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Li L, He XZ, Zhang J, Bryant R, Hu A, Hou F. Concurrent and legacy effects of sheep trampling on soil organic carbon stocks in a typical steppe, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122121. [PMID: 39121623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Grazing plays a key role in ecosystem biogeochemistry, particularly soil carbon (C) pools. The non-trophic interactions between herbivores and soil processes through herbivore trampling have recently attracted extensive attention. However, their concurrent and legacy effects on the ecosystem properties and processes are still not clear, due to their effects being hard to separate via field experiments. In this study, we conducted a 2-year simulated-sheep-trampling experiment with four trampling intensity treatments (i.e., T0, T40, T80, and T120 for 0, 40, 80, and 120 hoofprints m-2, respectively) in a typical steppe to explore the concurrent and legacy effects of trampling on grassland ecosystem properties and processing. In 2017 (trampling treatment year), we found that trampling decreased aboveground biomass (AGB) of plant community and community-weighted mean shoot C concentration (CWM C), soil available nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P), but did not affect plant species diversity and belowground biomass (BGB). We show that compared with T0, trampling increased soil bulk density (BD) at T80, and decreased soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. After the cessation of trampling for two years (i.e., in 2019), previous trampling increased plant diversity and BGB, reaching the highest values at T80, but decreased soil available N and available P. Compared with T0, previous trampling significantly increased soil BD at T120, while significantly decreased CWM C at T80 and T120, and reduced SOC stocks at T80. Compared with 2017, the trampling negative legacy effects amplified at T80 but weakened at T40 and T120. We also show that trampling-induced decreases in soil available N, AGB of Fabaceae and CWM C were the main predictors of decreasing SOC stocks in 2017, while previous trampling-induced legacy effects on soil available P, AGB of Poaceae and CWM C contributed to the variations of SOC stocks in 2019. Taken together, short-term trampling with low intensity could maintain most plant functions, while previous trampling with low intensity was beneficial to most plant and soil functions. The results of this study show that T40 caused by sheep managed at a stocking rate of 2.7 sheep ha-1 is most suitable for grassland adaptive management in the typical steppe. The ecosystem functions can be maintained under a high stocking rate through the process of providing enough time to rebuild sufficient vegetation cover and restore soil through measures such as regional rotational grazing and seasonal grazing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Restoration and Utilization of Degraded Grassland in Northwest China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Xiong Zhao He
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Restoration and Utilization of Degraded Grassland in Northwest China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Racheal Bryant
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - An Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Restoration and Utilization of Degraded Grassland in Northwest China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Technology Research Center for Ecological Restoration and Utilization of Degraded Grassland in Northwest China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
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Ma Y, Zheng C, Bo Y, Song C, Zhu F. Improving crop salt tolerance through soil legacy effects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1396754. [PMID: 38799102 PMCID: PMC11116649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1396754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization poses a critical problem, adversely affecting plant development and sustainable agriculture. Plants can produce soil legacy effects through interactions with the soil environments. Salt tolerance of plants in saline soils is not only determined by their own stress tolerance but is also closely related to soil legacy effects. Creating positive soil legacy effects for crops, thereby alleviating crop salt stress, presents a new perspective for improving soil conditions and increasing productivity in saline farmlands. Firstly, the formation and role of soil legacy effects in natural ecosystems are summarized. Then, the processes by which plants and soil microbial assistance respond to salt stress are outlined, as well as the potential soil legacy effects they may produce. Using this as a foundation, proposed the application of salt tolerance mechanisms related to soil legacy effects in natural ecosystems to saline farmlands production. One aspect involves leveraging the soil legacy effects created by plants to cope with salt stress, including the direct use of halophytes and salt-tolerant crops and the design of cropping patterns with the specific crop functional groups. Another aspect focuses on the utilization of soil legacy effects created synergistically by soil microorganisms. This includes the inoculation of specific strains, functional