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Pajuelo D, Tak U, Zhang L, Danilchanka O, Tischler AD, Niederweis M. Toxin secretion and trafficking by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6592. [PMID: 34782620 PMCID: PMC8593097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in macrophages. TNT is the C-terminal domain of the outer membrane protein CpnT and gains access to the cytosol to kill macrophages infected with Mtb. However, molecular mechanisms of TNT secretion and trafficking are largely unknown. A comprehensive analysis of the five type VII secretion systems of Mtb revealed that the ESX-4 system is required for export of CpnT and surface accessibility of TNT. Furthermore, the ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems are required for permeabilization of the phagosomal membrane in addition to the ESX-1 system. Thus, these three ESX systems need to act in concert to enable trafficking of TNT into the cytosol of Mtb-infected macrophages. These discoveries establish new molecular roles for the two previously uncharacterized type VII secretion systems ESX-2 and ESX-4 and reveal an intricate link between toxin secretion and phagosomal permeabilization by Mtb. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of M. tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb possesses five type VII secretion systems (ESX). Pajuelo et al. show that the ESX-4 system is required for TNT secretion and that ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems work in concert with ESX-1 to permeabilize the phagosomal membrane and enable trafficking of TNT into the cytoplasm of macrophages infected with Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Uday Tak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,University of Colorado Boulder, Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building B255, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Anna D Tischler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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2
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Hernández-Cabanyero C, Sanjuán E, Fouz B, Pajuelo D, Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-López FE, Amaro C. The Effect of the Environmental Temperature on the Adaptation to Host in the Zoonotic Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:489. [PMID: 32296402 PMCID: PMC7137831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a zoonotic pathogen that lives in temperate, tropical and subtropical aquatic ecosystems whose geographical distribution is expanding due to global warming. The species is genetically variable and only the strains that belong to the zoonotic clonal-complex can cause vibriosis in both humans and fish (being its main host the eel). Interestingly, the severity of the vibriosis in the eel and the human depends largely on the water temperature (highly virulent at 28°C, avirulent at 20°C or below) and on the iron content in the blood, respectively. The objective of this work was to unravel the role of temperature in the adaptation to the host through a transcriptomic and phenotypic approach. To this end, we obtained the transcriptome of a zoonotic strain grown in a minimum medium (CM9) at 20, 25, 28, and 37°C, and confirmed the transcriptomic results by RT-qPCR and phenotypic tests. In addition, we compared the temperature stimulon with those previously obtained for iron and serum (from eel and human, respectively). Our results suggest that warm temperatures activate adaptive traits that would prepare the bacteria for host colonization (metabolism, motility, chemotaxis, and the protease activity) and fish septicemia (iron-uptake from transferrin and production of O-antigen of high molecular weight) in a generalized manner, while environmental iron controls the expression of a host-adapted virulent phenotype (toxins and the production of a protective envelope). Finally, our results confirm that beyond the effect of temperature on the V. vulnificus distribution in the environment, it also has an effect on the infectious capability of this pathogen that must be taken into account to predict the real risk of V. vulnificus infection caused by global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hernández-Cabanyero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Sanjuán
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Fouz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Pajuelo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Pajuelo D, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Niederweis M. NAD hydrolysis by the tuberculosis necrotizing toxin induces lethal oxidative stress in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13115. [PMID: 31509891 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills infected macrophages through necroptosis, a programmed cell death that enhances mycobacterial replication and dissemination. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of Mtb in macrophages and induces necroptosis by NAD+ hydrolysis. Here, we show that the catalytic activity of TNT triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Mtb-infected macrophages causing cell death and promoting mycobacterial replication. TNT induces ROS formation both by activating necroptosis and by a necroptosis-independent mechanism. Most of the detected ROS originate in mitochondria as a consequence of opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. However, a significant part of ROS is produced by mechanisms independent of TNT and necroptosis. Expressing only the tnt gene in Jurkat T-cells also induces lethal ROS formation indicating that these molecular mechanisms are not restricted to macrophages. Both the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine and replenishment of NAD+ by providing nicotinamide reduce ROS levels in Mtb-infected macrophages, protect them from cell death, and restrict mycobacterial replication. Our results indicate that a host-directed therapy combining replenishment of NAD+ with inhibition of necroptosis and/or antioxidants might improve the health status of TB patients and augment antibacterial TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Hernández-Cabanyero C, Lee CT, Tolosa-Enguis V, Sanjuán E, Pajuelo D, Reyes-López F, Tort L, Amaro C. Adaptation to host in Vibrio vulnificus, a zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia in fish and humans. