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Hu L, Guan C, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Chai R, Teng J, Tian Q, Xun M, Wu F. Cloning, sequencing, expression, and purification of aspartic proteases isolated from two human Demodex species. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127404. [PMID: 37848116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic proteases (ASPs) are important hydrolases for parasitic invasion of host tissues or cells. This was the first study on Demodex ASP. First, the complete coding sequence (CDS) was amplified, cloned and sequenced. Then, the protein physical and chemical properties was analysed. Finally, the recombinant plasmid, expression and purification system was established. Results showed that the lengths of CDS of Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis were 1161 and 1173 bp, respectively. The molecular weight of the protein was approximately 40 KDa. It contained an aspartic acid residue, a substrate-binding site and signal peptide, yet lacked a transmembrane domain and was located in the membrane or extracellular matrix. The phylogenetic and conserved motif analyses showed that D. folliculorum and D. brevis clustered separately and then formed a single branch, which finally clustered with other Acariformes species. The prokaryotic expression systems for recombinant ASP with His-tag (rASP-His) and GST-tag (rASP-GST) were constructed. The inclusion bodies of rASP-His were renaturated by gradient urea and purified using NI beads, while those of rASP-GST were renaturated by sarkosyl and Triton X-100 and purified using GST beads. Conclusively, the prokaryotic expression and purification system of Demodex rASP was successfully established for further pathogenic mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenglin Guan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yae Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wanyu Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Rong Chai
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Teng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China; Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Qiong Tian
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Xun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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Kim JC, Lee MR, Kim S, Park SE, Lee SJ, Shin TY, Kim WJ, Kim J. Transcriptome Analysis of the Japanese Pine Sawyer Beetle, Monochamus alternatus, Infected with the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-197. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050373. [PMID: 34068801 PMCID: PMC8151162 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese pine sawyer (JPS) beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), damages pine trees and transmits the pine wilt nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle. Chemical agents have been used to control JPS beetle, but due to various issues, efforts are being made to replace these chemical agents with entomopathogenic fungi. We investigated the expression of immune-related genes in JPS beetle in response to infection with JEF-197, a Metarhizium anisopliae isolate, using RNA-seq. RNA samples were obtained from JEF-197, JPS adults treated with JEF-197, and non-treated JPS adults on the 8th day after fungal treatment, and RNA-seq was performed using Illumina sequencing. JPS beetle transcriptome was assembled de novo and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis was performed. There were 719 and 1953 up- and downregulated unigenes upon JEF-197 infection, respectively. Upregulated contigs included genes involved in RNA transport, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, spliceosome-related genes, and genes involved in immune-related signaling pathways such as the Toll and Imd pathways. Forty-two fungal DEGs related to energy and protein metabolism were upregulated, and genes involved in the stress response were also upregulated in the infected JPS beetles. Together, our results indicate that infection of JPS beetles by JEF-197 induces the expression of immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - Mi-Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - Sihyeon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - So-Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Tae-Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (W.-J.K.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2525 (J.K.)
| | - Jaesu Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (J.-C.K.); (M.-R.L.); (S.K.); (S.-E.P.); (T.-Y.S.)
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (W.-J.K.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-270-2525 (J.K.)
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Kolivand S, Nazari M, Modarressi MH, Najafabadi MRH, Hemati A, Ghafouri-Fard S, Motevaseli E. Optimized protocol for soluble prokaryotic expression, purification and refolding of the human inhibin α subunit, a cysteine rich peptide chain. Hum Antibodies 2020; 28:131-139. [PMID: 31658054 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibin A, a member of TGF-β superfamily, consists of α and β subunits. These subunits contain several cysteine residues in amino acid sequence that forms inter- and intra-subunits disulfide bonds. Due to the reducing environment of the bacterial cytoplasm, disulfide bonds formation in E.coli cytoplasm is not possible. Therefore, this can cause misfolding, aggregation and inclusion bodies formation during protein expression. As a result, the expression of inhibin subunits in E.coli produces inclusion bodiesOBJECTIVE: We aimed at identification of an optimized protocol for expression and recovery of inhibin α-subunit from inclusion bodies. METHODS Two vectors, four different E.coli strains, and six solubilization conditions for were used for the optimization of inhibin α-subunit production. Then, the solubilized proteins were purified through Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting (WB) using anti-his tag antibody, and refolded by dilution. RESULTS The results showed that inhibin α-subunits were successfully expressed in both vectors and the pET22b+inhibin α-subunit in ShuffleTM T7 strain had the highest expression; however, most of the expression was in an insoluble form. Among solubilization buffers examined, a buffer containing 2M urea with pH 12 was the best buffer to dissolve the insoluble protein. The high purity of protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and WB. Non-reducing SDS-PAGE demonstrating inhibin α-subunit refolded well. CONCLUSION The current protocol is an efficient method for protocol for expression and recovery of inhibin α-subunit from inclusion bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Kolivand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Nazari
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Hosseini Najafabadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Hemati
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
In vitro protein folding can be employed to produce complex proteins expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies in E. coli from laboratory to commercial scale. Often the most challenging step is identification of renaturation conditions that will enable the denatured protein to form the native structure at an acceptable yield. Generally this requires screening a matrix of buffers and stabilizers to find an appropriate solution. Herein, we describe an automated and quantitative method to identify optimal in vitro protein folding parameters with a high rate of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Walker
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Philip An
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Dwight Winters
