1
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Przystupski D, Baczyńska D, Rossowska J, Kulbacka J, Ussowicz M. Calcium ion delivery by microbubble-assisted sonoporation stimulates cell death in human gastrointestinal cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117339. [PMID: 39216448 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated cell membrane permeabilization - sonoporation, enhances drug delivery directly to tumor sites while reducing systemic side effects. The potential of ultrasound to augment intracellular calcium uptake - a critical regulator of cell death and proliferation - offers innovative alternative to conventional chemotherapy. However, calcium therapeutic applications remain underexplored in sonoporation studies. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of calcium sonoporation (CaSP), which combines ultrasound treatment with calcium ions and SonoVue microbubbles, on gastrointestinal cancer cells LoVo and HPAF-II. Initially, optimal sonoporation parameters were determined: an acoustic wave of 1 MHz frequency with a 50 % duty cycle at intensity of 2 W/cm2. Subsequently, various cellular bioeffects, such as viability, oxidative stress, metabolism, mitochondrial function, proliferation, and cell death, were assessed following CaSP treatment. CaSP significantly impaired cancer cell function by inducing oxidative and metabolic stress, evidenced by increased mitochondrial depolarization, decreased ATP levels, and elevated glucose uptake in a Ca2+ dose-dependent manner, leading to activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Cellular response to CaSP depended on the TP53 gene's mutational status: colon cancer cells were more susceptible to CaSP-induced apoptosis and G1 phase cell cycle arrest, whereas pancreatic cancer cells showed a higher necrotic response and G2 cell cycle arrest. These promising results encourage future research to optimize sonoporation parameters for clinical use, investigate synergistic effects with existing treatments, and assess long-term safety and efficacy in vivo. Our study highlights CaSP's clinical potential for improved safety and efficacy in cancer therapy, offering significant implications for the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Przystupski
- Department of Paediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology and Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Baczyńska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
| | - Joanna Rossowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, Wroclaw 53-114, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland; Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių 5, Vilnius 08410, Lithuania
| | - Marek Ussowicz
- Department of Paediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology and Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
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2
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Shakya G, Cattaneo M, Guerriero G, Prasanna A, Fiorini S, Supponen O. Ultrasound-responsive microbubbles and nanodroplets: A pathway to targeted drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 206:115178. [PMID: 38199257 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound-responsive agents have shown great potential as targeted drug delivery agents, effectively augmenting cell permeability and facilitating drug absorption. This review focuses on two specific agents, microbubbles and nanodroplets, and provides a sequential overview of their drug delivery process. Particular emphasis is given to the mechanical response of the agents under ultrasound, and the subsequent physical and biological effects on the cells. Finally, the state-of-the-art in their pre-clinical and clinical implementation are discussed. Throughout the review, major challenges that need to be overcome in order to accelerate their clinical translation are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gazendra Shakya
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cattaneo
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Guerriero
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Anunay Prasanna
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Fiorini
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Outi Supponen
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, D-MAVT, Sonneggstrasse 3, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.
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3
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Bouakaz A, Michel Escoffre J. From concept to early clinical trials: 30 years of microbubble-based ultrasound-mediated drug delivery research. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 206:115199. [PMID: 38325561 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound mediated drug delivery, a promising therapeutic modality, has evolved remarkably over the past three decades. Initially designed to enhance contrast in ultrasound imaging, microbubbles have emerged as a main vector for drug delivery, offering targeted therapy with minimized side effects. This review addresses the historical progression of this technology, emphasizing the pivotal role microbubbles play in augmenting drug extravasation and targeted delivery. We explore the complex mechanisms behind this technology, from stable and inertial cavitation to diverse acoustic phenomena, and their applications in medical fields. While the potential of ultrasound mediated drug delivery is undeniable, there are still challenges to overcome. Balancing therapeutic efficacy and safety and establishing standardized procedures are essential areas requiring attention. A multidisciplinary approach, gathering collaborations between researchers, engineers, and clinicians, is important for exploiting the full potential of this technology. In summary, this review highlights the potential of using ultrasound mediated drug delivery in improving patient care across various medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayache Bouakaz
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
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4
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Chen J, Escoffre JM, Romito O, Iazourene T, Presset A, Roy M, Potier Cartereau M, Vandier C, Wang Y, Wang G, Huang P, Bouakaz A. Enhanced macromolecular substance extravasation through the blood-brain barrier via acoustic bubble-cell interactions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 103:106768. [PMID: 38241945 PMCID: PMC10825521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains brain homeostasis, regulates influx and efflux transport, and provides protection to the brain tissue. Ultrasound (US) and microbubble (MB)-mediated blood-brain barrier opening is an effective and safe technique for drug delivery in-vitro and in-vivo. However, the exact mechanism underlying this technique is still not fully elucidated. The aim of the study is to explore the contribution of transcytosis in the BBB transient opening using an in-vitro model of BBB. Utilizing a diverse set of techniques, including Ca2+ imaging, electron microscopy, and electrophysiological recordings, our results showed that the combined use of US and MBs triggers membrane deformation within the endothelial cell membrane, a phenomenon primarily observed in the US + MBs group. This deformation facilitates the vesicles transportation of 500 kDa fluorescent Dextran via dynamin-/caveolae-/clathrin- mediated transcytosis pathway. Simultaneously, we observed increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, which is related with increased permeability of the 500 kDa fluorescent Dextran in-vitro. This was found to be associated with the Ca2+-protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway. The insights provided by the acoustically-mediated interaction between the microbubbles and the cells delineate potential mechanisms for macromolecular substance permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | | | - Oliver Romito
- Inserm UMR 1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer (N2C), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, F-37032, France
| | - Tarik Iazourene
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Presset
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Marie Roy
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Marie Potier Cartereau
- Inserm UMR 1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer (N2C), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, F-37032, France
| | - Christophe Vandier
- Inserm UMR 1069 Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer (N2C), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, F-37032, France
| | - Yahua Wang
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Ayache Bouakaz
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
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5
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Przystupski D, Ussowicz M. Landscape of Cellular Bioeffects Triggered by Ultrasound-Induced Sonoporation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911222. [PMID: 36232532 PMCID: PMC9569453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonoporation is the process of transient pore formation in the cell membrane triggered by ultrasound (US). Numerous studies have provided us with firm evidence that sonoporation may assist cancer treatment through effective drug and gene delivery. However, there is a massive gap in the body of literature on the issue of understanding the complexity of biophysical and biochemical sonoporation-induced cellular effects. This study provides a detailed explanation of the US-triggered bioeffects, in particular, cell compartments and the internal environment of the cell, as well as the further consequences on cell reproduction and growth. Moreover, a detailed biophysical insight into US-provoked pore formation is presented. This study is expected to review the knowledge of cellular effects initiated by US-induced sonoporation and summarize the attempts at clinical implementation.
