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Shah YR, Tiwari A, Mansour R, Rabinowitz LG. Sweet or Not? Azathioprine-Induced Sweet Syndrome Mimicking Erythema Nodosum in a Patient With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. ACG Case Rep J 2024; 11:e01321. [PMID: 38560019 PMCID: PMC10980489 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This case report highlights the clinical challenge and need to distinguish Sweet syndrome and erythema nodosum (EN) in a 50-year-old woman with newly initiated azathioprine for inflammatory bowel disease. While she initially presented with clinical features concerning for drug-induced Sweet syndrome, a subsequent histopathological examination confirmed early-stage EN. Both Sweet syndrome and EN share common triggers and therapeutic responses, but have distinctive clinical characteristics. Subtle histologic differences also exist in lesion distribution and depth of infiltration. This case underscores the need for accurate differentiation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease to initiate appropriate management and avoid potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash R. Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Pontiac, MI
- Department of Gastroenterology, Trinity Health Oakland, Pontiac, MI
| | - Angad Tiwari
- Department of Medicine, Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramy Mansour
- Department of Gastroenterology, Trinity Health Oakland, Pontiac, MI
| | - Loren G. Rabinowitz
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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2
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Commins N, Subhaharan D, Dettrick A, Patrick D. Mercaptopurine-induced Sweet's syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e259278. [PMID: 38417937 PMCID: PMC10900376 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-259278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Sweet's syndrome is an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Drug-induced Sweet's syndrome typically occurs soon after drug administration, with rapid resolution of symptoms with cessation of the offending agent. We report a man in his early 40s who presented with fever and widespread erythematous rash on a background of recently diagnosed mild stricturing ileal Crohn's disease. He was commenced on 6-mercaptopurine 12 days before presentation. Skin biopsy demonstrated diffuse infiltration of neutrophils in the upper dermis, dermal oedema, eosinophils and fibrin deposition. Symptoms rapidly improved with cessation of 6-mercaptopurine without requiring systemic corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Commins
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deloshaan Subhaharan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Dettrick
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Desmond Patrick
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Gordon H, Burisch J, Ellul P, Karmiris K, Katsanos K, Allocca M, Bamias G, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Braithwaite T, Greuter T, Harwood C, Juillerat P, Lobaton T, Müller-Ladner U, Noor N, Pellino G, Savarino E, Schramm C, Soriano A, Michael Stein J, Uzzan M, van Rheenen PF, Vavricka SR, Vecchi M, Zuily S, Kucharzik T. ECCO Guidelines on Extraintestinal Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2024; 18:1-37. [PMID: 37351850 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gordon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Johan Burisch
- Gastrounit, medical division, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children, Adolescents and Adults, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierre Ellul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Konstantinos Katsanos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Internal Medicine, University and Medical School of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mariangela Allocca
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- GI Unit, 3rd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Manuel Barreiro-de Acosta
- University Hospital Santiago De Compostela CHUS, Department of Gastroenterology - IBD Unit, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Tasanee Braithwaite
- School of Immunology and Microbiology, King's College London, The Medical Eye Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas Greuter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, GZO - Zurich Regional Health Center, Wetzikon, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Lausanne - CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London; Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Pascal Juillerat
- Gastroenterology, Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Crohn and Colitis Center, Gastro-entérologie Beaulieu SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Triana Lobaton
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent; Department of Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Nurulamin Noor
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Christoph Schramm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Soriano
- Gastroenterology Division and IBD Center, Internal Medicine Department, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Jürgen Michael Stein
- Interdisciplinary Crohn Colitis Centre Rhein-Main, Frankfurt/Main, Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, DGD Clinics Sachsenhausen, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Mathieu Uzzan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Créteil, France
| | - Patrick F van Rheenen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan R Vavricka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephane Zuily
- Vascular Medicine Division and French Referral Center for Rare Auto-Immune Diseases, Université de Lorraine, INSERM, DCAC and CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Torsten Kucharzik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lüneburg Hospital, University of Münster, Lüneburg, Germany
