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Wang FH, Wang BB, Gao J, Yang XJ, Jia YB, Tian SY, Li X, Zhang N, Zhang XC, Wei YM, Zhang J, Cai KZ. Determination of cyclic adenosine phosphate and protein content in dormant chlamydospore and nondormant chlamydospore of Arthrobotrys flagrans. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2400008. [PMID: 38548685 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Arthrobotrys flagrans, a nematode-eating fungus, is an effective component of animal parasitic nematode biocontrol agents. In the dried formulation, the majority of spores are in an endogenous dormant state. This study focuses on dormant chlamydospore and nondormant chlamydospore of A. flagrans to investigate the differences in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein content between the two types of spores. cAMP and soluble proteins were extracted from the nondormant chlamydospore and dormant chlamydospore of two isolates of A. flagrans. The cAMP Direct Immunoassay Kit and Bradford protein concentration assay kit (Coomassie brilliant blue method) were used to detect the cAMP and protein content in two types of spores. Results showed that the content of cAMP in dormant spores of both isolates was significantly higher than that in nondormant spores (p < 0.05). The protein content of dormant spores in DH055 bacteria was significantly higher than that of nondormant spores (p < 0.05). In addition, the protein content of dormant spores of the SDH035 strain was slightly higher than that of nondormant spores, but the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The results obtained in this study provide evidence for the biochemical mechanism of chlamydospore dormancy or the germination of the nematophagous fungus A. flagrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Medical college, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Bo-Bo Wang
- Department of Medical college, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
- Yan'an Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Parasitology Laboratory, Yan'an, China
| | | | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Yi-Bo Jia
- Department of Medical college, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Shu-Yue Tian
- Department of Medical college, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Medical college, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-Ming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Medical college, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Kui-Zheng Cai
- Department of Medical college, Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
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Jiang H, Yuan L, Ma L, Qi K, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Ma G, Qi J. Histone H3 N-Terminal Lysine Acetylation Governs Fungal Growth, Conidiation, and Pathogenicity through Regulating Gene Expression in Fusarium pseudograminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:379. [PMID: 38921366 PMCID: PMC11204548 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The acetylation of histone lysine residues regulates multiple life processes, including growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity in filamentous pathogenic fungi. However, the specific function of each lysine residue at the N-terminus of histone H3 in phytopathogenic fungi remains unclear. In this study, we mutated the N-terminal lysine residues of histone H3 in Fusarium pseudograminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium crown rot of wheat in China, which also produces deoxynivalenol (DON) toxins harmful to humans and animals. Our findings reveal that all the FpH3K9R, FpH3K14R, FpH3K18R, and FpH3K23R mutants are vital for vegetative growth and conidiation. Additionally, FpH3K14 regulates the pathogen's sensitivity to various stresses and fungicides. Despite the slowed growth of the FpH3K9R and FpH3K23R mutants, their pathogenicity towards wheat stems and heads remains unchanged. However, the FpH3K9R mutant produces more DON. Furthermore, the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants exhibit significantly reduced virulence, with the FpH3K18R mutant producing minimal DON. In the FpH3K9R, FpH3K14R, FpH3K18R, and FpH3K23R mutants, there are 1863, 1400, 1688, and 1806 downregulated genes, respectively, compared to the wild type. These downregulated genes include many that are crucial for growth, conidiation, pathogenicity, and DON production, as well as some essential genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicates that genes downregulated in the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants are enriched for ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, and rRNA metabolic process. This suggests that the translation machinery is abnormal in the FpH3K14R and FpH3K18R mutants. Overall, our findings suggest that H3 N-terminal lysine residues are involved in regulating the expression of genes with important functions and are critical for fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Lifang Yuan
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Liguo Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Kai Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Yueli Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Bo Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Guoping Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Junshan Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (H.J.); (L.M.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.); (B.Z.); (G.M.)
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3
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Bigini V, Sillo F, Giulietti S, Pontiggia D, Giovannini L, Balestrini R, Savatin DV. Oligogalacturonide application increases resistance to Fusarium head blight in durum wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3070-3091. [PMID: 38334507 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fusariosis causes substantial yield losses in the wheat crop worldwide and compromises food safety because of the presence of toxins associated with the fungal disease. Among the current approaches to crop protection, the use of elicitors able to activate natural defense mechanisms in plants is a strategy gaining increasing attention. Several studies indicate that applications of plant cell-wall-derived elicitors, such as oligogalacturonides (OGs) derived from partial degradation of pectin, induce local and systemic resistance against plant pathogens. The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of OGs in protecting durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum), which is characterized by an extreme susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum. To evaluate the functionality of OGs, spikes and seedlings of cv. Svevo were inoculated with OGs, F. graminearum spores, and a co-treatment of both. Results demonstrated that OGs are active elicitors of wheat defenses, triggering typical immune marker genes and determining regulation of fungal genes. Moreover, bioassays on spikes and transcriptomic analyses on seedlings showed that OGs can regulate relevant physiological processes in Svevo with dose-dependent specificity. Thus, the OG sensing system plays an important role in fine tuning immune signaling pathways in durum wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Sarah Giulietti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Biology and biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Giovannini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Chen W, Li X, Wei L, Chen B, Han C, Duan Y, Chen C. Functional Differentiation of the Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit SdhC Governs the Sensitivity to SDHI Fungicides, ROS Homeostasis, and Pathogenicity in Fusarium asiaticum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10314-10327. [PMID: 38661317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an integral component of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and respiratory electron transport chain (ETC), targeted by succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). Fusarium asiaticum is a prominent phytopathogen causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat. Here, we characterized the functions of the FaSdhA, FaSdhB, FaSdhC1, FaSdhC2, and FaSdhD subunits. Deletion of FaSdhA, FaSdhB, or FaSdhD resulted in significant growth defects in F. asiaticum. The FaSdhC1 or FaSdhC2 deletion mutants exhibited substantial reductions in fungal growth, conidiation, virulence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The FaSdhC1 expression was significantly induced by pydiflumetofen (PYD). The ΔFaSdhC1 mutant displayed hypersensitivity to SDHIs, whereas the ΔFaSdhC2 mutant exhibited resistance against most SDHIs. The transmembrane domains of FaSdhC1 are essential for regulating mycelial growth, virulence, and sensitivity to SDHIs. These findings provided valuable insights into how the two SdhC paralogues regulated the functional integrity of SDH, ROS homeostasis, and the sensitivity to SDHIs in phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyang Han
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
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Zheng Z, Liu H, Luo X, Liu R, Joe AD, Li H, Sun H, Lin Y, Li Y, Wang Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into the resistance regulation mechanism and inhibitory effect of fungicide phenamacril in Fusarium asiaticum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 201:105848. [PMID: 38685210 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium asiaticum is a destructive phytopathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium head blight of wheat (FHB), leading to serious yield and economic losses to cereal crops worldwide. Our previous studies indicated that target-site mutations (K216R/E, S217P/L, or E420K/G/D) of Type I myosin FaMyo5 conferred high resistance to phenamacril. Here, we first constructed one sensitive strain H1S and three point mutation resistant strains HA, HC and H1R. Then we conducted comparative transcriptome analysis of these F. asiaticum strains after 1 and 10 μg·mL-1 phenamacril treatment. Results indicated that 2135 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) among the sensitive and resistant strains. The DEGs encoding ammonium transporter MEP1/MEP2, nitrate reductase, copper amine oxidase 1, 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, amino-acid permease inda1, succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid decarboxylase, etc., were significantly up-regulated in all the phenamacril-resistant strains. Compared to the control group, a total of 1778 and 2097 DEGs were identified in these strains after 1 and 10 μg·mL-1 phenamacril treatment, respectively. These DEGs involved in 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, chitin synthase 1, multiprotein-bridging factor 1, transcriptional regulatory protein pro-1, amino-acid permease inda1, ATP-dependent RNA helicase DED1, acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2, etc., showed significantly down-regulated expression in phenamacril-sensitive strain but not in resistant strains after phenamacril treatment. In addition, cyanide hydratase, mating-type protein MAT-1, putative purine nucleoside permease, plasma membrane protein yro2, etc., showed significantly co-down-regulated expression in all the strains after phenamacril treatment. Taken together, This study provides deep insights into the resistance regulation mechanism and the inhibitory effect of fungicide phenamacril and these new annotated proteins or enzymes are worth for the discovery of new fungicide targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitian Zheng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China.
| | - Huaqi Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Runze Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Alexander Dumbi Joe
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Haolin Li
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjng 210014, China
| | - Yanling Lin
- Jiangsu GOOD HARVEST-WEIEN Agrochemical Co., Ltd, Beijing 101318, China
| | - Yanzhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China.
