270967 PMCID: PMC5330555 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We characterize novel breast cancer imaging biomarkers for monitoring neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and predicting outcome. Specifically, we recruited 30 patients for a pilot study in which NACT patients were imaged using dynamic tomographic optical breast imaging (DTOBI) to quantify the hemodynamic changes due to partial mammographic compression. DTOBI scans were obtained pre-treatment (referred to as day 0), as well as 7 and 30 days into therapy on female patients undergoing NACT. We present data for the 13 patients who participated in both day 0 and 7 measurements and had evaluable data, of which 7 also returned for day 30 measurements. We acquired optical images over 2 minutes following 4-8 lbs (18-36 N) of compression. The timecourses of tissue-volume averaged total hemoglobin (HbT), as well as hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) in the tumor vs. surrounding tissues were compared. Outcome prediction metrics based on the differential behavior in tumor vs. normal areas for responders (>50% reduction in maximum diameter) vs. non-responders were analyzed for statistical significance. At baseline, all patients exhibit an initial decrease followed by delayed recovery in HbT, and SO2 in the tumor area, in contrast to almost immediate recovery in surrounding tissue. At day 7 and 30, this contrast is maintained in non-responders; however, in responders, the contrast in hemodynamic time-courses between tumor and normal tissue starts decreasing at day 7 and substantially disappears at day 30. At day 30 into NACT, responding tumors demonstrate "normalization" of compression induced hemodynamics vs. surrounding normal tissue whereas non-responding tumors did not. This data suggests that DTOBI imaging biomarkers, which are governed by the interplay between tissue biomechanics and oxygen metabolism, may be suitable for guiding NACT by offering early predictions of treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Y Sajjadi
- Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work;
| | - Steven J Isakoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work;
| | - Bin Deng
- Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Christy M Wanyo
- Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 0211, USA
| | - Michelle C Specht
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lidia Schapira
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Beverly Moy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Stefan A Carp
- Optics Division, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Baikejiang R, Zhang W, Li C. Diffuse optical tomography for breast cancer imaging guided by computed tomography: A feasibility study. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 25:341-355. [PMID: 27983569 DOI: 10.3233/xst-16183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) has attracted attentions in the last two decades due to its intrinsic sensitivity in imaging chromophores of tissues such as hemoglobin, water, and lipid. However, DOT has not been clinically accepted yet due to its low spatial resolution caused by strong optical scattering in tissues. Structural guidance provided by an anatomical imaging modality enhances the DOT imaging substantially. Here, we propose a computed tomography (CT) guided multispectral DOT imaging system for breast cancer imaging. To validate its feasibility, we have built a prototype DOT imaging system which consists of a laser at the wavelength of 650 nm and an electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera. We have validated the CT guided DOT reconstruction algorithms with numerical simulations and phantom experiments, in which different imaging setup parameters, such as projection number of measurements and width of measurement patch, have been investigated. Our results indicate that an air-cooling EMCCD camera is good enough for the transmission mode DOT imaging. We have also found that measurements at six angular projections are sufficient for DOT to reconstruct the optical targets with 2 and 4 times absorption contrast when the CT guidance is applied. Finally, we have described our future research plan on integration of a multispectral DOT imaging system into a breast CT scanner.