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6
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Chen S, Nazeri A, Baek H, Ye D, Yang Y, Yuan J, Rubin JB, Chen H. A review of bioeffects induced by focused ultrasound combined with microbubbles on the neurovascular unit. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:3-26. [PMID: 34551608 PMCID: PMC8721781 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211046129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound combined with circulating microbubbles (FUS+MB) can transiently enhance blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability at targeted brain locations. Its great promise in improving drug delivery to the brain is reflected by a rapidly growing number of clinical trials using FUS+MB to treat various brain diseases. As the clinical applications of FUS+MB continue to expand, it is critical to have a better understanding of the molecular and cellular effects induced by FUS+MB to enhance the efficacy of current treatment and enable the discovery of new therapeutic strategies. Existing studies primarily focus on FUS+MB-induced effects on brain endothelial cells, the major cellular component of BBB. However, bioeffects induced by FUS+MB expand beyond the BBB to cells surrounding blood vessels, including astrocytes, microglia, and neurons. Together these cell types comprise the neurovascular unit (NVU). In this review, we examine cell-type-specific bioeffects of FUS+MB on different NVU components, including enhanced permeability in endothelial cells, activation of astrocytes and microglia, as well as increased intraneuron protein metabolism and neuronal activity. Finally, we discuss knowledge gaps that must be addressed to further advance clinical applications of FUS+MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arash Nazeri
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hongchae Baek
- Imaging Institute and Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dezhuang Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yaoheng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinyun Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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7
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Auboire L, Fouan D, Grégoire JM, Ossant F, Plag C, Escoffre JM, Bouakaz A. Acoustic and Elastic Properties of a Blood Clot during Microbubble-Enhanced Sonothrombolysis: Hardening of the Clot with Inertial Cavitation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101566. [PMID: 34683859 PMCID: PMC8537785 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Existing therapies present limitations, and other therapeutic alternatives are sought, such as sonothrombolysis with microbubbles (STL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the change induced by STL with or without recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA) on the acoustic and elastic properties of the blood clot by measuring its sound speed (SoS) and shear wave speed (SWS) with high frequency ultrasound and ultrafast imaging, respectively. An in-vitro setup was used and human blood clots were submitted to a combination of microbubbles and rtPA. The results demonstrate that STL induces a raise of SoS in the blood clot, specifically when combined with rtPA (p < 0.05). Moreover, the combination of rtPA and STL induces a hardening of the clot in comparison to rtPA alone (p < 0.05). This is the first assessment of acoustoelastic properties of blood clots during STL. The combination of rtPA and STL induce SoS and hardening of the clot, which is known to impair the penetration of thrombolytic drugs and their efficacy.
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8
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Deprez J, Lajoinie G, Engelen Y, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I. Opening doors with ultrasound and microbubbles: Beating biological barriers to promote drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:9-36. [PMID: 33705877 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its clinical use in imaging, ultrasound has been thoroughly investigated as a tool to enhance drug delivery in a wide variety of applications. Therapeutic ultrasound, as such or combined with cavitating nuclei or microbubbles, has been explored to cross or permeabilize different biological barriers. This ability to access otherwise impermeable tissues in the body makes the combination of ultrasound and therapeutics very appealing to enhance drug delivery in situ. This review gives an overview of the most important biological barriers that can be tackled using ultrasound and aims to provide insight on how ultrasound has shown to improve accessibility as well as the biggest hurdles. In addition, we discuss the clinical applicability of therapeutic ultrasound with respect to the main challenges that must be addressed to enable the further progression of therapeutic ultrasound towards an effective, safe and easy-to-use treatment tailored for drug delivery in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deprez
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Y Engelen
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - S C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - I Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Li Y, Chen Z, Ge S. Sonoporation: Underlying Mechanisms and Applications in Cellular Regulation. BIO INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound combined with microbubble-mediated sonoporation has been applied to enhance drug or gene intracellular delivery. Sonoporation leads to the formation of openings in the cell membrane, triggered by ultrasound-mediated oscillations and destruction of microbubbles. Multiple mechanisms
are involved in the occurrence of sonoporation, including ultrasonic parameters, microbubbles size, and the distance of microbubbles to cells. Recent advances are beginning to extend applications through the assistance of contrast agents, which allow ultrasound to connect directly to cellular
functions such as gene expression, cellular apoptosis, differentiation, and even epigenetic reprogramming. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art concerning microbubble‐cell interactions and sonoporation effects leading to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuping Ge
- Department of Pediatrics, St Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Tower Health and Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA (S.G.)
