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Hsiao CY, Huang TY, Teng LY, Chen HY, Hsiao CT, Tsai YH, Kuo SF. Initial skin necrosis presentation at emergency room was associated with fulminant clinical course and mortality in patients with Vibrio necrotizing fasciitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18410. [PMID: 37891231 PMCID: PMC10611701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a life-threatening infection. Skin necrosis is an important skin sign of NF. The purposes of this study was to investigate the initial skin conditions of Vibrio NF patients between emergency room (ER) to preoperative status, to compare the clinical and laboratory risk indicators of the skin necrosis group and non-skin necrosis group when they arrived at ER, and to evaluate whether initial cutaneous necrosis related to fulminant course and higher fatalities. From 2015 to 2019, seventy-two Vibrio NF patients with surgical confirmation were enrolled. We identified 25 patients for inclusion in the skin necrosis group and 47 patients for inclusion in the non-skin necrosis group due to the appearance of skin lesion at ER. Seven patients died, resulting in a mortality rate of 9.7%. Six patients of skin necrosis group and one patient of non-skin necrosis group died, which revealed the skin necrosis group had a significantly higher mortality rate than the non-skin necrosis group. All the patients in the skin necrosis group and 30 patients of non-skin necrosis group developed serous or hemorrhagic bullous lesions before operation (p = 0.0003). The skin necrosis group had a significantly higher incidence of APACHE score, postoperative intubation, Intensive care unit stay, septic shock, leukopenia, higher counts of banded leukocytes, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and lower serum albumin level. Vibrio NF patients presenting skin necrosis at ER were significantly associated with fulminant clinical courses and higher mortality. Physicians should alert the appearance of skin necrosis at ER to early suspect NF and treat aggressively by those clinical and laboratory risk indicators, such as elevated APACHE score, shock, leukopenia, higher banded leukocytes, elevated CRP, and hypoalbuminia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Hsiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 8, West Sec, Chia-Pu Road, Putz City, Chiayi County, 61363, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Microbiology Research and Treatment Center, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Yun Teng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yen Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 8, West Sec, Chia-Pu Road, Putz City, Chiayi County, 61363, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Ting Hsiao
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Hung Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 8, West Sec, Chia-Pu Road, Putz City, Chiayi County, 61363, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Shu-Fang Kuo
- Microbiology Research and Treatment Center, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County, 61363, Taiwan
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2
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Cutugno L, O'Byrne C, Pané‐Farré J, Boyd A. Rifampicin-resistant RpoB S522L Vibrio vulnificus exhibits disturbed stress response and hypervirulence traits. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1379. [PMID: 37877661 PMCID: PMC10493491 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin resistance, which is genetically linked to mutations in the RNA polymerase β-subunit gene rpoB, has a global impact on bacterial transcription and cell physiology. Previously, we identified a substitution of serine 522 in RpoB (i.e., RpoBS522L ) conferring rifampicin resistance to Vibrio vulnificus, a human food-borne and wound-infecting pathogen associated with a high mortality rate. Transcriptional and physiological analysis of V. vulnificus expressing RpoBS522L showed increased basal transcription of stress-related genes and global virulence regulators. Phenotypically these transcriptional changes manifest as disturbed osmo-stress responses and toxin-associated hypervirulence as shown by reduced hypoosmotic-stress resistance and enhanced cytotoxicity of the RpoBS522L strain. These results suggest that RpoB-linked rifampicin resistance has a significant impact on V. vulnificus survival in the environment and during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cutugno
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Conor O'Byrne
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Jan Pané‐Farré
- Centre for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) & Department of ChemistryPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Aoife Boyd
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of GalwayGalwayIreland
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3
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Patel R, Soni M, Soyantar B, Shivangi S, Sutariya S, Saraf M, Goswami D. A clash of quorum sensing vs quorum sensing inhibitors: an overview and risk of resistance. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:107. [PMID: 36881156 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat microbial pathogens has caused emergence of multiple drug resistant strains. Most infectious diseases are caused by microbes that are capable of intercommunication using signaling molecules, which is known as quorum sensing (QS). Such pathogens express their pathogenicity through various QS-regulated virulence factors. Interference of QS could lead to decisive results in controlling such pathogenicity. Hence, QS inhibition has become an attractive new approach for the development of novel drugs. Many quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) of diverse origins have been reported. It is imperative that more such anti-QS compounds be found and studied, as they have significant effect on microbial pathogenicity. This review attempts to give a brief account of QS mechanism, its inhibition and describes some compounds with anti-QS potential. Also discussed is the possibility of emergence of quorum sensing resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mansi Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Bilv Soyantar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Suruchi Shivangi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Swati Sutariya
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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4
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Midgett CR, Kull FJ. Structural Insights into Regulation of Vibrio Virulence Gene Networks. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:269-294. [PMID: 36792881 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the best studied aspects of pathogenic Vibrios are the virulence cascades that lead to the production of virulence factors and, ultimately, clinical outcomes. In this chapter, we will examine the regulation of Vibrio virulence gene networks from a structural and biochemical perspective. We will discuss the recent research into the numerous proteins that contribute to regulating virulence in Vibrio spp such as quorum sensing regulator HapR, the transcription factors AphA and AphB, or the virulence regulators ToxR and ToxT. We highlight how insights gained from these studies are already illuminating the basic molecular mechanisms by which the virulence cascade of pathogenic Vibrios unfold and contend that understanding how protein interactions contribute to the host-pathogen communications will enable the development of new antivirulence compounds that can effectively target these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Jon Kull
- Chemistry Department, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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5
