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Schebeck M, Lehmann P, Laparie M, Bentz BJ, Ragland GJ, Battisti A, Hahn DA. Seasonality of forest insects: why diapause matters. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00110-1. [PMID: 38777634 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Insects have major impacts on forest ecosystems, from herbivory and soil-nutrient cycling to killing trees at a large scale. Forest insects from temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions have evolved strategies to respond to seasonality; for example, by entering diapause, to mitigate adversity and to synchronize lifecycles with favorable periods. Here, we show that distinct functional groups of forest insects; that is, canopy dwellers, trunk-associated species, and soil/litter-inhabiting insects, express a variety of diapause strategies, but do not show systematic differences in diapause strategy depending on functional group. Due to the overall similarities in diapause strategies, we can better estimate the impacts of anthropogenic change on forest insect populations and, consequently, on key ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schebeck
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU University, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany; Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Bolin Centre for Climate Research, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Barbara J Bentz
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, UT 84321, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Andrea Battisti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, I-35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA
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2
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Melicher D, Torson AS, Yocum GD, Bosch J, Kemp WP, Bowsher JH, Rinehart JP. Metabolic and transcriptomic characterization of summer and winter dormancy in the solitary bee, Osmia lignaria. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 166:104074. [PMID: 38228213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The solitary bee Osmia lignaria is a native pollinator in North America with growing economic importance. The life cycle of O. lignaria provides a unique opportunity to compare the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying two ecologically contrasting dormancies within the same species. O. lignaria prepupae become dormant during the summer to avoid high temperatures. Shortly after adult eclosion, they enter a second dormancy and overwinter as diapausing adults. To compare these two dormancies, we measured metabolic rates and gene expression across development as bees initiate, maintain, and terminate both prepupal (summer) and adult (overwintering) dormancies. We observed a moderate temperature-independent decrease in gas exchange during both the prepupal dormancy after cocoon spinning (45 %) and during adult diapause after eclosion (60 %). We sequenced and assembled a high-quality reference genome from a single haploid male bee with a contiguous n50 of 5.5 Mbp to facilitate our transcriptomic analysis. The transcriptomes of dormant prepupae and diapausing adults clustered into distinct groups more closely associated with life stage than dormancy status. Membrane transport, membrane-bound cellular components, oxidoreductase activity, glutathione metabolism, and transcription factor activity increased during adult diapause, relative to prepupal dormancy. Further, the transcriptomes of adults in diapause clustered into two groups, supporting multiple phases of diapause during winter. Late adult diapause was associated with gene expression profiles supporting increased insulin/IGF, juvenile hormone, and ecdysone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacotah Melicher
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Alex S Torson
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
| | - George D Yocum
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Jordi Bosch
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - William P Kemp
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Julia H Bowsher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive, 218 Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Joseph P Rinehart
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard North, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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3
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Wang K, Xu M, Zhao L. Plasticity of Life-History Traits and Adult Fitness of Fall Webworm in Relation to Climate Change. INSECTS 2024; 15:24. [PMID: 38249031 PMCID: PMC10816995 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental factor influencing the life-history traits of ectotherms. This study investigated the effects of larval-rearing temperature (21, 23, 25, and 27 °C) on the life-history traits and adult fitness of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, an economically important invasive pest of China. With the increase in temperature during the larval stage, the larval developmental duration was significantly shortened, and the body mass was significantly increased, as was that of the body mass and size of pupae. The carbohydrate and lipid content of pupae significantly decreased with increasing larval-rearing temperature, whereas the protein content significantly increased. Adult body size and egg production increased significantly with increasing larval-rearing temperature, whereas there was no significant difference in egg diameter. These results indicate that H. cunea demonstrates life-history traits plasticity. In addition, the increase in fecundity would maintain a stable population size of H. cunea under higher temperatures. Such characteristics could enable H. cunea to spread to the more southern, warmer areas of China, posing an increased risk to the forestry industry in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lvquan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (K.W.); (M.X.)