microbiota, entire soil which legacy with beneficial microorganisms and tolerant substances, as well as the application of novel technologies such as direct use of rhizosphere secretions or microbial transmission mechanisms. These approaches capitalize on the characteristics of beneficial microorganisms to help crops against salinity. Consequently, we concluded that by the screening suitable salt-tolerant crops, the development rational cropping patterns, and the inoculation of safe functional soils, positive soil legacy effects could be created to enhance crop salt tolerance. It could also improve the practical significance of soil legacy effects in the application of saline farmlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yukun Bo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunxu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development, Quzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
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3
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Zhou XH, Li JJ, Peng PH, He WM. Climate warming impacts chewing Spodoptera litura negatively but sucking Corythucha marmorata positively on native Solidago canadensis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171504. [PMID: 38460690 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Insect-plant interactions are among importantly ecological processes, and rapid environmental changes such as temperature and resource fluctuations can disrupt long-standing insect-plant interactions. While individual impacts of climate warming, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, and plant provenance on insect-plant interactions are well studied, their joint effects on insect-plant interactions are less explored in ecologically realistic settings. To this end, we performed five experiments with native and invasive Solidago canadensis populations from home and introduced ranges and two insect herbivores (leaf-chewing Spodoptera litura and sap-sucking Corythucha marmorata) in the context of climate warming and N deposition. We determined leaf defensive traits, feeding preference, and insect growth and development, and quantified the possible associations among climate change, host-plant traits, and insect performance with structural equation modeling. First, native S. canadensis populations experienced higher damage by S. litura but lower damage by C. marmorata than invasive S. canadensis populations in the ambient environment. Second, warming decreased the leaf consumption, growth, and survival of S. litura on native S. canadensis populations, but did not affect these traits on invasive S. canadensis populations; warming increased the number of C. marmorata on native S. canadensis populations via direct facilitation, but decreased that on invasive S. canadensis populations via indirect suppression. Third, N addition enhanced the survival of S. litura on native S. canadensis populations, and its feeding preference and leaf consumption on invasive S. canadensis populations. Finally, warming plus N addition exhibited non-additive effects on insect-plant interactions. Based on these results, we tentatively conclude that climate warming could have contrasting effects on insect-plant interactions depending on host-plant provenance and that the effects of atmospheric N deposition on insects might be relatively weak compared to climate warming. Future studies should focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying these different patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Zhou
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-Ji Li
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei-Hao Peng
- Institute of Ecological Resources and Landscape Architecture, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Ming He
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Hebei Urban Forest Health Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, China.
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4
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Davis JK, Cohen AD, Getman-Pickering ZL, Grab HL, Hodgden B, Maher RM, Pelzer CJ, Rangarajan A, Ryan MR, Ugine TA, Thaler JS. Agricultural soil legacy influences multitrophic interactions between crops, their pathogens and pollinators. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231453. [PMID: 38018107 PMCID: PMC10685131 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil legacy influences plant interactions with antagonists and below-ground mutualists. Plant-antagonist interactions can jeopardize plant-pollinator interactions, while soil mutualists can enhance plant-pollinator interactions. This suggests that soil legacy, either directly or mediated through plant symbionts, affects pollinators. Despite the importance of pollinators to natural and managed ecosystems, information on how soil legacy affects plant-pollinator interactions is limited. We assessed effects of soil management legacy (organic versus conventional) on floral rewards and plant interactions with wild pollinators, herbivores, beneficial fungi and pathogens. We used an observational dataset and structural equation models to evaluate hypothesized relationships between soil and pollinators, then tested observed correlations in a manipulative experiment. Organic legacy increased mycorrhizal fungal colonization and improved resistance to powdery mildew, which promoted pollinator visitation. Further, soil legacy and powdery mildew independently and interactively impacted floral traits and floral reward nutrients, which are important to pollinators. Our results indicate that pollination could be an overlooked consequence of soil legacy and suggests opportunity to develop long-term soil management plans that benefit pollinators and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules K. Davis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anna D. Cohen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Heather L. Grab