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3118-3139. [PMID: 31206984 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a siderophilic pathogen spreading due to global warming. The zoonotic strains constitute a clonal-complex related to fish farms that are distributed worldwide. In this study, we applied a transcriptomic and single gene approach and discover that the zoonotic strains bypassed the iron requirement of the species thanks to the acquisition of two iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (IROMPs) involved in resistance to fish innate immunity. Both proteins have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer and are contributing to the successful spreading of this clonal-complex. We have also discovered that the zoonotic strains express a virulent phenotype in the blood of its main susceptible hosts (iron-overloaded humans and healthy eels) by combining a host-specific protective envelope with the common expression of two toxins (VvhA and RtxA1), one of which (RtxA1) is directly involved in sepsis. Finally, we found that both IROMPs are also present in other fish pathogenic species and have recently been transmitted to the phylogenetic lineage involved in human primary sepsis after raw seafood ingestion. Together our results highlight the potential hazard that the aquaculture industry poses to public health, which is of particular relevance in the context of a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Eva Sanjuán
- ERI-Biotecmed, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Pajuelo
- ERI-Biotecmed, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carmen Amaro
- ERI-Biotecmed, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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5
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Pajuelo D, Hernández-Cabanyero C, Sanjuan E, Lee CT, Silva-Hernández FX, Hor LI, MacKenzie S, Amaro C. Iron and Fur in the life cycle of the zoonotic pathogenVibrio vulnificus. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4005-4022. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED); University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner, 50 Valencia 46100 Spain
| | - Carla Hernández-Cabanyero
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED); University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner, 50 Valencia 46100 Spain
| | - Eva Sanjuan
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED); University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner, 50 Valencia 46100 Spain
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Francisco Xavier Silva-Hernández
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED); University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner, 50 Valencia 46100 Spain
| | - Lien-I Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
- College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan 701 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture; University of Stirling; Stirling UK
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED); University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner, 50 Valencia 46100 Spain
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Callol A, Pajuelo D, Ebbesson L, Teles M, MacKenzie S, Amaro C. Early steps in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)-Vibrio vulnificus interaction in the gills: role of the RtxA13 toxin. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 43:502-509. [PMID: 25613341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic gram-negative bacterium that causes a systemic disease in eels called warm-water vibriosis. Natural disease occurs via water born infection; bacteria attach to the gills (the main portal of entry) and spread to the internal organs through the bloodstream, provoking host death by haemorrhagic septicaemia. V. vulnificus produces a toxin called RtxA13 that hypothetically interferes with the eel immune system facilitating bacterial invasion and subsequent death by septic shock. The aim of this work was to study the early steps of warm-water vibriosis by analysing the expression of three marker mRNA transcripts related to pathogen recognition (tlr2 and tlr5) and inflammation (il-8) in the gills of eels infected by immersion with either the pathogen or a mutant deficient in rtxA13. Results indicate a differential response that is linked to the rtx toxin in the expression levels of the three measured mRNA transcripts. The results suggest that eels are able to distinguish innocuous from harmful microorganisms by the local action of their toxins rather than by surface antigens. Finally, the cells that express these transcripts in the gills are migratory cells primarily located in the second lamellae that re-locate during infection suggesting the activation of a specific immune response to pathogen invasion in the gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Callol
- ERI BIOTEDCMED, Universitat de Valencia, Spain; Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain; Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Pajuelo
- ERI BIOTEDCMED, Universitat de Valencia, Spain; Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Mariana Teles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, UK
| | - Carmen Amaro
- ERI BIOTEDCMED, Universitat de Valencia, Spain; Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de Valencia, Spain.