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4
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Fan Z, He Y, Sun W, Li Z, Ye C, Wang C. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management of Sweet syndrome induced by azathioprine. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3581-3587. [PMID: 37432535 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Sweet syndrome is a rare complication of azathioprine treatment with unelucidated clinical features. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of azathioprine-induced Sweet syndrome (AISS) and provide a reference for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. We collected relevant case reports of AISS by searching Chinese and English databases from 1960 to December 31, 2022, extracted the data and carried out a retrospective analysis. The median age of the 44 patients was 50 (range 9-89) years, and they included 32 males (72.7%). Fever (86.4%) and arthralgia (31.8%) were the most common clinical symptoms. The skin lesions were mainly pustules (54.5%), papules (40.9%), plaques (40.9%) and nodules (31.8%), which were mainly distributed on the extremities (54.5%), face (38.6%) and hands (36.4%). Laboratory examination revealed neutropenia (65.9%) as well as elevated C-reactive protein (63.6%) and erythrocyte sedimentation (40.9%) rates. Histopathology of the lesioned skin showed neutrophil infiltration (93.2%) and dermal edema (38.6%). Symptom relief was achieved at a median time of 7 days (range 2-28 days) after azathioprine discontinuation in all patients. Nine patients (20.5%) had skin lesions that recurred within 24 h after taking azathioprine again. Clinicians and pharmacists should grasp the regularity and characteristics of AISS and should not recommend the readministration of azathioprine, to avoid the recurrence of Sweet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, Hunan, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
- College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, YueLu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zuojun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, YueLu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410015, Hunan, China.
| | - Chunjiang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, Hunan, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 138 Tongzipo Road, YueLu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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5
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Sleiman J, Hitawala AA, Cohen B, Falloon K, Simonson M, Click B, Khanna U, Fernandez AP, Rieder F. Systematic Review: Sweet Syndrome Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1864-1876. [PMID: 33891004 PMCID: PMC8675328 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sweet syndrome [SS] is a dermatological condition associated with both inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] and azathioprine use. We performed a systematic review to better delineate clinical characteristics and outcomes of SS in IBD patients. METHODS Peer-reviewed, full-text journal publications from inception to April 2020 in English language and adult subjects with IBD were included. Skin biopsy was required as SS gold-standard diagnosis. Azathioprine-associated SS required recent azathioprine introduction or recurrence of SS after azathioprine re-challenge. RESULTS We included 89 publications with 95 patients [mean age of SS diagnosis: 44 years; 59% female; 20 with azathioprine-associated SS and 75 without]. SS was diagnosed prior to IBD in 5.3%, at time of IBD diagnosis in 29.5% and after diagnosis in 64.2%. In total, 91% of patients with SS had known colonic involvement and the majority [76%] had active IBD at diagnosis; 22% had additional extra-intestinal manifestations. Successful therapies for SS included corticosteroids [90.5%], anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α inhibitor therapy [14.8%] and azathioprine [11.6%]. Azathioprine-associated SS was distinct, with 85% male patients, mean age of SS diagnosis of 50 years and a lower likelihood to be prescribed corticosteroids for treatment [75% vs 94.7% of non-azathioprine-associated SS, p = 0.008]. All patients with azathioprine-associated SS improved with medication cessation and developed recurrence after re-challenge. CONCLUSIONS SS may precede or occur with IBD diagnosis in almost one-third of cases. Azathioprine and IBD-associated SS present and behave distinctly, especially with regard to gender, age at diagnosis and recurrence risk. Corticosteroids and TNF-α inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in treating SS in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sleiman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Asif A Hitawala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Cohen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Katie Falloon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marian Simonson
- Floyd D. Loop Alumni Library, Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Click
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Urmi Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,
NY, USA
| | - Anthony P Fernandez
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,
Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, OH, USA
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6