- Amgen Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Svilenov H, Gentiluomo L, Friess W, Roessner D, Winter G. A New Approach to Study the Physical Stability of Monoclonal Antibody Formulations—Dilution From a Denaturant. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3007-3013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kante RK, Vemula S, Mallu MR, Ronda SR. Efficient and easily scalable protein folding strong anion exchange chromatography for renaturation and simultaneous purification of recombinant human asparaginase from E. coli. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1036-1044. [PMID: 29708643 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are revolutionizing present day therapeutics. They are generally expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies in the E. coli and mis-folding, loss of protein, and high cost of down streaming are the hurdles in their recovery. For the first time, we are reporting the refolding with simultaneous purification of rhASP in E. coli using a single step utilizing protein folding-strong anion exchange chromatography (PF-SAX). The purification method is also standardized for optimal concentration of solution additives, pH, and mobile phase composition. The results showed purification of rhASP with anion exchange chromatography was effective. Phosphate buffer and slightly alkaline pH produced significant recovery yields and purity profiles. The effect of solution additives such as arginine, glycerol, TMAO, sorbitol, dextran, glutamate, and fructose on rhASP renaturation is also investigated. Significant results were achieved using arginine-TMAO combination in terms of purity, recovery yield and specific activity of 99%, 78%, and 210 IU/mg, respectively. The work concludes that PF-SAX refolding method is superior to other conventional methods and it can be applied to large scale purification of rhASP produced in E. coli. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:1036-1044, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Kante
- Dept. of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Centre for Bioprocess Technology, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 502, India
| | - Sandeep Vemula
- Dept. of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Centre for Bioprocess Technology, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 502, India
| | - Maheswara Reddy Mallu
- Dept. of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Centre for Bioprocess Technology, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 502, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Ronda
- Dept. of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Centre for Bioprocess Technology, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 502, India
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Rezaie M, Aminzadeh S, Heidari F, Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Karkhane AA. Biochemical Characterization of Recombinant Thermostable Cohnella sp. A01 β-Glucanase. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018; 22:345-54. [PMID: 29331014 PMCID: PMC6058188 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.22.5.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Typically, non-cellulytic glucanase, including fungi and yeast cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes, are released by some symbiotic fungi and plants during the mycoparasitic fungi attack on plants. These enzymes are known as the defense mechanisms of plants. This study intends to investigate the biochemical properties of β-1,6-glucanase (bg16M) from native thermophilic bacteria, Cohnella A01. Methods bg16M gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The enzyme was purified utilizing Ni-NTA nikcle sepharose column. Pustulan and laminarin were selected as substrates in enzyme assay. The purified bg16M enzyme was treated with different pH, temperature, metal ions, and detergents. Results The expressed protein, including 639 amino acids, showed a high similarity with the hydrolytic glycosylated family 30. The molecular weight of enzyme was 64 kDa, and purification yield was 46%. The bg16M demonstrated activity as 4.83 U/ml on laminarin and 2.88 U/ml on pustulan. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were 8 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme had an appropriate stability at high temperatures and in the pH range of 7 to 9, showing acceptable stability, while it did not lose enzymatic activity completely at acidic or basic pH. None of the studied metal ions and chemical compounds was the activator of bg16M, and urea, SDS, and copper acted as enzyme inhibitors. Conclusion Biochemical characterization of this enzyme revealed that bg16M can be applied in beverage industries and medical sectors because of its high activity, as well as thermal and alkaline stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Rezaie
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Shahrak-E-Pajoohesh km 15, Tehran-Karaj Highway, P. O. Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aminzadeh
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Shahrak-E-Pajoohesh km 15, Tehran-Karaj Highway, P. O. Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Heidari
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, Shahrak-E-Pajoohesh km 15, Tehran-Karaj Highway, P. O. Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Asghar Karkhane
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Shahrak-E-Pajoohesh km 15, Tehran-Karaj Highway, P. O. Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
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Comparison of Purification Processes for Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Produced in E. coli. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSACTION A-SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-017-0414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Computer Simulation and Additive-Based Refolding Process of Cysteine-Rich Proteins: VEGF-A as a Model. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Expression of recombinant truncated domains of mucus-binding (Mub) protein of Lactobacillus plantarum in soluble and biologically active form. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 135:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Guo S, Popowicz GM, Li D, Yuan D, Wang Y. Lid mobility in lipase SMG1 validated using a thiol/disulfide redox potential probe. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:477-83. [PMID: 27419053 PMCID: PMC4856426 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most lipases possess a lid domain above the catalytic site that is responsible for their activation. Lipase SMG1 from Malassezia globose CBS 7966 (Malassezia globosa LIP1), is a mono‐ and diacylglycerol lipase with an atypical loop‐like lid domain. Activation of SMG1 was proposed to be solely through a gating mechanism involving two residues (F278 and N102). However, through disulfide bond cross‐linking of the lid, this study shows that full activation also requires mobility of the lid domain, contrary to a previous proposal. The newly introduced disulfide bond makes lipase SMG1 eligible as a ratiometric thiol/disulfide redox potential probe, when it is coupled with chromogenic substrates. This redox‐switch lipase could also be of potential use in cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Guo
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Grzegorz Maria Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Daoming Li
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Dongjuan Yuan
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Saffarian P, Peerayeh SN, Amani J, Ebrahimi F, Sedighian H, Halabian R, Fooladi AAI. TAT-BoNT/A(₁₋₄₄₈), a novel fusion protein as a therapeutic agent: analysis of transcutaneous delivery and enzyme activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:2785-95. [PMID: 26711279 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) has been used as an injectable therapeutic agent for the treatment of some abnormal muscle contractions. In this study, TAT(47-57) peptide, a cell-penetrating peptide, was fused with the catalytic domain of BoNT/A for therapeutic purposes. HeLa and BE(2)-C cell lines were treated separately with purified TAT-BoNT/A(1-448) recombinant protein, and transduction of protein was analyzed by western blotting. Also, transcutaneous delivery through mouse skin surface was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The in vitro catalytic activity of TAT-BoNT/A(1-448) was evaluated by HPLC. The presence of recombinant protein was detected in both of the cell lines as well as mouse skin cryosections after 60 and 120 min of incubation. The concentration of intracellular proteins was increased over time. HPLC analysis showed that this fusion protein has a biological activity 1.5 times as much as the full-length BoNT/A(1-448) protein. TAT-BoNT/A(1-448) fusion protein is biologically active and can transmit through living cells in vitro and in vivo successfully and more effectively compared with BoNT/A(1-448) protein as control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Saffarian