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Niu G, Yang Q, Liao Y, Sun D, Tang Z, Wang G, Xu M, Wang C, Kang J. Advances in Understanding Fusarium graminearum: Genes Involved in the Regulation of Sexual Development, Pathogenesis, and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:475. [PMID: 38674409 PMCID: PMC11050156 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The wheat head blight disease caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major concern for food security and the health of both humans and animals. As a pathogenic microorganism, F. graminearum produces virulence factors during infection to increase pathogenicity, including various macromolecular and small molecular compounds. Among these virulence factors, secreted proteins and deoxynivalenol (DON) are important weapons for the expansion and colonization of F. graminearum. Besides the presence of virulence factors, sexual reproduction is also crucial for the infection process of F. graminearum and is indispensable for the emergence and spread of wheat head blight. Over the last ten years, there have been notable breakthroughs in researching the virulence factors and sexual reproduction of F. graminearum. This review aims to analyze the research progress of sexual reproduction, secreted proteins, and DON of F. graminearum, emphasizing the regulation of sexual reproduction and DON synthesis. We also discuss the application of new gene engineering technologies in the prevention and control of wheat head blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Yihui Liao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Daiyuan Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Zhe Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Guanghui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Ming Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Chenfang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiangang Kang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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7
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Huang P, Yu X, Liu H, Ding M, Wang Z, Xu JR, Jiang C. Regulation of TRI5 expression and deoxynivalenol biosynthesis by a long non-coding RNA in Fusarium graminearum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1216. [PMID: 38332031 PMCID: PMC10853542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45502-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequently detected mycotoxin in cereal grains and processed food or feed. Two transcription factors, Tri6 and Tri10, are essential for DON biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. In this study we conduct stranded RNA-seq analysis with tri6 and tri10 mutants and show that Tri10 acts as a master regulator controlling the expression of sense and antisense transcripts of TRI6 and over 450 genes with diverse functions. TRI6 is more specific for regulating TRI genes although it negatively regulates TRI10. Two other TRI genes, including TRI5 that encodes a key enzyme for DON biosynthesis, also have antisense transcripts. Both Tri6 and Tri10 are essential for TRI5 expression and for suppression of antisense-TRI5. Furthermore, we identify a long non-coding RNA (named RNA5P) that is transcribed from the TRI5 promoter region and is also regulated by Tri6 and Tri10. Deletion of RNA5P by replacing the promoter region of TRI5 with that of TRI12 increases TRI5 expression and DON biosynthesis, indicating that RNA5P suppresses TRI5 expression. However, ectopic constitutive overexpression of RNA5P has no effect on DON biosynthesis and TRI5 expression. Nevertheless, elevated expression of RNA5P in situ reduces TRI5 expression and DON production. Our results indicate that TRI10 and TRI6 regulate each other's expression, and both are important for suppressing the expression of RNA5P, a long non-coding RNA with cis-acting inhibitory effects on TRI5 expression and DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Liu L, Wang B, Duan G, Wang J, Pan Z, Ou M, Bai X, Wang P, Zhao D, Nan N, Li D, Sun W. Histone Deacetylase UvHST2 Is a Global Regulator of Secondary Metabolism in Ustilaginoidea virens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13124-13136. [PMID: 37615365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut, produces a large amount of mycotoxins, including ustilaginoidins and sorbicillinoids. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of mycotoxin biosynthesis inU. virens. Here, we demonstrate that the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase UvHST2 negatively regulates ustilaginoidin biosynthesis. UvHst2 knockout caused retarded hypha growth and reduced conidiation and pathogenicity inU. virens. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the transcription factor genes, transporter genes, and other tailoring genes in eight biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) including ustilaginoidin and sorbicillinoid BGCs were upregulated in ΔUvhst2. Interestingly, the UvHst2 deletion affects alternative splicing. Metabolomics revealed that UvHST2 negatively regulates the biosynthesis of various mycotoxins including ustilaginoidins, sorbicillin, ochratoxin B, zearalenone, and O-M-sterigmatocystin. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses uncover that UvHST2 positively regulates pathogenicity but negatively modulates the expression of BGCs involved in secondary metabolism. Collectively, UvHST2 functions as a global regulator of secondary metabolism inU. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guohua Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Zequn Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Mingming Ou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaolong Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Peiying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Nan Nan
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Duan K, Shen Q, Wang Y, Xiang P, Shi Y, Yang C, Jiang C, Wang G, Xu JR, Zhang X. Herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid interferes with MAP kinase signaling in Fusarium graminearum and is inhibitory to fungal growth and pathogenesis. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:31. [PMID: 37676555 PMCID: PMC10442047 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are important for regulating growth, development, and plant-pathogen interactions. Some of them are inhibitory to growth of fungal pathogens but the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, we found that hyphal growth of Fusarium graminearum was significantly reduced by high concentrations of IAA and its metabolically stable analogue 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Besides inhibitory effects on growth rate, treatments with 2,4-D also caused significant reduction in conidiation, conidium germination, and germ tube growth. Treatments with 2,4-D had no obvious effect on sexual reproduction but significantly reduced TRI gene expression, toxisome formation, and DON production. More importantly, treatments with 2,4-D were inhibitory to infection structure formation and pathogenesis at concentrations higher than 100 µM. The presence of 1000 µM 2,4-D almost completely inhibited plant infection and invasive growth. In F. graminearum, 2,4-D induced ROS accumulation and FgHog1 activation but reduced the phosphorylation level of Gpmk1 MAP kinase. Metabolomics analysis showed that the accumulation of a number of metabolites such as glycerol and arabitol was increased by 2,4-D treatment in the wild type but not in the Fghog1 mutant. Transformants expressing the dominant active FgPBS2S451D T455D allele were less sensitive to 2,4-D and had elevated levels of intracellular glycerol and arabitol induced by 2,4-D in PH-1. Taken together, our results showed that treatments with 2,4-D interfere with two important MAP kinase pathways and are inhibitory to hyphal growth, DON biosynthesis, and plant infection in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qifang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yutong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Shostak K, González-Peña Fundora D, Blackman C, Witte T, Sproule A, Overy D, Eranthodi A, Thakor N, Foroud NA, Subramaniam R. Epistatic Relationship between MGV1 and TRI6 in the Regulation of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:816. [PMID: 37623587 PMCID: PMC10455978 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have shown that the MAP kinase MGV1 and the transcriptional regulator TRI6 regulate many of the same biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in Fusarium graminearum. This study sought to investigate the relationship between MGV1 and TRI6 in the regulatory hierarchy. Transgenic F. graminearum strains constitutively expressing MGV1 and TRI6 were generated to address both independent and epistatic regulation of BGCs by MGV1 and TRI6. We performed a comparative transcriptome analysis between axenic cultures grown in nutrient-rich and secondary metabolite-inducing conditions. The results indicated that BGCs regulated independently by Mgv1 included genes of BGC52, whereas genes uniquely regulated by TRI6 included the gene cluster (BGC49) that produces gramillin. To understand the epistatic relationship between MGV1 and TRI6, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to insert a constitutive promoter to drive TRI6 expression in the Δmgv1 strain. The results indicate that BGCs that produce deoxynivalenol and fusaoctaxin are co-regulated, with TRI6 being partially regulated by MGV1. Overall, the findings from this study indicate that MGV1 provides an articulation point to differentially regulate various BGCs. Moreover, TRI6, embedded in one of the BGCs provides specificity to regulate the expression of the genes in the BGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Shostak
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
| | - Dianevys González-Peña Fundora
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (D.G.-P.F.); (A.E.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 4M4, Canada;
| | - Christopher Blackman
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
- Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Tom Witte
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
| | - David Overy
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
| | - Anas Eranthodi
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (D.G.-P.F.); (A.E.)
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 4M4, Canada;
| | - Nora A. Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (D.G.-P.F.); (A.E.)
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada; (K.S.); (C.B.); (T.W.); (A.S.); (D.O.)
- Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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11
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Yang C, Sun J, Wu Z, Jiang M, Li D, Wang X, Zhou C, Liu X, Ren Z, Wang J, Sun M, Sun W, Gao J. FoRSR1 Is Important for Conidiation, Fusaric Acid Production, and Pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1244-1253. [PMID: 36706002 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0372-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The root rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng is one of the most destructive diseases of ginseng, an economically important herb. However, little is known about the pathogen's toxin biosynthesis or the molecular mechanisms regulating infection of ginseng. In this study we identified and functionally characterized the FoRSR1 gene that encodes a Ras-related (RSR) small GTPase homologous to yeast Rsr1 in F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng. Disruption of FoRSR1 resulted in a significant reduction in mycelial dry weight in liquid cultures, although vegetative growth rate was not affected on culture plates. Notably, the Forsr1 mutant exhibited blunted and swollen hyphae with multi-nucleated compartments. It produced fewer and morphologically abnormal conidia and was defective in chlamydospore formation. In infection assays with ginseng roots, the Forsr1 mutant was significantly less virulent and caused only limited necrosis at the wounding sites. Deletion of FoRSR1 also affected pigmentation, autophagy, and production of fusaric acid. Furthermore, the expression of many candidate genes involved in secondary metabolism was significantly downregulated in the mutant, suggesting that FoRSR1 is also important for secondary metabolism. Overall, our results indicated that FoRSR1 plays important roles in conidiation, vacuolar morphology, secondary metabolism, and pathogenesis in F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhaoqun Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Maozhu Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xuecheng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhiguo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Changchun, 130118, China
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12
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Luo K, Guo J, He D, Li G, Ouellet T. Deoxynivalenol accumulation and detoxification in cereals and its potential role in wheat- Fusarium graminearum interactions. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:155-171. [PMID: 37581023 PMCID: PMC10423186 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a prominent mycotoxin showing significant accumulation in cereal plants during infection by the phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum. It is a virulence factor that is important in the spread of F. graminearum within cereal heads, and it causes serious yield losses and significant contamination of cereal grains. In recent decades, genetic and genomic studies have facilitated the characterization of the molecular pathways of DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum and the environmental factors that influence DON accumulation. In addition, diverse scab resistance traits related to the repression of DON accumulation in plants have been identified, and experimental studies of wheat-pathogen interactions have contributed to understanding detoxification mechanisms in host plants. The present review illustrates and summarizes the molecular networks of DON mycotoxin production in F. graminearum and the methods of DON detoxification in plants based on the current literature, which provides molecular targets for crop improvement programs. This review also comprehensively discusses recent advances and challenges related to genetic engineering-mediated cultivar improvements to strengthen scab resistance. Furthermore, ongoing advancements in genetic engineering will enable the application of these molecular targets to develop more scab-resistant wheat cultivars with DON detoxification traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Dejia He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Guangwei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, 716000 China
| | - Thérèse Ouellet
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
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13
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González-Hernández RA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Macías-Rubalcava ML, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Overview of fungal terpene synthases and their regulation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:194. [PMID: 37169980 PMCID: PMC10175467 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and terpenoids are a group of isoprene-derived molecules that constitute the largest group of natural products and secondary metabolites produced by living things, with more than 25,000 compounds reported. These compounds are synthesized by enzymes called terpene synthases, which include several families of cyclases and enzymes. These are responsible for adding functional groups to cyclized structures. Fungal terpenoids are of great interest for their pharmacological properties; therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate their synthesis (regulation of the mevalonate pathway, regulation of gene expression, and availability of cofactors) is essential to direct their production. For this reason, this review addresses the detailed study of the biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids and their regulation by various physiological and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A González-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha L Macías-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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14
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Yu H, Yang H, Haridas S, Hayes RD, Lynch H, Andersen S, Newman M, Li G, Martínez-Soto D, Milo-Cochavi S, Hazal Ayhan D, Zhang Y, Grigoriev IV, Ma LJ. Conservation and Expansion of Transcriptional Factor Repertoire in the Fusarium oxysporum Species Complex. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:359. [PMID: 36983527 PMCID: PMC10056406 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) includes both plant and human pathogens that cause devastating plant vascular wilt diseases and threaten public health. Each F. oxysporum genome comprises core chromosomes (CCs) for housekeeping functions and accessory chromosomes (ACs) that contribute to host-specific adaptation. This study inspects global transcription factor profiles (TFomes) and their potential roles in coordinating CC and AC functions to accomplish host-specific interactions. Remarkably, we found a clear positive correlation between the sizes of TFomes and the proteomes of an organism. With the acquisition of ACs, the FOSC TFomes were larger than the other fungal genomes included in this study. Among a total of 48 classified TF families, 14 families involved in transcription/translation regulations and cell cycle controls were highly conserved. Among the 30 FOSC expanded families, Zn2-C6 and Znf_C2H2 were most significantly expanded to 671 and 167 genes per family including well-characterized homologs of Ftf1 (Zn2-C6) and PacC (Znf_C2H2) that are involved in host-specific interactions. Manual curation of characterized TFs increased the TFome repertoires by 3% including a disordered protein Ren1. RNA-Seq revealed a steady pattern of expression for conserved TF families and specific activation for AC TFs. Functional characterization of these TFs could enhance our understanding of transcriptional regulation involved in FOSC cross-kingdom interactions, disentangle species-specific adaptation, and identify targets to combat diverse diseases caused by this group of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houlin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - He Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sajeet Haridas
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard D. Hayes
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hunter Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sawyer Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Madison Newman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gengtan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Domingo Martínez-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shira Milo-Cochavi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Dilay Hazal Ayhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94598, USA
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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15
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Comparative Transcriptomics of Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae Spore Germination Leading up To Infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0244222. [PMID: 36598191 PMCID: PMC9973345 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02442-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For fungal plant pathogens, the germinating spore provides the first interaction with the host. Spore germlings move across the plant surface and use diverse penetration strategies for ingress into plant surfaces. Penetration strategies include pressurized melanized appressoria, which facilitate physically punching through the plant cuticle, and nonmelanized appressoria, which penetrate with the help of enzymes or cuticular damage to breach the plant surface. Two well-studied plant pathogens, Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae, are typical of these two modes of penetration. We applied comparative transcriptomics to Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae to characterize the genetic programming of the early host-pathogen interface. Four sequential stages of development following spore localization on the plant surface, from spore swelling to appressorium formation, were sampled for each species on culture medium and on barley sheaths, and transcriptomic analyses were performed. Gene expression in the prepenetration stages in both species and under both conditions was similar. In contrast, gene expression in the final stage was strongly influenced by the environment. Appressorium formation involved the greatest number of differentially expressed genes. Laser-dissection microscopy was used to perform detailed transcriptomics of initial infection points by F. graminearum. These analyses revealed new and important aspects of early fungal ingress in this species. Expression of the trichothecene genes involved in biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol by F. graminearum implies that toxisomes are not fully functional until after penetration and indicates that deoxynivalenol is not essential for penetration under our conditions. The use of comparative gene expression of divergent fungi promises to advance highly effective targets for antifungal strategies. IMPORTANCE Fusarium graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae are two of the most important pathogens of cereal grains worldwide. Despite years of research, strong host resistance has not been identified for F. graminearum, so other methods of control are essential. The pathogen takes advantage of multiple entry points to infect the host, including breaches in the florets due to senescence of flower parts and penetration of the weakened trichome bases to breach the epidermis. In contrast, M. oryzae directly punctures leaves that it infects, and resistant cultivars have been characterized. The threat of either pathogen causing a major disease outbreak is ever present. Comparative transcriptomics demonstrated its potential to reveal novel and effective disease prevention strategies that affect the initial stages of disease. Shedding light on the basis of this diversity of infection strategies will result in development of increasingly specific control strategies.
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16
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Yu H, Yang H, Haridas S, Hayes RD, Lynch H, Andersen S, Li G, Mart Nez-Soto D, Milo-Cochavi S, Hazal Ayhan D, Zhang Y, Grigoriev IV, Ma LJ. Conservation and Expansion of Transcriptional Factor Repertoire in the Fusarium oxysporum Species Complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.09.527873. [PMID: 36798233 PMCID: PMC9934661 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) includes both plant and human pathogens that cause devastating plant vascular wilt diseases and threaten public health. Each F. oxysporum genome comprises core chromosomes (CCs) for housekeeping functions and accessory chromosomes (ACs) that contribute to host-specific adaptation. This study inspected global transcription factor profiles (TFomes) and their potential roles in coordinating CCs and ACs functions to accomplish host-specific pathogenicity. Remarkably, we found a clear positive correlation between the sizes of TFome and proteome of an organism, and FOSC TFomes are larger due to the acquisition of ACs. Among a total of 48 classified TF families, 14 families involved in transcription/translation regulations and cell cycle controls are highly conserved. Among 30 FOSC expanded families, Zn2-C6 and Znf_C2H2 are most significantly expanded to 671 and 167 genes per family, including well-characterized homologs of Ftf1 (Zn2-C6) and PacC (Znf_C2H2) involved in host-specific interactions. Manual curation of characterized TFs increased the TFome repertoires by 3%, including a disordered protein Ren1. Expression profiles revealed a steady expression of conserved TF families and specific activation of AC TFs. Functional characterization of these TFs could enhance our understanding of transcriptional regulation involved in FOSC cross-kingdom interactions, disentangle species-specific adaptation, and identify targets to combat diverse diseases caused by this group of fungal pathogens.
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17
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Yang Z, Sun X, Jin D, Qiu Y, Chen L, Sun L, Gu W. Novel Camphor Sulfonohydrazide and Sulfonamide Derivatives as Potential Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors against Phytopathogenic Fungi/Oomycetes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:174-185. [PMID: 36562624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To discover novel fungicidal agrochemicals for treating wheat scab, 39 novel camphor sulfonohydrazide/sulfonamide derivatives 4a-4t and 6a-6s were designed and synthesized. In the in vitro antifungal/antioomycete assay, compounds 4g, 4n, and 4o displayed significant inhibitory activities against Fusarium graminearum, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Phytophthora capsici. Among them, 4n exhibited the best antifungal activity against F. graminearum with an EC50 value of 0.41 mg/L, which was at the same level as that of pydiflumetofen. The in vivo experiment revealed that 4n presented excellent protective and curative efficacy toward F. graminearum. In the antifungal mechanism study, 4n could increase the cell membrane permeability and reduce the exopolysaccharide and ergosterol content of F. graminearum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed that 4n could significantly damage the surface morphology and the cell ultrastructure of mycelia to interfere with the growth of F. graminearum. Furthermore, 4n exhibited potent succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitory activity in vitro with an IC50 value of 3.94 μM, which was equipotent to pydiflumetofen (IC50 = 4.07 μM). The molecular dynamics simulation and docking study suggested that compound 4n could well occupy the active site and form strong interactions with the key residues of SDH. The above-mentioned results demonstrated that the title camphor sulfonohydrazide/sulfonamide derivatives could be promising lead compounds for further succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xuebao Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Daojun Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yigui Qiu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Liew MXX, Nakajima Y, Maeda K, Kitamura N, Kimura M. Regulatory mechanism of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1148771. [PMID: 37138602 PMCID: PMC10149712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1148771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the genes involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecene (Tri genes), Tri6 and Tri10 encode a transcription factor with unique Cys2His2 zinc finger domains and a regulatory protein with no consensus DNA-binding sequences, respectively. Although various chemical factors, such as nitrogen nutrients, medium pH, and certain oligosaccharides, are known to influence trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of Tri6 and Tri10 genes is poorly understood. Particularly, culture medium pH is a major regulator in trichothecene biosynthesis in F. graminearum, but it is susceptible to metabolic changes posed by nutritional and genetic factors. Hence, appropriate precautions should be considered to minimize the indirect influence of pH on the secondary metabolism while studying the roles of nutritional and genetic factors on trichothecene biosynthesis regulation. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the structural changes of the trichothecene gene cluster core region exert considerable influence over the normal regulation of Tri gene expression. In this perspective paper, we consider a revision of our current understanding of the regulatory mechanism of trichothecene biosynthesis in F. graminearum and share our idea toward establishing a regulatory model of Tri6 and Tri10 transcription.
