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Noreen A, Hameed A, Shah TM. Field screening and identification of biochemical indices of pod borer ( Helicoverpa armigera) resistance in chickpea mutants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1335158. [PMID: 38799100 PMCID: PMC11127602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1335158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Chickpea pod borer (CPB) (Helicoverpa armigera) is one of the major pests, causing significant yield losses. The objectives were to screen chickpea mutants for pod borer resistance/tolerance under field conditions and identification of biochemical markers of tolerance. Chickpea mutant CM216-A/15 had highest leaf (25 trichomes/mm2) and stem trichome density (17 trichomes/mm2) with least pod damage at Kallur Kot and highest pod weight per plant (22.8 ± 2.6g) at AZRI. Higher total phenolic contents (TPCs) and antioxidant capacity were detected in tolerant mutants, i.e., CM216-A/15 and CM664/15. TPC was positively associated with pod yield and had negative correlation with pod damage. Mutants CM216-A/15, CM664/15, and CM766/15 depicted the highest resilience to CPB, owing to higher hairiness, better antioxidant defense response, and lower levels of hydrolytic enzymes and sugars. Identified biochemical markers like TPC, total oxidant status, superoxide dismutase, and pigments can be used for screening of CPB-tolerant/resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amjad Hameed
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Das S, Kumbhakar S, Debnath R, Barik A. Life table parameters and digestive physiology of Aulacophora lewisii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on three Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) cultivars. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 114:134-148. [PMID: 38178797 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Aulacophora lewisii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an important pest of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) in India. Larvae of A. lewisii feed on the roots, while adults consume leaves of L. acutangula. In the current study, effects of three L. acutangula cultivars (Abhiskar, Debsundari, and Jaipur Long) on the life table parameters by age-stage, two-sex approach, and key digestive enzymatic activities (amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic) of the larvae and adults of A. lewisii were determined. Further, nutrients (total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and nitrogen content) and antinutrients (total phenols, flavonols, and tannins) present in the roots and leaves of three cultivars were estimated. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was fastest and slowest on Jaipur Long (31.80 days) and Abhiskar (40.91 days), respectively. Fecundity was highest and lowest on Jaipur Long (279.91 eggs) and Abhiskar (137.18 eggs), respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was lowest on Abhiskar (0.0511 day-1) and highest on Jaipur Long (0.0872 day-1). The net reproductive rate (R0) was lowest on Abhiskar (23.32 offspring female-1). The mean generation time (T) was shortest on Jaipur Long (52.59 days) and longest on Abhiskar (61.58 days). The amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic activities of larvae and adults of A. lewisii were highest and lowest on Jaipur Long and Abhiskar, respectively. The lower level of nutrients and higher level of antinutrients influenced higher larval development time and lower fecundity of A. lewisii on Abhiskar than other cultivars. Our results suggest that Abhiskar cultivar could be promoted for cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Das
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanoj Kumbhakar
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahul Debnath
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anandamay Barik
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, India
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Lin K, Yue L, Yuan L, Kang K, Zhang Y, Pang R, Zhang W. Alanine metabolism mediates energy allocation of the brown planthopper to adapt to resistant rice. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00035-3. [PMID: 38246245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the adaptation to host plant resistance, herbivorous insects faced the challenge of overcoming plant defenses while ensuring their own development and reproductive success. To achieve this, a strategic allocation of energy resources for detoxification and ecological fitness maintenance became essential. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the intricate energy allocation mechanisms involved in herbivore adaptation that are currently poorly understood. METHODS The rice Oryza sativa and its monophagous pest, the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were used as a model system. An integrated analysis of metabolomes and transcriptomes from different BPH populations were conducted to identify the biomarkers. RNA interference of key genes and exogenous injection of key metabolites were performed to validate the function of biomarkers. RESULTS We found that alanine was one of the key biomarkers of BPH adaptation to resistant rice variety IR36. We also found that alanine flow determined the adaptation of BPH to IR36 rice. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT)-mediated alanine transfer to pyruvate was necessary and sufficient for the adaptation. This pathway may be conserved, at least to some extent, in BPH adaptation to multiple rice cultivars with different resistance genes. More importantly, ALT-mediated alanine metabolism is the foundation of downstream energy resource allocation for the adaptation. The adapted BPH population exhibited a significantly higher level of energy reserves in the fat body and ovary when fed with IR36 rice, compared to the unadapted population. This rendered the elevated detoxification in the adapted BPH and their ecological fitness recovery. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings demonstrated the crucial role of ALT-mediated alanine metabolism in energy allocation during the adaptation to resistant rice in BPH. This will provide novel knowledge regarding the co-evolutionary mechanisms between herbivores and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yibing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Sun S, Yang Z, Ren J, Liu T, Jing X. Fitness of Nutrition Regulation in a Caterpillar Pest Mythimna separata (Walker): Insights from the Geometric Framework. INSECTS 2023; 14:937. [PMID: 38132610 PMCID: PMC10743772 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants can contain variable nutrients depending upon the species, tissue, and developmental stage. Insect herbivores may regulate their nutrient intake behaviorally and physio- logically when encountering different foods. This study examined the nutritional regulation of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, for the first time. In one experiment, we allowed the cater-pillars to choose between two nutritionally balanced but complementary diets. The caterpillars did not randomly consume the paired foods, but instead chose between the nutritionally balanced but complementary diets. This intake behavior was found to change with their developmental stages. Furthermore, the nutrient concentrations in food significantly impacted the insect's performance. In the other experiment, caterpillars were given one of eleven diets that reflected the different nutrient conditions in the field. The results showed that proteins were significantly associated with developmental time and fecundity. For example, by consuming protein-biased food, the caterpillars developed faster and produced more eggs. In contrast, carbohydrates were more strongly linked to lipid accumulation, and caterpillars accumulated more lipids when consuming the carbohydrate-biased food. Moreover, the caterpillars were also found to actively regulate their intake of proteins and carbohydrates based on food quality and to physiologically prepare for subsequent life stages. These findings enhance our understanding of how M. separata feeds and responds to different nutritional environments in the field, which could have implications for managing insect herbivores in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.R.); (T.L.)
- Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Jinchan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Tongxian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.S.); (Z.Y.); (J.R.); (T.L.)