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35
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Verleker AP, Shaffer M, Fang Q, Choi MR, Clare S, Stantz KM. Optical dosimetry probes to validate Monte Carlo and empirical-method-based NIR dose planning in the brain. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:9875-9888. [PMID: 27958483 PMCID: PMC5483856 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.009875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional photon dosimetry in tissues is critical in designing optical therapeutic protocols to trigger light-activated drug release. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of a Monte Carlo-based optical therapy planning software by developing dosimetry tools to characterize and cross-validate the local photon fluence in brain tissue, as part of a long-term strategy to quantify the effects of photoactivated drug release in brain tumors. An existing GPU-based 3D Monte Carlo (MC) code was modified to simulate near-infrared photon transport with differing laser beam profiles within phantoms of skull bone (B), white matter (WM), and gray matter (GM). A novel titanium-based optical dosimetry probe with isotropic acceptance was used to validate the local photon fluence, and an empirical model of photon transport was developed to significantly decrease execution time for clinical application. Comparisons between the MC and the dosimetry probe measurements were on an average 11.27%, 13.25%, and 11.81% along the illumination beam axis, and 9.4%, 12.06%, 8.91% perpendicular to the beam axis for WM, GM, and B phantoms, respectively. For a heterogeneous head phantom, the measured % errors were 17.71% and 18.04% along and perpendicular to beam axis. The empirical algorithm was validated by probe measurements and matched the MC results (R2>0.99), with average % error of 10.1%, 45.2%, and 22.1% relative to probe measurements, and 22.6%, 35.8%, and 21.9% relative to the MC, for WM, GM, and B phantoms, respectively. The simulation time for the empirical model was 6 s versus 8 h for the GPU-based Monte Carlo for a head phantom simulation. These tools provide the capability to develop and optimize treatment plans for optimal release of pharmaceuticals in the treatment of cancer. Future work will test and validate these novel delivery and release mechanisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Prabhu Verleker
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michael Shaffer
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Mi-Ran Choi
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Susan Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Keith M. Stantz
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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36
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Michaelsen KE, Krishnaswamy V, Shi L, Vedantham S, Karellas A, Pogue BW, Paulsen KD, Poplack SP. Effects of breast density and compression on normal breast tissue hemodynamics through breast tomosynthesis guided near-infrared spectral tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:91316. [PMID: 27677170 PMCID: PMC5038925 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.9.091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optically derived tissue properties across a range of breast densities and the effects of breast compression on estimates of hemoglobin, oxygen metabolism, and water and lipid concentrations were obtained from a coregistered imaging system that integrates near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). Image data were analyzed from 27 women who underwent four IRB approved NIRST/DBT exams that included fully and mildly compressed breast acquisitions in two projections—craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral-oblique (MLO)—and generated four data sets per patient (full and moderate compression in CC and MLO views). Breast density was correlated with HbT (r=0.64, p=0.001), water (r=0.62, p=0.003), and lipid concentrations (r=?0.74, p<0.001), but not oxygen saturation. CC and MLO views were correlated for individual subjects and demonstrated no statistically significant differences in grouped analysis. Comparison of compressed and uncompressed imaging demonstrated a significant decrease in oxygen saturation under compression (58% versus 50%, p=0.04). Mammographic breast density categorization was correlated with measured optically derived properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Michaelsen
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Venkataramanan Krishnaswamy
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Linxi Shi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Srinivasan Vedantham
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Radiology, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Andrew Karellas
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Radiology, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Steven P. Poplack
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, 4921 Parkview Place, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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37
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Graber HL, Al abdi R, Xu Y, Asarian AP, Pappas PJ, Dresner L, Patel N, Jagarlamundi K, Solomon WB, Barbour RL. Enhanced resting-state dynamics of the hemoglobin signal as a novel biomarker for detection of breast cancer. Med Phys 2016; 42:6406-24. [PMID: 26520731 DOI: 10.1118/1.4932220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The work presented here demonstrates an application of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) to the problem of breast-cancer diagnosis. The potential for using spatial and temporal variability measures of the hemoglobin signal to identify useful biomarkers was studied. METHODS DOT imaging data were collected using two instrumentation platforms the authors developed, which were suitable for exploring tissue dynamics while performing a simultaneous bilateral exam. For each component of the hemoglobin signal (e.g., total, oxygenated), the image time series was reduced to eight scalar metrics that were affected by one or more dynamic properties of the breast microvasculature (e.g., average amplitude, amplitude heterogeneity, strength of spatial coordination). Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analyses, comparing groups of subjects with breast cancer to various control groups (i.e., all noncancer subjects, only those with diagnosed benign breast pathology, and only those with no known breast pathology), were performed to evaluate the effect of cancer on the magnitudes of the metrics and of their interbreast differences and ratios. RESULTS For women with known breast cancer, simultaneous bilateral DOT breast measures reveal a marked increase in the resting-state amplitude of the vasomotor response in the hemoglobin signal for the affected breast, compared to the contralateral, noncancer breast. Reconstructed 3D spatial maps of observed dynamics also show that this behavior extends well beyond the tumor border. In an effort to identify biomarkers that have the potential to support clinical aims, a group of scalar quantities extracted from the time series measures was systematically examined. This analysis showed that many of the quantities obtained by computing paired responses from the bilateral scans (e.g., interbreast differences, ratios) reveal statistically significant differences between the cancer-positive and -negative subject groups, while the corresponding measures derived from individual breast scans do not. ROC analyses yield area-under-curve values in the 77%-87% range, depending on the metric, with sensitivity and specificity values ranging from 66% to 91%. An interesting result is the initially unexpected finding that the hemodynamic-image metrics are only weakly dependent on the tumor burden, implying that the DOT technique employed is sensitive to tumor-induced changes in the vascular dynamics of the surrounding breast tissue as well. Computational modeling studies serve to identify which properties of the vasomotor response (e.g., average amplitude, amplitude heterogeneity, and phase heterogeneity) principally determine the values of the metrics and their codependences. Findings from the modeling studies also serve to clarify the influence of spatial-response heterogeneity and of system-design limitations, and they reveal the impact that a complex dependence of metric values on the modeled behaviors has on the success in distinguishing between cancer-positive and -negative subjects. CONCLUSIONS The authors identified promising hemoglobin-based biomarkers for breast cancer from measures of the resting-state dynamics of the vascular bed. A notable feature of these biomarkers is that their spatial extent encompasses a large fraction of the breast volume, which is mainly independent of tumor size. Tumor-induced induction of nitric oxide synthesis, a well-established concomitant of many breast cancers, is offered as a plausible biological causal factor for the reported findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry L Graber
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203 NIRx Medical Technologies, LLC, Glen Head, New York 11545
| | - Rabah Al abdi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Yong Xu
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203 NIRx Medical Technologies, LLC, Glen Head, New York 11545
| | | | | | - Lisa Dresner
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Naresh Patel
- Kaiser Permanente-Modesto Medical Center, Modesto, California 95356
| | - Kuppuswamy Jagarlamundi
- Sarah Bush Lincoln Regional Cancer Center, 1000 Health Center Drive, Mattoon, Illinois 61938
| | | | - Randall L Barbour
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203 NIRx Medical Technologies, LLC, Glen Head, New York 11545
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Lin CW, Bachilo SM, Vu M, Beckingham KM, Bruce Weisman R. Spectral triangulation: a 3D method for locating single-walled carbon nanotubes in vivo. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10348-57. [PMID: 27140495 PMCID: PMC4902160 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01376g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials with luminescence in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) region are of special interest for biological research and medical diagnostics because of favorable tissue transparency and low autofluorescence backgrounds in that region. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) show well-known sharp SWIR spectral signatures and therefore have potential for noninvasive detection and imaging of cancer tumours, when linked to selective targeting agents such as antibodies. However, such applications face the challenge of sensitively detecting and localizing the source of SWIR emission from inside tissues. A new method, called spectral triangulation, is presented for three dimensional (3D) localization using sparse optical measurements made at the specimen surface. Structurally unsorted SWCNT samples emitting over a range of wavelengths are excited inside tissue phantoms by an LED matrix. The resulting SWIR emission is sampled at points on the surface by a scanning fibre optic probe leading to an InGaAs spectrometer or a spectrally filtered InGaAs avalanche photodiode detector. Because of water absorption, attenuation of the SWCNT fluorescence in tissues is strongly wavelength-dependent. We therefore gauge the SWCNT-probe distance by analysing differential changes in the measured SWCNT emission spectra. SWCNT fluorescence can be clearly detected through at least 20 mm of tissue phantom, and the 3D locations of embedded SWCNT test samples are found with sub-millimeter accuracy at depths up to 10 mm. Our method can also distinguish and locate two embedded SWCNT sources at distinct positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curl Institute, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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In vivo detection of atherosclerotic plaque using non-contact and label-free near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. Atherosclerosis 2016; 250:106-13. [PMID: 27205867 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Detecting detailed atherosclerotic plaques is important to reduce risk factors during surgery. However, there are few methods to evaluate them during surgery. The aim of this study was to establish an in vivo, non-contact, and label-free imaging method for identifying atherosclerotic plaque lesions from outside vessels with a diffuse-reflectance near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system. METHODS NIR spectra between 1000 and 2350 nm were measured using an NIR HSI imaging system outside the exposed abdominal aorta in five Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits in vivo. Preprocessed data were input to a supervised machine learning algorithm called a support vector machine (SVM) to create pixel-based images that can predict atherosclerotic plaques within a vessel. The images were compared with histological findings. RESULTS Absorbance was significantly higher in plaques than in normal arteries at 1000-1380, 1580-1810, and 1880-2320 nm. Overall predictive performance showed a sensitivity of 0.814 ± 0.017, a specificity of 0.836 ± 0.020, and an accuracy of 0.827 ± 0.008. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.905 (95% confidence interval = 0.904-0.906). CONCLUSIONS The NIR HSI system combined with a machine learning algorithm enabled accurate detection of atherosclerotic plaques within an internal vessel with high spatial resolution from outside the vessel. The findings indicate that the NIR HSI system can provide non-contact, label-free, and precise localization of atherosclerotic plaques during vascular surgery.