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Najar Peerayeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firooz Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hussein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Apicella A, Heunemann P, Bolisetty S, Marascio M, Gemperli Graf A, Garamszegi L, Mezzenga R, Fischer P, Plummer CJ, Månson JA. The Influence of Arginine on the Response of Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) Proteins to Thermal Stress: Towards Improving the Stability of EMD-Based Products. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144641. [PMID: 26670810 PMCID: PMC4699454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a current procedure for periodontal tissue regeneration, enamel matrix derivative (EMD), which is the active component, is mixed with a propylene glycol alginate (PGA) gel carrier and applied directly to the periodontal defect. Exposure of EMD to physiological conditions then causes it to precipitate. However, environmental changes during manufacture and storage may result in modifications to the conformation of the EMD proteins, and eventually premature phase separation of the gel and a loss in therapeutic effectiveness. The present work relates to efforts to improve the stability of EMD-based formulations such as Emdogain™ through the incorporation of arginine, a well-known protein stabilizer, but one that to our knowledge has not so far been considered for this purpose. Representative EMD-buffer solutions with and without arginine were analyzed by 3D-dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at different acidic pH and temperatures, T, in order to simulate the effect of pH variations and thermal stress during manufacture and storage. The results provided evidence that arginine may indeed stabilize EMD against irreversible aggregation with respect to variations in pH and T under these conditions. Moreover, stopped-flow transmittance measurements indicated arginine addition not to suppress precipitation of EMD from either the buffers or the PGA gel carrier when the pH was raised to 7, a fundamental requirement for dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Apicella
- Laboratoire des Technologie des Composites et Polymères (LTC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peggy Heunemann
- Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sreenath Bolisetty
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Marascio
- Laboratoire des Technologie des Composites et Polymères (LTC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Food and Soft Materials Science, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Food Process Engineering, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (PF); (CJP)
| | - Christopher J. Plummer
- Laboratoire des Technologie des Composites et Polymères (LTC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (PF); (CJP)
| | - Jan-Anders Månson
- Laboratoire des Technologie des Composites et Polymères (LTC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Automated high-throughput dense matrix protein folding screen using a liquid handling robot combined with microfluidic capillary electrophoresis. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 120:138-47. [PMID: 26678961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern molecular genetics technology has made it possible to swiftly sequence, clone and mass-produce recombinant DNA for the purpose of expressing heterologous genes of interest; however, recombinant protein production systems have struggled to keep pace. Mammalian expression systems are typically favored for their ability to produce and secrete proteins in their native state, but bacterial systems benefit from rapid cell line development and robust growth. The primary drawback to prokaryotic expression systems are that recombinant proteins are generally not secreted at high levels or correctly folded, and are often insoluble, necessitating post-expression protein folding to obtain the active product. In order to harness the advantages of prokaryotic expression, high-throughput methods for executing protein folding screens and the subsequent analytics to identify lead conditions are required. Both of these tasks can be accomplished using a Biomek 3000 liquid handling robot to prepare the folding screen and to subsequently prepare the reactions for assessment using Caliper microfluidic capillary electrophoresis. By augmenting a protein folding screen with automation, the primary disadvantage of Escherichia coli expression has been mitigated, namely the labor intensive identification of the required protein folding conditions. Furthermore, a rigorous, quantitative method for identifying optimal protein folding buffer aids in the rapid development of an optimal production process.
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Kulshreshtha P, Tiwari A, Priyanka, Joon S, Sinha S, Bhatnagar R. Investigation of a panel of monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal sera against anthrax toxins resulted in identification of an anti-lethal factor antibody with disease-enhancing characteristics. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:185-93. [PMID: 26364143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hybridomas were created using spleen of mice that were actively immunized with rLFn (recombinant N-terminal domain of lethal factor). Later on, separate group of mice were immunized with rLFn to obtain a polyclonal control for passive immunization studies of monoclonal antibodies. This led to the identification of one cohort of rLFn-immnized mice that harboured disease-enhancing polyclonal antibodies. At the same time, the monoclonal antibodies secreted by all the hybridomas were being tested. Two hybridomas secreted monoclonal antibodies (H10 and H8) that were cross-reactive with EF (edema factor) and LF (lethal factor), while the other two hybridomas secreted LF-specific antibodies (H7 and H11). Single chain variable fragment (LETscFv) was derived from H10 hybridoma. H11 was found to have disease-enhancing property. Combination of H11 with protective monoclonal antibodies (H8 and H10) reduced its disease enhancing nature. This in vitro abrogation of disease-enhancement provides the proof of concept that in polyclonal sera the disease enhancing character of a fraction of antibodies is overshadowed by the protective nature of the rest of the antibodies generated on active immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Kulshreshtha
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Present address: Centre for Biodesign, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, India
| | - Priyanka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Joon
- Structural and Computational Biology Laboratory, Department Of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India
| | | | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Shah D, Shaikh AR. Interaction of arginine, lysine, and guanidine with surface residues of lysozyme: implication to protein stability. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:104-14. [PMID: 25730443 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1013158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Additives are widely used to suppress aggregation of therapeutic proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms of effect of additives to stabilize proteins are still unclear. To understand this, we herein perform molecular dynamics simulations of lysozyme in the presence of three commonly used additives: arginine, lysine, and guanidine. These additives have different effects on stability of proteins and have different structures with some similarities; arginine and lysine have aliphatic side chain, while arginine has a guanidinium group. We analyze atomic contact frequencies to study the interactions of the additives with individual residues of lysozyme. Contact coefficient, quantified from contact frequencies, is helpful in analyzing the interactions with the guanidine groups as well as aliphatic side chains of arginine and lysine. Strong preference for contacts to the additives (over water) is seen for the acidic followed by polar and the aromatic residues. Further analysis suggests that the hydration layer around the protein surface is depleted more in the presence of arginine, followed by lysine and guanidine. Molecular dynamics simulations also reveal that the internal dynamics of protein, as indicated by the lifetimes of the hydrogen bonds within the protein, changes depending on the additives. Particularly, we note that the side-chain hydrogen-bonding patterns within the protein differ with the additives, with several side-chain hydrogen bonds missing in the presence of guanidine. These results collectively indicate that the aliphatic chain of arginine and lysine plays a critical role in the stabilization of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhawal Shah
- a Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department , Sultan Qaboos University , Muscat , Oman
| | - Abdul Rajjak Shaikh
- b Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Kobe University , Kobe , Japan
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18
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Lemke LS, Chura-Chambi RM, Rodrigues D, Cussiol JRR, Malavasi NV, Alegria TGP, Netto LES, Morganti L. Investigation on solubilization protocols in the refolding of the thioredoxin TsnC from Xylella fastidiosa by high hydrostatic pressure approach. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 106:72-7. [PMID: 25448595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The lack of efficient refolding methodologies must be overcome to take full advantage of the fact that bacteria express high levels of aggregated recombinant proteins. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) impairs intermolecular hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, dissociating aggregates, which makes HHP a useful tool to solubilize proteins for subsequent refolding. A process of refolding was set up by using as a model TsnC, a thioredoxin that catalyzes the disulfide reduction to a dithiol, a useful indication of biological activity. The inclusion bodies (IB) were dissociated at 2.4 kbar. The effect of incubation of IB suspensions at 1-800 bar, the guanidine hydrochloride concentration, the oxidized/reduced glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratios, and the additives in the refolding buffer were analyzed. To assess the yields of fully biologically active protein obtained for each tested condition, it was crucial to analyze both the TsnC solubilization yield and its enzymatic activity. Application of 2.4 kbar to the IB suspension in the presence of 9 mM GSH, 1mM GSSG, 0.75 M guanidine hydrochloride, and 0.5M arginine with subsequent incubation at 1 bar furnished high refolding yield (81%). The experience gained in this study shall help to establish efficient HHP-based protein refolding processes for other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Simoni Lemke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniella Rodrigues
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Renato Rosa Cussiol
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Vallejo Malavasi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Geronimo Pires Alegria
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Analysis of the Leishmania peroxin 7 interactions with peroxin 5, peroxin 14 and PTS2 ligands. Biochem J 2014; 460:273-82. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
LPEX7 (Leishmania peroxin 7) is essential for targeting newly synthesized proteins with a PTS2 (peroxisome-targeting signal type 2) import signal into the glycosome. In the present paper, we describe the biophysical characterization of a functional LPEX7 isolated from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. Pull-down assays showed that LPEX7 binds the interacting partners LdPEX5 (Leishmania donovani peroxin 5) and LdPEX14, but, more importantly, this receptor can specifically bind PTS2 cargo proteins in the monomeric and dimeric states. However, in the absence of interacting partners, LPEX7 preferentially adopts a tetrameric structure. Mapping studies localized the LdPEX5- and LdPEX14-binding sites to the N-terminal portion of LPEX7. Deletion of the first 52 residues abolished LdPEX14 association without altering the LdPEX5 interaction. Intrinsic fluorescence techniques suggested that each LPEX7 subunit has a single unique binding site for each of the respective interacting partners LdPEX5, LdPEX14 and PTS2 cargo proteins. Extrinsic fluorescence studies with ANS (8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid) demonstrated that LPEX7 contains a surface-exposed hydrophobic region(s) that was not altered by the binding of a PTS2 protein or LdPEX5. However, in the presence of these ligands, the accessibility of the hydrophobic domain was dramatically restricted, suggesting that both ligands are necessary to induce notable conformational changes in LPEX7. In contrast, binding of LdPEX14 did not alter the hydrophobic domain on LPEX7. It is possible that the hydrophobic surfaces on LPEX7 may be a crucial characteristic for the shuttling of this receptor in and out of the glycosome.
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Tsekovska R, Boyanova M, Mironova R, Ivanov I. Effect of Arginine on Glycation and Stability of Recombinant Human Interferon-Gamma. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10817613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Bang K, Park S, Cho S. Characterization of a β-1,3-glucan recognition protein from the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:575-584. [PMID: 23956146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The β-1,3-glucan recognition protein gene from Spodoptera exigua (SeβGRP) was cloned and characterized. The cDNA of this gene is 1 644 nucleotides in length and the predicted polypeptide is 491 amino acids (aa) in length, with a calculated molecular mass of 54.8 kDa. The first 22 aa encode a predicted secretion signal peptide. A BLAST search, multiple sequence alignment, and phylogenetic analysis of the aa sequence of SeβGRP revealed that this protein is most similar to the β-1,3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP) family of pattern recognition proteins. Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, we detected the presence of SeβGRP transcripts in the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of S. exigua. In addition, the SeβGRP transcript was expressed in all the tissues examined including the brain, hemocytes, fat body, intestine, and cuticle. There were no changes in SeβGRP mRNA levels in larvae infected with ultraviolet (UV)-killed Escherichia coli DH5α compared with the control larvae inoculated with the water; however, SeβGRP mRNA levels were markedly elevated 4-8 h after infection and slightly induced 12-24 h after infection in larvae injected with UV-killed Fusarium oxysporum. This may be because β-1,3-glucan is the main component of the cell wall of F. oxysporum, but not E. coli DH5α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongrin Bang
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon
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22