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10
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Presset A, Bonneau C, Kazuyoshi S, Nadal-Desbarats L, Mitsuyoshi T, Bouakaz A, Kudo N, Escoffre JM, Sasaki N. Endothelial Cells, First Target of Drug Delivery Using Microbubble-Assisted Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:1565-1583. [PMID: 32331799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble-assisted ultrasound has emerged as a promising method for local drug delivery. Microbubbles are intravenously injected and locally activated by ultrasound, thus increasing the permeability of vascular endothelium for facilitating extravasation and drug uptake into the treated tissue. Thereby, endothelial cells are the first target of the effects of ultrasound-driven microbubbles. In this review, the in vitro and in vivo bioeffects of this method on endothelial cells are described and discussed, including aspects on the permeabilization of biologic barriers (endothelial cell plasma membranes and endothelial barriers), the restoration of their integrity, the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in both these processes, and the resulting intracellular and intercellular consequences. Finally, the influence of the acoustic settings, microbubble parameters, treatment schedules and flow parameters on these bioeffects are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Presset
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | | | - Sasaoka Kazuyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Takigucho Mitsuyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayache Bouakaz
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Nobuki Kudo
- Laboratory of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Escoffre JM, Campomanes P, Tarek M, Bouakaz A. New insights on the role of ROS in the mechanisms of sonoporation-mediated gene delivery. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 64:104998. [PMID: 32062534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are hypothesized to play a role in the sonoporation mechanisms. Nevertheless, the acoustical phenomenon behind the ROS production as well as the exact mechanisms of ROS action involved in the increased cell membrane permeability are still not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the key processes occurring at the molecular level in and around microbubbles subjected to ultrasound using computational chemistry methods. To confirm the molecular simulation predictions, we measured the ROS production by exposing SonoVue® microbubbles (MBs) to ultrasound using biological assays. To investigate the role of ROS in cell membrane permeabilization, cells were subjected to ultrasound in presence of MBs and plasmid encoding reporter gene, and the transfection level was assessed using flow cytometry. The molecular simulations showed that under sonoporation conditions, ROS can form inside the MBs. These radicals could easily diffuse through the MB shell toward the surrounding aqueous phase and participate in the permeabilization of nearby cell membranes. Experimental data confirmed that MBs favor spontaneous formation of a host of free radicals where HO was the main ROS species after US exposure. The presence of ROS scavengers/inhibitors during the sonoporation process decreased both the production of ROS and the subsequent transfection level without significant loss of cell viability. In conclusion, the exposure of MBs to ultrasound might be the origin of chemical effects, which play a role in the cell membrane permeabilization and in the in vitro gene delivery when generated in its proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Campomanes
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Mounir Tarek
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR 7019, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Nancy F-54000, France.
| | - Ayache Bouakaz
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
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12
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Fan P, Zhang Y, Guo X, Cai C, Wang M, Yang D, Li Y, Tu J, Crum LA, Wu J, Zhang D. Cell-cycle-specific Cellular Responses to Sonoporation. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:4894-4908. [PMID: 29187912 PMCID: PMC5706108 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbubble-mediated sonoporation has shown its great potential in facilitating intracellular uptake of gene/drugs and other therapeutic agents that are otherwise difficult to enter cells. However, the biophysical mechanisms underlying microbubble-cell interactions remain unclear. Particularly, it is still a major challenge to get a comprehensive understanding of the impact of cell cycle phase on the cellular responses simultaneously occurring in cell membrane and cytoskeleton induced by microbubble sonoporation. Methods: Here, efficient synchronizations were performed to arrest human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cells in individual cycle phases. The, topography and stiffness of synchronized cells were examined using atomic force microscopy. The variations in cell membrane permeabilization and cytoskeleton arrangement induced by sonoporation were analyzed simultaneously by a real-time fluorescence imaging system. Results: The results showed that G1-phase cells typically had the largest height and elastic modulus, while S-phase cells were generally the flattest and softest ones. Consequently, the S-Phase was found to be the preferred cycle for instantaneous sonoporation treatment, due to the greatest enhancement of membrane permeability and the fastest cytoskeleton disassembly at the early stage after sonoporation. Conclusion: The current findings may benefit ongoing efforts aiming to pursue rational utilization of microbubble-mediated sonoporation in cell cycle-targeted gene/drug delivery for cancer therapy.
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13
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Weitz AC, Lee NS, Yoon CW, Bonyad A, Goo KS, Kim S, Moon S, Jung H, Zhou Q, Chow RH, Shung KK. Functional Assay of Cancer Cell Invasion Potential Based on Mechanotransduction of Focused Ultrasound. Front Oncol 2017; 7:161. [PMID: 28824873 PMCID: PMC5545605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo a number of biophysical changes as they transform from an indolent to an aggressive state. These changes, which include altered mechanical and electrical properties, can reveal important diagnostic information about disease status. Here, we introduce a high-throughput, functional technique for assessing cancer cell invasion potential, which works by probing for the mechanically excitable phenotype exhibited by invasive cancer cells. Cells are labeled with fluorescent calcium dye and imaged during stimulation with low-intensity focused ultrasound, a non-contact mechanical stimulus. We show that cells located at the focus of the stimulus exhibit calcium elevation for invasive prostate (PC-3 and DU-145) and bladder (T24/83) cancer cell lines, but not for non-invasive cell lines (BPH-1, PNT1A, and RT112/84). In invasive cells, ultrasound stimulation initiates a calcium wave that propagates from the cells at the transducer focus to other cells, over distances greater than 1 mm. We demonstrate that this wave is mediated by extracellular signaling molecules and can be abolished through inhibition of transient receptor potential channels and inositol trisphosphate receptors, implicating these proteins in the mechanotransduction process. If validated clinically, our technology could provide a means to assess tumor invasion potential in cytology specimens, which is not currently possible. It may therefore have applications in diseases such as bladder cancer, where cytologic diagnosis of tumor invasion could improve clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Weitz
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nan Sook Lee
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chi Woo Yoon
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adrineh Bonyad
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kyo Suk Goo
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Seaok Kim
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sunho Moon
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hayong Jung
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qifa Zhou
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert H Chow
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - K Kirk Shung
- Ultrasonic Transducer Resource Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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14
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PBCA-based polymeric microbubbles for molecular imaging and drug delivery. J Control Release 2017; 259:128-135. [PMID: 28279799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MB) are routinely used as contrast agents for ultrasound (US) imaging. We describe different types of targeted and drug-loaded poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) MB, and demonstrate their suitability for multiple biomedical applications, including molecular US imaging and US-mediated drug delivery. Molecular imaging of angiogenic tumor blood vessels and inflamed atherosclerotic endothelium is performed by modifying the surface of PBCA MB with peptides and antibodies recognizing E-selectin and VCAM-1. Stable and inertial cavitation of PBCA MB enables sonoporation and permeabilization of blood vessels in tumors and in the brain, which can be employed for direct and indirect drug delivery. Direct drug delivery is based on US-induced release of (model) drug molecules from the MB shell. Indirect drug delivery refers to US- and MB-mediated enhancement of extravasation and penetration of co-administered drugs and drug delivery systems. These findings are in line with recently reported pioneering proof-of-principle studies showing the usefulness of (phospholipid) MB for molecular US imaging and sonoporation-enhanced drug delivery in patients. They aim to exemplify the potential and the broad applicability of combining MB with US to improve disease diagnosis and therapy.
