1
|
McCarthy JH, Linnansaari T, Curry RA. Movement and habitat shift responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to annually permanent stream flooding. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:698-712. [PMID: 37926443 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Reservoir formation in a river system changes a lotic environment to more lacustrine conditions, with impacts throughout the ecosystem. In this study, a river reach containing typical salmonid riffle/run habitat was flooded to create a large, deep pool from June to September in each of 3 years. We test the hypothesis that juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with their preference for run/riffle habitats will respond to the transformation to a lentic environment by moving into adjacent lotic environments. Movements of juvenile Atlantic salmon were monitored using a combination of biotelemetry (radio- and passive integrated transponder-tagging) and electrofishing. Results showed that no tracked fish moved away from the created pool habitat. Mass-specific growth rates showed the created pool habitat resulted in net growth of juveniles. The results confirm that fish may not immediately (i.e., at least for an approximate 2 months) respond to rapid, large-scale habitat alterations by moving to find similar habitat conditions outside the altered habitat. This is most probably related to plasticity of behavior and habitat use, and no change in biological conditions to a point that would negatively impact fish growth and survival, for example food availability, competition, or predation. The results also support the hypothesis that the relative importance of physical habitat variables is not universal among streams and populations, therefore limiting the value of applying standard habitat suitability criteria and use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H McCarthy
- Department of Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Tommi Linnansaari
- Department of Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - R Allen Curry
- Department of Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hetzel C, Forsythe P. Phenotypic plasticity of a generalist fish species resident to lotic environments: Insights from the Great Lakes region. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10715. [PMID: 38020680 PMCID: PMC10660395 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish morphology is incredibly plastic and local/resident morphology can be influenced by factors including habitat, predation, resource availability, and water velocity. Through analysis of body shape using geometric morphometrics, we describe the degree of phenotypic plasticity within a generalist fish species resident to low-order tributaries of Green Bay and Lake Michigan. We predicted that isolated populations of creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) would display plastic responses in body shape due to differences in selective pressures imposed by stream environments. We show that body shape of creek chub was significantly different between streams which are considered to be isolated populations, and while we expected body shape variation to remain constant between study years, we found that shape was not fixed and changed over time in the same manner among focal streams. The diversity of creek chub diet and degree of agricultural land use in the watershed were significant predictors of body morphology. The effect of resource availability and land use within the watershed demonstrates how selective pressures influence phenotypes at the population level. Our study provides insight into morphological changes of stream fish populations, which may be important in the context of changing ecosystems and novel conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hetzel
- Department of Natural and Applied SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Green BayGreen BayWisconsinUSA
| | - Patrick Forsythe
- Department of Natural and Applied SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐Green BayGreen BayWisconsinUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Becker LA, Battini MA, Barriga JP, Azpelicueta MM, Johnson JB, Cussac VE. Morphologic and genetic variation within a relict Andean catfish, Hatcheria macraei , and its relationship with Trichomycterus areolatus and Bullockia maldonadoi (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20211007. [PMID: 37162081 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320211007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The South American siluriform fishes are found primarily in the Neotropical region, north and east of the Colorado River of Argentina, with a few relict species distributed southward and westward on both sides of the Andes Mountains. Three of these, the closely related trichomycterids Hatcheria macraei, Trichomycterus areolatus and Bullockia maldonadoi, have been subject to historical taxonomic and nomenclatural arrangements. Here, we amplify a 652-bp fragment of COI mtDNA from 55 H. macraei individuals and use publicly available Cytb mtDNA sequences of the three taxa to assess their relationship, genetic variation and haplotype distribution in relation to hydrographic basins. In addition, we extend a recent morphometric study on H. macraei by analyzing body shape in 447 individuals collected from 24 populations across their entire cis-Andean distribution. We identified some lineages previously assigned to T. areolatus that show a closer relationship to either B. maldonadoi or H. macraei, revealing new boundaries to their currently known trans-Andean distribution. We found a great morphologic variation among H. macraei populations and a high genetic variation in H. macraei, T. areolatus and B. maldonadoi associated with river basins. We highlight further integrative studies are needed to enhance our knowledge of the southern Andean trichomycterid diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro A Becker