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Krishnamurthy N, Kainerstorfer JM, Sassaroli A, Anderson PG, Fantini S. Broadband optical mammography instrument for depth-resolved imaging and local dynamic measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:024302. [PMID: 26931870 PMCID: PMC4769268 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a continuous-wave instrument for non-invasive diffuse optical imaging of the breast in a parallel-plate transmission geometry. The instrument measures continuous spectra in the wavelength range 650-1000 nm, with an intensity noise level <1.5% and a spatial sampling rate of 5 points/cm in the x- and y-directions. We collect the optical transmission at four locations, one collinear and three offset with respect to the illumination optical fiber, to recover the depth of optical inhomogeneities in the tissue. We imaged a tissue-like, breast shaped, silicone phantom (6 cm thick) with two embedded absorbing structures: a black circle (1.7 cm in diameter) and a black stripe (3 mm wide), designed to mimic a tumor and a blood vessel, respectively. The use of a spatially multiplexed detection scheme allows for the generation of on-axis and off-axis projection images simultaneously, as opposed to requiring multiple scans, thus decreasing scan-time and motion artifacts. This technique localizes detected inhomogeneities in 3D and accurately assigns their depth to within 1 mm in the ideal conditions of otherwise homogeneous tissue-like phantoms. We also measured induced hemodynamic changes in the breast of a healthy human subject at a selected location (no scanning). We applied a cyclic, arterial blood pressure perturbation by alternating inflation (to a pressure of 200 mmHg) and deflation of a pneumatic cuff around the subject's thigh at a frequency of 0.05 Hz, and measured oscillations with amplitudes up to 1 μM and 0.2 μM in the tissue concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, respectively. These hemodynamic oscillations provide information about the vascular structure and functional integrity in tissue, and may be used to assess healthy or abnormal perfusion in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Jana M Kainerstorfer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Angelo Sassaroli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Pamela G Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | - Sergio Fantini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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Zimmermann BB, Fang Q, Boas DA, Carp SA. Frequency domain near-infrared multiwavelength imager design using high-speed, direct analog-to-digital conversion. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:16010. [PMID: 26813081 PMCID: PMC4726736 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.1.016010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) has proven to be a reliable method for quantification of tissue absolute optical properties. We present a full-sampling direct analog-to-digital conversion FD-NIR imager. While we developed this instrument with a focus on high-speed optical breast tomographic imaging, the proposed design is suitable for a wide-range of biophotonic applications where fast, accurate quantification of absolute optical properties is needed. Simultaneous dual wavelength operation at 685 and 830 nm is achieved by concurrent 67.5 and 75 MHz frequency modulation of each laser source, respectively, followed by digitization using a high-speed (180 MS/s) 16-bit A/D converter and hybrid FPGA-assisted demodulation. The instrument supports 25 source locations and features 20 concurrently operating detectors. The noise floor of the instrument was measured at <1.4 pW/√Hz, and a dynamic range of 115+ dB, corresponding to nearly six orders of magnitude, has been demonstrated. Titration experiments consisting of 200 different absorption and scattering values were conducted to demonstrate accurate optical property quantification over the entire range of physiologically expected values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard B. Zimmermann
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qianqian Fang
- Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stefan A. Carp, E-mail:
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Vedantham S, Shi L, Michaelsen KE, Krishnaswamy V, Pogue BW, Poplack SP, Karellas A, Paulsen KD. Digital Breast Tomosynthesis guided Near Infrared Spectroscopy: Volumetric estimates of fibroglandular fraction and breast density from tomosynthesis reconstructions. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015; 1:045202. [PMID: 26941961 PMCID: PMC4771071 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/4/045202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A multimodality system combining a clinical prototype digital breast tomosynthesis with its imaging geometry modified to facilitate near-infrared spectroscopic imaging has been developed. The accuracy of parameters recovered from near-infrared spectroscopy is dependent on fibroglandular tissue content. Hence, in this study, volumetric estimates of fibroglandular tissue from tomosynthesis reconstructions were determined. A kernel-based fuzzy c-means algorithm was implemented to segment tomosynthesis reconstructed slices in order to estimate fibroglandular content and to provide anatomic priors for near-infrared spectroscopy. This algorithm was used to determine volumetric breast density (VBD), defined as the ratio of fibroglandular tissue volume to the total breast volume, expressed as percentage, from 62 tomosynthesis reconstructions of 34 study participants. For a subset of study participants who subsequently underwent mammography, VBD from mammography matched for subject, breast laterality and mammographic view was quantified using commercial software and statistically analyzed to determine if it differed from tomosynthesis. Summary statistics of the VBD from all study participants were compared with prior independent studies. The fibroglandular volume from tomosynthesis and mammography were not statistically