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4
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Bahlai CA. Forecasting insect dynamics in a changing world. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 60:101133. [PMID: 37858790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Predicting how insects will respond to stressors through time is difficult because of the diversity of insects, environments, and approaches used to monitor and model. Forecasting models take correlative/statistical, mechanistic models, and integrated forms; in some cases, temporal processes can be inferred from spatial models. Because of heterogeneity associated with broad community measurements, models are often unable to identify mechanistic explanations. Many present efforts to forecast insect dynamics are restricted to single-species models, which can offer precise predictions but limited generalizability. Trait-based approaches may offer a good compromise that limits the masking of the ranges of responses while still offering insight. Regardless of the modeling approach, the data used to parameterize a forecasting model should be carefully evaluated for temporal autocorrelation, minimum data needs, and sampling biases in the data. Forecasting models can be tested using near-term predictions and revised to improve future forecasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie A Bahlai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA; Environmental Science and Design Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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5
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Roberts KT, Szejner-Sigal A, Lehmann P. Seasonal energetics: are insects constrained by energy during dormancy? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245782. [PMID: 37921417 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In seasonal environments, many animals, including insects, enter dormancy, where they are limited to a fixed energy budget. The inability to replenish energetic stores during these periods suggests insects should be constrained by pre-dormancy energy stores. Over the last century, the community of researchers working on survival during dormancy has operated under the strong assumption that energy limitation is a key fitness trait driving the evolution of seasonal strategies. That is, energy use has to be minimized during dormancy because insects otherwise run out of energy and die during dormancy, or are left with too little energy to complete development, reproductive maturation or other costly post-dormancy processes such as dispersal or nest building. But if energy is so strongly constrained during dormancy, how can some insects - even within the same species and population - be dormant in very warm environments or show prolonged dormancy for many successive years? In this Commentary, we discuss major assumptions regarding dormancy energetics and outline cases where insects appear to align with our assumptions and where they do not. We then highlight several research directions that could help link organismal energy use with landscape-level changes. Overall, the optimal energetic strategy during dormancy might not be to simply minimize metabolic rate, but instead to maintain a level that matches the demands of the specific life-history strategy. Given the influence of temperature on energy use rates of insects in winter, understanding dormancy energetic strategies is critical in order to determine the potential impacts of climate change on insects in seasonal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre Szejner-Sigal
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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6
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Kovac H, Käfer H, Petrocelli I, Amstrup AB, Stabentheiner A. The Impact of Climate on the Energetics of Overwintering Paper Wasp Gynes ( Polistes dominula and Polistes gallicus). INSECTS 2023; 14:849. [PMID: 37999050 PMCID: PMC10672273 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Gynes of paper wasps (Polistes sp.) spend the cold season in sheltered hibernacles. These hibernacles protect against predators and adverse weather conditions but offer only limited protection against low temperatures. During overwintering diapause, wasps live on the energy they store. We investigated the hibernacles' microclimate conditions of species from the Mediterranean (Italy, P. dominula, P. gallicus) and temperate (Austria, P. dominula) climates in order to describe the environmental conditions and calculate the energetic demand of overwintering according to standard metabolic rate functions. The temperatures at the hibernacles differed significantly between the Mediterranean and temperate habitats (average in Austria: 3.2 ± 5.71 °C, in Italy: 8.5 ± 5.29 °C). In both habitats, the hibernacle temperatures showed variance, but the mean hibernacle temperature corresponded closely to the meteorological climate data. Cumulative mass-specific energetic costs over the studied period were the lowest for the temperate P. dominula population compared with both Mediterranean species. The lower costs of the temperate species were a result of the lower hibernacle temperature and acclimation to lower environmental temperatures. Model calculations with an increased mean temperature of up to 3 °C due to climate change indicate a dramatic increase of up to 40% in additional costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kovac
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Käfer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Iacopo Petrocelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Astrid B. Amstrup
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Biology—Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anton Stabentheiner
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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von Schmalensee L, Caillault P, Gunnarsdóttir KH, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. Seasonal specialization drives divergent population dynamics in two closely related butterflies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3663. [PMID: 37339960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasons impose different selection pressures on organisms through contrasting environmental conditions. How such seasonal evolutionary conflict is resolved in organisms whose lives span across seasons remains underexplored. Through field experiments, laboratory work, and citizen science data analyses, we investigate this question using two closely related butterflies (Pieris rapae and P. napi). Superficially, the two butterflies appear highly ecologically similar. Yet, the citizen science data reveal that their fitness is partitioned differently across seasons. Pieris rapae have higher population growth during the summer season but lower overwintering success than do P. napi. We show that these differences correspond to the physiology and behavior of the butterflies. Pieris rapae outperform P. napi at high temperatures in several growth season traits, reflected in microclimate choice by ovipositing wild females. Instead, P. rapae have higher winter mortality than do P. napi. We conclude that the difference in population dynamics between the two butterflies is driven by seasonal specialization, manifested as strategies that maximize gains during growth seasons and minimize harm during adverse seasons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loke von Schmalensee