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Brosemann J, Overson R, Cease AJ, Millerwise S, Le Gall M. Nutrient supply and accessibility in plants: effect of protein and carbohydrates on Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera) preference and performance. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1110518. [PMID: 38469479 PMCID: PMC10926423 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to predictions from nitrogen limitation theory, recent studies have shown that herbivorous migratory insects tend to be carbohydrate (not protein) limited, likely due to increased energy demands, leading them to preferentially feed on high carbohydrate plants. However, additional factors such as mechanical and chemical defenses can also influence host plant choice and nutrient accessibility. In this study, we investigated the effects of plant protein and carbohydrate availability on plant selection and performance for a migratory generalist herbivore, the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera. We manipulated the protein and carbohydrate content of seedling wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by increasing the protein:carbohydrate ratio using nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and manipulated the physical structure of the plants by grinding and breaking down cell walls after drying the plants. Using a full factorial design, we ran both choice and no-choice experiments to measure preference and performance. We confirmed locust preference for plants with a lower protein-carbohydrate ratio (unfertilized plants). Unlike previous studies with mature wild grass species, we found that intact plants supported better performance than dried and ground plants, suggesting that cell wall removal may only improve performance for tougher or more carbohydrate-rich plants. These results add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that several migratory herbivorous species perform better on plants with a lower protein:carbohydrate ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Brosemann
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Rick Overson
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sydney Millerwise
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Marion Le Gall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Lazarević J, Milanović S, Šešlija Jovanović D, Janković-Tomanić M. Temperature- and Diet-Induced Plasticity of Growth and Digestive Enzymes Activity in Spongy Moth Larvae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050821. [PMID: 37238690 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature and food quality are the most important environmental factors determining the performance of herbivorous insects. The objective of our study was to evaluate the responses of the spongy moth (formerly known as the gypsy moth) [Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)] to simultaneous variation in these two factors. From hatching to the fourth instar, larvae were exposed to three temperatures (19 °C, 23 °C, and 28 °C) and fed four artificial diets that differed in protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) content. Within each temperature regime, the effects of the nutrient content (P+C) and ratio (P:C) on development duration, larval mass, growth rate, and activities of digestive proteases, carbohydrases, and lipase were examined. It was found that temperature and food quality had a significant effect on the fitness-related traits and digestive physiology of the larvae. The greatest mass and highest growth rate were obtained at 28 °C on a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet. A homeostatic increase in activity was observed for total protease, trypsin, and amylase in response to low substrate levels in the diet. A significant modulation of overall enzyme activities in response to 28 °C was detected only with a low diet quality. A decrease in the nutrient content and P:C ratio only affected the coordination of enzyme activities at 28 °C, as indicated by the significantly altered correlation matrices. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that variation in fitness traits in response to different rearing conditions could be explained by variation in digestion. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role of digestive enzymes in post-ingestive nutrient balancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelica Lazarević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Milanović
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemĕdĕlská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Darka Šešlija Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Janković-Tomanić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Chakraborty A, Walter GM, Monro K, Alves AN, Mirth CK, Sgrò CM. Within-population variation in body size plasticity in response to combined nutritional and thermal stress is partially independent from variation in development time. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:264-279. [PMID: 36208146 PMCID: PMC10092444 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change has forced animals to face changing thermal and nutritional environments. Animals can adjust to such combinations of stressors via plasticity. Body size is a key trait influencing organismal fitness, and plasticity in this trait in response to nutritional and thermal conditions varies among genetically diverse, locally adapted populations. The standing genetic variation within a population can also influence the extent of body size plasticity. We generated near-isogenic lines from a newly collected population of Drosophila melanogaster at the mid-point of east coast Australia and assayed body size for all lines in combinations of thermal and nutritional stress. We found that isogenic lines showed distinct underlying patterns of body size plasticity in response to temperature and nutrition that were often different from the overall population response. We then tested whether plasticity in development time could explain, and therefore regulate, variation in body size to these combinations of environmental conditions. We selected five genotypes that showed the greatest variation in response to combined thermal and nutritional stress and assessed the correlation between response of developmental time and body size. While we found significant genetic variation in development time plasticity, it was a poor predictor of body size among genotypes. Our results therefore suggest that multiple developmental pathways could generate genetic variation in body size plasticity. Our study emphasizes the need to better understand genetic variation in plasticity within a population, which will help determine the potential for populations to adapt to ongoing environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greg M Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keyne Monro
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - André N Alves
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Homska N, Jankowski J, Ognik K, Józefiak A, Mazurkiewicz J, Józefiak D. Available for millions of years but discovered through the last decade: Insects as a source of nutrients and energy in animal diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:60-79. [PMID: 36101841 PMCID: PMC9442335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value, further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates to livestock (poultry and swine), aquaculture (salmonids), and companion animal diets and their impact on growth performance, metabolic response, and gastrointestinal microbiota shifts. Additionally, the most important barriers to obtaining unified products in terms of their nutritive value are considered, i.e., to define insects' nutrient requirements, including various technological groups and further biomass processing (slaughtering, drying, and storage). Due to the current limitation in the insect production process consisting of the lack of infrastructure, there is stress on the relatively small amount of insect products added to the animal diets as a functional feed additive. Currently, only in the case of pet nutrition may insects be considered a full replacement for commonly used environmentally harmful and allergenic products. Simultaneously, the least information has been published on this topic. Thus, more scientific data are needed, particularly when the pet food branch and insect-based diets are rapidly growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Homska
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Józefiak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Margaret K, Collins MK, Subramanian S, Egonyu JP, Nakimbugwe D, Ssepuuya G, Faith N, Ekesi S, Tanga CM. Innovative feedstocks for optimal mass production of the edible long-horned grasshopper, Ruspolia differens. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1015636. [PMID: 36439255 PMCID: PMC9681824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1015636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens Serville (Orthoptera:Tettigoniidae) is a highly nutritious food source consumed in over 20 African countries. Its occurrence is highly seasonal, and wild harvesting is carried out using locally designed and inefficient light traps, thus limiting sustainable utilization as an important food source. To ensure year-round production and availability of R. differens, we evaluated the effects of low-cost and affordable diets based on agricultural by-products on their growth performance, survival, fecundity, and longevity. A total of four diets with varying ratios of agricultural by-products were evaluated: Diet 1 [33.3% maize bran (MB) + 33.3% wheat bran (WB) + 33.3% Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP)], Diet 2 [25% MB + 25% WB + 25% MOLP + 25% shrimp powder (SP)], Diet 3 [20% MB + 20% WB + 20% MOLP + 20% SP + 20% soya bean meal], and Diet 4 (“control”—routinely used diet). The grasshoppers were subjected to the diets from the 1st nymphal instar (24-h-old stages) through adult stages until death. Diet 3 had the highest crude protein content (28%) and digestibility (74.7%). R. differens fed Diet 3 had the shortest development time (57 days) [p < 0.001], highest survival (87%) [p < 0.001], and maximum longevity (89 days) [p = 0.015] and fecundity (247 eggs/female) [p = 0.549] across the various diets. Female survival rate (59%) on Diet 3 was significantly higher compared to the males (41%). The adult female weight gain was significantly higher compared to males fed on different diets. Percentage hatchability of eggs was not significantly different when females were fed Diet 3 and Diet 2. There was a significantly positive correlation between longevity and fecundity of R. differens reared on Diet 2 and 3. These diets could be further optimized and fine-tuned for improved cost-effective mass production of R. differens continent-wide to reduce dependence on erratic and poor seasonal harvest during swarms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kababu Margaret
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Kababu Margaret, ; Chrysantus M. Tanga,
| | - Mweresa K. Collins
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James P. Egonyu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Geoffrey Ssepuuya
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bioengineering, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nyamu Faith
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Kababu Margaret, ; Chrysantus M. Tanga,
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Dinh H, Lundbäck I, Kumar S, Than AT, Morimoto J, Ponton F. Sugar-rich larval diet promotes lower adult pathogen load and higher survival after infection in a polyphagous fly. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276376. [PMID: 35904096 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is a central factor influencing immunity and resistance to infection, but the extent to which nutrition during development affects adult responses to infections is poorly understood. Our study investigated how the nutritional composition of the larval diet affects the survival, pathogen load, and food intake of adult fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni, after septic bacterial infection. We found a sex-specific effect of larval diet composition on survival post-infection: survival rate was higher and bacterial load was lower for infected females fed sugar-rich larval diet compared with females fed protein-rich larval diet, an effect that was absent in males. Both males and females were heavier when fed a balanced larval diet compared to protein- or sugar-rich diet, while body lipid reserves were higher in the sugar-rich larval diet compared with other diets. Body protein reserve was lower for sugar-rich larval diets compared to other diets in males, but not females. Both females and males shifted their nutrient intake to ingest a sugar-rich diet when infected compared with sham-infected flies without any effect of the larval diet, suggesting that sugar-rich diets can be beneficial to fight off bacterial infection as shown in previous literature. Overall, our findings show that nutrition during early life can shape individual fitness in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Dinh