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Shivu B, Seshadri S, Li J, Oberg KA, Uversky VN, Fink AL. Distinct β-sheet structure in protein aggregates determined by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5176-83. [PMID: 23837615 DOI: 10.1021/bi400625v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to study the conformation of aggregated proteins in vivo and in vitro. Several different protein aggregates, including amyloid fibrils from several peptides and polypeptides, inclusion bodies, folding aggregates, soluble oligomers, and protein extracts from stressed cells, were examined in this study. All protein aggregates demonstrate a characteristic new β structure with lower-frequency band positions. All protein aggregates acquire this new β band following the aggregation process involving intermolecular interactions. The β sheets in some proteins arise from regions of the polypeptide that are helical or non β in the native conformation. For a given protein, all types of the aggregates (e.g., inclusion bodies, folding aggregates, and thermal aggregates) showed similar spectra, indicating that they arose from a common partially folded species. All of the aggregates have some nativelike secondary structure and nonperiodic structure as well as the specific new β structure. The new β could be most likely attributed to stronger hydrogen bonds in the intermolecular β-sheet structure present in the protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Shivu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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23
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An analysis of the factors that affect the dissociation of inclusion bodies and the refolding of endostatin under high pressure. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Follonier S, Panke S, Zinn M. Pressure to kill or pressure to boost: a review on the various effects and applications of hydrostatic pressure in bacterial biotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:1805-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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25
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Balduino KN, Spencer PJ, Malavasi NV, Chura-Chambi RM, Lemke LS, Morganti L. Refolding by high pressure of a toxin containing seven disulfide bonds: bothropstoxin-1 from Bothrops jararacussu. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 48:228-34. [PMID: 21181456 PMCID: PMC3115051 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation is a serious obstacle for recovery of biologically active heterologous proteins from inclusion bodies (IBs) produced by recombinant bacteria. E. coli transformed with a vector containing the cDNA for Bothropstoxin-1 (BthTx-1) expressed the recombinant product as IBs. In order to obtain the native toxin, insoluble and aggregated protein was refolded using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). IBs were dissolved and refolded (2 kbar, 16 h), and the effects of protein concentration, as well as changes in ratio and concentration of oxido-shuffling reagents, guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), and pH in the refolding buffer, were assayed. A 32% yield (7.6 mg per liter of bacterial culture) in refolding of the native BthTx-1 was obtained using optimal conditions of the refolding buffer (Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, containing 3 mM of a 2:3 ratio of GSH/GSSG, and 1 M GdnHCl). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that that disaggregation of part of IBs particles occurred upon compression and that the morphology of the remaining IBs, spherical particles, was not substantially altered. Dose-dependent cytotoxic activity of high-pressure refolded BthTx-1 was shown in C2C12 muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli N Balduino
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares-CNEN/SP, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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26
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Singh SM, Sharma A, Upadhyay AK, Singh A, Garg LC, Panda AK. Solubilization of inclusion body proteins using n-propanol and its refolding into bioactive form. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 81:75-82. [PMID: 21964443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion bodies of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) were isolated from Escherichia coli, enriched and solubilized in 100mM Tris buffer containing 6M n-propanol and 2M urea. Around 4 mg/ml of r-hGH from inclusion bodies were solubilized in 6M n-propanol-based buffer containing 2M urea. Existence of native-like secondary structure of r-hGH in 6M n-propanol solution was confirmed by CD and fluorescence spectra. Solubilized r-hGH was subsequently refolded by pulsatile dilution, purified to homogeneity and found to be functionally active. Tris buffer containing 6M n-propanol and 2M urea also effectively solubilized a number of proteins expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli. Mild solubilization of inclusion body proteins, chaotropic effect of n-propanol at high concentration and kosmotropic effect at lower concentration helped in improved refolding of the solubilized protein. Around 40% of the r-hGH in the form of inclusion body aggregates was refolded into bioactive form while using n-propanol as solubilization agent. Solubilization with 6M n-propanol solution thus can be a viable alternative for achieving high throughput recovery of bioactive protein from inclusion bodies of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Singh
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Aparna Sharma
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Arun K Upadhyay
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Anupam Singh
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Lalit C Garg
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Amulya K Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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28
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Fraga TR, Chura-Chambi RM, Gonçales AP, Morais ZM, Vasconcellos SA, Morganti L, Martins EA. Refolding of the recombinant protein OmpA70 from Leptospira interrogans from inclusion bodies using high hydrostatic pressure and partial characterization of its immunological properties. J Biotechnol 2010; 148:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Marin V, Groveman BR, Qiao H, Xu J, Ali MK, Fang XQ, Lin SX, Rizkallah R, Hurt MH, Bienkiewicz EA, Yu XM. Characterization of neuronal Src kinase purified from a bacterial expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 74:289-97. [PMID: 20558296 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal Src (n-Src) is an alternative isoform of Src kinase containing a 6-amino acid insert in the SH3 domain that is highly expressed in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). To investigate the function of n-Src, wild-type n-Src, constitutively active n-Src in which the C-tail tyrosine 535 was mutated to phenylalanine (n-Src/Y535F) and inactive n-Src in which the lysine 303 was mutated to arginine in addition to the mutation of Y535F (n-Src/K303R/Y535F), were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. We found that all three types of n-Src constructs expressed at very high yields (∼500 mg/L) at 37°C, but formed inclusion bodies. In the presence of 8M urea these proteins could be solubilized, purified under denaturing conditions, and subsequently refolded in the presence of arginine (0.5M). These Src proteins were enzymatically active except for the n-Src/K303R/Y535F mutant. n-Src proteins expressed at 18°C were soluble, albeit at lower yields (∼10-20 mg/L). The lowest yields were for n-Src/Y535F (∼10 mg/L) and the highest for n-Src/K303R/Y535F (∼20 mg/L). We characterized the purified n-Src proteins expressed at 18°C. We found that altering n-Src enzyme activity either pharmacologically (e.g., application of ATP or a Src inhibitor) or genetically (mutation of Y535 or K303) was consistently associated with changes in n-Src stability: an increase in n-Src activity was coupled with a decrease in n-Src stability and vice versa. These findings, therefore, indicate that n-Src activity and stability are interdependent. Finally, the successful production of functionally active n-Src in this study indicates that the bacterial expression system may be a useful protein source in future investigations of n-Src regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Marin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
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30