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pauline Caillault
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 1D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
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8
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Zhao XD, Geng YS, Hu TY, Li WX, Liang YY, Hao DJ. Comparing the Performance of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) on Artificial and Natural Diets: Feasibility of Mass-Rearing on Artificial Diets. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:181-191. [PMID: 36412250 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In China, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) is an invasive phytophagous pest; it attacks nearly all species of defoliated trees. To develop integrated pest management programs (IPM) for H. cunea, we need to ensure the availability of insects by mass-rearing them on artificial diets under laboratory conditions. This study compared the growth characteristics, nutritional indices, growth indices, and digestive enzyme activity of insects reared on Pterocarya stenoptera C.DC (Fagales: Juglandaceae), the Chinese wingnut, and an artificial diet. We also investigated the correlation between diet components and growth indices using principal components analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. We found that mass-rearing of H. cunea on an artificial diet was feasible. It led to a shorter developmental period, with heavier larvae and pupae than natural diets. The principal components analysis indicated that the growth indices and α-Amylase were significantly positively associated with PC1, which explained 82.45% of the total data variability. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between digestion, absorption parameters, and growth. Developing a mass-rearing program to produce H. cunea on an artificial diet will be valuable for improving IPM strategies. Understanding the mechanism of the responses of phytophagous insect populations to anthropogenic diet regulation can provide new ideas and methods for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Zhao
- CoInnovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Shu Geng
- CoInnovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Hu
- CoInnovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Li
- CoInnovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liang
- CoInnovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
| | - De-Jun Hao
- CoInnovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, China
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9
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Zhao L, Wang X, Liu Z, Torson AS. Energy Consumption and Cold Hardiness of Diapausing Fall Webworm Pupae. INSECTS 2022; 13:853. [PMID: 36135554 PMCID: PMC9505466 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diapause and cold hardiness are essential components of winter survival for most insects in temperate zones. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, overwinters in a pupal diapause. In this study, we investigated the energy consumption and cold hardiness of diapausing pupae. We found that lipid content decreased from October to November and stabilized from November to March. Glycogen content decreased by 61.3% and 52.2% for females and males, respectively, from October to November, and decreased slowly from November to March. We also observed a significant increase in trehalose concentrations as ambient temperatures decreased from October to November and a decrease in trehalose as temperatures increased again in March. We did not observe substantial changes in pupal supercooling points among the dates sampled. In addition, prolonged pupal development time reduced their survival rate and had no significant effect on post-diapause adult body mass and fecundity but reduced egg diameter in females. These results suggest that the energy consumption of H. cunea pupae during early diapause depends on lipid and glycogen, while it shifts to depend on glycogen or other energy stores in the mid- and late diapause stages. Our results also suggest that the prolonged development time of diapausing pupae had a negative effect on post-diapause fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvquan Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xinmei Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zheng Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Alex S. Torson
- USDA-ARS Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
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10
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Nilsson-Örtman V, Brönmark C. The time course of metabolic plasticity and its consequences for growth performance under variable food supply in the northern pike. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220427. [PMID: 35611529 PMCID: PMC9130793 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species up- or downregulate their resting metabolic rate (RMR) when they encounter favourable or unfavourable feeding conditions, respectively. This is thought to promote faster growth when food is abundant and conserve energy reserves when food is scarce. The time it takes to express metabolic plasticity remain little studied. Here, we develop a conceptual model showing how rapid or slow metabolic plasticity alter growth trajectories in response to changes in food supply. We test predictions from the model in a food manipulation experiment with young-of-the-year northern pike, Esox lucius, a species that experience drastic changes in food supply in nature. We find that metabolic plasticity is expressed gradually over several weeks in this species. Rapid changes in food supply thus caused apparent trait-environment mismatches that persisted for at least five weeks. Contrary to predictions, pike grew faster at high food levels when they had previously experienced low food levels and downregulated their RMR. This was not owing to increases in food intake but probably reflected that low RMRs increased the energetic scope for growth when feeding conditions improved. This highlights the important but complex effects of metabolic plasticity on growth dynamics under variable resource levels on ecologically relevant time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Nilsson-Örtman