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Ida Lundbäck
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Sheemal Kumar
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Anh The Than
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.,Department of Entomology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam
| | - Juliano Morimoto
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 82590-300, Brazil
| | - Fleur Ponton
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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Deans CA, Sword GA, Vogel H, Behmer ST. Quantity versus quality: Effects of diet protein-carbohydrate ratios and amounts on insect herbivore gene expression. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 145:103773. [PMID: 35405259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dietary protein and digestible carbohydrates are two key macronutrients for insect herbivores, but the amounts and ratios of these two macronutrients in plant vegetative tissues can be highly variable. Typically, insect herbivores regulate their protein-carbohydrate intake by feeding selectively on nutritionally complementary plant tissues, but this may not always be possible. Interestingly, lab experiments consistently demonstrate that performance - especially growth and survival - does not vary greatly when caterpillars and nymphal grasshoppers are reared on diets that differ in their protein-carbohydrate content. This suggests insect herbivores employ post-ingestive physiological mechanisms to compensate for variation in diet protein-carbohydrate profile. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this compensation are not well understood. Here we explore, for the first time in an insect herbivore, the transcriptional effects of two dietary factors: protein-to-carbohydrate ratio (p:c) and total macronutrient (p + c) content. Specifically, we reared Helicoverpa zea caterpillars on three diets that varied in diet p:c ratio and one diet that varied in total p + c concentration, all within an ecologically-relevant range. We observed two key findings. Caterpillars reared on diets with elevated total p + c content showed large differences in gene expression. In contrast, only small differences in gene expression were observed when caterpillars were reared on diets with different p:c ratios (spanning from protein-biased to carbohydrate-biased). The invariable expression of many metabolic genes across these variable diets suggests that H. zea caterpillars employ a strategy of constitutive expression to deal with protein-carbohydrate imbalances rather than diet-specific changes. This is further supported by two findings. First, few genes were uniquely associated with feeding on a protein- and carbohydrate-biased diet. Second, many differentially-expressed genes were shared across protein-biased, carbohydrate-biased, and concentrated diet treatments. Our study provides insights into the post-ingestive physiological mechanisms insect herbivores employ to regulate protein-carbohydrate intake. Most notably, it suggests that H. zea, and perhaps other generalist species, use similar post-ingestive mechanisms to deal with protein-carbohydrate imbalances - regardless of the direction of the imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Deans
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, GER, 07745, USA
| | - Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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12
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Páez Jerez PG, Hill JG, Pereira EJG, Medina Pereyra P, Vera MT. The role of genetically engineered soybean and Amaranthus weeds on biological and reproductive parameters of Spodoptera cosmioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2502-2511. [PMID: 35343040 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soybean fields containing insecticide- and herbicide-resistant genetically engineered varieties, some weed species have increasingly become difficult to manage and may favor the population growth of secondary pests like Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). To test this hypothesis, we measured life-history traits, population growth parameters and adult nutrient content of S. cosmioides reared on foliage from four Amaranthus species, from Cry1Ac Bt and non-Bt soybean varieties, and on meridic artificial diet. RESULTS Larvae reared on A. palmeri and A. spinosus had a shorter development time (5-7 days) than larvae raised on the soybean varieties and A. hybridus. Armyworm survival probability was zero on A. viridis and highest (80% and 71%) on soybeans and A. palmeri. The latter and the artificial diet produced the heaviest larvae and pupae, in contrast to the non-Bt soybean variety. Body nutrient content diverged mostly for adults reared on artificial diet compared with those raised on the soybean varieties. The intrinsic rate of population increase (overall fitness) was 27.88% higher for the armyworms on A. palmeri, Cry1Ac Bt soybean and artificial diet compared with those on non-Bt soybean, A. spinosus and A. hybridus. CONCLUSIONS Cry1Ac soybean fields infested by some Amaranthus weeds, especially A. palmeri, are conducive to the population growth of S. cosmioides. Integrated pest management programs may be needed to properly manage S. cosmioides in soybean fields, with surveillance for population peaks and judicious control measures when needed. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Páez Jerez
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Cátedra de Terapéutica Vegetal (CTV), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge G Hill
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Cátedra de Terapéutica Vegetal (CTV), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliseu J G Pereira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Interações Planta-Praga, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - M Teresa Vera
- Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Cátedra de Terapéutica Vegetal (CTV), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Seyedalmoosavi MM, Mielenz M, Veldkamp T, Daş G, Metges CC. Growth efficiency, intestinal biology, and nutrient utilization and requirements of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae compared to monogastric livestock species: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:31. [PMID: 35509031 PMCID: PMC9069764 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in the larvae of black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably. However, knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect, especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce. This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae (BSFL) compared to conventional monogastric livestock species. Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed. Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers, pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass, but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass. BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates. This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract, including the activity of digestive enzymes, the substrate particle characteristics, and their intestinal microbial community. The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption. Therefore, their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered, and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock. In addition, we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut, characterization of digestive enzymes, gut microbiota and fiber digestion. Finally, current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro- and micro-nutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited. In addition, the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL. Thus, there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Seyedalmoosavi
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Mielenz
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Teun Veldkamp
- Wageningen UR, Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700AH, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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14
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Gopalakrishnan R, Kalia VK. Biology and biometric characteristics of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reared on different host plants with regard to diet. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:2043-2051. [PMID: 35124890 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), native to the Americas, is a new invasive pest that was reported in India for the first time in May 2018. Being polyphagous, FAW can infest several different hosts and increase its population all year round. In this context, the present study was conducted under laboratory conditions to evaluate the biological parameters of FAW on four different hosts, Zea mays (maize), Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), Ricinus communis (castor) and Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower), and a semi-synthetic diet. RESULTS The shortest life cycle of 32.8 ± 0.52 days in males and 34.1 ± 0.43 days in females was observed on maize. Semi-synthetic diet was superior in terms of higher mean fecundity (1324.6 ± 61.21 eggs), larval weight (503 ± 0.02 mg), pupal weight (263 ± 0.01 mg) and adult female weight (128 ± 0.0 mg) compared with natural hosts. Cotton was the least preferred host with a longer life cycle of 49.5 ± 0.50 days. Head capsule width and length were measured and the growth rate was validated using Dyar's rule. The mean width and length of the head capsule of first-instar larvae of FAW on different hosts was 0.35 ± 0.00 mm. The maximum width (2.76 ± 0.03 mm) and length (2.31 ± 0.03 mm) were observed in sixth-instar larvae grown on diet. CONCLUSION The results of this study will be instrumental in understanding and formulating management strategies for FAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Gopalakrishnan
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumari Kalia
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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15
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Feng Q, Wen L, Ma J, Yu L, Li C, Jiao X. The effects of prey lipid on female mating and reproduction of a wolf spider. Curr Zool 2022; 68:726-733. [PMID: 36743223 PMCID: PMC9892792 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As predators, the macronutrients spiders extract from their prey play important roles in their mating and reproduction. Previous studies of macronutrients on spider mating and reproduction focus on protein, the potential impact of prey lipid content on spider mating and reproduction remains largely unexplored. Here, we tested the influence of prey varying in lipid content on female mating, sexual cannibalism, reproduction, and offspring fitness in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata. We acquired 2 groups of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that differed significantly in lipid but not protein content by supplementing cultural media with a high or low dose of sucrose on which the fruit flies were reared (HL: high lipid and LL: low lipid). Subadult (i.e., 1 molt before adult) female spiders that fed HL flies matured with significantly higher lipid content than those fed LL flies. We found that the mated females fed with HL flies significantly shortened pre-oviposition time and resulted in a significantly higher fecundity. However, there was no significant difference in female spiders varying in lipid content on other behaviors and traits, including the latency to courtship, courtship duration, mating, copulation duration, sexual cannibalism, offspring body size, and survival. Hence, our results suggest that the lipid content of prey may be a limiting factor for female reproduction, but not for other behavioral traits in the wolf spiders P. pseudoannulata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiayi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Center for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Changchun Li
- Address correspondence to Changchun Li. E-mail: and Xiaoguo Jiao. E-mail:
| | - Xiaoguo Jiao
- Address correspondence to Changchun Li. E-mail: and Xiaoguo Jiao. E-mail:
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16
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Shu R, Uy L, Wong ACN. Nutritional phenotype underlines the performance trade-offs of Drosophila suzukii on different fruit diets. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:100026. [PMID: 36003272 PMCID: PMC9387456 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii exhibits contrasting performance trade-offs when confined to fruit diets of different protein-to-sugar ratios. These trade-offs can only be established when we examined performance parameters in both larvae and adults. The diet-specific nutritional phenotype readily explains the performance trade-offs.