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Blythe Hodgden
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ryan M. Maher
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chris J. Pelzer
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anu Rangarajan
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Todd A. Ugine
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Thaler
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
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Rathore N, Hanzelková V, Dostálek T, Semerád J, Schnablová R, Cajthaml T, Münzbergová Z. Species phylogeny, ecology, and root traits as predictors of root exudate composition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37421208 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Root traits including root exudates are key factors affecting plant interactions with soil and thus play an important role in determining ecosystem processes. The drivers of their variation, however, remain poorly understood. We determined the relative importance of phylogeny and species ecology in determining root traits and analyzed the extent to which root exudate composition can be predicted by other root traits. We measured different root morphological and biochemical traits (including exudate profiles) of 65 plant species grown in a controlled system. We tested phylogenetic conservatism in traits and disentangled the individual and overlapping effects of phylogeny and species ecology on traits. We also predicted root exudate composition using other root traits. Phylogenetic signal differed greatly among root traits, with the strongest signal in phenol content in plant tissues. Interspecific variation in root traits was partly explained by species ecology, but phylogeny was more important in most cases. Species exudate composition could be partly predicted by specific root length, root dry matter content, root biomass, and root diameter, but a large part of variation remained unexplained. In conclusion, root exudation cannot be easily predicted based on other root traits and more comparative data on root exudation are needed to understand their diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Rathore
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Hanzelková
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Dostálek
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Semerád
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renáta Schnablová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Liu X, Bezemer TM. Current and legacy effects of neighborhood communities on plant growth and aboveground herbivory. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Carof M, Godinot O, Le Cadre E. Biodiversity-based cropping systems: A long-term perspective is necessary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156022. [PMID: 35588807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity-based cropping systems are an interesting option to address the many challenges that agriculture faces. However, benefits of these systems should not obscure the fact that creating biodiversity-based cropping systems represents a major change for farmers. To address this challenge, we argue that designing biodiversity-based cropping systems requires transforming ecological concepts into technical opportunities. Indeed, integrating ecological concepts such as plant-soil feedback and plant functional traits more strongly into cropping system design offers promising opportunities for the provision of ecosystem services, such as pest and disease control, crop production (including crop yield stability), climate regulation and regulation of soil quality. Accordingly, we demonstrate that designing biodiversity-based cropping systems requires considering not only the short term but also the long term. This would ensure that the expected ecosystem services have enough time to build up and provide their full effects, that the cropping systems are resilient and that they avoid the limitations of short-term assessments, which do not sufficiently consider multi-year effects. Considering long-term consequences of system change - induced by biodiversity - is essential to identify potential trade-offs between ecosystem services, as well as agricultural obstacles to and mechanisms of change. Including farmers and other food-chain actors in cropping system design would help find acceptable compromises that consider not only the provision of ecosystem services, but also other dimensions related to economic viability, workload or the technical feasibility of crops, which are identified as major obstacles to crop diversification. This strategy represents an exciting research front for the development of agroecological cropping systems.