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology Unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Zhao L, Wang W, Qiu Y, Torson AS. Physiological Mechanisms of Variable Nutrient Accumulation Patterns Between Diapausing and Non-Diapausing Fall Webworm (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Pupae. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1158-1165. [PMID: 34363460 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diapause is a highly advantageous strategy for winter survival for insects living in temperate environments. However, insects typically do not feed during diapause and are therefore presented with a complicated energetics problem. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, overwinter as diapausing pupae, but adults of this species lose their ability to feed due to the degeneration of their mouthparts. Thus, the energy reserves stored before diapauses contribute to the survival rate and fitness of the adults after emergence. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that diapause-destined larvae of H. cunea reserve more energy by increasing feeding rate, feeding efficiency, or both, during the diapause preparation phase compared with non-diapause-destined larvae. We observed higher digestive efficiency, increased lipase and amylase activity, and lower protease activity in diapause-destined larvae compared to non-diapause-destined larvae. These differences in digestive physiology during diapause preparation lead to greater body size and mass, increased lipid and carbohydrate content, and lower soluble protein content in diapausing pupae, relative to non-diapause pupae - results consistent with our hypothesis. We conclude that diapause-destined fall webworm reserve more energy than non-diapause-destined individuals by increasing feeding efficiency, and that this increase in efficiency is at least partially driven by increased lipase and amylase activities in the midgut. This is in contrast to non-diapause-destined larvae, which likely reserve greater protein than diapause-destined larvae to help maintain their physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvquan Zhao
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Qiu
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Alex S Torson
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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12
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Torson AS, Lei Zhang M, Smith AJ, Mohammad L, Ong K, Doucet D, Roe AD, Sinclair BJ. Dormancy in laboratory-reared Asian longhorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 130:104179. [PMID: 33307098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An insect's capacity to survive winter is critical for range expansion in temperate regions. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a polyphagous wood-boring insect native to China and the Korean peninsula and poses a high risk of invasion in North America and Europe. It is unclear whether A. glabripennis enters diapause, which means that diapause cannot be included in assessments of the risk of this species invading forests in temperate regions. Using a laboratory colony, we examine larval developmental arrest, metabolic rates, gas exchange patterns, thermal sensitivity, and body composition to characterize larval dormancy. Chilled larvae entered a temperature-independent developmental arrest which usually required more than four weeks of chilling to break, decreased their metabolic rate by as much as 63%, and maintained energy stores throughout the chilling period - results consistent with an obligate diapause. We also observed a switch to discontinuous gas exchange at low temperatures. Thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate did not differ between chilled and non-chilled larvae. Taken together, we conclude that A. glabripennis enters a larval diapause during chilling and terminates diapause after a requisite chilling period. These results will enhance our ability to predict phenology and potential distribution of current and future invasions of A. glabripennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Torson
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Meng Lei Zhang
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Adam J Smith
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lamees Mohammad
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kevin Ong
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Daniel Doucet
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Amanda D Roe
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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13
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Zhao L, Wang W, Qiu Y, Torson AS. Plasticity of nutrient accumulation patterns in diapausing fall webworm pupae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 111:1-8. [PMID: 33785080 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of nutrients during diapause preparation is crucial because any lack of nutrition will reduce the likelihood of insects completing diapause, thereby decreasing their chances of survival and reproduction. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, diapause as overwintering pupae and their diapause incidence and diapause intensity are regulated by the photoperiod. In this study, we test the hypothesis that photoperiod influences energy reserve accumulation during diapause preparation in fall webworm. We found that the body size and mass, lipid and carbohydrate content of pupae with a short photoperiod during the diapause induction phase were significantly greater than those of pupae with a relatively short photoperiod, and the efficiency of converting digested food and ingested food into body matter was greater in the short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae than the relatively short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae. We also observed higher lipase and amylase activities in short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae relative to the counterparts. However, no obvious difference was found in protein and protease in the pupae with a short photoperiod during the diapause induction phase and short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae compared with the counterparts. Therefore, we conclude that the energy reserve patterns of diapausing fall webworm pupae are plastic and that short-photoperiod diapause-destined larvae increase their energy reserves by improving their feeding efficiency and increase their lipid and carbohydrate stores by increasing the lipase and amylase activities in the midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvquan Zhao
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Ying Qiu
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, China
| | - Alex S Torson
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ONN6A 5B7, Canada
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Zhao L, Wang W. Effects of Autumn Warming on Energy Consumption of Diapausing Fall Webworm (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Pupae. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6209913. [PMID: 33822125 PMCID: PMC8023358 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since its invasion into China in 1979, the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, has spread from Dandong city (about 40°N) in Liaoning Province to Nanjing city (about 32°N) in Jiangsu Province, and to other areas. Owing to geographic and latitudinal gradients in temperature, H. cunea will encounter temperature changes during the spreading process. In this study, we verified the hypothesis that autumn warming accelerates the energy consumption of H. cunea diapause pupae. We found that, after autumn warming, the body size and mass of diapause pupae decreased significantly and raised constant temperature accelerated carbohydrate and protein consumption in female pupae, while fluctuating temperature changes had a more pronounced effect on carbohydrate and protein consumption in male pupae. Contrary to expectations, the lipid content of diapause pupae did not decrease after autumn warming, and even increased significantly. We conclude that warming in autumn accelerates energy consumption by diapause pupae, and the autumn energy consumption of diapause pupae is dominated by carbohydrates, supplemented by protein when carbohydrates are overconsumed, while lipid use is dominated by anabolic metabolism during autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvquan Zhao