Animals confined to different dietary conditions often exhibit distinct, sometimes contrasting, nutritional phenotypes and performance outcomes. This is especially true for many oviparous insects whose developmental diets can vary depending on the mother's egg-laying site selection. Much research on the relationship between preference and performance in insects has focused on larval success, which overlooks the complexities of dietary effects on diverse performance parameters across life stages and potential trade-offs between those parameters. Furthermore, the connection between diet-induced nutritional phenotype and performance trade-offs is not well understood. Here, using Drosophila suzukii, we quantify multiple performance indices of larvae and adults reared on five host fruits of different protein-to-sugar ratios (P:S) which have previously been shown to differ in attractiveness to fly foraging and oviposition. Our results demonstrate robust diet-specific performance trade-offs, with fly fecundity, larval development time, pupal size, and adult weight superior in flies reared on the high P:S raspberry diet, in contrast to the low P:S grape diet; but the reverse was found in terms of adult starvation resistance. Notably, the contrasting performance trade-offs are readily explained by the fly nutritional phenotype, reflected in the protein and energy (glucose and lipid) contents of flies reared on the two fruits. Together, our results provide experimental evidence for metabolic plasticity of D. suzukii reared on different fruits and the possibility of using adult nutritional phenotype as a marker for diet and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhang Shu
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laurice Uy
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adam Chun-Nin Wong
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Corresponding author, Adam C.N. Wong, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, Fl 32611-0620, Phone: 352-273-3977
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17
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Rho MS, Lee KP. Behavioural and physiological regulation of protein and carbohydrates in mealworm larvae: A geometric analysis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 136:104329. [PMID: 34826391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate regulation in the larvae of the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.) was analyzed using the Geometric Framework for nutrition. In this study, the ingestive and post-ingestive responses were measured from T. molitor larvae that were subjected to choice and no-choice experiments. In the choice experiment, T. moitor larvae were simultaneously presented with one of two protein-biased foods (p35:c7 or p28:c5.6) and one of two carbohydrate-biased foods (p7:c35 or p5.6:c28). T. molitor larvae selected protein and carbohydrate in a ratio close to 1:1 over the first 15 days since the start of the experiment (days 0-15), but exhibited preference for carbohydrate-biased food over the next 15 days. The average protein:carbohydrate ratio selected over days 0-30 was 1:1.24. In the no-choice experiment, T. molitor larvae were restricted to one of seven foods with different protein and carbohydrate content (p0:c42, p7:c35, p14:c28, p21:c21, p28:c14, p35:c7, or p42:c0). On the p0:c42 food, consumption was greatly suppressed and no larvae completed their development. Across a range of these foods except p0:c42, T. molitor larvae consistently over-ate the surplus nutrient in the foods and showed a pattern of nutrient balancing similar to that previously described for other nutritional generalists. Despite having consumed substantially different amounts and ratios of macronutrients as larvae, T. molitor pupae in the no-choice food treatments had similar body nutrient composition, suggesting the presence of strong homeostatic regulation for body nutrient growth. Larval survivorship was significantly lower on two extremely imbalanced foods (p7:c35 and p42:0) than on more balanced foods. T. molitor larvae reared on p7:c35 suffered reduced biomass growth and delayed development compared with those on foods with higher protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Suk Rho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Chakraborty A, Sgrò CM, Mirth CK. The proximate sources of genetic variation in body size plasticity: The relative contributions of feeding behaviour and development in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 135:104321. [PMID: 34653505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Body size is a key life-history trait that influences many aspects of an animal's biology and is shaped by a variety of factors, both genetic and environmental. While we know that locally-adapted populations differ in the extent to which body size responds plastically to environmental conditions like diet, we have a limited understanding of what causes these differences. We hypothesized that populations could differ in the way body size responds to nutrition either by modulating growth rate, development time, feeding rate, or a combination of the above. Using three locally-adapted populations of Drosophila melanogaster from along the east coast of Australia, we investigated body size plasticity across five different diets. We then assessed how these populations differed in feeding behaviour and developmental timing on each of the diets. We observed population-specific plastic responses to nutrition for body size and feeding rate, but not development time. However, differences in feeding rate did not fully explain the differences in the way body size responded to diet. Thus, we conclude that body size variation in locally-adapted populations is shaped by a combination of growth rate and feeding behaviour. This paves the way for further studies that explore how differences in the regulation of the genetic pathways that control feeding behaviour and growth rate contribute to population-specific responses of body size to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Nicholls E, Rossi M, Niven JE. Larval nutrition impacts survival to adulthood, body size and the allometric scaling of metabolic rate in adult honeybees. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb242393. [PMID: 34263905 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a fundamental physiological measure linked to numerous aspects of organismal function, including lifespan. Although dietary restriction in insects during larval growth/development affects adult RMR, the impact of the nutritional composition of larval diets (i.e. diet quality) on adult RMR has not been studied. Using in vitro rearing to control larval diet quality, we determined the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on honeybee survival to adulthood, time to eclosion, body mass/size and adult RMR. High carbohydrate larval diets increased survival to adulthood and time to eclosion compared with both low carbohydrate and high protein diets. Upon emergence, bees reared on the high protein diet were smaller and lighter than those reared on other diets, whilst those raised on the high carbohydrate diet varied more in body mass. Newly emerged adult bees reared on the high carbohydrate diet showed a significantly steeper increase in allometric scaling of RMR compared with those reared on other diets. This suggests that the nutritional composition of larval diets influences survival to adulthood, time to eclosion and the allometric scaling of RMR. Given that agricultural intensification and increasing urbanisation have led to a decrease in both forage availability and dietary diversity for bees, our results are critical to improving understanding of the impacts of poor developmental nutrition on bee growth/development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Rossi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jeremy E Niven
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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20
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Carpenter M, Savage AM. Nutrient availability in urban food waste: carbohydrate bias in the Philadelphia–Camden urban matrix. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Urban areas provide animals with both a unique set of challenges and resources. One of the novel resources available in urban areas is an abundance of human food waste. Although it is known that many urban-dwelling animals are consuming human food waste at some level, there is not a good understanding of the nutrients provided by this novel resource. Given that human food waste is unlikely to resemble an animal’s natural diet, there could be health consequences for an animal consuming human food waste. In some animals, nutritional imbalances can also lead to behavioral changes, making it important to understand more precisely what they are eating. To answer the question of what nutrients were available in urban food waste, we surveyed food waste in the Philadelphia–Camden urban matrix. We found that human food waste contained ∼1000% more carbohydrates than other nutrient types. Given the impact that carbohydrate-rich diets can have on human health, there may be important consequences for the animals in urban environments that consume this food waste. Therefore, it is possible that human food subsidies have cascading consequences for entire communities and their ecosystem services in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Carpenter
- Deparment of Biodiversity, Evolution, and Earth Sciences, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amy M Savage
- Deparment of Biology, Rutgers University Camden, 303 Cooper St, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
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21
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Effect of Processed Beverage By-Product-Based Diets on Biological Parameters, Conversion Efficiency and Body Composition of Hermetia illucens (L) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050475. [PMID: 34065504 PMCID: PMC8160662 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Black Soldier Fly insect (BSF) Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) metabolizes low degraded ingredients and converts them into larval enriched nutrients. In the present study, the effect of processed beverage by-products, such as spent coffee grounds and brewer’s spent grains and their mixtures on biological parameters (larval development, survival), conversion efficiency and body composition of the BSF insect was evaluated. The effect of different rearing densities of BSF on the above parameters were also studied. Insect larvae were reared successfully in all tested diets, except for sole spent coffee grounds. Substrate mass reduction, protein conversion and bioconversion rates were higher on the reference feed, followed by brewer’s spent grains and brewer’s spent grains—spent coffee grounds mixture enriched with brewer’s yeast. Density did not affect any larval parameter except for fat. Our results illustrate that low value beverage by-products can be successfully utilized as constituents of a successful BSF diet. Abstract The effect of spent coffee grounds (SCG), brewer’s spent grains (BSG) and their mixtures with the addition of brewer’s yeast (BY) were tested in two rearing densities of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.). Different treatments were investigated on larval development, survival, yield, protein conversion (PrCR) and bioconversion rate (BCR), substrate mass reduction and body composition of the insect. BSF larvae were able to develop sufficiently in all diets, except on sole SCG. The addition of BY enhanced the performance properties of diets, especially in the case of SCG, where larvae underperformed. Substrate mass reduction, PrCR and BCR were affected only by feed and exhibited higher values on reference feed, followed by BSG and SCG+BSG enriched with BY. Density did not have a significant effect on various larval nutrients, except for fat, which was higher on larvae fed enriched feeds with BY and in the 300 larval density. The interaction between feed and density strongly affected the nitrogen and protein levels, larval yield and ash. Generally, diets which contained SCG exhibited high larval crude protein levels. Our results illustrate that low value beverage by-products can be successfully utilized as constituents of a successful BSF diet.
