1
|
Caro T, Brockelsby K, Ferrari A, Koneru M, Ono K, Touche E, Stankowich T. The evolution of primate coloration revisited. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Primates are noted for their varied and complex pelage and bare skin coloration but the significance of this diverse coloration remains opaque. Using new updated information, novel scoring of coat and skin coloration, and controlling for shared ancestry, we reexamined and extended findings from previous studies across the whole order and the five major clades within it. Across primates, we found (i) direct and indirect evidence for pelage coloration being driven by protective coloration strategies including background matching, countershading, disruptive coloration, and aposematism, (ii) diurnal primates being more colorful, and (iii) the possibility that pelage color diversity is negatively associated with female trichromatic vision; while (iv) reaffirming avoidance of hybridization driving head coloration in males, (v) darker species living in warm, humid conditions (Gloger’s rule), and (vi) advertising to multiple mating partners favoring red genitalia in females. Nonetheless, the importance of these drivers varies greatly across clades. In strepsirrhines and cercopithecoids, countershading is important; greater color diversity may be important for conspecific signaling in more diurnal and social strepsirrhines; lack of female color vision may be associated with colorful strepsirrhines and platyrrhines; whereas cercopithecoids obey Gloger’s rule. Haplorrhines show background matching, aposematism, character displacement, and red female genitalia where several mating partners are available. Our findings emphasize several evolutionary drivers of coloration in this extraordinarily colorful order. Throughout, we used coarse but rigorous measures of coloration, and our ability to replicate findings from earlier studies opens up opportunities for classifying coloration of large numbers of species at a macroevolutionary scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Caro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kasey Brockelsby
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Annie Ferrari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Manisha Koneru
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Konatsu Ono
- Department of Animal Biology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Edward Touche
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bell RB, Bradley BJ, Kamilar JM. The Evolutionary Ecology of Primate Hair Coloration: A Phylogenetic Approach. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Moreira LAA, Duytschaever G, Higham JP, Melin AD. Platyrrhine color signals: New horizons to pursue. Evol Anthropol 2019; 28:236-248. [PMID: 31609040 PMCID: PMC6865018 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Like catarrhines, some platyrrhines show exposed and reddish skin, raising the possibility that reddish signals have evolved convergently. This variation in skin exposure and color combined with sex-linked polymorphic color vision in platyrrhines presents a unique, and yet underexplored, opportunity to investigate the relative importance of chromatic versus achromatic signals, the influence of color perception on signal evolution, and to understand primate communication broadly. By coding the facial skin exposure and color of 96 platyrrhines, 28 catarrhines, 7 strepsirrhines, 1 tarsiiform, and 13 nonprimates, and by simulating the ancestral character states for these traits, we provide the first analysis of the distribution and evolution of facial skin exposure and color in platyrrhini. We highlight ways in which studying the presence and use of color signals by platyrrhines and other primates will enhance our understanding of the evolution of color signals, and the forces shaping color vision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laís A. A. Moreira
- Department of Anthropology & ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Gwen Duytschaever
- Department of Anthropology & ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | | | - Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology & ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Niimura Y, Matsui A, Touhara K. Acceleration of Olfactory Receptor Gene Loss in Primate Evolution: Possible Link to Anatomical Change in Sensory Systems and Dietary Transition. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:1437-1450. [PMID: 29659972 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates have traditionally been regarded as vision-oriented animals with low olfactory ability, though this "microsmatic primates" view has been challenged recently. To clarify when and how degeneration of the olfactory system occurred and to specify the relevant factors during primate evolution, we here examined the olfactory receptor (OR) genes from 24 phylogenetically and ecologically diverse primate species. The results revealed that strepsirrhines with curved noses had functional OR gene repertoires that were nearly twice as large as those for haplorhines with simple noses. Neither activity pattern (nocturnal/diurnal) nor color vision system showed significant correlation with the number of functional OR genes while phylogeny and nose structure (haplorhine/strepsirrhine) are statistically controlled, but extent of folivory did. We traced the evolutionary fates of individual OR genes by identifying orthologous gene groups, demonstrating that the rates of OR gene losses were accelerated at the ancestral branch of haplorhines, which coincided with the acquisition of acute vision. The highest rate of OR gene loss was observed at the ancestral branch of leaf-eating colobines; this reduction is possibly linked with the dietary transition from frugivory to folivory because odor information is essential for fruit foraging but less so for leaf foraging. Intriguingly, we found accelerations of OR gene losses in an external branch to every hominoid species examined. These findings suggest that the current OR gene repertoire in each species has been shaped by a complex interplay of phylogeny, anatomy, and habitat; therefore, multiple factors may contribute to the olfactory degeneration in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Niimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Lead Contact