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Gong C, Xu D, Sun D, Kang J, Wang W, Xu JR, Zhang X. FgSnt1 of the Set3 HDAC complex plays a key role in mediating the regulation of histone acetylation by the cAMP-PKA pathway in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010510. [PMID: 36477146 PMCID: PMC9728937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-PKA pathway is critical for regulating growth, differentiation, and pathogenesis in fungal pathogens. In Fusarium graminearum, mutants deleted of PKR regulatory-subunit of PKA had severe defects but often produced spontaneous suppressors. In this study eleven pkr suppressors were found to have mutations in FgSNT1, a component of the Set3C histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex, that result in the truncation of its C-terminal region. Targeted deletion of the C-terminal 98 aa (CT98) in FgSNT1 suppressed the defects of pkr in growth and H4 acetylation. CT98 truncation also increased the interaction of FgSnt1 with Hdf1, a major HDAC in the Set3 complex. The pkr mutant had no detectable expression of the Cpk1 catalytic subunit and PKA activities, which was not suppressed by mutations in FgSNT1. Cpk1 directly interacted with the N-terminal region of FgSnt1 and phosphorylated it at S443, a conserved PKA-phosphorylation site. CT98 of FgSnt1 carrying the S443D mutation interacted with its own N-terminal region. Expression of FgSNT1S443D rescued the defects of pkr in growth and H4 acetylation. Therefore, phosphorylation at S443 and suppressor mutations may relieve self-inhibitory binding of FgSnt1 and increase its interaction with Hdf1 and H4 acetylation, indicating a key role of FgSnt1 in crosstalk between cAMP signaling and Set3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Daiying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Daiyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiangang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (J-RX); (XZ)
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- * E-mail: (J-RX); (XZ)
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Yang Y, Huang P, Ma Y, Jiang R, Jiang C, Wang G. Insights into intracellular signaling network in Fusarium species. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1007-1014. [PMID: 36179869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi including numerous important plant pathogens. In addition to causing huge economic losses of crops, some Fusarium species produce a wide range of mycotoxins in cereal crops that affect human and animal health. The intracellular signaling in Fusarium plays an important role in growth, sexual and asexual developments, pathogenesis, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. In this review, we highlight the recent advances and provide insight into signal sensing and transduction in Fusarium species. G protein-coupled receptors and other conserved membrane receptors mediate recognition of environmental cues and activate complex intracellular signaling. Once activated, the cAMP-PKA and three well-conserved MAP kinase pathways activate downstream transcriptional regulatory networks. The functions of individual signaling pathways have been well characterized in a variety of Fusarium species, showing the conserved components with diverged functions. Furthermore, these signaling pathways crosstalk and coordinately regulate various fungal development and infection-related morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid areas, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid areas, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yutong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid areas, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruoxuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid areas, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid areas, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid areas, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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21
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FgCsn12 Is Involved in the Regulation of Ascosporogenesis in the Wheat Scab Fungus Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810445. [PMID: 36142356 PMCID: PMC9499528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease worldwide. Ascospores are the primary inoculum of F. graminearum, and sexual reproduction is a critical step in its infection cycle. In this study, we characterized the functions of FgCsn12. Although the ortholog of FgCsn12 in budding yeast was reported to have a direct interaction with Csn5, which served as the core subunit of the COP9 signalosome, the interaction between FgCsn12 and FgCsn5 was not detected through the yeast two-hybrid assay. The deletion of FgCSN12 resulted in slight defects in the growth rate, conidial morphology, and pathogenicity. Instead of forming four-celled, uninucleate ascospores, the Fgcsn12 deletion mutant produced oval ascospores with only one or two cells and was significantly defective in ascospore discharge. The 3'UTR of FgCsn12 was dispensable for vegetative growth but essential for sexual reproductive functions. Compared with those of the wild type, 1204 genes and 2240 genes were up- and downregulated over twofold, respectively, in the Fgcsn12 mutant. Taken together, FgCsn12 demonstrated an important function in the regulation of ascosporogenesis in F. graminearum.
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PKR Protects the Major Catalytic Subunit of PKA Cpk1 from FgBlm10-Mediated Proteasome Degradation in Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810208. [PMID: 36142119 PMCID: PMC9499325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For optimal proteolytic function, the proteasome core (CP or 20S) must associate with activators. The cAMP-PKA pathway is reported to affect the activity of the proteasome in humans. However, the relationship between the proteasome and PKA is not well characterized. Our results showed that the major catalytic subunit Cpk1 was degraded without the protection of Pkr. Eleven (out of 67) pkr suppressors had FgBlm10 C-terminal truncation, one suppressor had an amino acid change mutation in the PRE6 ortholog (FGRRES_07282), and one in the PRE5 ortholog (FGRRES_05222). These mutations rescued the defects in growth and conidial morphology, Cpk1 stability, and PKA activities in the pkr mutant. The interaction of FgBlm10 with FgPre5 and FgPre6 were detected by co-immunoprecipitation, and the essential elements for their interaction were characterized, including the FgBlm10 C-terminus, amino acid D82 of FgPre6 and K62 of FgPre5. Additional FgBlm10-interacting proteins were identified in the wild type and pkr mutant, suggesting that PKA regulates the preference of FgBlm10-mediated proteasome assembly. In addition, PKA indirectly affected the phosphorylation of FgBlm10, and its localization in the nucleus. The truncation of the FgBlm10 C terminus also enhanced nuclear import and bleomycin resistance, suggesting its role in proteasome assembly at DNA damage sites. Collectively, our data demonstrated that regulation between PKA and proteasome degradation is critical for the vegetative growth of F. graminearum.
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Xu H, Ye M, Xia A, Jiang H, Huang P, Liu H, Hou R, Wang Q, Li D, Xu JR, Jiang C. The Fng3 ING protein regulates H3 acetylation and H4 deacetylation by interacting with two distinct histone-modifying complexes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2350-2364. [PMID: 35653584 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state level of histone acetylation is maintained by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes. INhibitor of Growth (ING) proteins are key components of the HAT or HDAC complexes but their relationship with other components and roles in phytopathogenic fungi are not well-characterized. Here, the FNG3 ING gene was functionally characterized in the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. Deletion of FNG3 results in defects in fungal development and pathogenesis. Unlike other ING proteins that are specifically associated with distinct complexes, Fng3 was associated with both NuA3 HAT and FgRpd3 HDAC complexes to regulate H3 acetylation and H4 deacetylation. Whereas FgNto1 mediates the FgSas3-Fng3 interaction in the NuA3 complex, Fng3 interacted with the C-terminal region of FgRpd3 that is present in Rpd3 orthologs from filamentous fungi but absent in yeast Rpd3. The intrinsically disordered regions in the C-terminal tail of FgRpd3 underwent phase separation, which was important for its interaction with Fng3. Furthermore, the ING domain of Fng3 is responsible for its specificities in protein-protein interactions and functions. Taken together, Fng3 is involved in the dynamic regulation of histone acetylation by interacting with two histone modification complexes, and is important for fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Meng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Aliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hang Jiang
- Institution of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rui Hou
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dongao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Trichothecene Biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex Combined with Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081479. [PMID: 35893537 PMCID: PMC9332169 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium graminearum species complex is the main causal agent of wheat head blight worldwide. Trichothecenes produced by the pathogen in infected grains have important food safety implications. Previously reported studies on trichothecene production have all focused on the conditions conducive to mycotoxin production, while the molecular mechanisms of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium strains under normal or non-inducing conditions are still unclear. Here, a global analysis of the fungal gene expression of three strains using the Affymetrix Fusarium GeneChip under non-inducing conditions is reported. Differentially expressed genes were identified among strains with different trichothecene-production ability, and some novel genes associated with trichothecene biosynthesis were found by bioinformatics analysis. To verify the transcriptome results, proteomic analyses of the three strains were conducted under the same culture conditions. In total, 69 unique fungal proteins were identified in 77 protein spots. Combined with transcriptome and proteome analysis, 27 novel genes were predicted to be associated with trichothecene mycotoxin production. A protein, encoded by FGSG_01403, was found to be associated with trichothecene production via proteome analysis. Gene knock-out mutations of FGSG_01403 resulted in mutants with increased production of trichothecenes. Future functional analysis of the candidate genes identified in this study may reveal new insights into the negative regulation of trichothecene production in the Fusarium graminearum species complex.