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Azathioprine Hypersensitivity Syndrome during Treatment of Severe Interstitial Lung Disease with Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Case Rep Pulmonol 2020; 2020:8852441. [PMID: 32695547 PMCID: PMC7355349 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8852441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Azathioprine is used to treat anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- (ANCA-) associated vasculitis. Azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome is often missed. An 81-year-old man undergoing treatment for interstitial pneumonia developed a high fever and was diagnosed with ANCA-associated vasculitis based on an elevated myeloperoxidase- (MPO-) ANCA titer and renal biopsy findings. After induction therapy, his clinical symptoms improved, but his MPO-ANCA remained elevated (>300 U·L−1) and hematuria persisted. Prednisolone plus azathioprine was administered as maintenance therapy. Three exacerbations of the inflammatory response occurred during the subsequent 3 months. In each instance, we suspected opportunistic infection or a flare-up of vasculitis. The first exacerbation was treated with an increased prednisolone dose and antibiotics. At the onset of the second exacerbation, which was accompanied by systemic erythema, we stopped azathioprine and administered antibiotics. The third exacerbation, which occurred the day after restarting azathioprine, involved a fever with chills and an acute inflammatory reaction; we therefore suspected an azathioprine allergy. A drug provocation test was performed, and a hyperinflammatory response was observed. The patient received prednisolone (15 mg·day−1) monotherapy; no further fever was observed during the subsequent 2 months. We therefore diagnosed azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome. Under treatment with prednisolone (5 mg·day−1) and mycophenolate mofetil (1 g·day−1) (replacing the azathioprine), no signs of relapse or infection have occurred for more than two years. Renal function and the pulmonary lesions are stable, although the high MPO-ANCA titer and hematuria persist. The diagnosis of azathioprine hypersensitivity is often delayed because of the difficulty in identifying the relationship between immunosuppressive agents and hypersensitivity and in distinguishing this from infection or relapse of the primary disease. The misdiagnosis of azathioprine hypersensitivity leads to unnecessary treatment; thus, clinicians should consider allergic reactions specific to azathioprine when switching from induction to maintenance therapy.
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7
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Ungureanu L, Cosgarea R, Alexandru Badea M, Florentina Vasilovici A, Cosgarea I, Corina Șenilă S. Cutaneous manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 2019; 20:31-37. [PMID: 32508989 PMCID: PMC7271697 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is defined as a chronic condition characterized by unpredictable relapsing episodes of gastrointestinal inflammation. IBD is not limited to the gastrointestinal tract and should be considered a systemic disease which can involve any organ. Cutaneous manifestations in IBD are frequent and comprise a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from mild to severe and sometimes debilitating lesions. Some of the cutaneous manifestations can present signs of an underlying intestinal disease, leading to the screening for non-detected IBD even in the absence of symptoms. Cutaneous EIMs are divided into 4 categories: i) Disease-specific lesions that show the same histopathologic findings as the underlying gastrointestinal disease, ii) reactive lesions which are inflammatory lesions that share a common pathogenetic mechanism but do not share the same pathology with the gastrointestinal disease, iii) associated conditions are more frequently observed in the context of IBD, without sharing the pathogenetic mechanism or the histopathological findings with the underlying disease and iv) drug-related skin reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ungureanu
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rodica Cosgarea
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihail Alexandru Badea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | | | - Ioana Cosgarea
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simona Corina Șenilă
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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9
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Heath MS, Ortega-Loayza AG. Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Sweet's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2019; 10:414. [PMID: 30930894 PMCID: PMC6424218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet's syndrome, also known as Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis, is a rare inflammatory condition. It is considered to be the prototype disease of neutrophilic dermatoses, and presents with acute onset dermal neutrophilic lesions, leukocytosis, and pyrexia. Several variants have been described both clinically and histopathologically. Classifications include classic Sweet's syndrome, malignancy associated, and drug induced. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in Sweet's syndrome have been difficult to elucidate due to the large variety of conditions leading to a common clinical presentation. The exact pathogenesis of Sweet's syndrome is unclear; however, new discoveries have shed light on the role of inflammatory signaling, disease induction, and relationship with malignancy. These findings include an improved understanding of inflammasome activation, malignant transformation into dermal infiltrating neutrophils, and genetic contributions. Continued investigations into effective treatments and targeted therapy will benefit patients and improve our molecular understanding of inflammatory diseases, including Sweet's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Heath
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Dermatology, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alex G Ortega-Loayza
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Dermatology, Portland, OR, United States
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- James Frank
- Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine
| | - Nicole Fett
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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11
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Shimogori K, Araki M, Shibazaki S, Tuda K, Miura K. Nonimmediate allergic reactions induced by Mesna. J Gen Fam Med 2017; 18:285-287. [PMID: 29264044 PMCID: PMC5689445 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesna (2‐mercaptoethane sulfonate Na), a drug that alleviates cyclophosphamide (CYC)‐induced hemorrhagic cystitis, is frequently used to treat cancer and collagen diseases. A 33‐year‐old woman presented with high fever during CYC‐based induction therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. Her final diagnosis was mesna‐induced drug hypersensitivity. Although mesna is widely used, allergic reactions are rare. This may be because of misdiagnosis as a primary disease flare‐up, infection, or CYC‐induced hypersensitivity reaction, which are commonly reported. Thus, accurate diagnosis is important for completion of the CYC‐based regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shimogori
- Department of Internal Medicine Suwa Central Hospital Chino Nagano Japan
| | - Makoto Araki
- Department of Internal Medicine Suwa Central Hospital Chino Nagano Japan
| | - Shunichi Shibazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine Suwa Central Hospital Chino Nagano Japan
| | - Katuji Tuda
- Department of Internal Medicine Suwa Central Hospital Chino Nagano Japan
| | - Kohei Miura
- Department of Internal Medicine Suwa Central Hospital Chino Nagano Japan
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12
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Aleissa M, Nicol P, Godeau M, Tournier E, de Bellissen F, Robic MA, Livideanu CB, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Paul C. Azathioprine Hypersensitivity Syndrome: Two Cases of Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis Induced by Azathioprine. Case Rep Dermatol 2017; 9:6-11. [PMID: 28203157 PMCID: PMC5301102 DOI: 10.1159/000454876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent used in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome is a rare adverse reaction occurring a few days to weeks after the administration of azathioprine. Case 1 A 36-year-old male with ulcerative colitis presented with erythematous plaques, pustules and erosions on the lower back, buttocks and thighs associated with high fever (39°C) 2 weeks after the initiation of azathioprine 100 mg/day. Additional findings included leukocytosis (18.6 g/L) with neutrophilia (11.1 g/L) and elevated C-reactive protein (128 mg/L). Histopathology showed a dense infiltrate of neutrophils in the hair follicles. We increased the dose of prednisone to 1 mg/kg/day (60 mg/day) and azathioprine was discontinued. He had marked improvement within 3 weeks and did not have any relapse with a 1-year follow-up. Case 2 A 57-year-old male with ulcerative colitis presented with erythematous plaques and pustules on the lower limbs associated with high fever (40°C) 1 week after the initiation of azathioprine 75 mg/day. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia (13.6 g/L) and elevated C-reactive protein (344 mg/L) were among the laboratory findings. Histopathology showed a dense infiltrate of neutrophils in the hair follicles. The dose of prednisone was increased to 20 mg/day and azathioprine was discontinued, which led to complete remission within 7 days. He did not have any relapse with a 6-month follow-up. Conclusion The development of acute neutrophilic dermatitis 2 weeks after the initiation of azathioprine and the complete resolution after its withdrawal were in favor of azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome. It should not be confused with Sweet syndrome associated with inflammatory bowel disease, as maintenance of azathioprine treatment may lead to life-threatening reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Aleissa
- Paul Sabatier University, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Perrine Nicol
- Paul Sabatier University, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Godeau
- Paul Sabatier University, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Tournier
- Paul Sabatier University, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Histopathology, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marie-Angèle Robic
- Paul Sabatier University, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristina Bulai Livideanu
- Paul Sabatier University, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Mazereeuw-Hautier
- Paul Sabatier University, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Carle Paul
- Paul Sabatier University, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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13
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Villarreal-Villarreal C, Ocampo-Candiani J, Villarreal-Martínez A. Sweet Syndrome: A Review and Update. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Awareness of the extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn disease is increasing in dermatology and gastroenterology, with enhanced identification of entities that range from granulomatous diseases recapitulating the underlying inflammatory bowel disease to reactive conditions and associated dermatoses. In this review, the underlying etiopathology of Crohn disease is discussed, and how this mirrors certain skin manifestations that present in a subset of patients is explored. The array of extraintestinal manifestations that do not share a similar pathology, but which are often seen in association with inflammatory bowel disease, is also discussed. Treatment and pathogenetic mechanisms, where available, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Hagen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Medical