- CONICET, Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus), 9120 Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Battini
- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), 8400 Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Juan P Barriga
- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), 8400 Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María M Azpelicueta
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jerald B Johnson
- Bean Life Science Museum, Department of Biology and Monte L., Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Víctor E Cussac
- Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales (IPATEC), 8400 Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar S, Sharma S, Singh D. Phenotypic plasticity in Barilius vagra (Hamilton, 1822) (Teleostei: Danionidae) from two geographically distinct river basins of Indian Himalaya. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7414.13.13.19976-19984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Truss-based morphometric analysis was used to examine phenotypic plasticity of Barilius vagra (Hamilton, 1822) inhabiting the tributaries of the Alaknanda (Ganga River basin) and Chenab (Indus River basin), two geographically distinct river basins in the Indian Himalaya. Fourteen landmarks were connected to generate a truss network of 90 parameters on the body of fish. Eighty morphometric traits out of ninety morphometric measurements explained statistically significant difference among six sampling locations of Barilius vagra from streams in the Alaknanda and Chenab basins. Discriminant function analysis revealed 82% of Barilius vagra specimens originally classified into their own groups. 95% of the variance was explained by 13 principal components. Morphometric characters (1–6, 1–13, 2–5, 2–6, 2–14, 3–6, 4–6, 4–14, 6–12, 7–8, 7–9, 10–11, and 13–14) contributed greatly in differentiation of B. vagra populations from different river basins. The Alaknanda basin reflected some mixing within populations, which may be due to common environmental conditions and fish migration in these streams. This study will be helpful in framing site-specific conservation and management strategies, such as net mesh size selection, avoiding overexploitation, stock augmentation and food availability for different fish populations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gurgel-Lourenço RC, de S Rodrigues-Filho CA, de Oliveira Araújo PV, Sánchez-Botero JI. Phenotypic variation among silverside populations (Atherinopsidae: Atherinella brasiliensis) from distinct environments in Northeastern Brazil. ZOOLOGY 2021; 150:125981. [PMID: 34814095 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The successful adaptation of populations to a wide range of environments is a central topic in ecology. Based on the assumption that body shape may affect survival, we evaluated to what extent biotic and abiotic factors are capable of inducing morphological changes in Brazilian silverside populations (Atherinella brasiliensis). To reach this goal, we compared 18 morphological traits of specimens from five ecosystems representing three types of environment (estuary, coastal lagoon, reservoir). Populations from estuaries displayed greater anal fin area and greater caudal fin aspect ratio and area. Populations from coastal lagoons had more compressed bodies, larger heads, and slightly broader caudal peduncles. The fish from estuaries and coastal lagoons had longer caudal peduncles, larger pelvic fins and larger eye area. Population from reservoir had more depressed bodies and greater oral protrusion. Food availability explained 31% of the observed ecomorphological patterns. Overall, the morphology of the respective populations was consistent with each type of environment, making it possible to associate phenotypic variation with habitat and feeding patterns, although abiotic factors were more significant than biotic factors. In conclusion, landlocked populations of A. brasiliensis are sustainable and add to current knowledge of phenotypical variability in a species widely distributed along the Western Atlantic coast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo C Gurgel-Lourenço
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais, Instituto de Ciências do Mar - Labomar, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, Av. da Abolição 3207, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A de S Rodrigues-Filho
- Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Jorge I Sánchez-Botero
- Departamento de Biologia, Campus do Pici, Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miller AD, Brewer SK. Riverscape nesting dynamics of Neosho Smallmouth Bass: To cluster or not to cluster? DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Miller
- Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
| | - Shannon K. Brewer
- U.S. Geological Survey Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Zhu L, Tang K, Liu M, Xue X, Wang G, Wang Z. Population genetic structure of sharpbelly Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilesky, 1855) and morphological diversification along climate gradients in China. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6798-6813. [PMID: 34141257 PMCID: PMC8207360 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharpbelly Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewski, 1855) is a small, widespread, and native cyprinid fish with prominent habitat suitability and high invasive potential and is becoming the dominant species in freshwater ecosystems under intensified environmental disturbances. But how H. leucisculus acclimates to extremely heterogeneous environments remains unclear. In current study, the genetic structure of H. leucisculus was analyzed using Bayesian phylogenetic inference, haplotype network, and STRUCTURE base on cytb gene across 18 populations spanning 20 degrees of latitude and 18 degrees of longitude in China. The morphological diversification of body size and shape for H. leucisculus along the climate gradient was studied. The results showed that the 18 H. leucisculus populations were divided into 3 clusters: one cluster mainly from Huanghe River Basin, another cluster mainly from Yangzi River Basin, and H cluster containing Hainan and Beihai populations. The fish from southern populations were deeper bodied while individuals from northern populations were more slender. Inland individuals were more streamlined while coastal individuals were of deeper body. The partial Mantel test predicts that the potential mechanism underlining the intraspecies morphological diversification along climate gradients is primarily the divergent selection pressures among different environments, while genetic variation had less contribution to morphological differentiation. The formation of the Nanling Mountain Range could drive genetic differentiation between Beihai population and those from Yangzi River Basin. The present results highlight strong selective pressures of climate on widespread species and enrich morphological differentiation basis of acclimation for species with high habitat suitability and invasive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Long Zhu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Kui Tang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mengyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xue Xue
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Križek P, Mendel J, Fedorčák J, Koščo J. In the foothill zone- Sabanejewia balcanica (Karaman 1922), in the lowland zone- Sabanejewia bulgarica (Drensky, 1928): Myth or reality? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7929-7947. [PMID: 32760575 PMCID: PMC7391564 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The status of golden loaches (genus Sabanejewia) in the region of Central Europe and Balkans is still ambiguous. The greatest controversy is caused by species Sabanejewia balcanica and S. bulgarica. Both species are characterized by a wide spectrum of morphological variability and overlapping of distinguishing features, which then lead to difficulties in their determination. Previous phylogenetic studies aimed on the resolving of their taxonomic status did not include samples from their type localities and so led to a lack of their true distribution in this region. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to identify taxonomic status of golden loaches populations in the region of the middle Danube basin and adjacent areas on the model territory of Slovakia. For this purpose, we used novelty approach (morphological, molecular, and microhabitat) and we also included the missing samples from the type localities of both species. Based on mtDNA all the Slovakian samples reflected haplotype richness revealed on the type locality of S. bulgarica, although the genetic distances from other representatives of the genus Sabanejewia occurring are not significant. Within the morphology, we have revealed a great measure of variability in studied populations, which is largely caused by different habitat conditions and thus representing a phenotypic plasticity of these fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Križek
- Faculty of Humanities and Natural SciencesDepartment of EcologyUniversity of Prešov in PrešovPrešovSlovakia
| | - Jan Mendel
- Institute of Vertebrate BiologyCzech Academy of SciencesBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Jakub Fedorčák
- Faculty of Humanities and Natural SciencesDepartment of EcologyUniversity of Prešov in PrešovPrešovSlovakia
| | - Ján Koščo
- Faculty of Humanities and Natural SciencesDepartment of EcologyUniversity of Prešov in PrešovPrešovSlovakia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nakano S, Fausch KD, Koizumi I, Kanno Y, Taniguchi Y, Kitano S, Miyake Y. Evaluating a pattern of ecological character displacement: charr jaw morphology and diet diverge in sympatry versus allopatry across catchments in Hokkaido, Japan. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSimilar species that overlap in sympatry may diverge in characters related to resource use as a result of evolution or phenotypic plasticity. Dolly Varden charr (Salvelinus malma) and whitespotted charr (S. leucomaenis) overlap along streams in Hokkaido, Japan, and compete by interference for invertebrate drift-foraging positions. Previous research has shown that as drift declines during summer, Dolly Varden shift foraging modes to capture benthic prey, a behaviour facilitated by their subterminal jaw morphology. We compare body and jaw morphology of Dolly Varden in sympatry vs. allopatry in two locations to test for character displacement. Statistical analysis showed significant divergence in characters related to foraging, which was correlated with variation in individual charr diets. Dolly Varden in sympatry had shorter heads and lower jaws than in allopatry, and even within sites charr with these characteristics fed less on drifting terrestrial invertebrates but more on benthic aquatic invertebrates. Those in allopatry had longer heads and lower jaws, and fed more on terrestrial invertebrates. The close proximity of sites in one stream suggests that Dolly Varden may display phenotypic plasticity similar to other charr, allowing rapid responses in morphology to the presence of competitors. These morphological shifts probably help them maintain positive fitness when competing with whitespotted charr in Hokkaido streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nakano
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan, and Tomakomai Forest Research Station, Hokkaido University Forests, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kurt D Fausch