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Chang CY, Wu KH, Wu PH, Hung SK, Hsiao CT, Wu SR, Chang CP. In-hospital mortality associated with necrotizing soft tissue infection due to Vibrio vulnificus: a matched-pair cohort study. World J Emerg Surg 2022; 17:28. [PMID: 35624468 PMCID: PMC9145496 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-022-00433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It remains unclear whether Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is associated with higher mortality compared with non-Vibrio NSTI. This study’s objective was to compare outcomes including in-hospital mortality and prognosis between patients with V. vulnificus NSTI and those with non-Vibrio NSTI. Method A retrospective 1:2 matched-pair cohort study of hospitalized patients with NSTI diagnosed by surgical finding was conducted in two tertiary hospitals in southern Taiwan between January 2015 and January 2020. In-hospital outcomes (mortality, length of stay) were compared between patients with and without V. vulnificus infection. We performed multiple imputation using chained equations followed by multivariable regression analyses fitted with generalized estimating equations to account for clustering within matched pairs. All-cause in-hospital mortality and length of stay during hospitalization were compared for NSTI patients with and without V. vulnificus. Result A total of 135 patients were included, 45 in V. vulnificus NSTI group and 90 in non-Vibrio group. The V. vulnificus NSTI patients had higher mortality and longer hospital stays. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that V. vulnificus NSTI was significantly associated with higher in-hospital mortality compared with non-Vibrio NSTI (adjusted odds ratio = 1.52; 95% confidence interval 1.36–1.70; p < 0.01). Conclusion Vibrio vulnificus NSTI was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and longer hospital stay which may increase health care costs, suggesting that preventing V. vulnificus infection is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yao Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Kai Hung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyüan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ruei Wu
- Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Peng Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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6
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Tsai YH, Huang TY, Kuo LT, Chuang PY, Hsiao CT, Huang KC. Comparison of Surgical Outcomes and Predictors in Patients with Monomicrobial Necrotizing Fasciitis and Sepsis Caused by Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Aeromonas sobria. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2022; 23:288-297. [PMID: 35180367 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2021.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Aeromonas sobria are often associated with high mortality rates. The purpose of this study was to compare the independent predictors related to outcomes between Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas species necrotizing fasciitis. Patients and Methods: Monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus (60 patients) and Aeromonas species (31 patients) over an 11-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Differences in mortality, patient characteristics, clinical presentations, and laboratory data were compared between the Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas species groups, and between the death and the survival subgroups of patients with Aeromonas species. Results: Six patients in the Vibrio vulnificus group (10%) and 11 in the Aeromonas species group (32.3%) died. Fifty-nine patents had bacteremia and 16 patients died (27.1%). Patients who had Vibrio vulnificus had a higher incidence of bacteremia. The patients who had Aeromonas species presenting with bacteremia were significantly associated with death. The death subgroup of patients with Aeromonas necrotizing fasciitis had a higher incidence of bacteremia, higher counts of banded leukocytes, lower platelet counts, lower total lymphocyte counts, and lower serum albumin level than the survival subgroup. Conclusions: Monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis caused by Aeromonas species was characterized by more fulminating and higher mortality than that of Vibrio vulnificus, even after early fasciotomy and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic therapy. Those risk factors, such as bacteremia, shock, lower platelet counts, lower albumin levels, and antibiotic resistance were associated with mortality, which should alert clinicians to pay more attention to and aggressively treat those patients with Aeromonas and Vibrio necrotizing fasciitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hung Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Liang Tseng Kuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yao Chuang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Hsiao
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chia-Yi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University at Taoyuan, Taiwan
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7
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Sun KN, Huang F, Wang MY, Wu J, Hu CJ, Liu XF. IL-21 Enhances the Immune Protection Induced by the Vibrio vulnificus Hemolysin A Protein. Inflammation 2022; 45:1496-1506. [PMID: 35129769 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin A (VvhA) protein elicited good immune protection and could effectively control V. vulnificus infection in mice. However, its molecular mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that hemolysin A induces an immunoprotective response via IL-21 regulation. To demonstrate this, IL-21 expression in mice was regulated by injecting either specific antibodies or rIL-21, and the immune response was evaluated by flow cytometry. Our results suggested that IL-21 enhances immune protection by inducing a T follicular helper cell and germinal center B cell response. We used RNA-seq to explore molecular mechanisms and identified 10 upregulated and 32 downregulated genes involved in IL-21-upregulated protection. Gene Ontology analysis and pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes were also performed. Our findings indicate that IL-21 can enhance the immune protection effect of the VvhA protein and may serve as a novel strategy for enhancing the immune protection effect of protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Na Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yi Wang
- Department of Clinical Lab, Weihai Municipal Hospital Affiliated To Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong Province, 264200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jin Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, 250031, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Abstract
Bacteria orchestrate collective behaviors using the cell-cell communication process called quorum sensing (QS). QS relies on the synthesis, release, and group-wide detection of small molecules called autoinducers. In Vibrio cholerae, a multicellular community aggregation program occurs in liquid, during the stationary phase, and in the high-cell-density QS state. Here, we demonstrate that this aggregation program consists of two subprograms. In one subprogram, which we call void formation, structures form that contain few cells but provide a scaffold within which cells can embed. The other subprogram relies on flagellar machinery and enables cells to enter voids. A genetic screen for factors contributing to void formation, coupled with companion molecular analyses, showed that four extracellular proteases, Vca0812, Vca0813, HapA, and PrtV, control the onset timing of both void formation and aggregation; moreover, proteolytic activity is required. These proteases, or their downstream products, can be shared between void-producing and non-void-forming cells and can elicit aggregation in a normally nonaggregating V. cholerae strain. Employing multiple proteases to control void formation and aggregation timing could provide a redundant and irreversible path to commitment to this community lifestyle.