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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15
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Toxopeus J, Gadey L, Andaloori L, Sanaei M, Ragland GJ. Costs of averting or prematurely terminating diapause associated with slow decline of metabolic rates at low temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 255:110920. [PMID: 33582264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diapause, a form of insect dormancy, generally facilitates overwintering by increasing cold tolerance and decreasing energy drain at high temperatures via metabolic rate suppression. Averting or terminating diapause prior to winter is generally assumed to be a lethal phenotype. However, low temperature acclimation can also increase cold tolerance and decrease metabolic rates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that non- and post-diapause individuals in a cold-induced quiescence can achieve a diapause-like phenotype, compensating for the potential costs of averting diapause. We tested this in the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella, which typically overwinters in the soil as a diapause pupa, but can avert diapause (non-diapause) or terminate diapause early ('weak diapause') when reared at warm temperatures. Metabolic rates were initially higher in non- and post-diapause than diapause pupae at high (25 °C) and low (4 °C) temperatures, but quiescent non- and post-diapause pupae achieved diapause-like metabolic rates slowly over time when incubated at 4 °C for several weeks. We found that diapause and quiescent pupae were freeze-avoidant and had similar tolerance of extreme low temperatures (cooling to c. -18 °C) following 8 weeks acclimation at 4 °C. Despite high tolerance of subzero temperatures, quiescent pupae did not survive well when chilled for prolonged periods (8 weeks or more) at 4 °C. We conclude that cold acclimation can only partially compensate for costs associated with aversion or premature termination of diapause, and that energy drain at low (not just high) temperatures likely contributes to chilling mortality in quiescent insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
| | - Lahari Gadey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
| | - Lalitya Andaloori
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
| | - Matin Sanaei
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St, Denver, CO, 80204, United States.
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16
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Ciancio JJ, Turnbull KF, Gariepy TD, Sinclair BJ. Cold tolerance, water balance, energetics, gas exchange, and diapause in overwintering brown marmorated stink bugs. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 128:104171. [PMID: 33227277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an emerging pest which established in Ontario, Canada, in 2012. Halyomporpha halys overwinters in anthropogenic structures as an adult. We investigated seasonal variation in the cold tolerance, water balance, and energetics of H. halys in southwestern Ontario. We also induced diapause in laboratory-reared animals with short daylength at permissive temperatures and compared cold tolerance, water balance, energetics, and metabolism and gas exchange between diapausing and non-diapausing individuals. Halyomorpha halys that overwintered outside in Ontario all died, but most of those that overwintered in sheltered habitats survived. We confirm that overwintering H. halys are chill-susceptible. Over winter, Ontario H. halys depressed their supercooling point to c. -15.4 °C, and 50% survived a 1 h exposure to -17.5 °C. They reduce water loss rates over winter, and do not appear to significantly consume lipid or carbohydrate reserves to a level that might cause starvation. Overall, it appears that H. halys is dependent on built structures and other buffered microhabitats to successfully overwinter in Ontario. Laboratory-reared diapausing H. halys have lower supercooling points than their non-diapausing counterparts, but LT50 is not enhanced by diapause induction. Diapausing H. halys survive desiccating conditions for 3-4 times longer than those not in diapause, through decreases in both respiratory and cuticular water loss. Diapausing H. halys do not appear to accumulate any more lipid or carbohydrate than those not in diapause, but do have lower metabolic rates, and are slightly more likely to exhibit discontinuous gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Ciancio
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kurtis F Turnbull
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tara D Gariepy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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17
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Marshall KE, Gotthard K, Williams CM. Evolutionary impacts of winter climate change on insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 41:54-62. [PMID: 32711362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering is a serious challenge for insects, and winters are rapidly changing as climate shifts. The capacity for phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation will determine which species profit or suffer from these changes. Here we discuss current knowledge on the potential and evidence for evolution in winter-relevant traits among insect species and populations. We conclude that the best evidence for evolutionary shifts in response to changing winters remain those related to changes in phenology, but all evidence points to cold hardiness as also having the potential to evolve in response to climate change. Predicting future population sizes and ranges relies on understanding to what extent evolution in winter-related traits is possible, and remains a serious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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18