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Itsuro Koizumi
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kanno
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Satoshi Kitano
- Nagano Environmental Conservation Research Institute, Kitago, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yo Miyake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bogutskaya NG, Diripasko OA, Zupančič P, Jelić D, Naseka AM. Phenotypic diversity in an endangered freshwater fish Squalius microlepis (Actinopterygii, Leuciscidae). Zookeys 2019; 897:115-147. [PMID: 31857790 PMCID: PMC6914709 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.897.38768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalius microlepis was examined from recent and historical collections within the known range of the species with special emphasis on intraspecific variability and variations, and compared to its closest relative species S. tenellus (in total, 193 specimens; 33 absolute and 52 proportional measurements and ratios, and 12 counts including vertebrae). Squalius tenellus was perfectly differentiated in all statistical analyses and can be diagnosed by 76-95 (vs. 64-80) scales in lateral series, 68-83 (vs. 58-77) lateral-line scales, (17)18-20 (vs. 13-16(17)) scales above lateral line, and (7)8-10 (vs. 4-7) scales below lateral line. Squalius microlepis was morphologically heterogeneous, with two phenotypes readily distinguishable (phenotype 1 corresponding to S. microlepis s. str. as defined by its lectotype) by a combination of many characters; those contributing most to the discrimination were number of gill rakers, length of lower jaw (% interorbital width), and head length (% SL). Only phenotype 1 was found in the Ričina-Prološko Blato-Vrljika karst system; most of the specimens from the lower Matica and the Tihaljina-Trebižat karst system were identified as phenotype 2; the sample from karstic poljes near Vrgorac contained both phenotype 1 and 2, and individuals of intermediate morphology. As very limited molecular data exist on the two phenotypes of S. microlepis, we refrain from any taxonomic conclusions until new molecular approaches (and new markers) are used. We also report on a dramatic reduction of the area of distribution and abundance of S. microlepis in recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Bogutskaya
- Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, Vienna 1010, AustriaNaturhistorisches Museum WienViennaAustria
| | - Oleg A. Diripasko
- Croatian Institute of Fisheries and Marine Ecology, 8 Konsulska St, Berdyansk, 71118, UkraineCroatian Institute of Fisheries and Marine EcologyBerdyanskUkraine
| | | | - Dušan Jelić
- Institute for Biodiversity, Croatian Biological Research Society, 7 Lipovac I, 10000, Zagreb, CroatiaInstitute for Biodiversity, Croatian Biological Research SocietyZagrebCroatia
| | - Alexander M. Naseka
- Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Burgring 7, Vienna 1010, AustriaNaturhistorisches Museum WienViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goerig E, Wasserman BA, Castro‐Santos T, Palkovacs EP. Body shape is related to the attempt rate and passage success of brook trout at in‐stream barriers. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Goerig
- Centre Eau Terre et Environnement Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Québec QC Canada
- USGS – Leetown Science Center S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center Turners Falls MA USA
| | - Ben A. Wasserman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Theodore Castro‐Santos
- USGS – Leetown Science Center S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center Turners Falls MA USA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Andres KJ, Chien H, Knouft JH. Hydrology induces intraspecific variation in freshwater fish morphology under contemporary and future climate scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:421-430. [PMID: 30933798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Predicting future changes in habitat-associated species traits is an important step in understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of environmental change. However, models projecting phenotypic responses to future climate change typically assume populations will respond similarly across the range of a species, while local adaptation and spatial variation in environmental changes are rarely considered. In this study, among-population phenotypic variability was coupled with geographic variation in anticipated hydrologic changes to examine patterns of population-level phenotypic changes expected under future climatic change. To estimate phenotypic responses to watershed hydrology, phenotype-environment associations between body shape and contemporary streamflow were quantified among populations of six species of fishes (Cyprinidae). Future streamflow estimates (2070-2099) were then used to project body shapes within populations, assuming the same phenotype-environment relationships. All species exhibited significant associations between body shape and contemporary streamflow discharge and variability. However, these relationships were not consistent, even among species occupying similar vertical positions in the water column. When these phenotype-environment relationships were projected into future streamflow conditions, populations are not expected to respond uniformly across the species' ranges, and all but one species exhibited projected morphologies outside of the current range of morphological variation. These findings suggest local adaptation and spatial heterogeneity in environmental changes interact to influence variation in the degree of expected phenotypic responses to climate change at both the species and population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Andres
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.