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15
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Blum NT, Yildirim A, Chattaraj R, Goodwin AP. Nanoparticles Formed by Acoustic Destruction of Microbubbles and Their Utilization for Imaging and Effects on Therapy by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound. Theranostics 2017; 7:694-702. [PMID: 28255360 PMCID: PMC5327643 DOI: 10.7150/thno.17522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports that when PEG-lipid-shelled microbubbles with fluorocarbon interior (C4F10, C5F12, or C6F14) are subjected to ultrasound pulses, they produce metastable, fluid-filled nanoparticles that can be re-imaged upon administration of HIFU. The nanoparticles produced by destruction of the microbubbles (MBNPs) are of 150 nm average diameter and can be re-imaged for up to an hour after creation for C 4F10, and for at least one day for C5F12. The active species were found to be fluid (gas or liquid) filled nanoparticles rather than lipid debris. The acoustic droplet vaporization threshold of the nanoparticles was found to vary with the vapor pressure of the encapsulated fluorocarbon, and integrated image brightness was found to increase dramatically when the temperature was raised above the normal boiling point of the fluorocarbon. Finally, the vaporization threshold decreases in serum as compared to buffer, and administration of HIFU to the nanoparticles caused breast cancer cells to completely detach from their culture substrate. This work demonstrates a new functionality of microbubbles that could serve as a platform technology for ultrasound-based theranostics.
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16
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Zeghimi A, Escoffre JM, Bouakaz A. Role of endocytosis in sonoporation-mediated membrane permeabilization and uptake of small molecules: a electron microscopy study. Phys Biol 2015; 12:066007. [PMID: 26599283 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/12/6/066007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sonoporation is a physical method that has been successfully used to deliver drugs into living cells both in vitro and in vivo for experimental and therapeutic purposes. Despite numerous studies on this topic, often reporting successful outcomes, very little is known about the mechanisms involved in the hypothesized membrane permeabilization processes. In this study, electron microscopy was used to investigate the ultra-structural modifications of cell membranes, induced by sonoporation. Here, we demonstrate that sonoporation in the presence of microbubbles induces the formation of a significant number of transient and permeant structures at the membrane level. These structures were transient with a half-life of 10 min and had a heterogeneous size distribution ranging from a few nanometers to 150 nm. We demonstrated that the number and the size of these structures were positively correlated with the enhanced intracellular uptake of small molecules. In addition, we showed that these structures were associated with caveolae-dependent endocytosis for two thirds of the recorded events, with the remaining one third related to non-specific routes such as membrane disruptions as well as caveolae-independent endocytosis. In conclusion, our observations provide direct evidences of the involvement of caveolae-endocytosis in cell membrane permeabilization to small molecules after sonoporation.
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17
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Zhao L, Feng Y, Shi A, Zong Y, Wan M. Apoptosis Induced by Microbubble-Assisted Acoustic Cavitation in K562 Cells: The Predominant Role of the Cyclosporin A-Dependent Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:2755-64. [PMID: 26164288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic cavitation of microbubbles has been described as inducing tumor cell apoptosis that is partly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction; however, the exact mechanisms have not been fully characterized. Here, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz, 0.3-MPa peak negative pressure, 10% duty cycle and 1-kHz pulse repetition frequency) was applied to K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells for 1 min with 10% (v/v) SonoVue microbubbles. After ultrasound exposure, the apoptotic index was determined by flow cytometry with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was determined with the JC-1 assay. Translocation of apoptosis-associated protein cytochrome c was evaluated by Western blotting. We found that microbubble-assisted acoustic cavitation can increase the cellular apoptotic index, mitochondrial depolarization and cytochrome c release in K562 cells, compared with ultrasound treatment alone. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis were significantly inhibited by cyclosporin A, a classic inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore; however, the inhibitor of Bax protein, Bax-inhibiting peptide, could not suppress these effects. Our results suggest that mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction after exposure to microbubble-assisted acoustic cavitation. Moreover, the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria is dependent on cyclosporin A-sensitive mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, but not formation of the Bax-voltage dependent anion channel complex or Bax oligomeric pores. These data provide more insight into the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction induced by acoustic cavitation and can be used as a basis for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China.
| | - Aiwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China
| | - Yujin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China
| | - Mingxi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China.