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Lehmann P, Westberg M, Tang P, Lindström L, Käkelä R. The Diapause Lipidomes of Three Closely Related Beetle Species Reveal Mechanisms for Tolerating Energetic and Cold Stress in High-Latitude Seasonal Environments. Front Physiol 2020; 11:576617. [PMID: 33101058 PMCID: PMC7546402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.576617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During winter insects face energetic stress driven by lack of food, and thermal stress due to sub-optimal and even lethal temperatures. To survive, most insects living in seasonal environments such as high latitudes, enter diapause, a deep resting stage characterized by a cessation of development, metabolic suppression and increased stress tolerance. The current study explores physiological adaptations related to diapause in three beetle species at high latitudes in Europe. From an ecological perspective, the comparison is interesting since one species (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) is an invasive pest that has recently expanded its range into northern Europe, where a retardation in range expansion is seen. By comparing its physiological toolkit to that of two closely related native beetles (Agelastica alni and Chrysolina polita) with similar overwintering ecology and collected from similar latitude, we can study if harsh winters might be constraining further expansion. Our results suggest all species suppress metabolism during diapause and build large lipid stores before diapause, which then are used sparingly. In all species diapause is associated with temporal shifts in storage and membrane lipid profiles, mostly in accordance with the homeoviscous adaptation hypothesis, stating that low temperatures necessitate acclimation responses that increase fluidity of storage lipids, allowing their enzymatic hydrolysis, and ensure integral protein functions. Overall, the two native species had similar lipidomic profiles when compared to the invasive species, but all species showed specific shifts in their lipid profiles after entering diapause. Taken together, all three species show adaptations that improve energy saving and storage and membrane lipid fluidity during overwintering diapause. While the three species differed in the specific strategies used to increase lipid viscosity, the two native beetle species showed a more canalized lipidomic response, than the recent invader. Since close relatives with similar winter ecology can have different winter ecophysiology, extrapolations among species should be done with care. Still, range expansion of the recent invader into high latitude habitats might indeed be retarded by lack of physiological tools to manage especially thermal stress during winter, but conversely species adapted to long cold winters may face these stressors as a consequence of ongoing climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Melissa Westberg
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik Tang
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Leena Lindström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute for Life Science and Biocenter Finland, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Powell THQ, Nguyen A, Xia Q, Feder JL, Ragland GJ, Hahn DA. A rapidly evolved shift in life‐history timing during ecological speciation is driven by the transition between developmental phases. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1371-1386. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Q. Powell
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University (State University of New York) Binghamton New York USA
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Qinwen Xia
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana USA
| | - Gregory J. Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver Denver Colorado USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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20
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Batz ZA, Clemento AJ, Fritzenwanker J, Ring TJ, Garza JC, Armbruster PA. Rapid adaptive evolution of the diapause program during range expansion of an invasive mosquito. Evolution 2020; 74:1451-1465. [PMID: 32490563 PMCID: PMC8023039 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In temperate climates, the recurring seasonal exigencies of winter represent a fundamental physiological challenge for a wide range of organisms. In response, many temperate insects enter diapause, an alternative developmental program, including developmental arrest, that allows organisms to synchronize their life cycle with seasonal environmental variation. Geographic variation in diapause phenology contributing to local climatic adaptation is well documented. However, few studies have examined how the rapid evolution of a suite of traits expressed across the diapause program may contribute to climatic adaptation on a contemporary timescale. Here, we investigate the evolution of the diapause program over the past 35 years by leveraging a "natural experiment" presented by the recent invasion of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, across the eastern United States. We sampled populations from two distinct climatic regions separated by 6° of latitude (∼700 km). Using common-garden experiments, we identified regional genetic divergence in diapause-associated cold tolerance, diapause duration, and postdiapause starvation tolerance. We also found regional divergence in nondiapause thermal performance. In contrast, we observed minimal regional divergence in nondiapause larval growth traits and at neutral molecular marker loci. Our results demonstrate rapid evolution of the diapause program and imply strong selection caused by differences in winter conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Batz
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDC20057
- Current Address: Neurobiology‐Neurodegeneration and Repair LaboratoryNational Eye Institute, National Institute of Health6 Center Drive, Room 307BethesdaMaryland20892
| | - Anthony J. Clemento
- Department of Ocean SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia95064
| | | | | | - John Carlos Garza
- Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia95064
- Department of Ocean SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia95064
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21
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Lindestad O, Schmalensee L, Lehmann P, Gotthard K. Variation in butterfly diapause duration in relation to voltinism suggests adaptation to autumn warmth, not winter cold. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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22
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Wang W, Liu GM, Zhang DX. Intraspecific variation in metabolic rate and its correlation with local environment in the Chinese scorpion Mesobuthus martensii. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.041533. [PMID: 31164338 PMCID: PMC6602336 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpions are well known for their reduced resting metabolic rate (RMR) in comparison to typical arthropods. Since RMR is a key physiological trait linked with evolutionary fitness, it is expected that there may exist intraspecific RMR variation given the ecological and geographical heterogeneities across the distributional range of a species. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether RMR variation exists among scorpion populations. Here, we compared the RMR (VCO2) of 21 populations of the Chinese scorpion Mesobuthus martensii (Scorpiones: Buthidae) at 25°C after at least 3 months of laboratory acclimation. The following results were obtained. First, there was significant difference in RMR between sexes when body-weight effects were factored out. Second, significant local variation in RMR was detected by analyses of both variance and covariance, with one population showing significantly reduced RMR and another significantly increased RMR. Third, regression analysis indicated that the local mean temperature and mean annual days of rainfall were the two significant factors associated with the aforementioned inter-population difference in RMR. The implication of such an association was discussed. Summary: Metabolic rate variation is observed between the two sexes and among populations in the Chinese scorpion, with the latter being correlated negatively with local mean temperature and positively with annual days of rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gao-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - De-Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China