| | - Huicheng Chien
- Department of Geography, SUNY New Paltz, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA
| | - Jason H Knouft
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lowe WH, Addis BR. Matching habitat choice and plasticity contribute to phenotype–environment covariation in a stream salamander. Ecology 2019; 100:e02661. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winsor H. Lowe
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | - Brett R. Addis
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leung C, Breton S, Angers B. A trait-based ecology to assess the acclimation of a sperm-dependent clonal fish compared to its sexual host. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5896. [PMID: 30405974 PMCID: PMC6216994 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Survival in temporally or spatially changing environments is a prerequisite for the perpetuation of a given species. In addition to genetic variation, the role of epigenetic processes is crucial in the persistence of organisms. For instance, mechanisms such as developmental flexibility enable the adjustment of the phenotype of a given individual to changing conditions throughout its development. However, the extent of factors other than genetic variability, like epigenetic processes, in the production of alternative phenotype and the consequences in realized ecological niches is still unclear. Methods In this study, we compared the extent of realized niches between asexual and sexual individuals from different environments. We used a trait-based ecology approach exploiting trophic and locomotive structures to infer the environment that each biotype actually used. More specifically, we compared the morphology of the all-female clonal and sperm-dependent fish Chrosomus eos-neogaeus to that of their sexual host species C. eos in common garden and natural conditions. Results Transfer from natural to controlled conditions resulted in a similar shift in measured morphology for clonal and sexual individuals suggesting comparable level of flexibility in both kinds of organisms. However, clonal, but not sexual, individuals displayed a consistent phenotype when reared in uniform conditions indicating that in absence of genetic variation, one phenotype corresponds to one niche. This contrasted with results from natural conditions where clones were morphologically as variable as sexual individuals within a sampled site. In addition, similar phenotypic changes for both clonal and sexual individuals were observed among the majority of sampled sites, indicating that they responded similarly to the same environments. Discussion Our results indicated that clones can efficiently use different niches and may evolve in a range of environmental conditions comparable to that of a sexual species, thus underlying the importance of factors other than genetic variability, like epigenetic processes, for coping with environmental heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Leung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Breton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernard Angers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shuai F, Yu S, Lek S, Li X. Habitat effects on intra-species variation in functional morphology: Evidence from freshwater fish. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10902-10913. [PMID: 30519416 PMCID: PMC6262925 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic-environment interactions have long been considered an important factor in functional phenotype differentiation in organisms. The differentiation processes determining functional phenotypes can reveal important mechanisms yielding differences in specific functions of animal traits in the ecosystem. In the present study, we examined functional morphological variations in relation to increasing geographic altitude. Six fish species were examined for how environment factors affect intra-specific functional morphology in the subtropical Pearl River in southern China. Functional morphology traits revealed variable effects due to geographic elevation, although spatial autocorrelation existed among the species tested. The results showed that high-elevation individuals had a more narrow-bodied morphology, with more flexible maneuvrability when swimming, and more evenly distributed musculature than low-elevation individuals. Low-elevation individuals preyed upon larger food sources than high-elevation individuals in some species. Fish functional morphology was strongly affected by regional environmental factors (such as elevation and water temperature) and physical characteristics of local rivers (such as flow velocity, river fractals, and coefficients of fluvial facies). In addition, the effects of the regional factors were stronger than those of the local factors in the Pearl River. Furthermore, it was found that morphological traits associated with locomotion were primarily effected by the river's physical characteristics. While morphological traits associated with food acquisition were primarily affected by water chemical factors (such as DO, water clarity, NH 4-N concentration, and TDS). These results demonstrated that habitat has an influence on the biological morphology of fish species, which further affects the functioning of the organism within the ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangmin Shuai
- Pearl River Fisheries Research InstituteCAFSGuangzhouChina
- Ministry of AgricultureExperimental Station for Scientific Observation on Fishery Resources and Environment in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Pearl RiverGuangdongChina
| | - Shixiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of BiocontrolDepartment of EcologySchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sovan Lek
- Université de Toulouse ‐ Paul SabatierToulouse CedexFrance
| | - Xinhui Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research InstituteCAFSGuangzhouChina