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25
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Deoxynivalenol: An Overview on Occurrence, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Health Effects and Its Detection, Management, and Control Strategies in Food and Feed. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungi-produced secondary metabolites that can contaminate many foods eaten by humans and animals. Deoxynivalenol (DON), which is formed by Fusarium, is one of the most common occurring predominantly in cereal grains and thus poses a significant health risk. When DON is ingested, it can cause both acute and chronic toxicity. Acute signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, increased salivation, vomiting, and malaise. The most common effects of chronic DON exposure include changes in dietary efficacy, weight loss, and anorexia. This review provides a succinct overview of various sources, biosynthetic mechanisms, and genes governing DON production, along with its consequences on human and animal health. It also covers the effect of environmental factors on its production with potential detection, management, and control strategies.
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26
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Wang J, Zeng W, Cheng J, Xie J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Lin Y. lncRsp1, a long noncoding RNA, influences Fgsp1 expression and sexual reproduction in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:265-277. [PMID: 34841640 PMCID: PMC8743023 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression in many biological processes, but their biological functions remain largely unknown, especially in fungi. Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen that causes the destructive disease Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head scab disease on wheat and barley. In our previous RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) study, we discovered that lncRsp1 is an lncRNA that is located +99 bp upstream of a putative sugar transporter gene, Fgsp1, with the same transcription direction. Functional studies revealed that ΔlncRsp1 and ΔFgsp1 were normal in growth and conidiation but had defects in ascospore discharge and virulence on wheat coleoptiles. Moreover, lncRsp1 and Fgsp1 were shown to negatively regulate the expression of several deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis genes, TRI4, TRI5, TRI6, and TRI13, as well as DON production. Further analysis showed that the overexpression of lncRsp1 enhanced the ability of ascospore release and increased the mRNA expression level of the Fgsp1 gene, while lncRsp1-silenced strains reduced ascospore discharge and inhibited Fgsp1 expression during the sexual reproduction stage. In addition, the lncRsp1 complementary strains lncRsp1-LC-1 and lncRsp1-LC-2 restored ascospore discharge to the level of the wild-type strain PH-1. Taken together, our results reveal the distinct and specific functions of lncRsp1 and Fgsp1 in F. graminearum and principally demonstrate that lncRsp1 can affect the release of ascospores by regulating the expression of Fgsp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu GulfMinistry of EducationNanning Normal UniversityNanningChina
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanping Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yang Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant PathologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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27
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Ren J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li C, Bian Z, Zhang X, Liu H, Xu JR, Jiang C. Deletion of all three MAP kinase genes results in severe defects in stress responses and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:6. [PMID: 37676362 PMCID: PMC10441923 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are activated by external stimuli and convert signals to cellular changes. Individual MAPKs have been characterized in a number of plant pathogenic fungi for their roles in pathogenesis and responses to biotic or abiotic stresses. However, mutants deleted of all the MAPK genes have not been reported in filamentous fungi. To determine the MAPK-less effects in a fungal pathogen, in this study we generated and characterized mutants deleted of all three MAPK genes in the wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum. The Gpmk1 mgv1 Fghog1 triple mutants had severe growth defects and was non-pathogenic. It was defective in infection cushion formation and DON production. Conidiation was reduced in the triple mutant, which often produced elongated conidia with more septa than the wild-type conidia. The triple mutant was blocked in sexual reproduction due to the loss of female fertility. Lack of any MAPKs resulted in an increased sensitivity to various abiotic stress including cell wall, osmotic, oxidative stresses, and phytoalexins, which are likely related to the defects of the triple mutant in environmental adaptation and plant infection. The triple mutant also had increased sensitivity to the biocontrol bacterium Bacillus velezensis and fungus Clonostachys rosea. In co-incubation assays with B. velezensis, the Gpmk1 mgv1 Fghog1 mutant had more severe growth limitation than the wild type and was defective in conidium germination and germ tube growth. In confrontation assays, the triple mutant was defective in defending against mycoparasitic activities of C. rosea and the latter could grow over the mutant but not wild-type F. graminearum. RNA-seq and metabolomics analyses showed that the MAPK triple mutant was altered in the expression of many ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter genes and the accumulation of metabolites related to arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolisms. Overall, as the first study on mutants deleted of all three MAPKs in fungal pathogens, our results showed that although MAPKs are not essential for growth and asexual reproduction, the Gpmk1 mgv1 Fghog1 triple mutant was blocked in plant infection and sexual reproductions. It also had severe defects in responses to various abiotic stresses and bacterial- or fungal-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuyun Bian
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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28
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Fang X, Dong F, Wang S, Wang G, Wu D, Lee YW, Ramzy Mohamed S, Goda AAK, Xu J, Shi J, Liu X. The FaFlbA mutant of Fusarium asiaticum is significantly increased in nivalenol production. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:3028-3037. [PMID: 34865297 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cereals contaminated with type B trichothecene nivalenol (NIV) and its acetylated derivative 4-acetyl-nivalenol (4-AcNIV) are a global mycotoxicological problem threatening the health of humans and livestock. Toxicological studies, quantitative determinations and screening for biodegrading micro-organisms require massive amounts of pure toxins. However, the low yield from fungal cultures and high prices of NIV and 4-AcNIV limit research progress in these areas. This work aimed to select Fusarium asiaticum mutant strains with enhanced production of NIV and 4-AcNIV. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 62 NIV-producing F. asiaticum strains were isolated and compared regarding their ability to produce NIV. Strain RR108 had the highest yield of NIV among 62 field isolates surveyed and was then genetically modified for higher production. Targeted deletion of the FaFlbA gene, encoding a regulator of G protein signalling protein, resulted in a significant increase in NIV and 4-AcNIV production in the FaFlbA deletion mutant ΔFaFlbA. The expression of three TRI genes involved in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway was upregulated in ΔFaFlbA. ΔFaFlbA produced the highest amount of NIV and 4-AcNIV when cultured in brown long-grain rice for 21 days, and the yields were 2.07 and 2.84 g kg-1 , respectively. The mutant showed reduced fitness, including reduced conidiation, loss of perithecial development and decreased virulence on wheat heads, which makes it biologically safe for large-scale preparation and purification of NIV and 4-AcNIV. CONCLUSIONS The F. asiaticum mutant strain ΔFaFlbA presented improved production of NIV and 4-AcNIV with reduced fitness and virulence in plants. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Targeted deletion of the FaFlbA gene resulted in increased NIV and 4-AcNIV production. Our results provide a practical approach using genetic modification for large-scale mycotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deliang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira Abdel-Karim Goda
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Yan Y, Xiang B, Xie Q, Lin Y, Shen G, Hao X, Zhu X. A Putative C 2H 2 Transcription Factor CgTF6, Controlled by CgTF1, Negatively Regulates Chaetoglobosin A Biosynthesis in Chaetomium globosum. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:756104. [PMID: 37744158 PMCID: PMC10512409 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.756104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Gα signaling pathway as well as the global regulator LaeA were demonstrated to positively regulate the biosynthesis of chaetoglobosin A (ChA), a promising biotic pesticide produced by Chaetomium globosum. Recently, the regulatory function of Zn2Cys6 binuclear finger transcription factor CgcheR that lies within the ChA biosynthesis gene cluster has been confirmed. However, CgcheR was not merely a pathway specific regulator. In this study, we showed that the homologs gene of CgcheR (designated as Cgtf1) regulate ChA biosynthesis and sporulation in C. globosum NK102. More importantly, RNA-seq profiling demonstrated that 1,388 genes were significant differentially expressed as Cgtf1 deleted. Among them, a putative C2H2 transcription factor, named Cgtf6, showed the highest gene expression variation in zinc-binding proteins encoding genes as Cgtf1 deleted. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that expression of Cgtf6 was significantly reduced in CgTF1 null mutants. Whereas, deletion of Cgtf6 resulted in the transcriptional activation and consequent increase in the expression of ChA biosynthesis gene cluster and ChA production in C. globosum. These data suggested that CgTF6 probably acted as an end product feedback effector, and interacted with CgTF1 to maintain a tolerable concentration of ChA for cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Biyun Xiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaohong Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Xiamen No. 1 High School of Fujian, Xiamen, China
| | - Yamin Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Senior High School Group, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangya Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoran Hao
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstrating Center, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drug and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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FgSfl1 and Its Conserved PKA Phosphorylation Sites Are Important for Conidiation, Sexual Reproduction, and Pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090755. [PMID: 34575793 PMCID: PMC8466192 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal plant pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, contains two genes, FgCPK1 and FgCPK2, encoding the catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. FgCPK1 and FgCPK2 are responsible for most of the PKA activities and have overlapping functions in various cellular processes in F. graminearum. The cpk1 cpk2 double mutant was significantly reduced in growth, rarely produced conidia, and was non-pathogenic. In this study, we found that the cpk1 cpk2 double mutant was unstable and produced fast-growing spontaneous sectors that were defective in plant infection. All spontaneous suppressor strains had mutations in FgSFL1, a transcription factor gene orthologous to SFL1 in yeast. Thirteen suppressor strains had non-sense mutations at Q501, three suppressor strains had frameshift mutations at W198, and five suppressor strains had mutations in the HSF binding domain of FgSfl1. Only one suppressor strain had both a non-synonymous mutation at H225 and a non-sense mutation at R490. We generated the SFL1 deletion mutant and found that it produced less than 2% of conidia than that of the wild-type strain PH-1. The sfl1 mutant was significantly reduced in the number of perithecia on carrot agar plates at 7 days post-fertilization (dpf). When incubated for more than 12 days, ascospore cirrhi were observed on the sfl1 mutant perithecia. The infection ability of the sfl1 deletion mutant was also obviously defective. Furthermore, we found that in addition to the S223 and S559 phosphorylation sites, FgSFL1 had another predicted phosphorylation site: T452. Interestingly, the S223 phosphorylation site was responsible for sexual reproduction, and the T452 phosphorylation site was responsible for growth and sexual reproduction. Only the S559 phosphorylation site was found to play an important role in conidiation, sexual reproduction, and infection. Overall, our results indicate that FgSFL1 and its conserved PKA phosphorylation sites are important for vegetative growth, conidiation, sexual reproduction, and pathogenesis in F. graminearum.