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18
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Hsiang YH, Song J, Price RJ. The partitioning of nanoparticles to endothelium or interstitium during ultrasound-microbubble-targeted delivery depends on peak-negative pressure. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 17:345. [PMID: 26594129 PMCID: PMC4651175 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with advanced peripheral arterial disease often face poor prognoses and have limited treatment options. For some patient populations, the therapeutic growth of collateral arteries (i.e. arteriogenesis) that bypass regions affected by vascular disease may become a viable treatment option. Our group and others are developing therapeutic approaches centered on the ability of ultrasound-activated microbubbles to permeabilize skeletal muscle capillaries and facilitate the targeted delivery of pro-arteriogenic growth factor-bearing nanoparticles. The development of such approaches would benefit significantly from a better understanding of how nanoparticle diameter and ultrasound peak-negative pressure affect both total nanoparticle delivery and the partitioning of nanoparticles to endothelial or interstitial compartments. Toward this goal, using Balb/C mice that had undergone unilateral femoral artery ligation, we intra-arterially co-injected nanoparticles (50 and 100 nm) with microbubbles, applied 1 MHz ultrasound to the gracilis adductor muscle at peak-negative pressures of 0.7, 0.55, 0.4, and 0.2 MPa, and analyzed nanoparticle delivery and distribution. As expected, total nanoparticle (50 and 100 nm) delivery increased with increasing peak-negative pressure, with 50 nm nanoparticles exhibiting greater tissue coverage than 100 nm nanoparticles. Of particular interest, increasing peak-negative pressure resulted in increased delivery to the interstitium for both nanoparticle sizes, but had little influence on nanoparticle delivery to the endothelium. Thus, we conclude that alterations to peak-negative pressure may be used to adjust the fraction of nanoparticles delivered to the interstitial compartment. This information will be useful when designing ultrasound protocols for delivering pro-arteriogenic nanoparticles to skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.-H. Hsiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - J. Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - R. J. Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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19
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El Kaffas A, Czarnota GJ. Biomechanical effects of microbubbles: from radiosensitization to cell death. Future Oncol 2015; 11:1093-108. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles have been demonstrated to mechanically perturb cell membranes, resulting in the activation of biological signaling pathways that significantly enhance the effects of radiation. The underlying mechanism involves augmented ceramide production following both microbubble stimulation and irradiation, leading to rapid and extensive endothelial apoptosis and tumor cell death as a result of vascular collapse. Endothelial cells are particularly sensitive to ceramide-induced cell death due to an enriched presence of sphingomyelinase in their membranes. In tumors, this consequent rapid vascular shutdown translates to an overall increase in tumor responses to radiation treatments. This review summarizes the groundwork behind endothelial-based radiation enhancement with ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles, and presents ongoing research on the use of microbubbles as therapeutic agents in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Kaffas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Imaging Research & Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory J Czarnota
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Imaging Research & Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Mechanisms of microbubble-facilitated sonoporation for drug and gene delivery. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:467-86. [PMID: 24856171 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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21
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Lentacker I, De Cock I, Deckers R, De Smedt SC, Moonen CTW. Understanding ultrasound induced sonoporation: definitions and underlying mechanisms. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 72:49-64. [PMID: 24270006 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, research has underlined the potential of ultrasound and microbubbles to enhance drug delivery. However, there is less consensus on the biophysical and biological mechanisms leading to this enhanced delivery. Sonoporation, i.e. the formation of temporary pores in the cell membrane, as well as enhanced endocytosis is reported. Because of the variety of ultrasound settings used and corresponding microbubble behavior, a clear overview is missing. Therefore, in this review, the mechanisms contributing to sonoporation are categorized according to three ultrasound settings: i) low intensity ultrasound leading to stable cavitation of microbubbles, ii) high intensity ultrasound leading to inertial cavitation with microbubble collapse, and iii) ultrasound application in the absence of microbubbles. Using low intensity ultrasound, the endocytotic uptake of several drugs could be stimulated, while short but intense ultrasound pulses can be applied to induce pore formation and the direct cytoplasmic uptake of drugs. Ultrasound intensities may be adapted to create pore sizes correlating with drug size. Small molecules are able to diffuse passively through small pores created by low intensity ultrasound treatment. However, delivery of larger drugs such as nanoparticles and gene complexes, will require higher ultrasound intensities in order to allow direct cytoplasmic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - I De Cock
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Deckers
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - C T W Moonen
- Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Kwok SJJ, El Kaffas A, Lai P, Al Mahrouki A, Lee J, Iradji S, Tran WT, Giles A, Czarnota GJ. Ultrasound-mediated microbubble enhancement of radiation therapy studied using three-dimensional high-frequency power Doppler ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:1983-1990. [PMID: 23993051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor responses to high-dose (>8 Gy) radiation therapy are tightly connected to endothelial cell death. In the study described here, we investigated whether ultrasound-activated microbubbles can locally enhance tumor response to radiation treatments of 2 and 8 Gy by mechanically perturbing the endothelial lining of tumors. We evaluated vascular changes resulting from combined microbubble and radiation treatments using high-frequency 3-D power Doppler ultrasound in a breast cancer xenograft model. We compared treatment effects and monitored vasculature damage 3 hours, 24 hours and 7 days after treatment delivery. Mice treated with 2 Gy radiation and ultrasound-activated microbubbles exhibited a decrease in vascular index to 48 ± 10% at 24 hours, whereas vascular indices of mice treated with 2 Gy radiation alone or microbubbles alone were relatively unchanged at 95 ± 14% and 78 ± 14%, respectively. These results suggest that ultrasound-activated microbubbles enhance the effects of 2 Gy radiation through a synergistic mechanism, resulting in alterations of tumor blood flow. This novel therapy may potentiate lower radiation doses to preferentially target endothelial cells, thus reducing effects on neighboring normal tissue and increasing the efficacy of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon J J Kwok
- Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Thakkar D, Gupta R, Monson K, Rapoport N. Effect of ultrasound on the permeability of vascular wall to nano-emulsion droplets. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:1804-11. [PMID: 23849384 PMCID: PMC3777764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrasound on the permeability of blood vessels to nano-emulsion droplets was investigated using excised mouse carotid arteries as model blood vessels. Perfluorocarbon nano-droplets were formed by perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether and stabilized by poly(ethylene oxide)-co-poly(DL-lactide) block co-polymer shells. Nano-droplet fluorescence was imparted by interaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (molecular weight = 70,000 Da). The permeability of carotid arteries to nano-droplets was studied in the presence and absence of continuous wave or pulsed therapeutic 1-MHz ultrasound. The data indicated that the application of ultrasound resulted in permeabilization of the vascular wall to nano-droplets. The effect of continuous wave ultrasound was substantially stronger than that of pulsed ultrasound of the same total energy. No effect of blood vessel pre-treatment with ultrasound was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Thakkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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24
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Delalande A, Kotopoulis S, Postema M, Midoux P, Pichon C. Sonoporation: mechanistic insights and ongoing challenges for gene transfer. Gene 2013; 525:191-9. [PMID: 23566843 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbubbles first developed as ultrasound contrast agents have been used to assist ultrasound for cellular drug and gene delivery. Their oscillation behavior during ultrasound exposure leads to transient membrane permeability of surrounding cells, facilitating targeted local delivery. The increased cell uptake of extracellular compounds by ultrasound in the presence of microbubbles is attributed to a phenomenon called sonoporation. In this review, we summarize current state of the art concerning microbubble-cell interactions and cellular effects leading to sonoporation and its application for gene delivery. Optimization of sonoporation protocol and composition of microbubbles for gene delivery are discussed.