| | - Atsushi Matsui
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
|
8
|
Nevo O, Razafimandimby D, Jeffrey JAJ, Schulz S, Ayasse M. Fruit scent as an evolved signal to primate seed dispersal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat4871. [PMID: 30306132 PMCID: PMC6170039 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous diversity of floral and fruit traits is, to a large extent, a set of adaptations that promote plant reproduction through animal pollinators and seed dispersers. Yet, it is still unknown whether fruit scent is a by-product of fruit maturation or an evolved communication channel with animal mutualists. We show that in species that specialize on seed dispersal by lemurs-an olfactorily oriented primate-fruits increase scent production and change their chemical composition significantly more than sympatric species whose seeds are largely dispersed by birds. We further show that lemurs use these shifts in fruit scent to identify ripe fruits. These results show that fruit scent is an evolved communication system that facilitates animal-plant mutualism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Diary Razafimandimby
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Juan Antonio James Jeffrey
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nevo O, Valenta K, Razafimandimby D, Melin AD, Ayasse M, Chapman CA. Frugivores and the evolution of fruit colour. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0377. [PMID: 30258028 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological function of fruit colour has been the focus of many studies. The most commonly tested hypothesis is that fruit colour has evolved to facilitate detection by seed-dispersing animals. We tested whether distributions of fruit colours are consistent with the hypothesis that colour is an evolved signal to seed dispersers using a comparative community approach. We compared the contrast between ripe fruits and leaf backgrounds at two sites, one in Madagascar where seed dispersers are primarily night-active, red-green colour-blind lemurs, and the other in Uganda, where most vertebrate seed dispersers are day-active primates and birds with greater capacity for colour vision. We show that fruits in Uganda have higher contrast against leaf background in the red-green and luminance channels whereas fruits in Madagascar contrast more in the yellow-blue channel. These results indicate that fruit colour has evolved to contrast against background leaves in response to the visual capabilities of local seed disperser communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Diary Razafimandimby
- Faculty of Sciences, Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Colin A Chapman
- McGill School of the Environment, Department of Anthropology, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Canada H3A 2T7.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal 3209, South Africa.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valenta K, Kalbitzer U, Razafimandimby D, Omeja P, Ayasse M, Chapman CA, Nevo O. The evolution of fruit colour: phylogeny, abiotic factors and the role of mutualists. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14302. [PMID: 30250307 PMCID: PMC6155155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive significance of fruit colour has been investigated for over a century. While colour can fulfil various functions, the most commonly tested hypothesis is that it has evolved to increase fruit visual conspicuousness and thus promote detection and consumption by seed dispersing animals. However, fruit colour is a complex trait which is subjected to various constraints and selection pressures. As a result, the effect of animal selection on fruit colour are often difficult to identify, and several studies have failed to detect it. Here, we employ an integrative approach to examine what drives variation in fruit colour. We quantified the colour of ripe fruit and mature leaves of 97 tropical plant species from three study sites in Madagascar and Uganda. We used phylogenetically controlled models to estimate the roles of phylogeny, abiotic factors, and dispersal mode on fruit colour variation. Our results show that, independent of phylogeny and leaf coloration, mammal dispersed fruits are greener than bird dispersed fruits, while the latter are redder than the former. In addition, fruit colour does not correlate with leaf colour in the visible spectrum, but fruit reflection in the ultraviolet area of the spectrum is strongly correlated with leaf reflectance, emphasizing the role of abiotic factors in determining fruit colour. These results demonstrate that fruit colour is affected by both animal sensory ecology and abiotic factors and highlight the importance of an integrative approach which controls for the relevant confounding factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Duke University, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, 130 Science Dr., Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Urs Kalbitzer
- McGill University, McGill School of the Environment and Department of Anthropology, 3534 University Ave., Montreal, Quebec, H3A-2A7, Canada
| | - Diary Razafimandimby
- Faculty of Sciences, Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Patrick Omeja
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, P.O. Box 907, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Colin A Chapman
- McGill University, McGill School of the Environment and Department of Anthropology, 3534 University Ave., Montreal, Quebec, H3A-2A7, Canada
| | - Omer Nevo
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