different (p=0.211, paired t-test). After accounting for the compressed breast thickness, which were different between tomosynthesis and mammography, the VBD from tomosynthesis was correlated with (r =0.809, p<0.001), did not statistically differ from (p>0.99, paired t-test), and was linearly related to, the VBD from mammography. Summary statistics of the VBD from tomosynthesis were not statistically different from prior studies using high-resolution dedicated breast computed tomography. The observation of correlation and linear association in VBD between mammography and tomosynthesis suggests that breast density associated risk measures determined for mammography are translatable to tomosynthesis. Accounting for compressed breast thickness is important when it differs between the two modalities. The fibroglandular volume from tomosynthesis reconstructions is similar to mammography indicating suitability for use during near-infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Vedantham
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Linxi Shi
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | | | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Steven P. Poplack
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Andrew Karellas
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Mehnati P, Tirtash MJ. Comparative Efficacy of Four Imaging Instruments for Breast Cancer Screening. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:6177-86. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.15.6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Zhang L, Zhao Y, Jiang S, Pogue BW, Paulsen KD. Direct regularization from co-registered anatomical images for MRI-guided near-infrared spectral tomographic image reconstruction. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3618-30. [PMID: 26417528 PMCID: PMC4574684 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Combining anatomical information from high resolution imaging modalities to guide near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) is an efficient strategy for improving the quality of the reconstructed spectral images. A new approach for incorporating image information directly into the inversion matrix regularization was examined using Direct Regularization from Images (DRI), which encodes the gray-scale data into the NIRST image reconstruction problem. This process has the benefit of eliminating user intervention such as image segmentation of distinct regions. Specifically, the Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance (DCE-MR) image intensity value differences within the anatomical image were used to implement an exponentially-weighted regularization function between the image pixels. The algorithm was validated using simulated reconstructions with noise, and the results showed that spatial resolution and robustness of the reconstructed images were significantly improved by appropriate choice of the regularization weight parameters. The proposed approach was also tested on in vivo breast data acquired in a recent clinical trial combining NIRST / MRI for cancer tumor characterization. Relative to the standard "no priors" diffuse recovery, the contrast of the tumor to the normal surrounding tissue increased from 2.4 to 3.6, and the difference between the tumor size segmented from DCE-MR images and reconstructed optical images decreased from 18% to 6%, while there was an overall decrease in surface artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Detecting Techniques and Instrument, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755, USA
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Deng B, Fradkin M, Rouet JM, Moore RH, Kopans DB, Boas DA, Lundqvist M, Fang Q. Characterizing breast lesions through robust multimodal data fusion using independent diffuse optical and x-ray breast imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:80502. [PMID: 26263413 PMCID: PMC4689098 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.8.080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To enable tissue function-based tumor diagnosis over the large number of existing digital mammography systems worldwide, we propose a cost-effective and robust approach to incorporate tomographic optical tissue characterization with separately acquired digital mammograms. Using a flexible contour-based registration algorithm, we were able to incorporate an independently measured two-dimensional x-ray mammogram as structural priors in a joint optical/x-ray image reconstruction, resulting in improved spatial details in the optical images and robust optical property estimation. We validated this approach with a retrospective clinical study of 67 patients, including 30 malignant and 37 benign cases, and demonstrated that the proposed approach can help to distinguish malignant from solid benign lesions and fibroglandular tissues, with a performance comparable to the approach using spatially coregistered optical/x-ray measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Maxim Fradkin
- Philips Research Medisys, 33 Rue de Verdun, Suresnes 92156, France
| | | | - Richard H. Moore
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Daniel B. Kopans
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | | | - Qianqian Fang
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Qianqian Fang, E-mail:
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Xu Y, Zhu Q. Estimation and imaging of breast lesions using a two-layer tissue structure by ultrasound-guided optical tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:066002. [PMID: 26046722 PMCID: PMC4457415 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.6.066002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A new two-step estimation and imaging method is developed for a two-layer breast tissue structure consisting of a breast tissue layer and a chest wall underneath. First, a smaller probe with shorter distance source-detector pairs was used to collect the reflected light mainly from the breast tissue layer. Then, a larger probe with 9×14 source-detector pairs and a centrally located ultrasound transducer was used to collect reflected light from the two-layer tissue structure. The data collected from the smaller probe were used to estimate breast tissue optical properties. With more accurate estimation of the average breast tissue properties, the second layer properties can be assessed from data obtained from the larger probe. Using this approach, the unknown variables have been reduced from four to two and the estimated bulk tissue optical properties are more accurate and robust. In addition, a two-step reconstruction using a genetic algorithm and conjugate gradient method is implemented to simultaneously reconstruct the absorption and reduced scattering maps of targets inside a two-layer tissue structure. Simulations and phantom experiments have been performed to validate the new reconstruction method, and a clinical example is given to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- University of Connecticut, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, 371 Fairfield Road, Unit 4157, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4157, United States
| | - Quing Zhu
- University of Connecticut, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, 371 Fairfield Road, Unit 4157, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4157, United States
- University of Connecticut, Biomedical Engineering Department, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Quing Zhu, E-mail:
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Meaney PM, Golnabi AH, Epstein NR, Geimer SD, Fanning MW, Weaver JB, Paulsen KD. Integration of microwave tomography with magnetic resonance for improved breast imaging. Med Phys 2014; 40:103101. [PMID: 24089930 DOI: 10.1118/1.4820361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast magnetic resonance imaging is highly sensitive but not very specific for the detection of breast cancer. Opportunities exist to supplement the image acquisition with a more specific modality provided the technical challenges of meeting space limitations inside the bore, restricted breast access, and electromagnetic compatibility requirements can be overcome. Magnetic resonance (MR) and microwave tomography (MT) are complementary and synergistic because the high resolution of MR is used to encode spatial priors on breast geometry and internal parenchymal features that have distinct electrical properties (i.e., fat vs fibroglandular tissue) for microwave tomography. METHODS The authors have overcome integration challenges associated with combining MT with MR to produce a new coregistered, multimodality breast imaging platform--magnetic resonance microwave tomography, including: substantial illumination tank size reduction specific to the confined MR bore diameter, minimization of metal content and composition, reduction of metal artifacts in the MR images, and suppression of unwanted MT multipath signals. RESULTS MR SNR exceeding 40 dB can be obtained. Proper filtering of MR signals reduces MT data degradation allowing MT SNR of 20 dB to be obtained, which is sufficient for image reconstruction. When MR spatial priors are incorporated into the recovery of MT property estimates, the errors between the recovered versus actual dielectric properties approach 5%. CONCLUSIONS The phantom and human subject exams presented here are the first demonstration of combining MT with MR to improve the accuracy of the reconstructed MT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Meaney
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Busch DR, Choe R, Durduran T, Friedman DH, Baker WB, Maidment AD, Rosen MA, Schnall MD, Yodh AG. Blood flow reduction in breast tissue due to mammographic compression. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:151-61. [PMID: 24439328 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES This study measures hemodynamic properties such as blood flow and hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation in the healthy human breast under a wide range of compressive loads. Because many breast-imaging technologies derive contrast from the deformed breast, these load-dependent vascular responses affect contrast agent-enhanced and hemoglobin-based breast imaging. METHODS Diffuse optical and diffuse correlation spectroscopies were used to measure the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, lipid, water, and microvascular blood flow during axial breast compression in the parallel-plate transmission geometry. RESULTS Significant reductions (P < .01) in total hemoglobin concentration (∼30%), blood oxygenation (∼20%), and blood flow (∼87%) were observed under applied pressures (forces) of up to 30 kPa (120 N) in 15 subjects. Lipid and water concentrations changed <10%. CONCLUSIONS Imaging protocols based on injected contrast agents should account for variation in tissue blood flow due to mammographic compression. Similarly, imaging techniques that depend on endogenous blood contrasts will be affected by breast compression during imaging.
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de Groot JE, Broeders MJM, Branderhorst W, den Heeten GJ, Grimbergen CA. A novel approach to mammographic breast compression: Improved standardization and reduced discomfort by controlling pressure instead of force. Med Phys 2013; 40:081901. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4812418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Busch DR, Choe R, Durduran T, Yodh AG. Towards non-invasive characterization of breast cancer and cancer metabolism with diffuse optics. PET Clin 2013; 8. [PMID: 24244206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We review recent developments in diffuse optical imaging and monitoring of breast cancer, i.e. optical mammography. Optical mammography permits non-invasive, safe and frequent measurement of tissue hemodynamics oxygen metabolism and components (lipids, water, etc.), the development of new compound indices indicative of the risk and malignancy, and holds potential for frequent non-invasive longitudinal monitoring of therapy progression.
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