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23
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Klockmann M, Fischer K. Strong reduction in diapause survival under warm and humid overwintering conditions in a temperate‐zone butterfly. POPUL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klockmann
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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24
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Temperate, polar and alpine insects generally do not feed over winter and hence must manage their energy stores to fuel their metabolism over winter and to meet the energetic demands of development and reproduction in the spring. In this Review, we give an overview of the accumulation, use and conservation of fat reserves in overwintering insects and discuss the ways insects modify fats to facilitate their selective consumption or conservation. Many insects are in diapause and have depressed metabolic rates over winter; together with low temperatures, this means that lipid stores are likely to be consumed predominantly in the autumn and spring, when temperatures are higher but insects remain dormant. Although there is ample evidence for a shift towards less-saturated lipids in overwintering insects, switches between the use of carbohydrate and lipid stores during winter have not been well-explored. Insects usually accumulate cryoprotectants over winter, and the resulting increase in haemolymph viscosity is likely to reduce lipid transport. For freeze-tolerant insects (which withstand internal ice), we speculate that impaired oxygen delivery limits lipid oxidation when frozen. Acetylated triacylglycerols remain liquid at low temperatures and interact with water molecules, providing intriguing possibilities for a role in cryoprotection. Similarly, antifreeze glycolipids may play an important role in structuring water and ice during overwintering. We also touch on the uncertain role of non-esterified fatty acids in insect overwintering. In conclusion, lipids are an important component of insect overwintering energetics, but there remain many uncertainties ripe for detailed exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J. Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Katie E. Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73609, USA
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25
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Voltinism-associated differences in winter survival across latitudes: integrating growth, physiology, and food intake. Oecologia 2018; 186:919-929. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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MacLean HJ, Penick CA, Dunn RR, Diamond SE. Experimental winter warming modifies thermal performance and primes acorn ants for warm weather. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:77-81. [PMID: 28549655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of warm winter days is increasing under global climate change, but how organisms respond to warmer winters is not well understood. Most studies focus on growing season responses to warming. Locomotor performance is often highly sensitive to temperature, and can determine fitness outcomes through a variety of mechanisms including resource acquisition and predator escape. As a consequence, locomotor performance, and its impacts on fitness, may be strongly affected by winter warming in winter-active species. Here we use the acorn ant, Temnothorax curvispinosus, to explore how thermal performance (temperature-driven plasticity) in running speed is influenced by experimental winter warming of 3-5°C above ambient in a field setting. We used running speed as a measure of performance as it is a common locomotor trait that influences acquisition of nest sites and food in acorn ants. Experimental winter warming significantly altered thermal performance for running speed at high (26 and 36°C) but not low test temperatures (6 and 16°C). Although we saw little differentiation in thermal performance at cooler test temperatures, we saw a marked increase in running speed at the hotter test temperatures for ants that experienced warmer winters compared with those that experienced cooler winters. Our results provide evidence that overwintering temperatures can substantially influence organismal performance, and suggest that we cannot ignore overwintering effects when forecasting organismal responses to environmental changes in temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J MacLean
- Institute for Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Clint A Penick
- Department of Applied Ecology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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27
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Boggs CL. The fingerprints of global climate change on insect populations. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 17:69-73. [PMID: 27720076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing papers from the last two years, I examined generalizations about the fingerprints of climate change on insects' population dynamics and phenology. Recent work shows that populations can differ in response to changes in climate means and variances. The part of the thermal niche occupied by an insect population, voltinism, plasticity and adaptation to weather perturbations, and interactions with other species can all exacerbate or mitigate responses to climate change. Likewise, land use change or agricultural practices can affect responses to climate change. Nonetheless, our knowledge of effects of climate change is still biased by organism and geographic region, and to some extent by scale of climate parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Boggs
- School of the Earth, Ocean & Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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28