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Maharajan AD, Hansen H, Khider M, Willassen NP. Quorum sensing in Aliivibrio wodanis 06/09/139 and its role in controlling various phenotypic traits. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11980. [PMID: 34513327 PMCID: PMC8395575 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quorum Sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system that bacteria utilize to adapt to the external environment by synthesizing and responding to signalling molecules called autoinducers. The psychrotrophic bacterium Aliivibrio wodanis 06/09/139, originally isolated from a winter ulcer of a reared Atlantic salmon, produces the autoinducer N-3-hydroxy-decanoyl-homoserine-lactone (3OHC10-HSL) and encodes the QS systems AinS/R and LuxS/PQ, and the master regulator LitR. However, the role of QS in this bacterium has not been investigated yet. Results In the present work we show that 3OHC10-HSL production is cell density and temperature-dependent in A. wodanis 06/09/139 with the highest production occurring at a low temperature (6 °C). Gene inactivation demonstrates that AinS is responsible for 3OHC10-HSL production and positively regulated by LitR. Inactivation of ainS and litR further show that QS is involved in the regulation of growth, motility, hemolysis, protease activity and siderophore production. Of these QS regulated activities, only the protease activity was found to be independent of LitR. Lastly, supernatants harvested from the wild type and the ΔainS and ΔlitR mutants at high cell densities show that inactivation of QS leads to a decreased cytopathogenic effect (CPE) in a cell culture assay, and strongest attenuation of the CPE was observed with supernatants harvested from the ΔlitR mutant. Conclusion A. wodanis 06/09/139 use QS to regulate a number of activities that may prove important for host colonization or interactions. The temperature of 6 °C that is in the temperature range at which winter ulcer occurs, plays a role in AHL production and development of CPE on a Chinook Salmon Embryo (CHSE) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amudha Deepalakshmi Maharajan
- Norwegian Structural Biology Center and The Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hilde Hansen
- Norwegian Structural Biology Center and The Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Miriam Khider
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nils Peder Willassen
- Norwegian Structural Biology Center and The Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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10
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Sensitively and quickly detecting Vibrio vulnificus by real time recombinase polymerase amplification targeted to vvhA gene. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 57:101726. [PMID: 33789126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) is a Gram-negative bacterium living in warm and salty water. This marine bacterium could produce hemolysin (VVH), which often causes serious gastroenteritis or septicemia when people contact to seawater or seafood containing V. vulnificus. Timely diagnosis is regard as essential to disease surveillance. In this paper, we aimed at developing a quick and sensitive method for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus using real time recombinase polymerase amplification (real time RPA). Specific primers and an exo probe were designed on the basis of the vvhA gene sequence available in GenBank. Target DNA could be amplified and labeled with specific fluorophore within 20 min at 38 °C. The method exhibited a high specificity, only detecting Vibrio vulnificus and not showing cross-reaction with other bacteria. The sensitivity of this method was 2 pg per reaction (20 μL) for DNA, or 200 copies per reaction (20 μL) for standard plasmid. The detection limit (LOD) stated as the target level that would be detected 95% of the time and estimated was 1.58 × 102 copies by fit of the probit to the results of 8 replicates in different concentration. For quantitative analysis of the real time RPA, the second order polynomial regression was adopted in our study. The results showed the correlation coefficients were raised above 0.98, which suggested this model might be a better choice for the quantitative analysis of real time RPA compared to the routine linear regression model. For artificially contaminated plasma samples, Vibrio vulnificus could be detected within 16 min by real time RPA at concentration as low as 1.2 × 102 CFU/mL or 2.4 CFU per reaction (20 μL). Thus, the real time RPA method established in this study shows great potential for detecting Vibrio vulnificus in the research laboratory and disease diagnosis.