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Eiberle MK, Jungbauer A. Technical refolding of proteins: Do we have freedom to operate? Biotechnol J 2010; 5:547-59. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Yotsu-Yamashita M, Yamaki H, Okoshi N, Araki N. Distribution of homologous proteins to puffer fish saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin binding protein in the plasma of puffer fish and among the tissues of Fugu pardalis examined by Western blot analysis. Toxicon 2010; 55:1119-24. [PMID: 20043937 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Puffer fish saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin binding protein (PSTBP) is a glycoprotein (200 kDa as a dimer) that we previously isolated from the plasma of Fugu pardalis (Yotsu-Yamashita et al., 2001). For the study on functions of PSTBP, here we examined distribution of homologous proteins to PSTBP in the plasma of seven species of puffer fish, and among the tissues of F. pardalis by Western blot analysis probed with a polyclonal IgG against unglycosylated PSTBP1 expressed in Echelichia coli. One or two major positive broad bands were detected at 105-140 kDa molecular weight range in the plasma (0.5 microg protein) of all species of puffer fish tested, while no band was detected in the plasma (5 microg protein) of fish other than puffer fish. Glycopeptidase F treated plasma of all species of puffer fish tested commonly showed the bands at approximately 42 kDa that was consistent to the molecular weight of unglycosylated PSTBP. These data suggest that puffer fish commonly possess glycoproteins homologous to PSTBP, but the sizes of N-glycan are specific to the species. Among soluble protein extracts (5 microg protein) from the tissues of F. pardalis, PSTBP was detected in all tissues examined, most prominently in heart, skin, and gall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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32
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Lee WR, Jang JY, Kim JS, Kwon MH, Kim YS. Gene silencing by cell-penetrating, sequence-selective and nucleic-acid hydrolyzing antibodies. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:1596-609. [PMID: 20007602 PMCID: PMC2836572 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting particular mRNAs for degradation is a fascinating approach to achieve gene silencing. Here we describe a new gene silencing tool exploiting a cell-penetrating, nucleic-acid hydrolyzing, single-domain antibody of the light-chain variable domain, 3D8 VL. We generated a synthetic library of 3D8 VL on the yeast surface by randomizing residues located in one of two β-sheets. Using 18-bp single-stranded nucleic acids as target substrates, including the human Her2/neu-targeting sequence, we selected 3D8 VL variants that had ∼100–1000-fold higher affinity and ∼2–5-fold greater selective hydrolyzing activity for target substrates than for off targets. 3D8 VL variants efficiently penetrated into living cells to be accumulated in the cytosol and selectively decreased the amount of target sequence-carrying mRNAs as well as the proteins encoded by these mRNAs with minimal effects on off-target genes. In particular, one 3D8 VL variant targeting the Her2 sequence showed more efficient downregulation of Her2 expression than a small-interfering RNA targeting the same Her2 sequence, resulting in apoptotic cell death of Her2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that cell-penetrating 3D8 VL variants with sequence-selective, nucleic-acid-hydrolyzing activity can selectively degrade target mRNAs in the cytosol, providing a new gene silencing tool mediated by antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ram Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
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33
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Qu P, Lu H, Yan S, Zhou D, Lu Z. Investigations of effects of environmental factors in unfolding/refolding pathway of proteins on 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Arana ME, Powell GK, Edwards LL, Kunkel TA, Petrovich RM. Refolding active human DNA polymerase nu from inclusion bodies. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 70:163-71. [PMID: 19853037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human DNA polymerase nu (Pol nu) is a conserved family A DNA polymerase of uncertain biological function. Physical and biochemical characterization aimed at understanding Pol nu function is hindered by the fact that, when over-expressed in Escherichia coli, Pol nu is largely insoluble, and the small amount of soluble protein is difficult to purify. Here we describe the use of high hydrostatic pressure to refold Pol nu from inclusion bodies, in soluble and active form. The refolded Pol nu has properties comparable to those of the small amount of Pol nu that was purified from the soluble fraction. The approach described here may be applicable to other DNA polymerases that are expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes E Arana
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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35
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Mishima Y, Quintin J, Aimanianda V, Kellenberger C, Coste F, Clavaud C, Hetru C, Hoffmann JA, Latgé JP, Ferrandon D, Roussel A. The N-terminal domain of Drosophila Gram-negative binding protein 3 (GNBP3) defines a novel family of fungal pattern recognition receptors. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:28687-97. [PMID: 19692333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.034587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative binding protein 3 (GNBP3), a pattern recognition receptor that circulates in the hemolymph of Drosophila, is responsible for sensing fungal infection and triggering Toll pathway activation. Here, we report that GNBP3 N-terminal domain binds to fungi upon identifying long chains of beta-1,3-glucans in the fungal cell wall as a major ligand. Interestingly, this domain fails to interact strongly with short oligosaccharides. The crystal structure of GNBP3-Nter reveals an immunoglobulin-like fold in which the glucan binding site is masked by a loop that is highly conserved among glucan-binding proteins identified in several insect orders. Structure-based mutagenesis experiments reveal an essential role for this occluding loop in discriminating between short and long polysaccharides. The displacement of the occluding loop is necessary for binding and could explain the specificity of the interaction with long chain structured polysaccharides. This represents a novel mechanism for beta-glucan recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Mishima
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR 4301 CNRS, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Solution structure of the silkworm betaGRP/GNBP3 N-terminal domain reveals the mechanism for beta-1,3-glucan-specific recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:11679-84. [PMID: 19561300 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901671106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-1,3-glucan recognition protein (betaGRP)/Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein 3 (GNBP3) is a crucial pattern-recognition receptor that specifically binds beta-1,3-glucan, a component of fungal cell walls. It evokes innate immunity against fungi through activation of the prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascade and Toll pathway in invertebrates. The betaGRP consists of an N-terminal beta-1,3-glucan-recognition domain and a C-terminal glucanase-like domain, with the former reported to be responsible for the proPO cascade activation. This report shows the solution structure of the N-terminal beta-1,3-glucan recognition domain of silkworm betaGRP. Although the N-terminal domain of betaGRP has a beta-sandwich fold, often seen in carbohydrate-binding modules, both NMR titration experiments and mutational analysis showed that betaGRP has a binding mechanism which is distinct from those observed in previously reported carbohydarate-binding domains. Our results suggest that betaGRP is a beta-1,3-glucan-recognition protein that specifically recognizes a triple-helical structure of beta-1,3-glucan.