Jacobs RL, MacFie TS, Spriggs AN, Baden AL, Morelli TL, Irwin MT, Lawler RR, Pastorini J, Mayor M, Lei R, Culligan R, Hawkins MTR, Kappeler PM, Wright PC, Louis EE, Mundy NI, Bradley BJ. Novel opsin gene variation in large-bodied, diurnal lemurs. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0050. [PMID: 28275167 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Some primate populations include both trichromatic and dichromatic (red-green colour blind) individuals due to allelic variation at the X-linked opsin locus. This polymorphic trichromacy is well described in day-active New World monkeys. Less is known about colour vision in Malagasy lemurs, but, unlike New World monkeys, only some day-active lemurs are polymorphic, while others are dichromatic. The evolutionary pressures underlying these differences in lemurs are unknown, but aspects of species ecology, including variation in activity pattern, are hypothesized to play a role. Limited data on X-linked opsin variation in lemurs make such hypotheses difficult to evaluate. We provide the first detailed examination of X-linked opsin variation across a lemur clade (Indriidae). We sequenced the X-linked opsin in the most strictly diurnal and largest extant lemur, Indri indri, and nine species of smaller, generally diurnal indriids (Propithecus). Although nocturnal Avahi (sister taxon to Propithecus) lacks a polymorphism, at least eight species of diurnal indriids have two or more X-linked opsin alleles. Four rainforest-living taxa-I. indri and the three largest Propithecus species-have alleles not previously documented in lemurs. Moreover, we identified at least three opsin alleles in Indri with peak spectral sensitivities similar to some New World monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Jacobs
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA .,Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Tammie S MacFie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda N Spriggs
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College-CUNY, and The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Toni Lyn Morelli
- Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.,Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mitchell T Irwin
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Richard R Lawler
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Jennifer Pastorini
- Anthropologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mireya Mayor
- Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar
| | - Runhua Lei
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Ryan Culligan
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Melissa T R Hawkins
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Patricia C Wright
- Centre ValBio Research Station, Ranomafana, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar.,Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Edward E Louis
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE 68107, USA
| | | | - Brenda J Bradley
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moritz GL, Ong PS, Perry GH, Dominy NJ. Functional preservation and variation in the cone opsin genes of nocturnal tarsiers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0075. [PMID: 28193820 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The short-wavelength sensitive (S-) opsin gene OPN1SW is pseudogenized in some nocturnal primates and retained in others, enabling dichromatic colour vision. Debate on the functional significance of this variation has focused on dark conditions, yet many nocturnal species initiate activity under dim (mesopic) light levels that can support colour vision. Tarsiers are nocturnal, twilight-active primates and exemplary visual predators; they also express different colour vision phenotypes, raising the possibility of discrete adaptations to mesopic conditions. To explore this premise, we conducted a field study in two stages. First, to estimate the level of functional constraint on colour vision, we sequenced OPN1SW in 12 wild-caught Philippine tarsiers (Tarsius syrichta). Second, to explore whether the dichromatic visual systems of Philippine and Bornean (Tarsius bancanus) tarsiers-which express alternate versions of the medium/long-wavelength sensitive (M/L-) opsin gene OPN1MW/OPN1LW-confer differential advantages specific to their respective habitats, we used twilight and moonlight conditions to model the visual contrasts of invertebrate prey. We detected a signature of purifying selection for OPN1SW, indicating that colour vision confers an adaptive advantage to tarsiers. However, this advantage extends to a relatively small proportion of prey-background contrasts, and mostly brown arthropod prey amid leaf litter. We also found that the colour vision of T. bancanus is advantageous for discriminating prey under twilight that is enriched in shorter (bluer) wavelengths, a plausible idiosyncrasy of understorey habitats in Borneo.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in dim light'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Moritz
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Campus Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Perry S Ong
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - George H Perry
- Departments of Anthropology and Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 513 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Dominy
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 6047 Silsby Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA .,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Class of 1978 Life Sciences Center, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peichl L, Kaiser A, Rakotondraparany F, Dubielzig RR, Goodman SM, Kappeler PM. Diversity of photoreceptor arrangements in nocturnal, cathemeral and diurnal Malagasy lemurs. J Comp Neurol 2017; 527:13-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Peichl
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research; Max-von-Laue-Straße 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience; Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Goethe University Frankfurt; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Kaiser
- Department Biology II; Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich; Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg Germany
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Felix Rakotondraparany
- Département de Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale; Université d’Antananarivo; BP 906, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Richard R. Dubielzig
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin; 2015 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Steven M. Goodman
- The Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago Illinois 60605