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Pajuelo D, Lee CT, Roig FJ, Hor LI, Amaro C. Novel host-specific iron acquisition system in the zoonotic pathogenVibrio vulnificus. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2076-89. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Estructura de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología y Medicina (ERI BIOTECMED); Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner 50 Valencia 46100 Spain
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Francisco J. Roig
- Estructura de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología y Medicina (ERI BIOTECMED); Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner 50 Valencia 46100 Spain
| | - Lien-I. Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Tainan 701 Taiwan
- College of Medicine; National Cheng-Kung University; Tainan 701 Taiwan
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Estructura de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología y Medicina (ERI BIOTECMED); Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of Valencia; Dr. Moliner 50 Valencia 46100 Spain
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8
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Fernández-Iglesias A, Quesada H, Díaz S, Pajuelo D, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJ, Mulero M. Combination of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract and docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil increases the hepatic detoxification by GST mediated GSH conjugation in a lipidic postprandial state. Food Chem 2014; 165:14-20. [PMID: 25038643 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of dietary lipids leads to oxidative stress. This postprandial oxidative stress may potentiate the adverse effects of postprandial hyperlipidaemia. Proanthocyanidins have been shown to alleviate oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridaemia associated with the postprandial state. Additionally, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) also have beneficial effects on lipoprotein metabolism and oxidative stress. The present study was designed to investigate the possible additive effects in liver of an acute dose of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) and oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-OR) on lipidic postprandial oxidative stress in Wistar rats. GSPE+DHA-OR modifies the hepatic antioxidant enzymatic activities (GST and GPx), clearly showing that this combination increases the detoxification of postprandial xenobiotics via the GST action mediated hepatic GSH conjugation. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the combination of GSPE and DHA-OR ameliorate the transient imbalance between the lipid hydroperoxide level and antioxidant status related to a lipidic postprandial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Helena Quesada
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sabina Díaz
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - David Pajuelo
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Josepa Salvadó
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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Fernández-Iglesias A, Pajuelo D, Quesada H, Díaz S, Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJ, Mulero M. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract improves the hepatic glutathione metabolism in obese Zucker rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:727-37. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescel·lades; Tarragona Spain
| | - David Pajuelo
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescel·lades; Tarragona Spain
| | - Helena Quesada
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescel·lades; Tarragona Spain
| | - Sabina Díaz
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescel·lades; Tarragona Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescel·lades; Tarragona Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescel·lades; Tarragona Spain
| | - Maria Josepa Salvadó
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescel·lades; Tarragona Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica; Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescel·lades; Tarragona Spain
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Fernández-Iglesias A, Quesada H, Díaz S, Pajuelo D, Bladé C, Arola L, Josepa Salvadó M, Mulero M. DHA sensitizes FaO cells to tert-BHP-induced oxidative effects. Protective role of EGCG. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:750-7. [PMID: 24140970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The excessive production of reactive oxygen species has been implicated in several pathologies, such as atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may protect against the above mentioned diseases, but paradoxically the main DHA treated pathologies are also associated with increased ROS levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore if in vitro DHA supplementation may increase the sensitivity of cells to tert-BHP induced oxidative stress, and if the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is able to correct such detrimental effect. We found that DHA-enriched cells exacerbate ROS generation, decrease cell viability and increase Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 expression. Interestingly, cellular EGCG is able to counteract oxidative damage from either tert-BHP or DHA-enriched cells. In consequence, our results suggest that in a ROS enriched environment DHA could not always be beneficial for cells and can be considered a double-edged sword in terms of its benefits vs. risks. In this sense, our results propose that the supplementation with potent antioxidant molecules could be an appropriate strategy to reduce the risks related with the DHA supplementation in an oxidative stress-associated condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Fernández-Iglesias