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Cao S, Li W, Li C, Wang G, Jiang W, Sun H, Deng Y, Chen H. The CHY-Type Zinc Finger Protein FgChy1 Regulates Polarized Growth, Pathogenicity, and Microtubule Assembly in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:362-375. [PMID: 33369502 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0206-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), as transport tracks, play important roles in hyphal-tip growth in filamentous fungi, but MT-associated proteins involved in polarized growth remain unknown. Here, we found that one novel zinc finger protein, FgChy1, is required for MT morphology and polarized growth in Fusarium graminearum. The Fgchy1 mutant presented curved and directionless growth of hyphae. Importantly, the conidia and germ tubes of the Fgchy1 mutant exhibited badly damaged and less-organized beta-tubulin cytoskeletons. Compared with the wild type, the Fgchy1 mutant lost the ability to maintain polarity and was also more sensitive to the anti-MT drugs carbendazim and nocodazole, likely due to the impaired MT cytoskeleton. Indeed, the hyphae of the wild type treated with nocodazole exhibited a morphology consistent with that of the Fgchy1 mutant. Interestingly, the disruption of FgChy1 resulted in the off-center localization of actin patches and the polarity-related polarisome protein FgSpa2 from the hyphal-tip axis. A similar defect in FgSpa2 localization was also observed in the nocodazole-treated wild-type strain. In addition, FgChy1 is also required for conidiogenesis, septation, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity, and deoxynivalenol production. Overall, this study provides the first demonstrations of the functions of the novel zinc finger protein FgChy1 in polarized growth, development, and virulence in filamentous fungi.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaohui Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqiang Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyu Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaigu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
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The Golgin Protein RUD3 Regulates Fusarium graminearum Growth and Virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02522-20. [PMID: 33452023 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02522-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgins are coiled-coil proteins that play prominent roles in maintaining the structure and function of the Golgi complex. However, the role of golgin proteins in phytopathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. In this study, we functionally characterized the Fusarium graminearum golgin protein RUD3, a homolog of ScRUD3/GMAP-210 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian cells. Cellular localization observation revealed that RUD3 is located in the cis-Golgi. Deletion of RUD3 caused defects in vegetative growth, ascospore discharge, deoxynivalenol (DON) production, and virulence. Moreover, the Δrud3 mutant showed reduced expression of tri genes and impairment of the formation of toxisomes, both of which play essential roles in DON biosynthesis. We further used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged SNARE protein SEC22 (SEC22-GFP) as a tool to study the transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi and observed that SEC22-GFP was retained in the cis-Golgi in the Δrud3 mutant. RUD3 contains the coiled coil (CC), GRAB-associated 2 (GA2), GRIP-related Arf binding (GRAB), and GRAB-associated 1 (GA1) domains, which except for GA1, are indispensable for normal localization and function of RUD3, whereas only CC is essential for normal RUD3-RUD3 interaction. Together, these results demonstrate how the golgin protein RUD3 mediates retrograde trafficking in the ER-to-Golgi pathway and is necessary for growth, ascospore discharge, DON biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in F. graminearum IMPORTANCE Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is an economically important disease of wheat and other small grain cereal crops worldwide, and limited effective control strategies are available. A better understanding of the regulation mechanisms of F. graminearum development, deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis, and pathogenicity is therefore important for the development of effective control management of this disease. Golgins are attached via their extreme carboxy terminus to the Golgi membrane and are involved in vesicle trafficking and organelle maintenance in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we systematically characterized a highly conserved Golgin protein, RUD3, and found that it is required for vegetative growth, ascospore discharge, DON production, and pathogenicity in F. graminearum Our findings provide a comprehensive characterization of the golgin family protein RUD3 in plant-pathogenic fungus, which could help to identify a new potential target for effective control of this devastating disease.
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Gerin D, Garrapa F, Ballester AR, González-Candelas L, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F, Pollastro S. Functional Role of Aspergillus carbonariusAcOTAbZIP Gene, a bZIP Transcription Factor within the OTA Gene Cluster. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:111. [PMID: 33540740 PMCID: PMC7913050 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is the principal fungal species responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of grapes and derived products in the main viticultural regions worldwide. In recent years, co-expressed genes representing a putative-OTA gene cluster were identified, and the deletion of a few of them allowed the partial elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway in the fungus. In the putative OTA-gene cluster is additionally present a bZIP transcription factor (AcOTAbZIP), and with this work, A. carbonarius ΔAcOTAbZIP strains were generated to study its functional role. According to phylogenetic analysis, the gene is conserved in the OTA-producing fungi. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor binding motif (TFBM) homolog, associated with bZIP transcription factors was present in the A. carbonarius OTA-gene cluster no-coding regions. AcOTAbZIP deletion results in the loss of OTA and the intermediates OTB and OTβ. Additionally, in ΔAcOTAbZIP strains, a down-regulation of AcOTApks, AcOTAnrps, AcOTAp450, and AcOTAhal genes was observed compared to wild type (WT). These results provide evidence of the direct involvement of the AcOTAbZIP gene in the OTA biosynthetic pathway by regulating the involved genes. The loss of OTA biosynthesis ability does not affect fungal development as demonstrated by the comparison of ΔAcOTAbZIP strains and WT strains in terms of vegetative growth and asexual sporulation on three different media. Finally, no statistically significant differences in virulence were observed among ΔAcOTAbZIP strains and WT strains on artificially inoculated grape berries, demonstrating that OTA is not required by A. carbonarius for the pathogenicity process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Federica Garrapa
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.-R.B.); (L.G.-C.)
| | - Luis González-Candelas
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.-R.B.); (L.G.-C.)
| | - Rita Milvia De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Giovanni Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.G.); (F.G.); (F.F.); (S.P.)