- Association Vahatra; BP 3972, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center; Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; University Göttingen; Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Melin AD, Khetpal V, Matsushita Y, Zhou K, Campos FA, Welker B, Kawamura S. Howler monkey foraging ecology suggests convergent evolution of routine trichromacy as an adaptation for folivory. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1421-1434. [PMID: 28261454 PMCID: PMC5330884 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primates possess remarkably variable color vision, and the ecological and social factors shaping this variation remain heavily debated. Here, we test whether central tenants of the folivory hypothesis of routine trichromacy hold for the foraging ecology of howler monkeys. Howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) and paleotropical primates (Parvorder: Catarrhini) have independently acquired routine trichromacy through fixation of distinct mid- to long-wavelength-sensitive (M/LWS) opsin genes on the X-chromosome. The presence of routine trichromacy in howlers, while other diurnal neotropical monkeys (Platyrrhini) possess polymorphic trichromacy, is poorly understood. A selective force proposed to explain the evolution of routine trichromacy in catarrhines-reliance on young, red leaves-has received scant attention in howlers, a gap we fill in this study. We recorded diet, sequenced M/LWS opsin genes in four social groups of Alouatta palliata, and conducted colorimetric analysis of leaves consumed in Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. For a majority of food species, including Ficus trees, an important resource year-round, young leaves were more chromatically conspicuous from mature leaves to trichromatic than to hypothetical dichromatic phenotypes. We found that 18% of opsin genes were MWS/LWS hybrids; when combined with previous research, the incidence of hybrid M/LWS opsins in this species is 13%. In visual models of food discrimination ability, the hybrid trichromatic phenotype performed slightly poorer than normal trichromacy, but substantially better than dichromacy. Our results provide support for the folivory hypothesis of routine trichromacy. Similar ecological pressures, that is, the search for young, reddish leaves, may have driven the independent evolution of routine trichromacy in primates on separate continents. We discuss our results in the context of balancing selection acting on New World monkey opsin genes and hypothesize that howlers experience stronger selection against dichromatic phenotypes than other sympatric species, which rely more heavily on cryptic foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology and ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Vishal Khetpal
- Department of AnthropologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Yuka Matsushita
- Department of Integrated BiosciencesGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kaile Zhou
- Department of Integrated BiosciencesGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Plant ProtectionCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Fernando A. Campos
- Department of Anthropology and ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
- Department of AnthropologyTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Barbara Welker
- Department of AnthropologyState University of New York at GeneseoGeneseoNYUSA
| | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated BiosciencesGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Veilleux CC, Scarry CJ, Di Fiore A, Kirk EC, Bolnick DA, Lewis RJ. Group benefit associated with polymorphic trichromacy in a Malagasy primate (Propithecus verreauxi). Sci Rep 2016; 6:38418. [PMID: 27910919 PMCID: PMC5133583 DOI: 10.1038/srep38418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In some primate lineages, polymorphisms in the X-linked M/LWS opsin gene have produced intraspecific variation in color vision. In these species, heterozygous females exhibit trichromacy, while males and homozygous females exhibit dichromacy. The evolutionary persistence of these polymorphisms suggests that balancing selection maintains color vision variation, possibly through a 'trichromat advantage' in detecting yellow/orange/red foods against foliage. We identified genetic evidence of polymorphic trichromacy in a population of Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) at Kirindy Mitea National Park in Madagascar, and explored effects of color vision on reproductive success and feeding behavior using nine years of morphological, demographic, and feeding data. We found that trichromats and dichromats residing in social groups with trichromats exhibit higher body mass indices than individuals in dichromat-only groups. Additionally, individuals in a trichromat social group devoted significantly more time to fruit feeding and had longer fruit feeding bouts than individuals in dichromat-only groups. We hypothesize that, due to small, cohesive sifaka social groups, a trichromat advantage in detecting productive fruit patches during the energetically stressful dry season also benefits dichromats in a trichromat's group. Our results offer the first support for the 'mutual benefit of association' hypothesis regarding the maintenance of polymorphic trichromacy in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie C. Veilleux
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Clara J. Scarry
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - E. Christopher Kirk
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Deborah A. Bolnick
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Lewis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jacobs RL, Spriggs AN, MacFie TS, Baden AL, Irwin MT, Wright PC, Louis EE, Lawler RR, Mundy NI, Bradley BJ. Primate genotyping via high resolution melt analysis: rapid and reliable identification of color vision status in wild lemurs. Primates 2016; 57:541-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
19
|
Fruit Ripening Signals and Cues in a Madagascan Dry Forest: Haptic Indicators Reliably Indicate Fruit Ripeness to Dichromatic Lemurs. Evol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-016-9374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|