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Kim S, Chung HY, Kwon JG, Choi SH, Lee JH. Fresh Crab Plays an Important Role as a Nutrient Reservoir for the Rapid Propagation of Vibrio vulnificus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645860. [PMID: 33767684 PMCID: PMC7985530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a well-known opportunistic pathogen causing food-borne illnesses by ingestion of contaminated seafood. A new strain of V. vulnificus FORC_016 was isolated from a patient’s blood sample in South Korea. The genome consists of two circular DNA chromosomes: chromosome I (3,234,424 bp with a G + C contents of 46.60% containing 2,889 ORFs, 106 tRNA genes, and 31 rRNA genes) and chromosome II (1,837,945 bp with a GC content of 47.00% containing 1,572 ORFs, 13 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes). In addition, chromosome I has a super integron (SI) containing 209 ORFs, which is probably associated with various additional functions including antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity. Pan-genome analysis with other V. vulnificus genomes revealed that core genome regions contain most of the important virulence factors. However, accessory genome regions are located in the SI region and contain unique genes regarding cell wall biosynthesis and generation of host cell protecting capsule, suggesting possible resistance ability against environmental stresses. Comparative RNA-Seq analysis of samples between contact and no contact to the crab conditions showed that expressions of amino acid/peptide and carbohydrate transport and utilization genes were down-regulated, but expressions of cell division and growth-related genes were up-regulated, suggesting that the crab may be a nutrition reservoir for rapid propagation of V. vulnificus. Therefore, consumption of the contaminated fresh crab would provide a large number of V. vulnificus to humans, which may be more dangerous. Consequently, biocontrol of V. vulnificus may be critical to ensure the safety in seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Young Chung
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Gi Kwon
- Food Microbiome Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hoon Lee
- Food Microbiome Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Yuan Y, Feng Z, Wang J. Vibrio vulnificus Hemolysin: Biological Activity, Regulation of vvhA Expression, and Role in Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599439. [PMID: 33193453 PMCID: PMC7644469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) hemolysin (VVH) is a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC). Although there has been some debate surrounding the in vivo virulence effects of the VVH, it is becoming increasingly clear that it drives different cellular outcomes and is involved in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus. This minireview outlines recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of vvhA gene expression, the biological activity of the VVH and its role in pathogenesis. An in-depth examination of the role of the VVH in V. vulnificus pathogenesis will help reveal the potential targets for therapeutic and preventive interventions to treat fatal V. vulnificus septicemia in humans. Future directions in VVH research will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
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Spatiotemporal Regulation of Vibrio Exotoxins by HlyU and Other Transcriptional Regulators. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090544. [PMID: 32842612 PMCID: PMC7551375 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After invading a host, bacterial pathogens secrete diverse protein toxins to disrupt host defense systems. To ensure successful infection, however, pathogens must precisely regulate the expression of those exotoxins because uncontrolled toxin production squanders energy. Furthermore, inappropriate toxin secretion can trigger host immune responses that are detrimental to the invading pathogens. Therefore, bacterial pathogens use diverse transcriptional regulators to accurately regulate multiple exotoxin genes based on spatiotemporal conditions. This review covers three major exotoxins in pathogenic Vibrio species and their transcriptional regulation systems. When Vibrio encounters a host, genes encoding cytolysin/hemolysin, multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin, and secreted phospholipases are coordinately regulated by the transcriptional regulator HlyU. At the same time, however, they are distinctly controlled by a variety of other transcriptional regulators. How this coordinated but distinct regulation of exotoxins makes Vibrio species successful pathogens? In addition, anti-virulence strategies that target the coordinating master regulator HlyU and related future research directions are discussed.
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Hernández-Cabanyero C, Amaro C. Phylogeny and life cycle of the zoonotic pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4133-4148. [PMID: 32567215 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a zoonotic pathogen able to cause diseases in humans and fish that occasionally result in sepsis and death. Most reviews about this pathogen (including those related to its ecology) are clearly biased towards its role as a human pathogen, emphasizing its relationship with oysters as its main reservoir, the role of the known virulence factors as well as the clinic and the epidemiology of the human disease. This review tries to give to the reader a wider vision of the biology of this pathogen covering aspects related to its phylogeny and evolution and filling the gaps in our understanding of the general strategies that V. vulnificus uses to survive outside and inside its two main hosts, the human and the eel, and how its response to specific environmental parameters determines its survival, its death, or the triggering of an infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Amaro
- ERI-Biotecmed, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, Valencia, 46100, Spain
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15
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El-Mowafy M, Elgaml A, Shaaban M. New Approaches for Competing Microbial Resistance and Virulence. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Martínez-Núñez MA, Rodríguez-Escamilla Z. Mining the Yucatan Coastal Microbiome for the Identification of Non-Ribosomal Peptides Synthetase (NRPS) Genes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060349. [PMID: 32466531 PMCID: PMC7354552 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotes represent a source of both biotechnological and pharmaceutical molecules of importance, such as nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). NRPs are secondary metabolites which their synthesis is independent of ribosomes. Traditionally, obtaining NRPs had focused on organisms from terrestrial environments, but in recent years marine and coastal environments have emerged as an important source for the search and obtaining of nonribosomal compounds. In this study, we carried out a metataxonomic analysis of sediment of the coast of Yucatan in order to evaluate the potential of the microbial communities to contain bacteria involved in the synthesis of NRPs in two sites: one contaminated and the other conserved. As well as a metatranscriptomic analysis to discover nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) genes. We found that the phyla with the highest representation of NRPs producing organisms were the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes present in the sediments of the conserved site. Similarly, the metatranscriptomic analysis showed that 52% of the sequences identified as catalytic domains of NRPSs were found in the conserved site sample, mostly (82%) belonging to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes; while the representation of Actinobacteria traditionally described as the major producers of secondary metabolites was low. It is important to highlight the prediction of metabolic pathways for siderophores production, as well as the identification of NRPS's condensation domain in organisms of the Archaea domain. Because this opens the possibility to the search for new nonribosomal structures in these organisms. This is the first mining study using high throughput sequencing technologies conducted in the sediments of the Yucatan coast to search for bacteria producing NRPs, and genes that encode NRPSs enzymes.