- SELGE Network of Public Research Laboratories, Via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Lv W, Kong X, Zhou C, Tang K. Pdel, Encoding a Low-Affinity cAMP Phosphodiesterase, Regulates Conidiation and Pathogenesis in Alternaria alternata Tangerine Pathotype. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:597545. [PMID: 33365022 PMCID: PMC7750186 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.597545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on intracellular second messenger cAMP, the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway transforms extracellular stimuli to activate effectors and downstream signaling components, mediating physiological processes in filamentous fungi. The concentration of intracellular cAMP was regulated by adenylate cyclase biosynthesis and cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDEs) hydrolysis, which mediate signal transduction and termination. In this study, we used a gene deletion and complementary strategy to characterize the functions of AaPdel and AaPdeh genes, which encoded low-affinity PDEs (Pdel) and high-affinity PDEs (Pdeh), respectively, in Alternaria alternata. AaPdel, but not AaPdeh, was found to be a key regulator in conidiation and pathogenesis in A. alternata. ΔAaPdel showed defects in conidiation, producing approximately 65% reduced conidiation and forming lowly pigmented aberrant structures. In response to osmotic stress, ΔAaPdel was more sensitive to non-ionic osmotic stress than ionic osmotic stress. Moreover, AaPdel deletion mutants had defects in vegetative growth and hyphal growth. Further analyses showed that the high chitin content of ΔAaPdel might account for the sensitivity to Congo red. Based on the attenuated pathogenicity and lowly pigmented aberrant structures, the laccase activity analysis found that both AaPdel and AaPdeh were involved in laccase activity regulation. Our data further support the PKA-mediated cAMP signaling pathway, as we have found that AaPdel was involved in intracellular cAMP levels in A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lv
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangwen Kong
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kezhi Tang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Liu J, Du Y, Ma H, Pei X, Li M. Enhancement of Monascus yellow pigments production by activating the cAMP signalling pathway in Monascus purpureus HJ11. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:224. [PMID: 33287814 PMCID: PMC7720387 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs), which were produced by Monascus species, have been used as important food colorant and food supplements for more than one billion people during their daily life. Moreover, MonAzPs recently have received more attention because of their diverse physiological activities. However, the high microbial production of MonAzPs is still not always guaranteed. Herein, the aim of this study was to develop an efficient biotechnological process for MonAzPs production. RESULTS In this study, exogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) treatment not only induced MonAzPs production, but also stimulated the expression of a cAMP phosphodiesterase gene, named as mrPDE, in M. purpureus HJ11. Subsequently, MrPDE was identified as a cAMP phosphodiesterase by in vitro enzymatic reaction with purified enzyme. Further, a gene knockout mutant of mrPDE was constructed to verify the activation of cAMP signalling pathway. Deletion of mrPDE in M. purpureus HJ11 improved cAMP concentration by 378% and enhanced PKA kinase activity 1.5-fold, indicating that activation of cAMP signalling pathway was achieved. The ΔmrPDE strain produced MonAzPs at 8563 U/g, with a 2.3-fold increase compared with the WT strain. Moreover, the NAPDH/NADP+ ratio of the ΔmrPDE strain was obviously higher than that of the wild type strain, which led to a higher proportion of yellow MonAzPs. With fed-batch fermentation of the ΔmrPDE strain, the production and yield of MonAzPs achieved 332.1 U/mL and 8739 U/g. CONCLUSIONS A engineered M. purpureus strain for high MonAzPs production was successfully developed by activating the cAMP signalling pathway. This study not only describes a novel strategy for development of MonAzPs-producing strain, but also provides a roadmap for engineering efforts towards the production of secondary metabolism in other filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun Du
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Mu Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Opposing functions of Fng1 and the Rpd3 HDAC complex in H4 acetylation in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009185. [PMID: 33137093 PMCID: PMC7660929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation, balanced by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes, affects dynamic transitions of chromatin structure to regulate transcriptional accessibility. However, little is known about the interplay between HAT and HDAC complexes in Fusarium graminearum, a causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) that uniquely contains chromosomal regions enriched for house-keeping or infection-related genes. In this study, we identified the ortholog of the human inhibitor of growth (ING1) gene in F. graminearum (FNG1) and found that it specifically interacts with the FgEsa1 HAT of the NuA4 complex. Deletion of FNG1 led to severe growth defects and blocked conidiation, sexual reproduction, DON production, and plant infection. The fng1 mutant was normal in H3 acetylation but significantly reduced in H4 acetylation. A total of 34 spontaneous suppressors of fng1 with faster growth rate were isolated. Most of them were still defective in sexual reproduction and plant infection. Thirty two of them had mutations in orthologs of yeast RPD3, SIN3, and SDS3, three key components of the yeast Rpd3L HDAC complex. Four mutations in these three genes were verified to suppress the defects of fng1 mutant in growth and H4 acetylation. The rest two suppressor strains had a frameshift or nonsense mutation in a glutamine-rich hypothetical protein that may be a novel component of the FgRpd3 HDAC complex in filamentous fungi. FgRpd3, like Fng1, localized in euchromatin. Deletion of FgRPD3 resulted in severe growth defects and elevated H4 acetylation. In contract, the Fgsds3 deletion mutant had only a minor reduction in growth rate but FgSIN3 appeared to be an essential gene. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 48.1% and 54.2% of the genes with altered expression levels in the fng1 mutant were recovered to normal expression levels in two suppressor strains with mutations in FgRPD3 and FgSDS3, respectively. Taken together, our data showed that Fng1 is important for H4 acetylation as a component of the NuA4 complex and functionally related to the FgRpd3 HDAC complex for transcriptional regulation of genes important for growth, conidiation, sexual reproduction, and plant infection in F. graminearum. Fusarium graminearum is the major causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight, a devastating disease of wheat and barley worldwide. Epigenetic regulation related to histone acetylation is involved in fungal development and invasive growth. Here, we functionally characterized the ortholog of the human inhibitor of growth (ING1) gene in F. graminearum (FNG1) and revealed its role in histone acetylation. By interacting with the FgEsa1 HAT of the NuA4 complex, Fng1 mediated H4 acetylation and was important for growth, conidiation, sexual development and pathogenicity. The fng1 mutant was unstable and a total of 34 spontaneous suppressors were isolated. Suppressor mutations were identified in four genes. While three of them, FgRPD3, FgSIN3, and FgSDS3, are key components of the Rpd3 HDAC complex, the other one encodes a glutamine-rich protein appeared to be a novel component of the Rpd3 HDAC complex in filamentous ascomycetes. Nevertheless, none of the mutation occurred in components of other HDAC complexes. Most of spontaneous suppressors were still defective in sexual reproduction and plant infection, indicating a stage-specific relationship between Fng1 and the Rpd3 HDAC complex. FgRpd3 and FgSds3 likely co-localized with Fng1 in euchromatin and played a critical role in vegetative growth. Approximately half of the genes with altered expression levels in the fng1 mutant were recovered to normal expression levels in two suppressor strains with mutations in FgRPD3 and FgSDS3. Most of these genes had no homologs in yeast, suggesting Fng1 and Rpd3 HDAC complex likely regulates genes unique to F. graminearum and filamentous fungi and with high genetic variations. Taken together, our data showed the functional relationship between Fng1 and the Rpd3 HDAC complex in H4 acetylation and hyphal growth, which has not been reported in other fungi.
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Yin J, Hao C, Niu G, Wang W, Wang G, Xiang P, Xu JR, Zhang X. FgPal1 regulates morphogenesis and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5373-5386. [PMID: 33000483 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ascospores are the primary inoculum in Fusarium graminearum, a causal agent of wheat head blight. In a previous study, FgPAL1 was found to be upregulated in the Fgama1 mutant and important for ascosporogenesis. However, the biological function of this well-conserved gene in filamentous ascomycetes is not clear. In this study, we characterized its functions in growth, differentiation and pathogenesis. The Fgpal1 mutant had severe growth defects and often displayed abnormal hyphal tips. It was defective in infectious growth in rachis tissues and spreading in wheat heads. The Fgpal1 mutant produced conidia with fewer septa and more nuclei per compartment than the wild type. In actively growing hyphal tips, FgPal1-GFP mainly localized to the subapical collar and septa. The FgPal1 and LifeAct partially co-localized at the subapical region in an interdependent manner. The Fgpal1 mutant was normal in meiosis with eight nuclei in developing asci but most asci were aborted. Taken together, our results showed that FgPal1 plays a role in maintaining polarized tip growth and coordination between nuclear division and cytokinesis, and it is also important for infectious growth and developments of ascospores by the free cell formation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Yun Y, Guo P, Zhang J, You H, Guo P, Deng H, Hao Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Abubakar YS, Zhou J, Lu G, Wang Z, Zheng W. Flippases play specific but distinct roles in the development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism of Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1307-1321. [PMID: 32881238 PMCID: PMC7488471 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The membrane trafficking system is important for compartmentalization of the biosynthesis pathway and secretion of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin (a virulence factor) in Fusarium graminearum. Flippases are transmembrane lipid transporters and mediate a number of essential physiological steps of membrane trafficking, including vesicle budding, charging, and protein diffusion within the membrane. However, the roles of flippases in secondary metabolism remain unknown in filamentous fungi. Herein, we identified five flippases (FgDnfA, FgDnfB, FgDnfC1, FgDnfC2, and FgDnfD) in F. graminearum and established their specific and redundant functions in the development and pathogenicity of this phytopathogenic fungus. Our results demonstrate that FgDnfA is critical for normal vegetative growth while the other flippases are dispensable. FgDnfA and FgDnfD were found crucial for the fungal pathogenesis, and a remarkable reduction in DON production was observed in ΔFgDNFA and ΔFgDNFD. Deletion of the FgDNFB gene increased DON production to about 30 times that produced by the wild type. Further analysis showed that FgDnfA and FgDnfD have positive roles in the regulation of trichothecene (TRI) genes (TRI1, TRI4, TRI5, TRI6, TRI12, and TRI101) expression and toxisome reorganization, while FgDnfB acts as a negative regulator of DON synthesis. In addition, FgDnfB and FgDnfD have redundant functions in the regulation of phosphatidylcholine transport, and double deletion of FgDNFB and FgDNFD showed serious defects in fungal development, DON synthesis, and virulence. Collectively, our findings reveal the distinct and specific functions of flippase family members in F. graminearum and principally demonstrate that FgDnfA, FgDnfD, and FgDnfB have specific spatiotemporal roles during toxisome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Pusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Haixia You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Pingting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Huobin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yixin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Limei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xueyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | | | - Jie Zhou
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Institute of Ocean ScienceMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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The ADP-ribosylation factor-like small GTPase FgArl1 participates in growth, pathogenicity and DON production in Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:969-980. [PMID: 33059848 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and related species, which causes serious production decreases and economic losses and produces toxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), which endangers the health of humans and livestock. Vesicle transport is a basic physiological process required for cell survival in eukaryotes. Many regulators of vesicle transport are reported to be involved in the pathogenicity of fungi. In yeast and mammalian cells, the ADP-ribosylation factor-like small GTPase Arl1 and its orthologs are involved in regulating vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization and other significant biological processes. However, the role of Arl1 in F. graminearum is not well understood. In this study, we characterized the Arl1-homologous protein FgArl1 in F. graminearum and showed that FgArl1 is located in the trans-Golgi apparatus. The deletion of FgARL1 resulted in a significant decrease in vegetative growth and pathogenicity. Further analyses of the ΔFgarl1 mutant revealed defects in the production of DON. Taken together, these results indicate that FgArl1 is important in the development and pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
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The type II phosphoinositide 4-kinase FgLsb6 is important for the development and virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103443. [PMID: 32800918 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main pathogenic fungus causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is a wheat disease with a worldwide prevalence. In eukaryotes, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), which participates in many physiological processes, is located primarily in different organelles, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN), plasma membrane and endosomes. Type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) are involved in regulating the production of PI4P in yeast, plants and mammalian cells. However, the role of these proteins in phytopathogenic fungi is not well understood. In this study, we characterized the type II PI4K protein FgLsb6 in F. graminearum, a homolog of Lsb6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unlike Lsb6, FgLsb6 localizes to the vacuoles and endosomes. The ΔFglsb6 mutant displayed defects in vegetative growth, deoxynivalenol (DON) production and pathogenicity. Furthermore, the ΔFglsb6 deletion mutant also exhibited increased resistance to osmotic, oxidative and cell wall stresses. Further analyses of the ΔFglsb6 mutant showed that it was defective in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis. Collectively, our data suggest that the decreased vegetative growth and pathogenicity of ΔFglsb6 was due to the conservative roles of FgLsb6 in the generation of PI4P on endosomes and endocytosis.