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Treidel LA, Clark RM, Lopez MT, Williams CM. Physiological demands and nutrient intake modulate a trade-off between dispersal and reproduction based on age and sex of field crickets. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:239063. [PMID: 33912953 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animals adjust resource acquisition throughout life to meet changing physiological demands of growth, reproduction, activity and somatic maintenance. Wing-polymorphic crickets invest in either dispersal or reproduction during early adulthood, providing a system in which to determine how variation in physiological demands, determined by sex and life history strategy, impact nutritional targets, plus the consequences of nutritionally imbalanced diets across life stages. We hypothesized that high demands of biosynthesis (especially oogenesis in females) drive elevated resource acquisition requirements and confer vulnerability to imbalanced diets. Nutrient targets and allocation into key tissues associated with life history investments were determined for juvenile and adult male and female field crickets (Gryllus lineaticeps) when given a choice between two calorically equivalent but nutritionally imbalanced (protein- or carbohydrate-biased) artificial diets, or when restricted to one imbalanced diet. Flight muscle synthesis drove elevated general caloric requirements for juveniles investing in dispersal, but flight muscle quality was robust to imbalanced diets. Testes synthesis was not costly, and life history investments by males were insensitive to diet composition. In contrast, costs of ovarian synthesis drove elevated caloric and protein requirements for adult females. When constrained to a carbohydrate-biased diet, ovary synthesis was reduced in reproductive morph females, eliminating their advantage in early life fecundity over the dispersal morph. Our findings demonstrate that nutrient acquisition modulates dispersal-reproduction trade-offs in an age- and sex-specific manner. Declines in food quality will thus disproportionately affect specific cohorts, potentially driving demographic shifts and altering patterns of life history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Treidel
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca M Clark
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Sienna College, Department of Biology, Loudonville, NY 12211, USA
| | - Melissa T Lopez
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Caroline M Williams
- University of California, Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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23
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Austin AJ, Gilbert JDJ. Solitary bee larvae prioritize carbohydrate over protein in parentally provided pollen. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Austin
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
- Strategy & Environment Ku‐ring‐gai Council Gordon NSW Australia
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24
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Symanski C, Redak RA. Does fluctuating asymmetry of wing traits capture relative environmental stress in a lepidopteran? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1199-1213. [PMID: 33598124 PMCID: PMC7863670 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is hypothesized to be a useful predictor of population canalization, especially for organisms at risk from environmental change.Identification of traits that meet statistical criteria as FA measures remains a challenge.Here, a laboratory experiment subjected immature butterflies (Vanessa cardui) to diet and temperature conditions of varying stress levels. Variation in dietary macronutrient ratio (protein: carbohydrate) and rearing temperature (optimal: 25°C; elevated: 32°C) was introduced as stressors. Temperature and nutrition are key variables influencing ectotherm growth and fitness and so are likely to be important stressors that influence FA.Individuals subjected to stressful conditions were predicted to show elevated FA of three wing size traits, as well as increased mortality and decreased adult body size.Trait FA did not vary across treatments. Instead, treatment levels impacted viability: The combined incidence of pupal death and expression of significant wing malformations increased in treatment levels designated as stressful. Variation in adult dry mass also reflected predicted stress levels. Results suggest that individuals predicted to display increased FA either died or displayed gross developmental aberrations.This experiment illustrates important constraints on the investigation of FA, including selection of appropriate traits and identification of appropriate levels of stressors to avoid elevated mortality. The latter concern brings into question the utility of FA as an indicator of stress in vulnerable, natural populations, where stress levels cannot be controlled, and mortality and fitness effects are often not quantifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Symanski
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of California at Riverside900 University AveRiversideCA92521USA
- Present address:
IrvineCAUSA
| | - Richard A. Redak
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of California at Riverside900 University AveRiversideCA92521USA
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25
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Tessnow AE, Behmer ST, Sword GA. Protein-carbohydrate regulation and nutritionally mediated responses to Bt are affected by caterpillar population history. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:335-342. [PMID: 32729162 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread adoption of genetically modified crops, including Bacillius thuringensis (Bt) crops that target chewing insects, has transformed agricultural pest management. This increased use of Bt has raised concerns about the onset of resistance amongst target pests. Recent studies have shown that for some caterpillars, nutritional foraging (e.g. the ratio of proteins and carbohydrates consumed) can affect the insect susceptibility to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac. However, studies on both nutritional foraging and Bt susceptibility tend to rely on laboratory colonies without specifically addressing physiological differences that may occur between populations of the same species. Here, we used choice assays, no choice assays and dose response assays to address two overarching questions: Do populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) vary in their protein-carbohydrate foraging behavior? and Does protein-carbohydrate intake impact S. frugiperda's susceptibility to the Bt toxin Cry1F? RESULTS All three of our S. frugiperda populations actively regulated their protein-carbohydrate intake, but we observed significant differences between populations with respect to their self-selected protein-carbohydrate intake. We also found that feeding at the protein-carbohydrate intake target slightly increased Cry1F susceptibility for one S. frugiperda population, but had no effect on the other two populations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that inherent differences exist in the nutritional physiology of three S. frugiperda populations, possibly related to the time spent in culture. This suggests that population-level differences are an important consideration when drawing parallels between field-collected and laboratory-reared insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Tessnow
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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26
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Le Gall M, Word ML, Beye A, Cease AJ. Physiological status is a stronger predictor of nutrient selection than ambient plant nutrient content for a wild herbivore. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 1:100004. [PMID: 36003608 PMCID: PMC9387501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2020.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is generally a close relationship between a consumer's food and its optimal nutrients. When there is a mismatch, it is hypothesized that mobile herbivores switch between food items to balance nutrients, however, there are limited data for field populations. In this study, we measured ambient plant nutrient content at two time points and contrasted our results with the nutrient ratio selected by wild female and male grasshoppers (Oedaleus senegalensis). Few plants were near O. senegalensis' optimal protein:carbohydrate ratio (P:C), nor were plants complementary. Grasshoppers collected earlier all regulated for a carbohydrate-biased ratio but females ate slightly more protein. We hypothesized that the long migration undertaken by this species may explain its carbohydrate needs. In contrast to most laboratory studies, grasshoppers collected later did not tightly regulate their P:C. These results suggest that field populations are not shifting their P:C to match seasonal plant nutrient shifts and that mobile herbivores rely on post-ingestive mechanisms in the face of environmental variation. Because this is among the first studies to examine the relationship between ambient nutrient landscape and physiological state our data are a key step in bridging knowledge acquired from lab studies to hypotheses regarding the role ecological factors play in foraging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gall
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Mira L. Word
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alioune Beye
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, Nganda, Senegal
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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27
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Ayayee PA, Kinney G, Yarnes C, Larsen T, Custer GF, van Diepen LTA, Muñoz-Garcia A. Role of the gut microbiome in mediating standard metabolic rate after dietary shifts in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb218271. [PMID: 32393544 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diet may be a significant determinant of insect gut microbiome composition. However, the extent to which dietary shifts shape both the composition and relevant functions of insect gut microbiomes, and ultimately impact host energy balance (i.e. metabolic phenotype), is not well understood. We investigated the impacts of diet switching on Diploptera punctata females maintained on a dog food (DF) diet relative to those fed a comparatively sub-optimal cellulose-amended dog food (CADF) diet for 4 weeks. After this period, dietary shift resulted in a significantly higher average mass-specific standard metabolic rate (SMR) in CADF-fed females compared with DF-fed females. We also uncovered significant 13C-enrichment in DF-fed insect samples relative to CADF-fed insect samples and lowered bacterial essential amino acid (EAA) provisioning in CADF-fed samples. Differences in SMR and EAA provisioning were not accompanied by significant differences in overall microbiome composition between the two groups. However, cellulolytic and nitrogen-fixing bacterial families dominant in wild omnivorous cockroaches and wood-feeding termites were significantly enriched in CADF-fed females than in DF-fed females, at the end of the study. We propose that these changes in microbiome composition after dietary shifts are associated with changes in EAA provisioning and possibly SMR. Further studies are needed to comprehensively understand the relative importance of gut microbial functions among the complexity of factors known to underscore SMR responses in insects under varying dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Ayayee
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - George Kinney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chris Yarnes
- Department of Plant Sciences, Stable Isotope Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon F Custer
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Linda T A van Diepen
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Agustí Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Mansfield, Mansfield, OH 43210, USA
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28
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Gutiérrez Y, Fresch M, Ott D, Brockmeyer J, Scherber C. Diet composition and social environment determine food consumption, phenotype and fecundity in an omnivorous insect. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200100. [PMID: 32431901 PMCID: PMC7211883 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is the single most important factor for individual's growth and reproduction. Consequently, the inability to reach the nutritional optimum imposes severe consequences for animal fitness. Yet, under natural conditions, organisms may face a mixture of stressors that can modulate the effects of nutritional asymmetry. For instance, stressful environments caused by intense interaction with conspecifics. Here, we subjected the house cricket Acheta domesticus to (i) either of two types of diet that have proved to affect cricket performance and (ii) simultaneously manipulated their social environment throughout their complete life cycle. We aimed to track sex-specific consequences for multiple traits during insect development throughout all life stages. Both factors affected critical life-history traits with potential population-level consequences: diet composition induced strong effects on insect development time, lifespan and fitness, while the social environment affected the number of nymphs that completed development, food consumption and whole-body lipid content. Additionally, both factors interactively determined female body mass. Our results highlight that insects may acquire and invest resources in a different manner when subjected to an intense interaction with conspecifics or when isolated. Furthermore, while only diet composition affected individual reproductive output, the social environment would determine the number of reproductive females, thus indirectly influencing population performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeisson Gutiérrez
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marion Fresch
- Institute for Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Ott
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Brockmeyer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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29