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Hernández-Cabanyero C, Sanjuán E, Fouz B, Pajuelo D, Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-López FE, Amaro C. The Effect of the Environmental Temperature on the Adaptation to Host in the Zoonotic Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:489. [PMID: 32296402 PMCID: PMC7137831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a zoonotic pathogen that lives in temperate, tropical and subtropical aquatic ecosystems whose geographical distribution is expanding due to global warming. The species is genetically variable and only the strains that belong to the zoonotic clonal-complex can cause vibriosis in both humans and fish (being its main host the eel). Interestingly, the severity of the vibriosis in the eel and the human depends largely on the water temperature (highly virulent at 28°C, avirulent at 20°C or below) and on the iron content in the blood, respectively. The objective of this work was to unravel the role of temperature in the adaptation to the host through a transcriptomic and phenotypic approach. To this end, we obtained the transcriptome of a zoonotic strain grown in a minimum medium (CM9) at 20, 25, 28, and 37°C, and confirmed the transcriptomic results by RT-qPCR and phenotypic tests. In addition, we compared the temperature stimulon with those previously obtained for iron and serum (from eel and human, respectively). Our results suggest that warm temperatures activate adaptive traits that would prepare the bacteria for host colonization (metabolism, motility, chemotaxis, and the protease activity) and fish septicemia (iron-uptake from transferrin and production of O-antigen of high molecular weight) in a generalized manner, while environmental iron controls the expression of a host-adapted virulent phenotype (toxins and the production of a protective envelope). Finally, our results confirm that beyond the effect of temperature on the V. vulnificus distribution in the environment, it also has an effect on the infectious capability of this pathogen that must be taken into account to predict the real risk of V. vulnificus infection caused by global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hernández-Cabanyero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Sanjuán
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Fouz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Pajuelo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Jang H, Gopinath GR, Eshwar A, Srikumar S, Nguyen S, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Finkelstein SB, Negrete F, Woo J, Lee Y, Fanning S, Stephan R, Tall BD, Lehner A. The Secretion of Toxins and Other Exoproteins of Cronobacter: Role in Virulence, Adaption, and Persistence. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E229. [PMID: 32046365 PMCID: PMC7074816 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
: Cronobacter species are considered an opportunistic group of foodborne pathogenic bacteria capable of causing both intestinal and systemic human disease. This review describes common virulence themes shared among the seven Cronobacter species and describes multiple exoproteins secreted by Cronobacter, many of which are bacterial toxins that may play a role in human disease. The review will particularly concentrate on the virulence factors secreted by C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis, which are the primary human pathogens of interest. It has been discovered that various species-specific virulence factors adversely affect a wide range of eukaryotic cell processes including protein synthesis, cell division, and ion secretion. Many of these factors are toxins which have been shown to also modulate the host immune response. These factors are encoded on a variety of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons; this genomic plasticity implies ongoing re-assortment of virulence factor genes which has complicated our efforts to categorize Cronobacter into sharply defined genomic pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Shabarinath Srikumar
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Scott Nguyen
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha B. Finkelstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - JungHa Woo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - YouYoung Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, Science Centre South, University College Dublin, Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.N.); (S.F.)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (F.N.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (R.S.); (A.L.)
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19
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Cui J, Hu J, Du X, Yan C, Xue G, Li S, Cui Z, Huang H, Yuan J. Genomic Analysis of Putative Virulence Factors Affecting Cytotoxicity of Cronobacter. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3104. [PMID: 32117082 PMCID: PMC7019382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. can cause systemic infections, such as meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis, in immunocompromised patients, especially neonates. Although some virulence factors have been reported previously, the pathogenesis of Cronobacter remains unclear. In this study, we compared genome sequences from different Cronobacter species, sequence types, and sources, with the virulence genes in the virulence factor database. The results showed that Cronobacter has species specificity for these virulence genes. Additionally, two gene clusters, including sfp encoding fimbriae and hly encoding hemolysin, were discovered. Through cell adhesion, cytotoxicity, and hemolysis assays, we found that the isolates possessing the two gene clusters had higher cytotoxicity and stronger hemolysis capacity than those of other isolates in this study. Moreover, analysis of type VI secretion system (T6SS) cluster and putative fimbria gene clusters of Cronobacter revealed that T6SS have species specificity and isolates with high cytotoxicity possessed more complete T6SS cluster construction than that of the rest. In conclusion, the two novel gene clusters and T6SS cluster were involved in the mechanism underlying the cytotoxicity of Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Cui
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinrui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Xue
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Li
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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20
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Abd El-Aziz AM, Elgaml A, Ali YM. Bacteriophage Therapy Increases Complement-Mediated Lysis of Bacteria and Enhances Bacterial Clearance After Acute Lung Infection With Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1439-1447. [PMID: 30476337 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections is a major problem in clinical medicine. Development of new strategies such as phage therapy may be a novel approach for treatment of life-threatening infections caused by MDR bacteria. A newly isolated phage, MMI-Ps1, with strong lytic activity was used for treatment of acute lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a mouse model. Intranasal administration of a single dose of MMI-Ps1 immediately after infection provided a significant level of protection and increased the survival duration. Moreover, treatment of infected mice with phage as late as 12 hours after infection was still protective. Our in vitro results are the first to show the synergistic elimination of serum-resistant Pseudomonas strains by phage and complement. Phage therapy increases the efficacy of complement-mediated lysis of serum-resistant P. aeruginosa strains, indicating the importance of an intact complement system in clearing Pseudomonas infection during phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Youssif M Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
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21
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Melatonin restores Muc2 depletion induced by V. vulnificus VvpM via melatonin receptor 2 coupling with Gαq. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:21. [PMID: 31906951 PMCID: PMC6943958 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine), a hormone produced in the pineal gland, has a variety of biological functions as an antioxidant, but a functional role of melatonin in the regulation of intestinal mucin (Muc) production during bacterial infection has yet to be described in detail. In this study, we investigate the effects of melatonin during Muc2 repression elicited by the Gram-negative bacterium V. vulnificus. Methods Mucus-secreting human HT29-MTX cells were used to study the functional role of melatonin during Muc2 depletion induced by the recombinant protein (r) VvpM produced by V. vulnificus. The regulatory effects of melatonin coupling with melatonin receptor 2 (MT2) on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activation of PKCδ and ERK, and the hypermethylation of the Muc2 promoter as induced by rVvpM were examined. Experimental mouse models of V. vulnificus infection were used to study the role of melatonin and how it neutralizes the bacterial toxin activity related to Muc2 repression. Results Recombinant protein (r) VvpM significantly reduced the level of Muc2 in HT29-MTX cells. The repression of Muc2 induced by rVvpM was significantly restored upon a treatment with melatonin (1 μM), which had been inhibited by the knockdown of MT2 coupling with Gαq and the NADPH oxidase subunit p47 phox. Melatonin inhibited the ROS-mediated phosphorylation of PKCδ and ERK responsible for region-specific hypermethylation in the Muc2 promoter in rVvpM-treated HT29-MTX cells. In the mouse models of V. vulnificus infection, treatment with melatonin maintained the level of Muc2 expression in the intestine. In addition, the mutation of the VvpM gene from V. vulnificus exhibited an effect similar to that of melatonin. Conclusions These results demonstrate that melatonin acting on MT2 inhibits the hypermethylation of the Muc2 promoter to restore the level of Muc2 production in intestinal epithelial cells infected with V. vulnificus.