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25
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Togtema M, Pichardo S, Jackson R, Lambert PF, Curiel L, Zehbe I. Sonoporation delivery of monoclonal antibodies against human papillomavirus 16 E6 restores p53 expression in transformed cervical keratinocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50730. [PMID: 23226365 PMCID: PMC3511358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), such as HPV16, have been found in nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Therapies targeted at blocking the HPV16 E6 protein and its deleterious effects on the tumour suppressor pathways of the cell can reverse the malignant phenotype of affected keratinocytes while sparing uninfected cells. Through a strong interdisciplinary collaboration between engineering and biology, a novel, non-invasive intracellular delivery method for the HPV16 E6 antibody, F127-6G6, was developed. The method employs high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in combination with microbubbles, in a process known as sonoporation. In this proof of principle study, it was first demonstrated that sonoporation antibody delivery into the HPV16 positive cervical carcinoma derived cell lines CaSki and SiHa was possible, using chemical transfection as a baseline for comparison. Delivery of the E6 antibody using sonoporation significantly restored p53 expression in these cells, indicating the antibody is able to enter the cells and remains active. This delivery method is targeted, non-cytotoxic, and non-invasive, making it more easily translatable for in vivo experiments than other transfection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Togtema
- Probe Development and Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Ultrasound and microbubble-assisted gene delivery: recent advances and ongoing challenges. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:1199-215. [PMID: 23116012 DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Having first been developed for ultrasound imaging, nowadays, microbubbles are proposed as tools for ultrasound-assisted gene delivery, too. Their behavior during ultrasound exposure causes transient membrane permeability of surrounding cells, facilitating targeted local delivery. The increased cell uptake of extracellular compounds by ultrasound in the presence of microbubbles is attributed to a phenomenon called sonoporation. Sonoporation has been successfully applied to deliver nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo in a variety of therapeutic applications. However, the biological and physical mechanisms of sonoporation are still not fully understood. In this review, we discuss recent data concerning microbubble--cell interactions leading to sonoporation and we report on the progress in ultrasound-assisted therapeutic gene delivery in different organs. In addition, we outline ongoing challenges of this novel delivery method for its clinical use.
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27
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El Kaffas A, Tran W, Czarnota GJ. Vascular Strategies for Enhancing Tumour Response to Radiation Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2012; 11:421-32. [DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is prescribed to more than 50% of patients diagnosed with cancer. Although mechanisms of interaction between radiation and tumour cells are well understood on a molecular level, much remains uncertain concerning the interaction of radiation with the tumour as a whole. Recent studies have demonstrated that single large doses of radiation (8–20 Gy) may primarily target tumour endothelial cells, leading to secondary tumour clonogenic cell death. These studies suggest that blood vessels play an important role in radiation response. As a result, various strategies have been proposed to effectively combine radiation with vascular targeting agents. While most proposed schemes focus on methods to disrupt tumour blood vessels, recent evidence supporting that some anti-angiogenic agents may “normalize” tumour blood vessels, in turn enhancing tumour oxygenation and radiosensitivity, indicates that there may be more efficient strategies. Furthermore, vascular targeting agents have recently been demonstrated to enhance radiation therapy by targeting endothelial cells. When combined with radiation, these agents are believed to cause even more localized vascular destruction followed by tumour clonogenic cell death. Taken together, it is now crucial to elucidate the role of tumour blood vessels in radiation therapy response, in order to make use of this knowledge in developing therapeutic strategies that target tumour vasculature above and beyond classic clonogenic tumour cell death. In this report, we review some major developments in understanding the importance of tumour blood vessels during radiation therapy. A discussion of current imaging modalities used for studying vascular response to treatments will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Kaffas
- Department of Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - William Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Gregory J. Czarnota
- Department of Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
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28
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Abstract
This paper presents unique approaches to enable control and quantification of ultrasound-mediated cell membrane disruption, or sonoporation, at the single-cell level. Ultrasound excitation of microbubbles that were targeted to the plasma membrane of HEK-293 cells generated spatially and temporally controlled membrane disruption with high repeatability. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording combined with fluorescence microscopy, we obtained time-resolved measurements of single-cell sonoporation and quantified the size and resealing rate of pores. We measured the intracellular diffusion coefficient of cytoplasmic RNA/DNA from sonoporation-induced transport of an intercalating fluorescent dye into and within single cells. We achieved spatiotemporally controlled delivery with subcellular precision and calcium signaling in targeted cells by selective excitation of microbubbles. Finally, we utilized sonoporation to deliver calcein, a membrane-impermeant substrate of multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP1), into HEK-MRP1 cells, which overexpress MRP1, and monitored the calcein efflux by MRP1. This approach made it possible to measure the efflux rate in individual cells and to compare it directly to the efflux rate in parental control cells that do not express MRP1.