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Nagarajan-Radha V, Aitkenhead I, Clancy DJ, Chown SL, Dowling DK. Sex-specific effects of mitochondrial haplotype on metabolic rate in Drosophila melanogaster support predictions of the Mother's Curse hypothesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190178. [PMID: 31787038 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary theory proposes that maternal inheritance of mitochondria will facilitate the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations that are harmful to males but benign or beneficial to females. Furthermore, mtDNA haplotypes sampled from across a given species distribution are expected to differ in the number and identity of these 'male-harming' mutations they accumulate. Consequently, it is predicted that the genetic variation which delineates distinct mtDNA haplotypes of a given species should confer larger phenotypic effects on males than females (reflecting mtDNA mutations that are male-harming, but female-benign), or sexually antagonistic effects (reflecting mutations that are male-harming, but female-benefitting). These predictions have received support from recent work examining mitochondrial haplotypic effects on adult life-history traits in Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we explore whether similar signatures of male-bias or sexual antagonism extend to a key physiological trait-metabolic rate. We measured the effects of mitochondrial haplotypes on the amount of carbon dioxide produced by individual flies, controlling for mass and activity, across 13 strains of D. melanogaster that differed only in their mtDNA haplotype. The effects of mtDNA haplotype on metabolic rate were larger in males than females. Furthermore, we observed a negative intersexual correlation across the haplotypes for metabolic rate. Finally, we uncovered a male-specific negative correlation, across haplotypes, between metabolic rate and longevity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal mitochondrial inheritance has led to the accumulation of a sex-specific genetic load within the mitochondrial genome, which affects metabolic rate and that may have consequences for the evolution of sex differences in life history. This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking the mitochondrial genotype to phenotype: a complex endeavour'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Aitkenhead
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David J Clancy
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Damian K Dowling
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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30
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Moeini P, Afsharifar A, Izadpanah K, Sadeghi SE, Eigenbrode SD. Maize Iranian mosaic virus (family Rhabdoviridae) improves biological traits of its vector Laodelphax striatellus. Arch Virol 2019; 165:169-178. [PMID: 31773326 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses can alter the behavior or performance of their arthropod vectors, either indirectly (through effects of virus infection on the host plant) or directly (from virus acquisition by the vector). Given the diversity of plant viruses and their arthropod vectors, the effects for any specific system are not possible to predict. Here, we present experimental evidence that acquisition of maize Iranian mosaic virus (MIMV, genus Nucleorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae) modifies the biological traits of its insect vector, the small brown planthopper (SBPH) Laodelphax striatellus. MIMV is an economically important virus of maize and several other grass species. It is transmitted by SBPHs in a persistent-propagative manner. We evaluated the effects of MIMV acquisition by SBPH on its life history when reared on healthy barley plants (Hordeum vulgare). We conclude that 1) MIMV acquisition by SBPHs increases female fecundity, duration of the nymph stage, adult longevity, and survival of SBPHs, (2) the mortality rate and female-to-male sex ratio are reduced in MIMV-infected planthoppers, and (3) MIMV infection increases the concentration of some biochemical components of the infected plants, including carbohydrates, some amino acids, and total protein, which might influence the life traits of its insect vector. The results indicate the potential of MIMV to improve the ecological fitness of its vector, SBPH, through direct or indirect effects, with the potential to increase the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Moeini
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Seyed Ebrahim Sadeghi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-77871, Iran
| | - Sanford D Eigenbrode
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA
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31
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Le Gall M, Word ML, Thompson N, Manneh B, Beye A, Cease AJ. Linking land use and the nutritional ecology of herbivores: A case study with the Senegalese locust. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Gall
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Mira L. Word
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Natalia Thompson
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | | | - Alioune Beye
- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux Nganda Senegal
| | - Arianne J. Cease
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ USA
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32
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Reyes-Ramírez A, Rocha-Ortega M, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Female preferences when female condition and male ornament expression vary. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Variation in the condition of females can affect their mate preferences. This may explain variation in the expression of male ornaments. We tested these ideas in the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor), a species in which females choose males based on their pheromones. We modified female condition using diets that differed in proteins and carbohydrates. We then allowed females to choose among males in which we had previously modified pheromone expression (either by varying diets as in females, or by fungal infection). Females were offered a choice between two males, both of which had been fed the same diet as the female, but which differed in whether they were infected or not. We repeated the same diet and infection treatments to determine whether poor (lower carbohydrate) diets decrease survival in both sexes. There was no effect of female diet on mate choice, but the infection state of the male did have an effect, with infected males being preferred. It is possible that infected males invest their resources in producing pheromones rather than attacking the pathogen. Both sexes, independent of infection, had higher survival when fed carbohydrate-rich diets. The results showed no effect of female condition on their preferences, at least not prior to copulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
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33
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Wang P, Furlong MJ, Walsh TK, Zalucki MP. Moving to Keep Fit: Feeding Behavior and Movement of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Artificial Diet With Different Protein: Carbohydrate Ratios. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5607537. [PMID: 31665784 PMCID: PMC6821168 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores can modify their foraging behavior to obtain a balanced food intake, and they tend to move between food sources with different nutrient values. We investigated this movement in early instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using a putative optimal artificial diet (OP) and high protein (HP) and high carbohydrate (HC) artificial diets based on protein (p) and carbohydrate (c) ratios. Larvae were allowed to choose between the same kind of diet cubes (effectively no-choice), or diet cubes with different p: c ratios. In no-choice tests, we found that first instar larvae remained longest on OP diet and spent the least time on HC diet, while third instar larvae remained longest on HC diet and spent least time on OP diet. First instar larvae moved the most when provided with HC diet, while third instar larvae moved most when provided with OP diet. However, both stages moved the least when allowed to choose between diet cubes with different p: c ratios. The relative growth rate decreased when larvae increased their movement, but this influence was not evident when larvae fed on HC diet. Larvae that fed only on HC diet had the highest relative growth rate, followed by larvae with access to all diets simultaneously, indicating a behavior to mix nutrient intake. We relate these findings to behavior of this major pest species under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas K Walsh
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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34
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Kutz TC, Sgrò CM, Mirth CK. Interacting with change: Diet mediates how larvae respond to their thermal environment. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C. Kutz
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Carla M. Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Christen K. Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
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35
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Deans C, Sword GA, Behmer ST. First evidence of protein-carbohydrate regulation in a plant bug (Lygus hesperus). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:118-124. [PMID: 31112715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lygus bugs are highly polyphagous piercing/sucking insects found throughout North America. Collectively, they have been reported to feed on over 330 plant species (one of the broadest host range ever documented for a group of insects); they also feed on many economically important crops. Despite its prevalence across North America and status as a common pest in many agroecosystems, very little is known about how Lygus bugs regulate their intake of nutrients. In reality, little is known about nutrient regulation for most hemipterans, specifically non-phloem feeding species in the suborder Heteroptera. This likely reflects difficulties in developing adequate artificial diets for insects with piercing/sucking mouthparts. There is, however, an artificial diet for L. hersperus, and in this study we modified it and performed choice and no-choice experiments to determine how L. hesperus regulates its intake of two macronutrients - protein (p) and carbohydrates (c) - that are tightly linked to survival and performance in other insect herbivores. In choice experiments L. hesperus was allowed to select between two foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios. We documented strong regulation for protein and carbohydrates, with late instar nymphs selecting a slightly protein-biased intake target (protein-carbohydrate ratio = 1.5:1). We also performed no-choice experiments, where nymphs were restricted to a single food. Here, the protein-carbohydrate ratio of their food had a strong impact on survival, which was highest for nymphs reared on the treatment with a protein-carbohydrate ratio closest to the self-selected intake target (determined by the choice experiments), but no significant impact on developmental time or mass gain. Our data are the first of their kind for a non-phloem feeding hemipteran and provide a starting point for more broadly understanding and further investigating the nutritional ecology/physiology of Lygus bugs. Our study also provides a framework for exploring nutrient regulation in other hemipterans and for optimizing artificial diets for piercing/sucking insects, especially heteropterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Deans
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States; University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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36
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Magara HJO, Tanga CM, Ayieko MA, Hugel S, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Salifu D, Niassy S, Sevgan S, Fiaboe KKM, Roos N, Ekesi S. Performance of Newly Described Native Edible Cricket Scapsipedus icipe (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) on Various Diets of Relevance for Farming. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:653-664. [PMID: 30657915 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new native edible cricket species, Scapsipedus icipe Hugel and Tanga, has been described in Kenya for the first time. However, there is lack of information on suitable diets and their effects on the developmental time, survival, weight gain, body length, growth index, preoviposition, oviposition, postoviposition, fecundity, egg eclosion period, adult emergence, and longevity of this species, which are prerequisite for large-scale production. In this study, six diets (wheat bran, soybean, fish offal, pumpkin leaf, carrot, and maize meals) selected to vary in protein, carbohydrate, and fat content were evaluated. The developmental time and survival rate of the different life stages varied considerably on the various diets, with the shortest development and highest survival rate recorded when fed wheat bran diet. Preoviposition duration was significantly longer on maize and carrot diets (>10 d) compared with that recorded on the other diets (<8 d). Body weight and body length were significantly influenced by the different diets tested. Females of S. icipe fed on protein-rich diets (fish offal, soybean, and wheat bran) had significantly higher lifetime fecundity and fertility. Female-biased sex ratio was recorded on wheat bran and soybean diets, whereas male-biased sex ratio was recorded on maize and carrot diets. Our findings reveal that the impact of diet quality on the biological fitness parameters of S. icipe and the implication of the results are discussed in light of effective mass rearing of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henlay J O Magara
- School of Agriculture and Food Security, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monica A Ayieko
- School of Agriculture and Food Security, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University Science and Technology (JOOUST), Bondo, Kenya
| | - Sylvain Hugel
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, UPR 3212 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira A Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daisy Salifu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Saliou Niassy
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K M Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nanna Roos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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37