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Li G, Wang MY. The role of Vibrio vulnificus virulence factors and regulators in its infection-induced sepsis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:265-274. [PMID: 31840198 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to the development of Marine aquaculture, infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus are common all over the world. Symptoms of V. vulnificus infection vary from gastrointestinal illness to septicemia. After infection with V. vulnificus, some patients showed gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting, fever, diarrhea, and so on. Others appeared wound infection at the site of contact with bacteria, and even developed sepsis. Once it develops into sepsis, the prognosis of patients is very poor. However, its underlying pathogenic mechanism remains largely undetermined. Growing evidence shows that it can induce primary septicemia mainly via essential virulence factors and regulators. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors that play roles in sepsis. In this review, we systematically expounded the role of V. vulnificus virulence factors and regulators in its infection-induced sepsis in order to provide useful information for the treatment and prevention of V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Weihai Clinical Medical School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China.,Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, 264200, China
| | - Ming-Yi Wang
- Weihai Clinical Medical School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Weihai, 264200, China. .,Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, 264200, China.
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23
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Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin induces inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages through calcium signaling and causes inflammation in vivo. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103789. [PMID: 31605759 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a food-borne marine pathogen that causes both life-threatening primary septicemia and necrotizing wound infections which accompany severe inflammation. Cytolysin is a very powerful virulence factor of V. vulnificus and is one of the likely candidates in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus infections. However, the pathogenetic roles of cytolysin in V. vulnificus-induced inflammation are not well understood. In this study, we used the recombinant protein Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (VVC) to demonstrate that VVC can induce inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. Low dose (<5 μg/ml) VVC had no impact on cell viability and induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production in RAW264.7 macrophages such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, VVC induced p65, p38, ERK1/2, and AKT phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophages. We further demonstrated that BAPTA-AM, a specific intracellular calcium chelator, inhibited VVC-induced inflammatory responses including pro-inflammatory cytokines production and inflammatory signaling activation in RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, VVC primed rather than actived NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 macrophages. To determine whether VVC have a direct inflammatory effect on the host, we examined the effects of VVC injected into the skin of mice. VVC stimulated a significant induction of mRNAs for the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and inflammatory chemokines such as MCP-1 and IP-10. Histology data also showed that VVC caused inflammatory responses in the skin of mice. Collectively, our findings indicated that VVC induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages and in vivo and suggested the possibility of targeting VVC as a strategy for the clinical management of V. vulnificus-induced inflammatory responses.
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Mechanistic Insight into the Binding and Swelling Functions of Prepeptidase C-Terminal (PPC) Domains from Various Bacterial Proteases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00611-19. [PMID: 31076429 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00611-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial prepeptidase C-terminal (PPC) domain can be found in the C termini of a wide variety of proteases that are secreted by marine bacteria. However, the functions of these PPC domains remain unknown due to a lack of systematic research. Here, the binding and swelling abilities of eight PPC domains from six different proteases were compared systematically via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), enzyme assays, and fluorescence spectroscopy. These PPC domains all possess the ability to bind and swell insoluble collagen. PPC domains can expose collagen monomers but cannot disrupt the pyridinoline cross-links or unwind the collagen triple helix. This ability can play a synergistic role alongside collagenase in collagen hydrolysis. Site-directed mutagenesis of the PPC domain from Vibrio anguillarum showed that the conserved polar and aromatic residues Y6, D26, D28, Y30, W42, E53, C55, and Y65 and the hydrophobic residues V10, V18, and I57 played key roles in substrate binding. Molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to investigate the interactions between PPC domains and collagen. Most PPC domains have a similar mechanism for binding collagen, and the hydrophobic binding pocket of PPC domains may play an important role in collagen binding. This study sheds light on the substrate binding mechanisms of PPC domains and reveals a new function for the PPC domains of bacterial proteases in substrate degradation.IMPORTANCE Prepeptidase C-terminal (PPC) domains commonly exist in the C termini of marine bacterial proteases. Reports examining PPC have been limited, and its functions remain unclear. In this study, eight PPCs from six different bacteria were examined. Most of the PPCs possessed the ability to bind collagen, feathers, and chitin, and all PPCs could significantly swell insoluble collagen. PPCs can expose collagen monomers but cannot disrupt pyridinoline cross-links or unwind the collagen triple helix. This swelling ability may also play synergistic roles in collagen hydrolysis. Comparative structural analyses and the examination of PPC mutants revealed that the hydrophobic binding pockets of PPCs may play important roles in collagen binding. This study provides new insights into the functions and ecological significance of PPCs, and the molecular mechanism of the collagen binding of PPCs was clarified, which is beneficial for the protein engineering of highly active PPCs and collagenase in the pharmaceutical industry and of artificial biological materials.