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Rosenblatt AE, Crowley BT, Schmitz OJ. Linking trophic interactions to plasticity in thermal sensitivity of geographically separated populations of a herbivore. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Meyers PJ, Powell THQ, Walden KKO, Shieferecke A, Feder JL, Hahn DA, Robertson HM, Berlocher SH, Ragland GJ. Divergence of the diapause transcriptome in apple maggot flies: winter regulation and post-winter transcriptional repression. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2613-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Duration of dormancy regulates seasonal timing in many organisms and may be modulated by day length and temperature. Though photoperiodic modulation has been well studied, temperature modulation of dormancy has received less attention. Here, we leverage genetic variation in diapause in the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, to test whether gene expression during winter or following spring warming regulates diapause duration. We used RNAseq to compare transcript abundance during and after simulated winter between an apple-infesting population and a hawthorn-infesting population where the apple population ends pupal diapause earlier than the hawthorn-infesting population. Marked differences in transcription between the two populations during winter suggests that the ‘early’ apple population is developmentally advanced compared to the ‘late’ hawthorn population prior to spring warming, with transcripts participating in growth and developmental processes relatively up-regulated in apple pupae during the winter cold period. Thus, regulatory differences during winter ultimately drive phenological differences that manifest themselves in the following summer. Expression and polymorphism analysis identify candidate genes in the Wnt and insulin signaling pathways that contribute to population differences in seasonality. Both populations remained in diapause and displayed a pattern of up- and then down-regulation (or vice versa) of growth-related transcripts following warming, consistent with transcriptional repression. The ability to repress growth stimulated by permissive temperatures is likely critical to avoid mismatched phenology and excessive metabolic demand. Compared to diapause studies in other insects, our results suggest some overlap in candidate genes/pathways, though the timing and direction of changes in transcription are likely species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Meyers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Gregory J. Ragland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, USA
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, USA
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, USA
- Current Address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
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Sgrò CM, Terblanche JS, Hoffmann AA. What Can Plasticity Contribute to Insect Responses to Climate Change? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 61:433-51. [PMID: 26667379 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plastic responses figure prominently in discussions on insect adaptation to climate change. Here we review the different types of plastic responses and whether they contribute much to adaptation. Under climate change, plastic responses involving diapause are often critical for population persistence, but key diapause responses under dry and hot conditions remain poorly understood. Climate variability can impose large fitness costs on insects showing diapause and other life cycle responses, threatening population persistence. In response to stressful climatic conditions, insects also undergo ontogenetic changes including hardening and acclimation. Environmental conditions experienced across developmental stages or by prior generations can influence hardening and acclimation, although evidence for the latter remains weak. Costs and constraints influence patterns of plasticity across insect clades, but they are poorly understood within field contexts. Plastic responses and their evolution should be considered when predicting vulnerability to climate change-but meaningful empirical data lag behind theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - John S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia;
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Stålhandske S, Lehmann P, Pruisscher P, Leimar O. Effect of winter cold duration on spring phenology of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5509-20. [PMID: 27069602 PMCID: PMC4813107 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of spring temperature on spring phenology is well understood in a wide range of taxa. However, studies on how winter conditions may affect spring phenology are underrepresented. Previous work on Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly) has shown population‐specific reaction norms of spring development in relation to spring temperature and a speeding up of post‐winter development with longer winter durations. In this experiment, we examined the effects of a greater and ecologically relevant range of winter durations on post‐winter pupal development of A. cardamines of two populations from the United Kingdom and two from Sweden. By analyzing pupal weight loss and metabolic rate, we were able to separate the overall post‐winter pupal development into diapause duration and post‐diapause development. We found differences in the duration of cold needed to break diapause among populations, with the southern UK population requiring a shorter duration than the other populations. We also found that the overall post‐winter pupal development time, following removal from winter cold, was negatively related to cold duration, through a combined effect of cold duration on diapause duration and on post‐diapause development time. Longer cold durations also lead to higher population synchrony in hatching. For current winter durations in the field, the A. cardamines population of southern UK could have a reduced development rate and lower synchrony in emergence because of short winters. With future climate change, this might become an issue also for other populations. Differences in winter conditions in the field among these four populations are large enough to have driven local adaptation of characteristics controlling spring phenology in response to winter duration. The observed phenology of these populations depends on a combination of winter and spring temperatures; thus, both must be taken into account for accurate predictions of phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Pruisscher
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olof Leimar
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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Xi X, Wu X, Nylin S, Sun S. Body size response to warming: time of the season matters in a tephritid fly. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Xi
- Dept of Ecology; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Univ.; 22 Hankou Road CN-210093 Nanjing PR China
| | - Xinwei Wu
- Dept of Ecology; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Univ.; 22 Hankou Road CN-210093 Nanjing PR China
| | - Sören Nylin
- Dept of Zoology; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Shucun Sun
- Dept of Ecology; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Univ.; 22 Hankou Road CN-210093 Nanjing PR China
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Inst. of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; No 9 Section, 4 Renminnan Road CN-610041 Chengdu PR China
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