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Akami M, Andongma AA, Zhengzhong C, Nan J, Khaeso K, Jurkevitch E, Niu CY, Yuval B. Intestinal bacteria modulate the foraging behavior of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210109. [PMID: 30650116 PMCID: PMC6334898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome of insects directly or indirectly affects the metabolism, immune status, sensory perception and feeding behavior of its host. Here, we examine the hypothesis that in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis, Diptera: Tephritidae), the presence or absence of gut symbionts affects foraging behavior and nutrient ingestion. We offered protein-starved flies, symbiotic or aposymbiotic, a choice between diets containing all amino acids or only the non-essential ones. The different diets were presented in a foraging arena as drops that varied in their size and density, creating an imbalanced foraging environment. Suppressing the microbiome resulted in significant changes of the foraging behavior of both male and female flies. Aposymbiotic flies responded faster to the diets offered in experimental arenas, spent more time feeding, ingested more drops of food, and were constrained to feed on time-consuming patches (containing small drops of food), when these offered the full complement of amino acids. We discuss these results in the context of previous studies on the effect of the gut microbiome on host behavior, and suggest that these be extended to the life history dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazarin Akami
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Awawing A. Andongma
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Zhengzhong
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Nan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanjana Khaeso
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Diseases, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chang-Ying Niu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (BY); (CYN)
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (BY); (CYN)
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38
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Guo J, Qi J, He K, Wu J, Bai S, Zhang T, Zhao J, Wang Z. The Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis feeding increases the direct and indirect defence of mid-whorl stage commercial maize in the field. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:88-102. [PMID: 29754404 PMCID: PMC6330542 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) is a destructive pest of maize (Zea mays L.). Despite large-scale commercial maize production, little is known about the defensive responses of field-grown commercial maize to O. furnacalis herbivory, and how these responses result in direct and indirect defence against this pest. To elucidate the maize transcriptome response to O. furnacalis feeding, leaves of maize hybrid Jingke968 were infested with O. furnacalis for 0, 2, 4, 12 and 24 h. Ostrinia furnacalis feeding elicited stronger and more rapid changes in the defence-related gene expression (i.e. after 2 h), and more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated than down-regulated at all times post-induction (i.e. 2, 4, 12 and 24 h) in the O. furnacalis pre-infested maize plants. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the DEGs in the O. furnacalis pre-infested maize are involved in benzoxazinoids, phytohormones, volatiles, and other metabolic pathways related to maize resistance to herbivores. In addition, the maize leaves previously infested by O. furnacalis for 24 h showed an obvious inhibition of the subsequent O. furnacalis performance, and maize volatiles induced by O. furnacalis feeding for 24 and 48 h attracted the parasitic wasp, Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke. The increased direct and indirect defences induced by O. furnacalis feeding were correlated with O. furnacalis-induced phytohormones, benzoxazinoids, and volatiles. Together, our findings provide new insights into how commercial maize orchestrates its transcriptome and metabolome to directly and indirectly defend against O. furnacalis at the mid-whorl stage in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and BiotechnologyYunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and BiotechnologyYunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Shuxiong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tiantao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Maize Research CenterBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhenying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsMOA – CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio‐safetyInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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39
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Qin J, Wu M, Liu H, Gao Y, Ren A. Endophyte Infection and Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Increased the Resistance of Achnatherum sibiricum to Insect Herbivores Independently. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 11:toxins11010007. [PMID: 30587763 PMCID: PMC6357071 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids are usually thought to be responsible for protecting endophyte-infected (EI) grasses from their herbivores. For EI grasses that produce few alkaloids, can endophyte infection enhance their resistance to herbivores? Related studies are limited. In the Inner Mongolian steppe, Achnatherum sibiricum is highly infected by Epichloë endophytes, but produces few alkaloids. Locusts are the common insect herbivores of grasses. In this study, A. sibiricum was used as plant material. Methyl jasmonate (MJ, when applied exogenously, can induce responses similar to herbivore damage) treatment was performed. The effects of endophyte infection and MJ treatment on the resistance of A. sibiricum to Locusta migratoria were studied. We found that locusts preferred EF (endophyte-free) plants to EI plants in both choice and no-choice feeding experiments. Endophyte infection enhanced the resistance of A. sibiricum to locusts. Endophyte infection decreased soluble sugar concentrations, while it increased the total phenolic content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, which may contribute to the resistance of A. sibiricum to locusts. There was an interaction effect between MJ treatment and endophyte infection on the growth of the host. MJ treatment was a negative regulator of the plant growth-promoting effects of endophyte infection. There was no interaction effect between MJ treatment and endophyte infection on the defense characteristics of the host. In groups not exposed to locusts, MJ treatment and endophyte infection had a similar effect in decreasing the soluble sugar content, while increasing the total phenolic content and the PAL activity. In groups exposed to locusts, the effect of MJ treatment on the above characteristics disappeared, while the effect of endophyte infection became more obvious. All of these results suggest that even for endophytes producing few alkaloids, they could still increase the resistance of native grasses to insect herbivores. Furthermore, endophyte infection might mediate the defense responses of the host, independent of jasmonic acid (JA) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Man Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yubao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Anzhi Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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40
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Biotic constraints on Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) host use in the southern US and their implications for future spread. FOOD WEBS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Reifer ML, Harrison SJ, Bertram SM. How dietary protein and carbohydrate influence field cricket development, size and mate attraction signalling. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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42
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Borzoui E, Bandani AR, Goldansaz SH, Talaei-Hassanlouei R. Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Levels Affect Performance and Digestive Physiology of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:942-949. [PMID: 29361082 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, life history and nutritional indices of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was evaluated on six food commodities: dried fig, dried wheat germ, dried white mulberry, groundnut, pistachio, and raisin, compared with artificial diet. The influence of dietary macronutrient content on digestive α-amylase was also assessed. A delay in the developmental time of P. interpunctella immature stages was detected when larvae were fed on raisin. The highest survival rate of immature stages was on the artificial diet, and the lowest was on raisin. The highest realized fecundity and fertility were recorded for the females reared on artificial diet. Overall, fourth instar P. interpunctella reared on artificial diet had the highest relative consumed and growth rate, and lowest rates were observed in larvae fed raisin. Amylolytic activity and isoform patterns varied depending on larval instar and diets, but were higher for larvae fed artificial diet with moderate carbohydrate and protein. Zymograms showed the presence of three isoforms of α-amylase in midgut extracts of P. interpunctella fed different diets. Larvae fed dried white mulberry, fig, and raisin had one (A2) α-amylase isoform. The data suggest that dietary carbohydrate and protein content induce changes in nutritional efficiency, development, and α-amylase activity. A survey of the differences in digestive enzyme activity in response to macronutrient balance and imbalance highlight their importance in the nutrition of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Borzoui
- Plant Protection Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - A R Bandani
- Plant Protection Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - S H Goldansaz
- Plant Protection Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - R Talaei-Hassanlouei
- Plant Protection Department, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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43
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Tessnow AE, Behmer ST, Walsh TK, Sword GA. Protein-carbohydrate regulation in Helicoverpa amigera and H. punctigera and how diet protein-carbohydrate content affects insect susceptibility to Bt toxins. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 106:88-95. [PMID: 28733239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many animals, including insects, demonstrate a remarkable ability to regulate their intake of key macronutrients (e.g., soluble protein and digestible carbohydrates), which allows them to optimize fitness and performance. Additionally, regulating the intake of these two macronutrients enhances an animal's ability to defend itself against pathogens, mitigate the effects of secondary plant metabolites, and decrease susceptibility to toxins. In this study, we first compared how Bt-resistant and -susceptible lines of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera regulate their intake of protein (p) and digestible carbohydrates (c). We found that there was no difference in the self-selected protein-carbohydrate intake target between resistant and susceptible genotypes of either species. We then explored the extent to which food protein-carbohydrate content altered the susceptibility of these species to three Bt toxins: Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and Vip3Aa. We found that H. armigera on diets that had protein-carbohydrate profiles that matched their self-selected protein-carbohydrate intake target were significantly less susceptible to Cry1Ac. In contrast, diet protein-carbohydrate content did not affect H. punctigera susceptibility to Cry1Ac. For both H. armigera and H. punctigera, susceptibility to Cry2Ab and Vip3Aa toxins did not change as a function of diet protein-carbohydrate profile. These results, when combined with earlier work on H. zea, suggest food protein-carbohydrate content can modify susceptibility to some Bt toxins, but not others. An increased understanding of how the nutritional environment can modify susceptibility to different Bt toxins could help improve pest management and resistance management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Tessnow
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tom K Walsh
- CSIRO, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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44
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Di Bello MM, Souza BHS, Nogueira L, Ribeiro ZA, Eduardo WI, Boiça Júnior AL. Optimization of Methodology for Rearing Spodoptera albula on Artificial Diet. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:546-553. [PMID: 28275949 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in techniques for rearing insects on artificial diets are fundamental to solving issues of basic and applied entomology. In this study, we evaluated the development of Spodoptera albula (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on three artificial diets used for other species of Lepidoptera, at three larval densities, and two densities of adult couples housed in oviposition cages of two sizes, with the aim of optimizing methodology for rearing S. albula in the laboratory. Biological parameters were recorded from S. albula, and a fitness index was calculated based on the larval survival and duration and weight of pupae. The total and daily oviposition was recorded using 5 or 10 adult couples of S. albula housed in two cage sizes. Concentrations of total nitrogen and protein in the tested diets were determined. Development of S. albula was completed in all artificial diets; however, the diet used for rearing Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) larvae was the most suitable for S. albula, yielding intermediate development time and higher survival relative to the other diets. Individualization of larvae favored S. albula development by producing overall greater weights of larvae and pupae, higher survival rates, and longer adult longevity. Cage size and number of couples per cage did not influence S. albula fecundity in the experiment conditions. Spodoptera albula can be satisfactorily reared on the artificial diet used for A. gemmatalis, using one larva per tube, and either density of adults at any cage size. Additional amendments are needed in the rearing methodology to achieve optimal conditions for larval development to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Di Bello
- Depto de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.