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8
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The role of timing in intraspecific trait ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:997-1005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Xi N, Chen D, Bahn M, Wu H, Chu C, Cadotte MW, Bloor JMG. Drought soil legacy alters drivers of plant diversity-productivity relationships in oldfield systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3368. [PMID: 35507655 PMCID: PMC9067920 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem functions are threatened by both recurrent droughts and declines in biodiversity at a global scale, but the drought dependency of diversity-productivity relationships remains poorly understood. Here, we use a two-phase mesocosm experiment with simulated drought and model oldfield communities (360 experimental mesocosms/plant communities) to examine drought-induced changes in soil microbial communities along a plant species richness gradient and to assess interactions between past drought (soil legacies) and subsequent drought on plant diversity-productivity relationships. We show that (i) drought decreases bacterial and fungal richness and modifies relationships between plant species richness and microbial groups; (ii) drought soil legacy increases net biodiversity effects, but responses of net biodiversity effects to plant species richness are unaffected; and (iii) linkages between plant species richness and complementarity/selection effects vary depending on past and subsequent drought. These results provide mechanistic insight into biodiversity-productivity relationships in a changing environment, with implications for the stability of ecosystem function under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianxun Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences/School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dongxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences/School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hangyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences/School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chengjin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences/School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Juliette M. G. Bloor
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro-Sup, UREP, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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10
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Palit R, Gramig G, DeKeyser ES. Kentucky Bluegrass Invasion in the Northern Great Plains and Prospective Management Approaches to Mitigate Its Spread. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:817. [PMID: 33924186 PMCID: PMC8074375 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is one of the most aggressive grasses invading Northern Great Plains (NGP) grasslands, resulting in substantial native species losses. Highly diverse grasslands dominated by native species are gradually transforming into rangelands largely dominated by non-native Kentucky bluegrass. Several factors potentially associated with Kentucky bluegrass invasions, including high propagule pressure, thatch formation, climate change, and increasing nitrogen deposition, could determine the future dominance and spread of Kentucky bluegrass in the NGP. Because atmospheric CO2 is amplifying rapidly, a C3 grass like Kentucky bluegrass might be photosynthetically more efficient than native C4 grasses. As this exotic species shares similar morphological and phenological traits with many native cool-season grasses, controlling it with traditional management practices such as prescribed fire, grazing, herbicides, or combinations of these practices may also impair the growth of native species. Thus, developing effective management practices to combat Kentucky bluegrass spread while facilitating the native species cover is essential. Modifying traditional techniques and embracing science-based adaptive management tools that focus on the ecological interactions of Kentucky bluegrass with the surrounding native species could achieve these desired management goals. Enhancement of the competitiveness of surrounding native species could also be an important consideration for controlling this invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Palit
- School of Natural Resource Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Greta Gramig
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
| | - Edward S. DeKeyser
- School of Natural Resource Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA;
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11
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Guo F, Li X, Jimoh SO, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Shi S, Hou X. Overgrazing-induced legacy effects may permit Leymus chinensis to cope with herbivory. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10116. [PMID: 33083144 PMCID: PMC7548072 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that herbivory-induced legacy effects permit plants to cope with herbivory. However, herbivory-induced defense strategies in plants against grazing mammals have received little attention. To further understand the grazing-induced legacy effects on plants, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with Leymus chinensis experiencing different grazing histories. We focused on grazing-induced legacy effects on above-ground spatial avoidance and below-ground biomass allocation. Our results showed that L. chinensis collected from the continuous overgrazing plot (OG) exhibited higher performance under simulated grazing in terms of growth, cloning and colonizing ability than those collected from the 35-year no-grazing plot (NG). The enhanced adaptability of OG was attributed to increased above-ground spatial avoidance, which was mediated by larger leaf angle and shorter height (reduced vertical height and increased leaf angle contributed to the above-ground spatial avoidance at a lower herbivory stubble height, while reduced tiller natural height contributed to above-ground spatial avoidance at a higher herbivory stubble height). Contrary to our prediction, OG pre-allocated less biomass to the rhizome, which does not benefit the herbivory tolerance and avoidance of L. chinensis; however, this also may reflect a tolerance strategy where reduced allocation to rhizomes is associated with increased production of ramets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Guo
- Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lan Zhou, Gan Su Province, China.,Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiliang Li
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Saheed Olaide Jimoh
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,Sustainable Environment Food and Agriculture Initiative (SEFAAI), Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Yong Ding
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shangli Shi
- Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lan Zhou, Gan Su Province, China
| | - Xiangyang Hou
- Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lan Zhou, Gan Su Province, China.,Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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12
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Hellequin E, Monard C, Chorin M, Le Bris N, Daburon V, Klarzynski O, Binet F. Responses of active soil microorganisms facing to a soil biostimulant input compared to plant legacy effects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13727. [PMID: 32792675 PMCID: PMC7426422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture is changing to rely on agroecological practices that take into account biodiversity, and the ecological processes occurring in soils. The use of agricultural biostimulants has emerged as a valid alternative to chemicals to indirectly sustain plant growth and productivity. Certain BS have been shown to select and stimulate plant beneficial soil microorganisms. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the effects and way of action of the biostimulants operating on soil functioning as well as on the extent and dynamic of these effects. In this study we aimed to decipher the way of action of a seaweed and amino-acids based biostimulant intended to be applied on soil crop residues to increase their microbial mineralization and the further release of nutrients. By setting-up a two-phase experiment (soil plant-growing and soil incubation), our objectives were to (1) determine the effects of the soil biostimulant over time on the active soil bacteria and fungi and the consequences on the organic carbon mineralization in bare soils, and (2) assess the biostimulant effects on soil microorganisms relatively to plant legacy effects in planted soils. We demonstrated that the soil biostimulant had a delayed effect on the active soil microorganisms and activated both plant growth promoting bacteria and saprophytes microorganisms at the medium-term of 49 days. However, the changes in the abundances of active microbial decomposers were not associated to a higher mineralization rate of organic carbon derived from soil and/or litter. The present study assessed the biostimulant beneficial effect on active soil microbial communities as similar as or even higher than the legacy effects of either A. thaliana or T. aestivum plants. We specifically showed that the biostimulant increased the active fungal richness to a higher extent than observed in soils that previously grew the two plants tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Hellequin
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, 35000, Rennes, France. .,University of Sorbonne, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Cécile Monard
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marion Chorin
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Le Bris
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Daburon
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Françoise Binet
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Wolfe ER, Ballhorn DJ. Do Foliar Endophytes Matter in Litter Decomposition? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030446. [PMID: 32245270 PMCID: PMC7143956 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Litter decomposition rates are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors, including the presence of fungal endophytes in host plant tissues. This review broadly analyzes the findings of 67 studies on the roles of foliar endophytes in litter decomposition, and their effects on decomposition rates. From 29 studies and 1 review, we compiled a comprehensive table of 710 leaf-associated fungal taxa, including the type of tissue these taxa were associated with and isolated from, whether they were reported as endo- or epiphytic, and whether they had reported saprophytic abilities. Aquatic (i.e., in-stream) decomposition studies of endophyte-affected litter were significantly under-represented in the search results (p < 0.0001). Indicator species analyses revealed that different groups of fungal endophytes were significantly associated with cool or tropical climates, as well as specific plant host genera (p < 0.05). Finally, we argue that host plant and endophyte interactions can significantly influence litter decomposition rates and should be considered when interpreting results from both terrestrial and in-stream litter decomposition experiments.
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Heinen R, Biere A, Bezemer TM. Plant traits shape soil legacy effects on individual plant–insect interactions. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Heinen
- the Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), Dept of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen the Netherlands
- Inst. of Biology, Leiden Univ. Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- the Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), Dept of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- the Netherlands Inst. of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW), Dept of Terrestrial Ecology Wageningen the Netherlands
- Inst. of Biology, Leiden Univ. Leiden the Netherlands
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15