- Grup de Nutrigenòmica, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescel·lades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Lee CT, Pajuelo D, Llorens A, Chen YH, Leiro JM, Padrós F, Hor LI, Amaro C. MARTX of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is a virulence and survival factor. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:419-32. [PMID: 22943291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is a polyphyletic group whose virulence for fish relies on a plasmid. This plasmid contains an rtxA gene duplicated in the small chromosome that encodes a MARTX (Multifunctional, Autoprocessing Repeats-in-Toxin) unique within the species in domain structure (MARTX type III). To discover the role of this toxin in the fitness of this biotype in the fish-farming environment, single- and double-knockout mutants were isolated from a zoonotic strain and analysed in a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments with eel, fish cell lines and amoebae isolated from gills. Mice, murine and human cell lines were also assayed for comparative purposes. The results suggest that MARTX type III is involved in the lysis of a wide range of eukaryotic cells, including the amoebae, erythrocytes, epithelial cells and phagocytes after bacterium-cell contact. In fish, MARTX type III may act as a toxin involved in the onset of septic shock, while in mice it may promote bacterial colonization by preventing phagocytosis of bacterial cells. Moreover, this toxin could protect bacteria from predation by amoebae, which would increase bacterial survival outside the host and would explain the fitness of this biotype in the fish-farming environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Te Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Quesada H, Pajuelo D, Fernández-Iglesias A, Díaz S, Ardevol A, Blay M, Salvadó M, Arola L, Blade C. Proanthocyanidins modulate triglyceride secretion by repressing the expression of long chain acyl-CoA synthetases in Caco2 intestinal cells. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pajuelo D, Fernández-Iglesias A, Díaz S, Quesada H, Arola-Arnal A, Bladé C, Salvadó J, Arola L. Improvement of mitochondrial function in muscle of genetically obese rats after chronic supplementation with proanthocyanidins. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:8491-8498. [PMID: 21726097 DOI: 10.1021/jf201775v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chronic dietary supplementation of a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) at a dose of 35 mg/kg body weight on energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle of Zucker obese rats. Three groups of 10 animals each were used: lean Fa/fa lean group (LG) rats, a control fa/fa obese group (OG) of rats, and an obese supplemented fa/fa proanthocyanidins obese group (POG) of rats, which were supplemented with a dose of 35 mg GSPE/kg of body weight/day during the 68 days of experimentation. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism was evaluated by determining enzyme activities, key metabolic gene expression, and immunoblotting of oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Mitochondrial function was analyzed by high-resolution respirometry using both a glycosidic and a lipid substrate. In muscle, chronic GSPE administration decreased citrate synthase activity, the amount of oxidative phosphorylation complexes I and II, and Nrf1 gene expression, without any effects on the mitochondrial oxidative capacity. This situation was associated with lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Additionally, GSPE administration enhanced the ability to oxidize pyruvate, and it also increased the activity of enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation including cytochrome c oxidase. There is strong evidence to suggest that GSPE administration stimulates mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle specifically by increasing the capacity to oxidize pyruvate and contributes to reduced muscle ROS generation in obese Zucker rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Pajuelo D, Díaz S, Quesada H, Fernández-Iglesias A, Mulero M, Arola-Arnal A, Salvadó MJ, Bladé C, Arola L. Acute administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract modulates energetic metabolism in skeletal muscle and BAT mitochondria. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:4279-4287. [PMID: 21401106 DOI: 10.1021/jf200322x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidin consumption might reduce the risk of developing several pathologies, such as inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins are attributed to their antioxidant properties, although they also can modulate gene expression at the transcriptional level. Little is known about the effect of proanthocyanidins on mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of an acute administration of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) on mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. To examine this effect, male Wistar rats fasted for fourteen hours, and then they were orally administered lard oil containing GSPE or were administered lard oil only. Liver, muscle and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were used to study enzymatic activity and gene expression of proteins related to energetic metabolism. Moreover, the gastrocnemius muscle and BAT mitochondria were used to perform high-resolution respirometry. The results showed that, after 5 h, the GSPE administration significantly lowers plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, glycerol and urea concentrations. In skeletal muscle, GSPE lowers FATP1 mRNA levels and increases mitochondrial oxygen consumption, using pyruvate as the substrate, suggesting a promotion of glycosidic metabolism. Furthermore, GSPE increased the genetic expression of key genes in energy metabolism such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), and modulated the enzyme activity of proteins, which are involved in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) in BAT. In conclusion, GSPE affects mainly the skeletal muscle and BAT mitochondria, increasing their oxidative capacity rapidly after acute supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pajuelo
- Nutrigenomics Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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