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37
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Crisman RL, Randolph TW. Refolding of proteins from inclusion bodies is favored by a diminished hydrophobic effect at elevated pressures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:483-92. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brindell M, Stawoska I, Orzeł L, Labuz P, Stochel G, van Eldik R. Application of high pressure laser flash photolysis in studies on selected hemoprotein reactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1481-92. [PMID: 18778796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the application of high pressure laser flash photolysis for studies on selected hemoprotein reactions with the objective to establish details of the underlying reaction mechanisms. In this context, particular attention is given to the reactions of small molecules such as dioxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide with selected hemoproteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin and cytochrome P450(cam)), as well as to photo-induced electron transfer reactions occurring in hemoproteins (particularly in various types of cytochromes). Mechanistic conclusions based on the interpretation of the obtained activation volumes are discussed in this account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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39
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Refolding of endostatin from inclusion bodies using high hydrostatic pressure. Anal Biochem 2008; 379:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Das U, Hariprasad G, Ethayathulla AS, Manral P, Das TK, Pasha S, Mann A, Ganguli M, Verma AK, Bhat R, Chandrayan SK, Ahmed S, Sharma S, Kaur P, Singh TP, Srinivasan A. Inhibition of protein aggregation: supramolecular assemblies of arginine hold the key. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1176. [PMID: 18000547 PMCID: PMC2064962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregation of unfolded proteins occurs mainly through the exposed hydrophobic surfaces. Any mechanism of inhibition of this aggregation should explain the prevention of these hydrophobic interactions. Though arginine is prevalently used as an aggregation suppressor, its mechanism of action is not clearly understood. We propose a mechanism based on the hydrophobic interactions of arginine. METHODOLOGY We have analyzed arginine solution for its hydrotropic effect by pyrene solubility and the presence of hydrophobic environment by 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid fluorescence. Mass spectroscopic analyses show that arginine forms molecular clusters in the gas phase and the cluster composition is dependent on the solution conditions. Light scattering studies indicate that arginine exists as clusters in solution. In the presence of arginine, the reverse phase chromatographic elution profile of Alzheimer's amyloid beta 1-42 (Abeta(1-42)) peptide is modified. Changes in the hydrodynamic volume of Abeta(1-42) in the presence of arginine measured by size exclusion chromatography show that arginine binds to Abeta(1-42). Arginine increases the solubility of Abeta(1-42) peptide in aqueous medium. It decreases the aggregation of Abeta(1-42) as observed by atomic force microscopy. CONCLUSIONS Based on our experimental results we propose that molecular clusters of arginine in aqueous solutions display a hydrophobic surface by the alignment of its three methylene groups. The hydrophobic surfaces present on the proteins interact with the hydrophobic surface presented by the arginine clusters. The masking of hydrophobic surface inhibits protein-protein aggregation. This mechanism is also responsible for the hydrotropic effect of arginine on various compounds. It is also explained why other amino acids fail to inhibit the protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Das
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul S. Ethayathulla
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Manral
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Taposh K. Das
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Pasha
- Peptide Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anita Mann
- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Munia Ganguli
- Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Amit K. Verma
- School of Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajiv Bhat
- School of Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Chandrayan
- Division of Protein Science and Engineering, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Division of Protein Science and Engineering, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P. Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Alagiri Srinivasan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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41
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Qoronfleh MW, Hesterberg LK, Seefeldt MB. Confronting high-throughput protein refolding using high pressure and solution screens. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:209-24. [PMID: 17681810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli is commonly hindered by the formation of inclusion bodies. Nevertheless, refolding of proteins in vitro has become an essential requirement in the development of structural genomics (proteomics) and as a means of recovering functional proteins from inclusion bodies. Many distinct methods for protein refolding are now in use. However, regardless of method used, developing a reliable protein refolding protocol still requires significant optimization through trial and error. Many proteins fall into the category of "Challenging" or "Difficult to Express" and are problematic to refold using traditional chaotrope-based refolding techniques. This review discusses new methods for improving protein refolding, such as implementing high hydrostatic pressure, using small molecule additives to enhance traditional protein refolding strategies, as well as developing practical methods for performing refolding studies to maximize their reliability and utility. The strategies examined here focus on high-throughput, automated refolding screens, which can be applied to structural genomic projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walid Qoronfleh
- University of Michigan and Core Technology Alliance-CTA, 1024 Wolverine Tower, 3003 State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1274, USA.
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42
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Sahdev S, Khattar SK, Saini KS. Production of active eukaryotic proteins through bacterial expression systems: a review of the existing biotechnology strategies. Mol Cell Biochem 2007. [PMID: 17874175 DOI: 10.1007/s11010‐007‐9603‐6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the various expression systems employed for the over-production of proteins, bacteria still remains the favorite choice of a Protein Biochemist. However, even today, due to the lack of post-translational modification machinery in bacteria, recombinant eukaryotic protein production poses an immense challenge, which invariably leads to the production of biologically in-active protein in this host. A number of techniques are cited in the literature, which describe the conversion of inactive protein, expressed as an insoluble fraction, into a soluble and active form. Overall, we have divided these methods into three major groups: Group-I, where the factors influencing the formation of insoluble fraction are modified through a stringent control of the cellular milieu, thereby leading to the expression of recombinant protein as soluble moiety; Group-II, where protein is refolded from the inclusion bodies and thereby target protein modification is avoided; Group-III, where the target protein is engineered to achieve soluble expression through fusion protein technology. Even within the same family of proteins (e.g., tyrosine kinases), optimization of standard operating protocol (SOP) may still be required for each protein's over-production at a pilot-scale in Escherichia coli. However, once standardized, this procedure can be made amenable to the industrial production for that particular protein with minimum alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Sahdev
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories-R&D-3, 20-Sector 18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, India.
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43
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Sahdev S, Khattar SK, Saini KS. Production of active eukaryotic proteins through bacterial expression systems: a review of the existing biotechnology strategies. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:249-64. [PMID: 17874175 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the various expression systems employed for the over-production of proteins, bacteria still remains the favorite choice of a Protein Biochemist. However, even today, due to the lack of post-translational modification machinery in bacteria, recombinant eukaryotic protein production poses an immense challenge, which invariably leads to the production of biologically in-active protein in this host. A number of techniques are cited in the literature, which describe the conversion of inactive protein, expressed as an insoluble fraction, into a soluble and active form. Overall, we have divided these methods into three major groups: Group-I, where the factors influencing the formation of insoluble fraction are modified through a stringent control of the cellular milieu, thereby leading to the expression of recombinant protein as soluble moiety; Group-II, where protein is refolded from the inclusion bodies and thereby target protein modification is avoided; Group-III, where the target protein is engineered to achieve soluble expression through fusion protein technology. Even within the same family of proteins (e.g., tyrosine kinases), optimization of standard operating protocol (SOP) may still be required for each protein's over-production at a pilot-scale in Escherichia coli. However, once standardized, this procedure can be made amenable to the industrial production for that particular protein with minimum alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Sahdev
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories-R&D-3, 20-Sector 18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, India.