- Ministry of AgricultureExperimental Station for Scientific Observation on Fishery Resources and Environment in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Pearl RiverGuangdongChina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chiarello-Sosa JM, Battini MÁ, Barriga JP. Latitudinal phenotypic variation in the southernmost trichomycterid, the catfish Hatcheria macraei: an amalgam of population divergence and environmental factors. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Body shape and meristic characters are highly variable phenotypic aspects in fish, and in most cases are related to phylogeography, environmental factors and life history patterns. Our main goals here were to evaluate morphological and meristic characters in five populations of the catfish Hatcheria macraei living at different latitudes across Patagonia, and to assess the importance of environmental and phylogenetic variables in determining body shape. The present study reveals great morphological variation among populations distributed along the latitudinal gradient. We found that the highest levels of variation in external morphological features were in peduncle height, dorsal fin length and anus position. This variation in body shape, quantified by geometric morphometrics, was mostly explained by the phylogenetic relationship between populations, stream gradient and spawning temperature. In contrast, the meristic characters, such as vertebral and fin ray numbers, except for dorsal fin ray number, were negatively related to latitude and positively to spawning temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mauro Chiarello-Sosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Miguel Ángel Battini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Barriga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paterson JE, Blouin-Demers G. Male throat colour polymorphism is related to differences in space use and in habitat selection in tree lizards. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Paterson
- Department of Biology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moody EK, Lozano-Vilano ML. Predation drives morphological convergence in the Gambusia panuco species group among lotic and lentic habitats. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:491-501. [PMID: 29266513 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fish morphology is often constrained by a trade-off between optimizing steady vs. unsteady swimming performance due to opposing effects of caudal peduncle size. Lotic environments tend to select for steady swimming performance, leading to smaller caudal peduncles, whereas predators tend to select for unsteady swimming performance, leading to larger caudal peduncles. However, it is unclear which aspect of performance should be optimized across heterogeneous flow and predation environments and how this heterogeneity may affect parallel phenotypic evolution. We investigated this question among four Gambusia species in north-eastern Mexico, specifically the riverine G. panuco, the spring endemics G. alvarezi and G. hurtadoi, and a fourth species, G. marshi, found in a variety of habitats with varying predation pressure in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin and Río Salado de Nadadores. We employed a geometric morphometric analysis to examine how body shapes of both male and female fish differ among species and habitats and with piscivore presence. We found that high-predation and low-predation species diverged morphologically, with G. marshi exhibiting a variable, intermediate body shape. Within G. marshi, body morphology converged in high-predation environments regardless of flow velocity, and fish from high-predation sites had larger relative caudal peduncle areas. However, we found that G. marshi from low-predation environments diverged in morphology between sub-basins of Cuatro Ciénegas, indicating other differences among these basins that merit further study. Our results suggest that a morphological trade-off promotes parallel evolution of body shape in fishes colonizing high-predation environments and that changing predation pressure can strongly impact morphological evolution in these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E K Moody
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M L Lozano-Vilano
- Laboratorio de Ictiología, Universidad Autόnoma de Nuevo Leόn, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jacobson B, Dubois F, Peres-Neto PR. Phenotype-dependent selection underlies patterns of sorting across habitats: the case of stream-fishes. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Jacobson
- Dépt des sciences biologiques; Univ. du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C3P8 Canada
| | | | - Pedro R. Peres-Neto
- Dépt des sciences biologiques; Univ. du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville; Montréal QC, H3C3P8 Canada
- Dept of Biology; Concordia Univ.; Montréal QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Senay C, Harvey-Lavoie S, Macnaughton C, Bourque G, Boisclair D. Morphological differentiation in northern pike (Esox lucius): the influence of environmental conditions and sex on body shape. CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Morphological differentiation may allow individuals to cope with prevailing environmental conditions. Morphological differentiation in fish characterized by sagittiform shape and ambush predator behaviour, such as northern pike (Esox lucius L., 1758), has rarely been addressed. Morphological differentiation was assessed in two rivers exhibiting contrasting flow regimes: a hydropeaking river characterized by large and frequent fluctuations in flow rates and an unregulated river. An increase in northern pike movement rate was observed in the hydropeaking river. Therefore, morphological features enhancing sustained and burst swimming, as well as manoeuvrability, were expected. Our objectives are to (i) compare morphology between the two rivers and (ii) assess morphological differentiation between sexes. Using geometric morphometrics, shape significantly diverged between rivers irrespective of sex and between sexes in the hydropeaking river. Individuals from the hydropeaking river had more elongated heads, deeper bodies and caudal peduncles, and longer dorsal fin insertions than individuals from the unregulated river. Caudal fin differences between rivers were not consistent between sexes. Morphological differentiation suggested a trade-off among adaptations for sustained and burst swimming, as well as manoeuvrability, to cope with variable flows in a hydropeaking river. Morphological differentiation may allow the exploitation of spatially and temporally variable environmental conditions, including those stemming from river flow regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Senay