Arts Building, 3708 Fifth Avenue, 5th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jason M Swoger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop street, C-Wing, Mezzanine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lisa M Grandinetti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Medical Arts Building, 3708 Fifth Avenue, 5th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Xenophontos E, Ioannou A, Constantinides T, Papanicolaou E. Sweet syndrome on a patient with autoimmune hepatitis on azathioprine and CMV infection. Oxf Med Case Reports 2016; 2016:24-7. [PMID: 26913201 PMCID: PMC4761794 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet syndrome (SS) is a rare inflammatory process presenting with painful erythematous skin eruptions, accompanied by fever and neutrophilia. It is associated with upper respiratory infection in fertile women (classic form), malignancy, infections, drugs and autoimmune diseases. Its pathogenesis remains to be determined. Nevertheless, cytokines may have a prominent role, due to a rapid response after corticosteroid administration. We describe a 32-year-old female with autoimmune hepatitis on azathioprine and prednisone, presenting with fever and inflammatory skin eruptions. Histologic examination of the skin lesions showed neutrophilic infiltrations of the dermis, confirming the diagnosis of SS. Concurrently, she tested borderline positive for recent CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Xenophontos
- Department of Internal Medicine , Nicosia General Hospital , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | - Antreas Ioannou
- Department of Internal Medicine , Nicosia General Hospital , Nicosia , Cyprus
| | | | - Eleni Papanicolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine , Nicosia General Hospital , Nicosia , Cyprus
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Sweet Syndrome: A Review and Update. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2016; 107:369-78. [PMID: 26826881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet syndrome is the most representative entity of febrile neutrophilic dermatoses. It typically presents in patients with pirexya, neutrophilia, painful tender erytomatous papules, nodules and plaques often distributed asymmetrically. Frequent sites include the face, neck and upper extremities. Affected sites show a characteristical neutrophilic infiltrate in the upper dermis. Its etiology remains elucidated, but it seems that can be mediated by a hypersensitivity reaction in which cytokines, followed by infiltration of neutrophils, may be involved. Systemic corticosteroids are the first-line of treatment in most cases. We present a concise review of the pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis and treatment update of this entity.
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McNally A, Ibbetson J, Sidhu S. Azathioprine-induced Sweet's syndrome: A case series and review of the literature. Australas J Dermatol 2015; 58:53-57. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashling McNally
- Department of Dermatology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Jan Ibbetson
- SA Pathology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Shireen Sidhu
- Department of Dermatology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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18
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Mookherjee S, Narayanan M, Uchiyama T, Wentworth KL. Three hospital admissions in 9 days to diagnose azathioprine hypersensitivity in a patient with Crohn's disease. Am J Ther 2015; 22:e28-32. [PMID: 23782763 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e318296f153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA) is commonly used as a steroid-sparing immunosuppressive medication for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders including Crohn's disease. There is ample awareness of the more common adverse effects of this drug, including myelosuppression and risk of malignancy. We present a case of a 57-year-old man with fistulizing Crohn's disease who underwent 3 hospital admissions for recurrent fever with an extensive work-up for infection before the diagnosis of AZA hypersensitivity was made. Clinicians should be vigilant for AZA hypersensitivity as a cause of otherwise unexplained fever. Furthermore, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the signs and symptoms of AZA hypersensitivity may overlap with typical findings of inflammatory bowel disease flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Mookherjee
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Yang S, McHargue C. An asymptomatic papulopustular eruption in an immunosuppressed patient. Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:1303-4. [PMID: 24898879 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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García-Martín P, Sánchez-Pérez J, Fraga J, García-Diez A. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis in a patient with Crohn's disease and azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 28:1830-2. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. García-Martín
- Dermatology Department; Hospital Universitario De La Princesa; Madrid Spain
| | - J. Sánchez-Pérez
- Dermatology Department; Hospital Universitario De La Princesa; Madrid Spain
| | - J. Fraga
- Pathology Department; Hospital Universitario De La Princesa; Madrid Spain
| | - A. García-Diez
- Dermatology Department; Hospital Universitario De La Princesa; Madrid Spain
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Grelle JL, Halloush RA, Khasawneh FA. Azathioprine-induced acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome). BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-200405. [PMID: 23955987 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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