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25
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Shaaban M, Elgaml A, Habib ESE. Biotechnological applications of quorum sensing inhibition as novel therapeutic strategies for multidrug resistant pathogens. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:138-143. [PMID: 30503958 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial clinical isolates necessitates the discovery of new targets for inhibition of microbial pathogenicity, without stimulation of microbial resistance. This could be achieved by targeting virulence determinants, which cause host damage and disease. Many pathogenic bacteria elaborate signaling molecules for cellular communication. This signaling system is named quorum sensing system (QS), and it is contingent on the bacterial population density and mediated by signal molecules called pheromones or autoinducers (AIs). Bacteria utilize QS to regulate activities and behaviors including competence, conjugation, symbiosis, virulence, motility, sporulation, antibiotic production, and biofilm formation. Hence, targeting bacterial communicating signals and suppression of QS exhibit a fundamental approach for competing microbial communication. In this review, we illustrate the common up to date approaches to utilize QS circuits in pathogenic bacteria, including Vibrio fischeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, 30078, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz Elgaml
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed E Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, 30078, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt.
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Gao H, Xu J, Lu X, Li J, Lou J, Zhao H, Diao B, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Kan B. Expression of Hemolysin Is Regulated Under the Collective Actions of HapR, Fur, and HlyU in Vibrio cholerae El Tor Serogroup O1. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1310. [PMID: 29971055 PMCID: PMC6018088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotype El Tor of serogroup O1 and most of the non-O1/non-O139 strains of Vibrio cholerae can produce an extracellular pore-forming toxin known as cholera hemolysin (HlyA). Expression of HlyA has been previously reported to be regulated by the quorum sensing (QS) and the regulatory proteins HlyU and Fur, but lacks the direct evidence for their binding to the promoter of hlyA. In the present work, we showed that the QS regulator HapR, along with Fur and HlyU, regulates the transcription of hlyA in V. cholerae El Tor biotype. At the late mid-logarithmic growth phase, HapR binds to the three promoters of fur, hlyU, and hlyA to repress their transcription. At the early mid-logarithmic growth phase, Fur binds to the promoters of hlyU and hlyA to repress their transcription; meanwhile, HlyU binds to the promoter of hlyA to activate its transcription, but it manifests direct inhibition of its own gene. The highest transcriptional level of hlyA occurs at an OD600 value of around 0.6–0.7, which may be due to the subtle regulation of HapR, Fur, and HlyU. The complex regulation of HapR, Fur, and HlyU on hlyA would be beneficial to the invasion and pathogenesis of V. cholerae during the different infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Teng T, Xi B, Chen K, Pan L, Xie J, Xu P. Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal upregulated expression of virulence and iron transport factors of Aeromonas hydrophila under iron limitation. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:52. [PMID: 29866030 PMCID: PMC5987420 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron plays important roles in the growth, reproduction and pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila. In this study, we detected and compared the mRNA and protein expression profiles of A. hydrophila under normal and iron restricted medium with 200 μM 2,2-Dipyridyl using RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analyses. Results There were 1204 genes (601 up- and 603 down-regulated) and 236 proteins (90 up- and 146 down-regulated) shown to be differentially expressed, and 167 genes and proteins that showed consistent expression. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes and proteins were mainly involved in iron ion transport, protein activity, energy metabolism and virulence processes. Further validation of the RNA-seq and iTRAQ results by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed that 18 of the 20 selected genes were consistently expressed. The iron-ion absorption and concentration of A. hydrophila under iron-limited conditions were enhanced, and most virulence factors (protease activity, hemolytic activity, lipase activity, and swimming ability) were also increased. Artificial A. hydrophila infection caused higher mortality in cyprinid Megalobrama amblycephala under iron-limited conditions. Conclusion Understanding the responses of pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila within the hostile environment of the fish host, devoid of free iron, is important to reveal bacterial infection and pathogenesis. This study further confirmed the previous finding that iron-limitation efficiently enhanced the virulence of A. hydrophila using multi-omics analyses. We identified differentially expressed genes and proteins, related to enterobactin synthesis and virulence establishment, that play important roles in addressing iron scarcity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1178-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Teng
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Liangkun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China. .,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China. .,Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
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28
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Guo RH, Lim JY, Tra My DN, Jo SJ, Park JU, Rhee JH, Kim YR. Vibrio vulnificus RtxA1 Toxin Expression Upon Contact With Host Cells Is RpoS-Dependent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:70. [PMID: 29600196 PMCID: PMC5862816 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of virulence genes in bacteria is known to be regulated by various environmental and host factors. Vibrio vulnificus, an estuarine bacterium, experiences a dramatic environmental change during its infection process. We reported that V. vulnificus RtxA1 toxin caused acute cell death only when close contact to host cells was allowed. A sigma factor RpoS is a very important regulator for the maximal survival of pathogens under stress conditions. Here, we studied the role of RpoS in V. vulnificus cytotoxicity and mouse lethality. The growth of rpoS mutant strain was comparable to that of wild-type in heart infusion (HI) media and DMEM with HeLa cell lysate. An rpoS mutation resulted in decreased cytotoxicity, which was restored by in trans complementation. Interestingly, host contact increased the expression and secretion of V. vulnificus RtxA1 toxin, which was decreased and delayed by the rpoS mutation. Transcription of the cytotoxic gene rtxA1 and its transporter rtxB1 was significantly increased after host factor contact, whereas the activity was decreased by the rpoS mutation. In contrast, the rpoS mutation showed no effect on the transcriptional activity of a cytolytic heamolysin gene (vvhA). Additionally, the LD50 of the rpoS mutant was 15-fold higher than that of the wild-type in specific pathogen-free CD-1 female mice. Taken together, these results show that RpoS regulates the expression of V. vulnificus RtxA1 toxin and its transporter upon host contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hong Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju Young Lim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Duong Nu Tra My