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Stam JM, Kos M, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Cross-seasonal legacy effects of arthropod community on plant fitness in perennial plants. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2019; 107:2451-2463. [PMID: 31598003 PMCID: PMC6774310 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In perennial plants, interactions with other community members during the vegetative growth phase may influence community assembly during subsequent reproductive years and may influence plant fitness. It is well-known that plant responses to herbivory affect community assembly within a growing season, but whether plant-herbivore interactions result in legacy effects on community assembly across seasons has received little attention. Moreover, whether plant-herbivore interactions during the vegetative growing season are important in predicting plant fitness directly or indirectly through legacy effects is poorly understood.Here, we tested whether plant-arthropod interactions in the vegetative growing season of perennial wild cabbage plants, Brassica oleracea, result in legacy effects in arthropod community assembly in the subsequent reproductive season and whether legacy effects have plant fitness consequences. We monitored the arthropod community on plants that had been induced with either aphids, caterpillars or no herbivores in a full-factorial design across 2 years. We quantified the plant traits 'height', 'number of leaves' and 'number of flowers' to understand mechanisms that may mediate legacy effects. We measured seed production in the second year to evaluate plant fitness consequences of legacy effects.Although we did not find community responses to the herbivory treatments, our data show that community composition in the first year leaves a legacy on community composition in a second year: predator community composition co-varied across years. Structural equation modelling analyses indicated that herbivore communities in the vegetative year correlated with plant performance traits that may have caused a legacy effect on especially predator community assembly in the subsequent reproductive year. Interestingly, the legacy of the herbivore community in the vegetative year predicted plant fitness better than the herbivore community that directly interacted with plants in the reproductive year. Synthesis. Thus, legacy effects of plant-herbivore interactions affect community assembly on perennial plants across growth seasons and these processes may affect plant reproductive success. We argue that plant-herbivore interactions in the vegetative phase as well as in the cross-seasonal legacy effects caused by plant responses to arthropod herbivory may be important in perennial plant trait evolution such as ontogenetic variation in growth and defence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeltje M. Stam
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martine Kos
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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16
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Nordkvist M, Klapwijk MJ, Edenius L, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A, Björkman C. Trait-mediated indirect interactions: Moose browsing increases sawfly fecundity through plant-induced responses. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10615-10629. [PMID: 31624570 PMCID: PMC6787786 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced responses in plants, initiated by herbivory, create potential for trait-mediated indirect interactions among herbivores. Responses to an initial herbivore may change a number of plant traits that subsequently alter ecological processes with additional herbivores. Although common, indirect interactions between taxonomically distant herbivores, such as mammals and insects, are less studied than between taxonomically related species (i.e., insect-insect). In terms of mammal-insect interactions, effects on insect numbers (e.g., density) are relatively well studied, whereas effects on performance (e.g., fecundity) are rarely explored. Moreover, few studies have explored mammal-insect interactions on coniferous plants.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mammalian induced responses on insect performance. We specifically investigated the effect of moose (Alces alces) browsing on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and subsequent effects on sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) performance.Sawfly larvae were reared on browsed, clipped, and unbrowsed control pine trees in a controlled field experiment. Afterward, cocoon weight was measured. Needle C:N ratio and di-terpene content were measured in response to browsing.Sawfly performance was enhanced on trees browsed by moose. Cocoon weight (proxy for fecundity) was 9 and 13% higher on browsed and clipped trees compared to unbrowsed trees. Cocoon weight was weakly related to needle C:N ratio, and browsed trees had lower a C:N ratio compared to unbrowsed trees. Needle di-terpene content, known to affect sawfly performance, was neither affected by the browsing treatments nor did it correlate with sawfly weight.We conclude that mammalian herbivory can affect insect herbivore performance, with potential consequences for ecological communities and with particular importance for insect population dynamics. The measured plant variables could not fully explain the effect on sawfly performance providing a starting point for the consideration of additional plant responses induced by mammalian browsing affecting insect performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nordkvist
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Maartje J. Klapwijk
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Lars Edenius
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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17
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Chávez-Vergara B, Merino A, González-Rodríguez A, Oyama K, García-Oliva F. Direct and legacy effects of plant-traits control litter decomposition in a deciduous oak forest in Mexico. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5095. [PMID: 29967746 PMCID: PMC6027662 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Litter decomposition is a key process in the functioning of forest ecosystems, because it strongly controls nutrient recycling and soil fertility maintenance. The interaction between the litter chemical composition and the metabolism of the soil microbial community has been described as the main factor of the decomposition process based on three hypotheses: substrate-matrix interaction (SMI), functional breadth (FB) and home-field advantage (HFA). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of leaf litter quality (as a direct plant effect, SMI hypothesis), the metabolic capacity of the microbial community (as a legacy effect, FB hypothesis), and the coupling between the litter quality and microbial activity (HFA hypothesis) on the litter decomposition of two contiguous deciduous oak species at a local scale. Methods To accomplish this objective, we performed a litterbag experiment in the field for 270 days to evaluate mass loss, leaf litter quality and microbial activity in a complete factorial design for litter quality and species site. Results The litter of Quercus deserticola had higher rate of decomposition independently of the site, while the site of Quercus castanea promoted a higher rate of decomposition independently of the litter quality, explained by the specialization of the soil microbial community in the use of recalcitrant organic compounds. The Home-Field Advantage Index was reduced with the decomposition date (22% and 4% for 30 and 270 days, respectively). Discussion We observed that the importance of the coupling of litter quality and microbial activity depends on decomposition stage. At the early decomposition stage, the home-advantage hypothesis explained the mass loss of litter; however, in the advanced decomposition stage, the litter quality and the metabolic capacity of the microbial community can be the key drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Chávez-Vergara
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Agustín Merino
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ken Oyama
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Felipe García-Oliva
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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STAM JELTJEM, CHRÉTIEN LUCILLE, DICKE MARCEL, POELMAN ERIKH. Response of Brassica oleracea to temporal variation in attack by two herbivores affects preference and performance of a third herbivore. ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 42:803-815. [PMID: 29200601 PMCID: PMC5698737 DOI: 10.1111/een.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Plants are frequently under attack by multiple insect herbivores, which may interact indirectly through herbivore-induced changes in the plant's phenotype. The identity, order, and timing of herbivore arrivals may influence the outcome of interactions between two herbivores. How these aspects affect, in turn, subsequently arriving herbivores that feed on double herbivore-induced plants has not been widely investigated. 2. This study tested whether the order and timing of arrival of two inducing herbivores from different feeding guilds affected the preference and performance of a subsequently arriving third herbivore, caterpillars of Mamestra brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Aphids [Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] and caterpillars [Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)] were introduced onto wild Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicaceae) plants in different sequences and with different arrival times. The effects of these plant treatments on M. brassicae caterpillars were assessed in pairwise preference tests and no-choice performance tests. 3. The caterpillars of M. brassicae preferred to feed from undamaged plants rather than double herbivore-induced plants. Compared with undamaged plants, they preferred plant material on which aphids had arrived first followed by caterpillars, whereas they avoided plant material with the reverse order of herbivore arrival. Performance of the caterpillars increased with increasing arrival time between herbivore infestations in double herbivore-induced plants. Although M. brassicae grew faster on plants induced by aphids than on those induced by caterpillars alone, its performance was not affected by the order of previous herbivore arrival. 4. These results imply that the timing of colonisation by multiple herbivores determines the outcome of plant-mediated herbivore-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- JELTJE M. STAM
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - LUCILLE CHRÉTIEN
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Biology Department, Master Biosciences, École Normale Supérieure de LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Lyon Cedex 07France
| | - MARCEL DICKE
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - ERIK H. POELMAN
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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19
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Kafle D, Hänel A, Lortzing T, Steppuhn A, Wurst S. Sequential above- and belowground herbivory modifies plant responses depending on herbivore identity. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:5. [PMID: 28178961 PMCID: PMC5299658 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivore-induced changes in plant traits can cause indirect interactions between spatially and/or temporally separated herbivores that share the same host plant. Feeding modes of the herbivores is one of the major factors that influence the outcome of such interactions. Here, we tested whether the effects of transient aboveground herbivory for seven days by herbivores of different feeding guilds on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) alters their interaction with spatially as well as temporally separated belowground herbivores. RESULTS The transient aboveground herbivory by both chewing caterpillars (Spodoptera exigua) and sucking aphids (Myzus persicae) had significant impacts on plant traits such as plant growth, resource allocation and phytohormone contents. While the changes in plant traits did not affect the overall performance of the root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in terms of total number of galls, we found that the consequences of aboveground herbivory for the plants can be altered by the subsequent nematode herbivory. For example, plants that had hosted aphids showed compensatory growth when they were later challenged by nematodes, which was not apparent in plants that had hosted only aphids. In contrast, plants that had been fed by S. exigua larvae did not show such compensatory growth even when challenged by nematodes. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the earlier aboveground herbivory can modify plant responses to subsequent herbivores, and such modifications may depend upon identity and/or feeding modes of the aboveground herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kafle
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Hänel
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Wurst
- Functional Biodiversity, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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