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - S. Harvey-Lavoie
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - C.J. Macnaughton
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - G. Bourque
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - D. Boisclair
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- NSERC HydroNet, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Laporte M, Claude J, Berrebi P, Perret P, Magnan P. Shape plasticity in response to water velocity in the freshwater blenny Salaria fluviatilis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:1191-1203. [PMID: 26935595 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A non-random association between an environmental factor and a given trait could be explained by directional selection (genetic determinism) and by phenotypic plasticity (environmental determinism). A previous study showed a significant relationship between morphology and water velocity in Salaria fluviatilis that conformed to functional expectations. The objective of this study was to test whether this relationship could be explained by phenotypic plasticity. Salaria fluviatilis from a Corsican stream were placed in four experimental channels with different water velocities (0, 10, 20 and 30 cm s(-1)) to test whether there was a morphological response associated with this environmental factor. After 28 days, fish shape changed in response to water velocity without any significant growth. Fish in higher water velocities exhibited a more slender body shape and longer anal and caudal fins. These results indicate a high degree of morphological plasticity in riverine populations of S. fluviatilis and suggest that the previous relationship between morphology and water velocity observed in the field may largely be due to an environmental determinism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Laporte
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR 5554 UM2-CNRS-IRD, Université de Montpellier II, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
- Centre de recherche sur les interactions bassins versants-écosystèmes aquatiques (RIVE), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - J Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR 5554 UM2-CNRS-IRD, Université de Montpellier II, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - P Berrebi
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), UMR 5554 UM2-CNRS-IRD, Université de Montpellier II, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - P Perret
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et d'Évolution (CEFE), UMR 5175 CEFE-CNRS, Équipe Écologie Spatiale des Populations, 1919 route de Mende, F34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - P Magnan
- Centre de recherche sur les interactions bassins versants-écosystèmes aquatiques (RIVE), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C. P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chapman BB, Hulthén K, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Skov C, Hansson LA, Brodersen J. Shape up or ship out: migratory behaviour predicts morphology across spatial scale in a freshwater fish. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1187-93. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben B. Chapman
- School of Life Sciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - P. Anders Nilsson
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences; Karlstad University; Karlstad 651 88 Sweden
| | - Christian Skov
- National institute of Aquatic Resources; Technical University of Denmark; Silkeborg DK-8600 Denmark
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology; Aquatic Ecology Unit; Lund University; Lund SE-223 62 Sweden
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Collyer ML, Hall ME, Smith MD, Hoagstrom CW. Habitat-Morphotype Associations of Pecos Pupfish ( Cyprinodon pecosensis) in Isolated Habitat Complexes. COPEIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-14-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Senay C, Boisclair D, Peres-Neto PR. Habitat-based polymorphism is common in stream fishes. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:219-27. [PMID: 25041645 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Morphological differences (size and shape) across habitats are common in lake fish where differences relate to two dominant contrasting habitats: the pelagic and littoral habitat. Repeated occurrence of littoral and pelagic morphs across multiple populations of several lake fish species has been considered as important evidence that polymorphism is adaptive in these systems. It has been suggested that these habitat-based polymorphic differences are due to the temporal stability of the differences between littoral and pelagic habitats. Although streams are spatially heterogeneous, they are also more temporally dynamic than lakes and it is still an open question whether streams provide the environmental conditions that promote habitat-based polymorphism. We tested whether fish from riffle, run and pool habitats, respectively, differed consistently in their morphology. Our test compared patterns of morphological variation (size and shape) in 10 fish species from the three stream habitat types in 36 separate streams distributed across three watersheds. For most species, body size and shape (after controlling for body size) differed across riffle, run and pool habitats. Unlike many lake species, the nature of these differences was not consistent across species, possibly because these species use these habitat types in different ways. Our results suggest that habitat-based polymorphism is an important feature also in stream fishes despite the fact that streams are temporally variable in contrast to lake systems. Future research is required to assess whether the patterns of habitat-based polymorphism encountered in streams have a genetic basis or they are simply the result of within generation phenotypic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Senay
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.,Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel Boisclair
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pedro R Peres-Neto
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.,Canada Research Chair in Spatial Modelling and Biodiversity, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|