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Se Jin Jo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Up Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young Ran Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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29
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Huang J, Zeng B, Liu D, Wu R, Zhang J, Liao B, He H, Bian F. Classification and structural insight into vibriolysin-like proteases of Vibrio pathogenicity. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:335-340. [PMID: 29510206 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vibriolysin-like proteases (VLPs) are important virulence agents in the arsenal of Vibrio causing instant cytotoxic effects during infection. Most of Vibrio secreted VLPs show serious pathogenicity, while some species of Vibrio with VLPs are non-pathogenic, like Vibrio tasmaniensis and Vibrio pacinii. To investigate the relation between VLPs and Vibrio pathogenicity, one phylogenetic tree of VLPs was constructed and compared consensus sequences at the N-terminus of VLPs. Based on these results, VLPs were defined into nine phylogenetic clades. Pathogenicity analysis of Vibrio showed that Vibrio species with VLPs III, VI, VII or VIII are serious pathogenic bacteria, while species with VLPs I, II, IV or IX are opportunistic pathogens. Multiple sequence alignment showed that the N-terminal 5-16 nucleotides of each clade are highly conservative. Topological analysis of VLPs exhibited the structural differences in N-terminal regions of each VLP clade. These results suggest that structure of N-terminus might play a key role in the pathogenicity of VLPs. Our findings give new insights into the classification of VLPs and the relationship between VLPs and Vibrio pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaFeng Huang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - BingQi Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - RiBang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - BinQiang Liao
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - HaiLun He
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Fei Bian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China.
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Rahman MT, Karim MM. Metallothionein: a Potential Link in the Regulation of Zinc in Nutritional Immunity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:1-13. [PMID: 28585004 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional immunity describes mechanisms for withholding essential transition metals as well as directing the toxicity of these metals against infectious agents. Zinc is one of these transition elements that are essential for both humans and microbial pathogens. At the same time, Zn can be toxic both for man and microbes if its concentration is higher than the tolerance limit. Therefore a "delicate" balance of Zn must be maintained to keep the immune cells surveilling while making the level of Zn either to starve or to intoxicate the pathogens. On the other hand, the invading pathogens will exploit the host Zn pool for its survival and replication. Apparently, different sets of protein in human and bacteria are involved to maintain their Zn need. Metallothionein (MT)-a group of low molecular weight proteins, is well known for its Zn-binding ability and is expected to play an important role in that Zn balance at the time of active infection. However, the differences in structural, functional, and molecular control of biosynthesis between human and bacterial MT might play an important role to determine the proper use of Zn and the winning side. The current review explains the possible involvement of human and bacterial MT at the time of infection to control and exploit Zn for their need.
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31
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Lee SJ, Lee HJ, Jung YH, Kim JS, Choi SH, Han HJ. Melatonin inhibits apoptotic cell death induced by Vibrio vulnificus VvhA via melatonin receptor 2 coupling with NCF-1. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:48. [PMID: 29352110 PMCID: PMC5833450 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, an endogenous hormone molecule, has a variety of biological functions, but a functional role of melatonin in the infection of Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus has yet to be described. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of melatonin in the apoptosis of human intestinal epithelial (HCT116) cells induced by the hemolysin (VvhA) produced by V. vulnificus. Melatonin (1 μM) significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by the recombinant protein (r) VvhA, which had been inhibited by the knockdown of MT2. The rVvhA recruited caveolin-1, NCF-1, and Rac1 into lipid rafts to facilitate the production of ROS responsible for the phosphorylation of PKC and JNK. Interestingly, melatonin recruited NCF-1 into non-lipid rafts to prevent ROS production via MT2 coupling with Gαq. Melatonin inhibited the JNK-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun responsible for Bax expression, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and caspase-3/-9 activation during its promotion of rVvhA-induced apoptotic cell death. In addition, melatonin inhibited JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 responsible for the release of Beclin-1 and Atg5 expression during its promotion of rVvhA-induced autophagic cell death. These results demonstrate that melatonin signaling via MT2 triggers recruitment of NCF-1 into non-lipid rafts to block ROS production and JNK-mediated apoptotic and autophagic cell deaths induced by rVvhA in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 38610, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Toxicology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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