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29
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Abstract
The intersection of particles and directed energy is a rich source of novel and useful technology that is only recently being realized for medicine. One of the most promising applications is directed drug delivery. This review focuses on phase-shift nanoparticles (that is, particles of submicron size) as well as micron-scale particles whose action depends on an external-energy triggered, first-order phase shift from a liquid to gas state of either the particle itself or of the surrounding medium. These particles have tremendous potential for actively disrupting their environment for altering transport properties and unloading drugs. This review covers in detail ultrasound and laser-activated phase-shift nano- and micro-particles and their use in drug delivery. Phase-shift based drug-delivery mechanisms and competing technologies are discussed.
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30
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Rapoport N. Phase-shift, stimuli-responsive perfluorocarbon nanodroplets for drug delivery to cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:492-510. [PMID: 22730185 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on phase-shift perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions whose action depends on an ultrasound-triggered phase shift from a liquid to gas state. For drug-loaded perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions, microbubbles are formed under the action of tumor-directed ultrasound and drug is released locally into tumor volume in this process. This review covers in detail mechanisms involved in the droplet-to-bubble transition as well as mechanisms of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Rapoport
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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31
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32
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Deckers R, Moonen CT. Ultrasound triggered, image guided, local drug delivery. J Control Release 2010; 148:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Escoffre JM, Kaddur K, Rols MP, Bouakaz A. In vitro gene transfer by electrosonoporation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2010; 36:1746-1755. [PMID: 20850028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Among the nonviral methods for gene delivery in vitro, electroporation is simple, inexpensive and safe. To upregulate the expression level of transfected gene, we investigated the applicability of electrosonoporation. This approach consists of a combination of electric pulses and ultrasound assisted with gas microbubbles. Cells were first electroporated with plasmid DNA encoding-enhanced green fluorescent protein and then sonoporated in presence of contrast microbubbles. Twenty-four hours later, cells that received electrosonoporation demonstrated a four-fold increase in transfection level and a six-fold increase in transfection efficiency compared with cells having undergone electroporation alone. Although electroporation induced the formation of DNA aggregates into the cell membrane, sonoporation induced its direct propulsion into the cytoplasm. Sonoporation can improve the transfer of electro-induced DNA aggregates by allowing its free and rapid entrance into the cells. These results demonstrated that in vitro gene transfer by electrosonoporation could provide a new potent method for gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Escoffre
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
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Park J, Fan Z, Deng CX. Effects of shear stress cultivation on cell membrane disruption and intracellular calcium concentration in sonoporation of endothelial cells. J Biomech 2010; 44:164-9. [PMID: 20863503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbubble facilitated ultrasound (US) application can enhance intracellular delivery of drugs and genes in endothelial cells cultured in static condition by transiently disrupting the cell membrane, or sonoporation. However, endothelial cells in vivo that are constantly exposed to blood flow may exhibit different sonoporation characteristics. This study investigates the effects of shear stress cultivation on sonoporation of endothelial cells in terms of membrane disruption and changes in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Sonoporation experiments were conducted using murine brain microvascular endothelial (bEnd.3) cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured under static or shear stress (5 dyne/cm(2) for 5 days) condition in a microchannel environment. The cells were exposed to a short US tone burst (1.25 MHz, 8 μs duration, 0.24 MPa) in the presence of Definity™ microbubbles to facilitate sonoporation. Membrane disruption was assessed by propidium iodide (PI) and changes in [Ca(2+)](i) measured by fura-2AM. Results from this study show that shear stress cultivation significantly reduced the impact of ultrasound-driven microbubbles activities on endothelial cells. Cells cultured under shear stress condition exhibited much lower percentage with membrane disruption and changes in [Ca(2+)](i) compared to statically cultured cells. The maximum increases of PI uptake and [Ca(2+)](i) were also significantly lower in the shear stress cultured cells. In addition, the extent of [Ca(2+)](i) waves in shear cultured HUVECs was reduced compared to the statically cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
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Park J, Fan Z, Kumon RE, El-Sayed MEH, Deng CX. Modulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro by acoustic cavitation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2010; 36:1176-87. [PMID: 20620704 PMCID: PMC3139909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Localized delivery of therapeutic agents through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a clinically significant task that remains challenging. Ultrasound (US) application after intravenous administration of microbubbles has been shown to generate localized BBB opening in animal models but the detailed mechanisms are not yet fully described. The current study investigates the effects of US-stimulated microbubbles on in vitro murine brain microvascular endothelial (bEnd.3) cells by monitoring sonoporation and changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) using real-time fluorescence and high-speed brightfield microscopy. Cells seeded in microchannels were exposed to a single US pulse (1.25 MHz, 10 cycles, 0.24 MPa peak negative pressure) in the presence of Definity microbubbles and extracellular calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](o) = 0.9 mM. Disruption of the cell membrane was assessed using propidium iodide (PI) and change in the [Ca(2+)](i) was measured using fura-2. Cells adjacent to a microbubble exhibited immediate [Ca(2+)](i) changes after US pulse with and without PI uptake and the [Ca(2+)](i) changes were twice as large in cells with PI uptake. Cell viability assays showed that sonoporated cells could survive with modulation of [Ca(2+)](i) and uptake of PI. Cells located near sonoporated cells were observed to exhibit changes in [Ca(2+)](i) that were delayed from the time of US application and without PI uptake. These results demonstrate that US-stimulated microbubbles not only directly cause changes in [Ca(2+)](i) in brain endothelial cells in addition to sonoporation but also generate [Ca(2+)](i) transients in cells not directly interacting with microbubbles, thereby affecting cells in larger regions beyond the cells in contact with microbubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cheri X. Deng
- Address correspondence to: Cheri X. Deng, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2099, USA. Tel: +1 734-936-2855; Fax: +1 734-936-1905.