| | - B H S Souza
- Depto de Entomologia, Univ Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - L Nogueira
- Depto de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Z A Ribeiro
- Depto de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - W I Eduardo
- Depto de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - A L Boiça Júnior
- Depto de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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45
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The Impact of Diet Protein and Carbohydrate on Select Life-History Traits of The Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8020056. [PMID: 28561763 PMCID: PMC5492070 DOI: 10.3390/insects8020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of diet protein and carbohydrate percentages as well as moisture on the immature development, survivorship, and resulting adult longevity and egg production of the black soldier fly, Hermetiaillucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Moisture impacted development and corresponding life-history traits more than protein:carbohydrate content; larvae were unable to develop on diets at 40% moisture. Larvae fed diets at 70% moisture developed faster, grew larger, and required less food than those reared on diets at 55% moisture. Larvae reared on the balanced diet (21% protein:21% carbohydrate) at 70% moisture developed the fastest on the least amount of food and had the greatest survivorship to the prepupal stage. Adult emergence and longevity were similar across treatments, indicating immature life-history traits were impacted the most. The control (Gainesville house fly) diet was superior to the artificial diets for all parameters tested. These differences could indicate that other constituents (e.g., associated microbes) serve a role in black soldier fly development. These data are valuable for industrialization of this insect as a "green" technology for recycling organic waste, which can be highly variable, to produce protein for use as feed in the livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries, as well as for bioenergy production.
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46
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Heck MJ, Pehlivanovic M, Purcell JU, Hahn DA, Hatle JD. Life-extending Dietary Restriction Reduces Oxidative Damage of Proteins in Grasshoppers but Does Not Alter Allocation of Ingested Nitrogen to Somatic Tissues. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:616-623. [PMID: 27307298 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) extends life span and reduces reproduction in most animals. The disposable soma hypothesis suggests that this longevity is the result of reduced investment in reproduction and increased nutrient allocation to the soma, permitting an increase in cellular maintenance. To investigate the role of nutrient allocation upon life-extending DR, tissue-specific nitrogen allocation was tracked in grasshoppers (Romalea microptera) upon a full or restricted (60% of full) diet. In addition, carbonyl (oxidized protein) assays addressed tissue maintenance. To develop a labeled diet on which grasshoppers could thrive, hydroponically grown Romaine lettuce was enriched with 15N. This allowed quantification of nitrogen allocation upon a normal or restricted diet. There was a 50% decrease in reproductive investment upon DR. At the same time, relative allocation of 15N to the ovary did not change. Most important, relative allocation was similar between restricted and full diet grasshoppers for somatic tissues (ie, mandibular and femur muscle, dried hemolymph, gut, and fat body). Carbonyl assays of muscles, hemolymph, and gut revealed an overall reduction in protein oxidation upon DR. These data suggest that DR does not alter nutrient allocation but does reduce protein oxidation, an observation that is inconsistent with the basic predictions of the disposable soma hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Heck
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville
| | - Mirna Pehlivanovic
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville
- Present address: Stony Brook University, New York
| | - Jennifer U Purcell
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville
- Present address: Lake Erie College of Medicine, Florida, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - John D Hatle
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville
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47
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Han CS, Dingemanse NJ. Protein deprivation decreases male survival and the intensity of sexual antagonism in southern field cricketsGryllus bimaculatus. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:839-847. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Han
- Behavioural Ecology; Department of Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich; Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - N. J. Dingemanse
- Behavioural Ecology; Department of Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich; Planegg-Martinsried Germany
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48
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Roeder KA, Kaspari M. From cryptic herbivore to predator: stable isotopes reveal consistent variability in trophic levels in an ant population. Ecology 2017; 98:297-303. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl A. Roeder
- Department of Biology; Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Oklahoma; 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 314 Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
| | - Michael Kaspari
- Department of Biology; Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Oklahoma; 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 314 Norman Oklahoma 73019 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Balboa Panama
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49
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Deans CA, Behmer ST, Tessnow AE, Tamez-Guerra P, Pusztai-Carey M, Sword GA. Nutrition affects insect susceptibility to Bt toxins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39705. [PMID: 28045087 PMCID: PMC5206677 DOI: 10.1038/srep39705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide resistance represents a major challenge to global food production. The spread of resistance alleles is the primary explanation for observations of reduced pesticide efficacy over time, but the potential for gene-by-environment interactions (plasticity) to mediate susceptibility has largely been overlooked. Here we show that nutrition is an environmental factor that affects susceptibility to Bt toxins. Protein and carbohydrates are two key macronutrients for insect herbivores, and the polyphagous pest Helicoverpa zea self-selects and performs best on diets that are protein-biased relative to carbohydrates. Despite this, most Bt bioassays employ carbohydrate-biased rearing diets. This study explored the effect of diet protein-carbohydrate content on H. zea susceptibility to Cry1Ac, a common Bt endotoxin. We detected a 100-fold increase in LC50 for larvae on optimal versus carbohydrate-biased diets, and significant diet-mediated variation in survival and performance when challenged with Cry1Ac. Our results suggest that Bt resistance bioassays that use ecologically- and physiologically-mismatched diets over-estimate susceptibility and under-estimate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A. Deans
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Spencer T. Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ashley E. Tessnow
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- LIV-DEMI, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L. 66455, México
| | | | - Gregory A. Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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50
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Qin J, Gao Y, Liu H, Zhou Y, Ren A, Gao Y. Effect of Endophyte Infection and Clipping Treatment on Resistance and Tolerance of Achnatherum sibiricum. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1988. [PMID: 28018319 PMCID: PMC5156843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented that endophytes can enhance the resistance of agronomical grasses, such as tall fescue and perennial ryegrass to herbivory. For native grasses, however, the related reports are limited, and the conclusions are variable. Achnatherum sibiricum is a grass native to the Inner Mongolian steppe. This grass is highly infected by endophytes but does not produce detectable endophyte-related alkaloids known under normal conditions. In this study, the contributions of endophytes to the resistance of A. sibiricum to Locusta migratoria were studied. We found that locusts preferred EF (endophyte-free) plants to EI (endophyte-infected) plants, and the weight of locusts fed on EI plants was significantly lower than those fed on EF plants. Hence, endophyte infection significantly enhanced the resistance of the host to L. migratoria. Endophyte infection significantly decreased the concentration of soluble sugar and amino acids while significantly increased the concentration of total phenolic content, and these metabolites may contribute to herbivore resistance of the host. The clipping treatment further strengthened the locust resistance advantage of EI over EF plants. After clipping, the weight of the locusts fed on EI plants significantly decreased compared with those fed on unclipped plants, whereas the weight of the locusts fed on EF plants increased significantly. The results suggested that endophyte infection could increase herbivore resistance while decreasing the tolerance of the host grass by mechanisms apart from endophyte-conferred alkaloid defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Qin
- College of Life Sciences Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Life Sciences Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Life Sciences Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Anzhi Ren
- College of Life Sciences Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubao Gao
- College of Life Sciences Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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