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44
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Forstner M, Leder L, Mayr LM. Optimization of protein expression systems for modern drug discovery. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 4:67-78. [PMID: 17288516 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The expression of high levels of stable and functional proteins remains a bottleneck in many scientific endeavors, including the determination of structures in a high-throughput fashion or the screening for novel active compounds in modern drug discovery. Recently, numerous developments have been made to improve the production of soluble and active proteins in heterologous expression systems. These include modifications to the expression constructs, the introduction of new and/or improved pro- and eukaryotic expression systems, and the development of improved cell-free protein synthesis systems. The introduction of robotics has enabled a massive parallelization of expression experiments, thereby vastly increasing the throughput and, hopefully, the output of such experiments. In addition, the big challenges of recombinant overexpression of membrane and secreted proteins are tackled, and some new methods are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forstner
- Protein Expression & Purification Novartis Institutes of BioMedical Research, Discovery Technologies/Lead Discovery Center CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Gottar M, Gobert V, Matskevich AA, Reichhart JM, Wang C, Butt TM, Belvin M, Hoffmann JA, Ferrandon D. Dual detection of fungal infections in Drosophila via recognition of glucans and sensing of virulence factors. Cell 2007; 127:1425-37. [PMID: 17190605 PMCID: PMC1865096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila immune system discriminates between various types of infections and activates appropriate signal transduction pathways to combat the invading microorganisms. The Toll pathway is required for the host response against fungal and most Gram-positive bacterial infections. The sensing of Gram-positive bacteria is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors PGRP-SA and GNBP1 that cooperate to detect the presence of infections in the host. Here, we report that GNBP3 is a pattern recognition receptor that is required for the detection of fungal cell wall components. Strikingly, we find that there is a second, parallel pathway acting jointly with GNBP3. The Drosophila Persephone protease activates the Toll pathway when proteolytically matured by the secreted fungal virulence factor PR1. Thus, the detection of fungal infections in Drosophila relies both on the recognition of invariant microbial patterns and on monitoring the effects of virulence factors on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gottar
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15, rue René Descartes, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Vanessa Gobert
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15, rue René Descartes, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Alexey A. Matskevich
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15, rue René Descartes, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Jean-Marc Reichhart
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15, rue René Descartes, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Tariq M. Butt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Marcia Belvin
- Exelixis, Inc. South San Francisco, California 94083
| | - Jules A. Hoffmann
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15, rue René Descartes, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15, rue René Descartes, F67084 Strasbourg Cedex France
- Correspondence :
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46
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Seefeldt MB, Crouch C, Kendrick B, Randolph TW. Specific volume and adiabatic compressibility measurements of native and aggregated recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: Density differences enable pressure-modulated refolding. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:476-85. [PMID: 17335058 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High hydrostatic pressures have been used to dissociate non-native protein aggregates and foster refolding to the native conformation. In this study, partial specific volume and adiabatic compressibility measurements were used to examine the volumetric contributions to pressure-modulated refolding. The thermodynamics of pressure-modulated refolding from non-native aggregates of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were determined by partial specific volume and adiabatic compressibility measurements. Aggregates of IL-1ra formed at elevated temperatures (55 degrees C) were found to be less dense than native IL-1ra and refolded at 31 degrees C under 1,500 bar pressure with a yield of 57%. Partial specific adiabatic compressibility measurements suggest that the formation of solvent-free cavities within the interior of IL-1ra aggregates cause the apparent increase in specific volume. Dense, pressure-stable aggregates could be formed at 2,000 bar which could not be refolded with additional high pressure treatment, demonstrating that aggregate formation conditions and structure dictate pressure-modulated refolding yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Seefeldt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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47
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Goodin JL, Nellis DF, Powell BS, Vyas VV, Enama JT, Wang LC, Clark PK, Giardina SL, Adamovicz JJ, Michiel DF. Purification and protective efficacy of monomeric and modified Yersinia pestis capsular F1-V antigen fusion proteins for vaccination against plague. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 53:63-79. [PMID: 17293124 PMCID: PMC2811967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The F1-V vaccine antigen, protective against Yersinia pestis, exhibits a strong tendency to multimerize that affects larger-scale manufacture and characterization. In this work, the sole F1-V cysteine was replaced with serine by site-directed mutagenesis for characterization of F1-V non-covalent multimer interactions and protective potency without participation by disulfide-linkages. F1-V and F1-V(C424S) proteins were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, recovered using mechanical lysis/pH-modulation and purified from urea-solubilized soft inclusion bodies, using successive ion-exchange, ceramic hydroxyapatite, and size-exclusion chromatography. This purification method resulted in up to 2mg/g of cell paste of 95% pure, mono-disperse protein having < or =0.5 endotoxin units per mg by a kinetic chromogenic limulus amoebocyte lysate reactivity assay. Both F1-V and F1-V(C424S) were monomeric at pH 10.0 and progressively self-associated as pH conditions decreased to pH 6.0. Solution additives were screened for their ability to inhibit F1-V self-association at pH 6.5. An L-arginine buffer provided the greatest stabilizing effect. Conversion to >500-kDa multimers occurred between pH 6.0 and 5.0. Conditions for efficient F1-V adsorption to the cGMP-compatible alhydrogel adjuvant were optimized. Side-by-side evaluation for protective potency against subcutaneous plague infection in mice was conducted for F1-V(C424S) monomer; cysteine-capped F1-V monomer; cysteine-capped F1-V multimer; and a F1-V standard reported previously. After a two-dose vaccination with 2 x 20 microg of F1-V, respectively, 100%, 80%, 80%, and 70% of injected mice survived a subcutaneous lethal plague challenge with 10(8) LD(50)Y. pestis CO92. Thus, vaccination with F1-V monomer and multimeric forms resulted in significant, and essentially equivalent, protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Goodin
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - David F. Nellis
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Bradford S. Powell
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Vinay V. Vyas
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Jeffrey T. Enama
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Lena C. Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Patrick K. Clark
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Steven L. Giardina
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Jeffery. J. Adamovicz
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Dennis F. Michiel
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
- Corresponding Author: Dennis F. Michiel, , Tel: (301) 846-1825, Fax: (301) 845-6886
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