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Fan Z, Kumon RE, Park J, Deng CX. Intracellular delivery and calcium transients generated in sonoporation facilitated by microbubbles. J Control Release 2009; 142:31-9. [PMID: 19818371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound application in the presence of microbubbles is a promising strategy for intracellular drug and gene delivery, but it may also trigger other cellular responses. This study investigates the relationship between the change of cell membrane permeability generated by ultrasound-driven microbubbles and the changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). Cultured rat cardiomyoblast (H9c2) cells were exposed to a single ultrasound pulse (1MHz, 10-15cycles, 0.27MPa) in the presence of a Definity(TM) microbubble. Intracellular transport via sonoporation was assessed in real time using propidium iodide (PI), while [Ca(2+)](i) and dye loss from the cells were measured with preloaded fura-2. The ultrasound exposure generated fragmentation or shrinking of the microbubble. Only cells adjacent to the ultrasound-driven microbubble exhibited propidium iodide uptake with simultaneous [Ca(2+)](i) increase and fura-2 dye loss. The amount of PI uptake was correlated with the amount of fura-2 dye loss. Cells with delayed [Ca(2+)](i) transients from the time of ultrasound application had no uptake of PI. These results indicate the formation of non-specific pores in the cell membrane by ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles and the generation of calcium waves in surrounding cells without pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2099, USA
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Tran TA, Le Guennec JY, Babuty D, Bougnoux P, Tranquart F, Bouakaz A. On the mechanisms of ultrasound contrast agents-induced arrhythmias. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2009; 35:1050-1056. [PMID: 19195768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that imaging hard-shelled ultrasound (US) contrast agents at high mechanical indices engenders premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). We have shown that the oscillations of microbubbles next to a cell induce a mechanical pressure on its membrane resulting in the activation of stretch activated channels (SAC). The aim of this study is to demonstrate, in vivo and in vitro, the relationship between PVCs and SAC opening. Five anesthetized rats were used. PVCs were created in vivo with (1) US and a diluted solution of contrast microbubbles injected intravenously through the tail vein at a rate of 0.5 mL per min and (2) a manually induced mechanical stimulus, which consisted of stimulations by a flexible catheter introduced into the rat aorta and pushed until the left ventricle. PVCs were quantified through ECG measurements. In vitro experiments consisted of patch Clamp measurements on HL-1 heart cell line. The stimulation was carried out either manually with a glass rod or with US and microbubbles. For both in vivo and in vitro experiments, US consisted of 40-cycle waveforms at 1 MHz and peak negative pressures up to 300 kPa and exposure time varied from 1 to 2 min. We should emphasize that these parameters are different from those used in diagnostic conditions. In vivo, microbubbles and US at 300 kPa induced modification of rat's ECG while pressures below 300 kPa did not induce any PVC. US alone did not modify the rat's ECG. Similar PVCs were also created when stimulation with a catheter was applied. Regular heart beat rate was recovered immediately after the stimulation was stopped. In vitro, the mechanical stretch induced a cell membrane depolarization due to SAC opening. Similar effect was observed with US and microbubbles. The cell potential returned to its initial value when the stimulation was released. In conclusion, we presume that PVCs are generated through a cascade of events characterized by a mechanical action of oscillating microbubbles, opening of stretch activated ion channels, membrane depolarization and triggering of action potentials.
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Kumon RE, Aehle M, Sabens D, Parikh P, Han YW, Kourennyi D, Deng CX. Spatiotemporal effects of sonoporation measured by real-time calcium imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2009; 35:494-506. [PMID: 19010589 PMCID: PMC2670760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of sonoporation, spatiotemporal evolution of ultrasound-induced changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was determined using real-time fura-2AM fluorescence imaging. Monolayers of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to a 1-MHz ultrasound tone burst (0.2 s, 0.45 MPa) in the presence of Optison microbubbles. At extracellular [Ca(2+)](o) of 0.9 mM, ultrasound application generated both nonoscillating and oscillating (periods 12 to 30 s) transients (changes of [Ca(2+)](i) in time) with durations of 100-180 s. Immediate [Ca(2+)](i) transients after ultrasound application were induced by ultrasound-mediated microbubble-cell interactions. In some cases, the immediately affected cells did not return to pre-ultrasound equilibrium [Ca(2+)](i) levels, thereby indicating irreversible membrane damage. Spatial evolution of [Ca(2+)](i) in different cells formed a calcium wave that was observed to propagate outward from the immediately affected cells at 7-20 microm/s over a distance >200 microm, causing delayed transients in cells to occur sometimes 60 s or more after ultrasound application. In calcium-free solution, ultrasound-affected cells did not recover, consistent with the requirement of extracellular Ca(2+) for cell membrane recovery subsequent to sonoporation. In summary, ultrasound application in the presence of Optison microbubbles can generate transient [Ca(2+)](i) changes and oscillations at a focal site and in surrounding cells via calcium waves that last longer than the ultrasound duration and spread beyond the focal site. These results demonstrate the complexity of downstream effects of sonoporation beyond the initial pore formation and subsequent diffusion-related transport through the cellular membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Kumon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–2099, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106–7207, USA
| | - M. Aehle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106–7207, USA
| | - D. Sabens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106–7207, USA
| | - P. Parikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106–7207, USA
| | - Y. W. Han
- School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106–4905, USA
| | - D. Kourennyi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106–7207, USA
| | - C. X. Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–2099, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44106–7207, USA
- Corresponding author: Cheri X. Deng, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109–2099, USA. Tel: +1 734-936-2855; Fax: +1734-936-1905. E-mail address: (C. X. Deng)
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