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Yang C, Li J, Chen X, Zhang X, Liao D, Yun Y, Zheng W, Abubakar YS, Li G, Wang Z, Zhou J. FgVps9, a Rab5 GEF, Is Critical for DON Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1714. [PMID: 32849361 PMCID: PMC7418515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases play an important role in vesicle-mediated membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. Previous studies have demonstrated that deletion of RAB5/VPS21 reduces endocytosis and virulence of fungal phytopathogens in their host plants. However, Rab5 GTPase cycle regulators have not been characterized in Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) or head scab disease in cereal crops. In this study, we have identified and characterized a Rab5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), the Vps9 homolog FgVps9, in F. graminearum. Yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assays have shown that FgVps9 specifically interacts with the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound (inactive) forms of FgRab51 and FgRab52, the Rab5 isoforms in F. graminearum. Deletion of FgVPS9 shows impaired fungal growth and conidiation. Pathogenicity assays indicate that deletion of FgVPS9 can significantly decrease the virulence of F. graminearum in wheat. Cytological analyses have indicated that FgVps9 colocalizes with FgRab51 and FgRab52 on early endosomes and regulates endocytosis and autophagy processes. Gene expression and cytological examination have shown that FgVps9 and FgRab51 or FgRab52 function in concert to control deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis by regulating the expression of trichothecene biosynthesis-related genes and toxisome biogenesis. Taken together, FgVps9 functions as a GEF for FgRab51 and FgRab52 to regulate endocytosis, which, as a basic cellular function, has significant impact on the vegetative growth, asexual development, autophagy, DON production, and plant infection in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Yang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingzhi Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Danhua Liao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingzi Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Brauer EK, Subramaniam R, Harris LJ. Regulation and Dynamics of Gene Expression During the Life Cycle of Fusarium graminearum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1368-1374. [PMID: 32460691 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-20-0080-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens survive harsh environments and overcome physical, temporal, and chemical barriers to colonize their hosts and reproduce. Fusarium graminearum was one of the first fungal plant pathogens for which transcriptomic tools were developed, making analysis of gene expression a cornerstone approach in studying its biology. The analysis of gene expression in diverse in vitro conditions and during infection of different cereal crops has revealed subsets of both unique and shared transcriptionally regulated genes. Together with genetic studies, these approaches have enhanced our understanding of the development and infection cycle of this economically important pathogen. Here, we will outline recent advances in transcriptional profiling during sporogenesis, spore germination, vegetative growth, and host infection. Several transcriptional regulators have been identified as essential components in these responses and the role of select transcription factors will be highlighted. Finally, we describe some of the gaps in our understanding of F. graminearum biology and how expression analysis could help to address these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Brauer
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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Shostak K, Bonner C, Sproule A, Thapa I, Shields SWJ, Blackwell B, Vierula J, Overy D, Subramaniam R. Activation of biosynthetic gene clusters by the global transcriptional regulator TRI6 in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:664-680. [PMID: 32692880 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In F. graminearum, the transcription factor TRI6 positively regulates the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) leading to the production of the secondary metabolite 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol. Secondary metabolites are not essential for survival, instead, they enable the pathogen to successfully infect its host. F. graminearum has the potential to produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites (SMs). However, given high functional specificity and energetic cost, most of these clusters remain silent, unless the organism is subjected to an environment conducive to SM production. Alternatively, secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMCs) can be activated by genetically manipulating their activators or repressors. In this study, a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses with a deletion and overexpressor mutants of TRI6 was used to establish the role of TRI6 in the regulation of several BGCs in F. graminearum. Evidence for direct and indirect regulation of BGCs by TRI6 was obtained by chromatin immunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid experiments. The results showed that the trichothecene genes are under direct control, while the gramillin gene cluster is indirectly controlled by TRI6 through its interaction with the pathway-specific transcription factor GRA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Shostak
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Bonner
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Indira Thapa
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel W J Shields
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara Blackwell
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John Vierula
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David Overy
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Chen A, Ju Z, Wang J, Wang J, Wang H, Wu J, Yin Y, Zhao Y, Ma Z, Chen Y. The RasGEF FgCdc25 regulates fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum via cAMP and MAPK signalling pathways. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5109-5124. [PMID: 32537857 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ras GTPases act as molecular switches to control various cellular processes by coupling integrated signals in eukaryotes. Activities of Ras GTPases are triggered by Ras GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) in general, whereas the role of RasGEF in plant pathogenic fungi is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the only RasGEF protein in Fusarium graminearum, FgCdc25, by combining genetic, cytological and phenotypic strategies. FgCdc25 directly interacted with RasGTPase FgRas2, but not FgRas1, to regulate growth and sexual reproduction. Mutation of the FgCDC25 gene resulted in decreased toxisome formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, which was largely depended on cAMP signalling. In addition, FgCdc25 indirectly interacted with FgSte11 in FgSte11-Ste7-Gpmk1 cascade, and the ΔFgcdc25 strain totally abolished the formation of infection structures and was nonpathogenic in planta, which was partially recovered by addition of exogenous cAMP. In contrast, FgCdc25 directly interplayed with FgBck1 in FgBck1-MKK1-Mgv1 cascade to negatively control cell wall integrity. Collectively, these results suggest that FgCdc25 modulates cAMP and MAPK signalling pathways and further regulates fungal development, DON production and plant infection in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Li X, Liu Y, Tan X, Li D, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang D. The high-affinity phosphodiesterase PcPdeH is involved in the polarized growth and pathogenicity of Phytophthora capsici. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:164-173. [PMID: 32220377 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP signaling pathway has been shown to be important in controlling morphological changes and pathogenicity in plant pathogens. In the present study, we identified PcPdeH, a gene encoding a high-affinity phosphodiesterase (PDE), which is a key regulator of the cAMP signaling pathway. To elucidate the function of PcPdeH, PcPdeH-knockout mutants were obtained using a type II CRISPR/Cas9 system in Phytophthora capsici. The knockout transformants of PcPdeH showed vegetative growth defects and abnormal cyst germination. Infection assays indicated that compared with the wild type, PcPdeH-knockout mutants showed significantly reduced virulence on pepper and tobacco leaves and exhibited increased (1.5-2-fold) cAMP levels relative to the wild-type and CK strains. Based on these phenotypic features, we propose that PcPdeH is crucial for vegetative growth, cyst germination and pathogenicity in P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Xinqiu Tan
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Delong Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, Plant Protection College, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Longping Branch, Graduate College, Hunan University, Changsha, 410125, China; Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
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Lyu HN, Liu HW, Keller NP, Yin WB. Harnessing diverse transcriptional regulators for natural product discovery in fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:6-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers diverse transcriptional regulators for the activation of secondary metabolism and novel natural product discovery in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ning Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology
- Institute of Microbiology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hong-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology
- Institute of Microbiology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Bacteriology
- University of Wisconsin–Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology
- Institute of Microbiology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
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47
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Adnan M, Islam W, Noman A, Hussain A, Anwar M, Khan MU, Akram W, Ashraf MF, Raza MF. Q-SNARE protein FgSyn8 plays important role in growth, DON production and pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103948. [PMID: 31874229 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SNAREs (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) help intracellular vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion among eukaryotes. They are vital for growth and development of phyto-pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium graminearum which causes Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) of wheat and barley. The SNARE protein Syn8 and its homologues play many roles among different organisms. Here, we have characterized FgSyn8 in F. graminearum as a homologue of Syn8. We have integrated biochemical, microbiological and molecular genetic approaches to investigate the roles of this protein. Our results reveal that FgSyn8 is indispensable for normal vegetative growth, conidiation, conidial morphology and pathogenicity of F. graminearum. Deoxynivalenol (DON) biochemical assay reveals active participation of this protein in DON production of F. graminearum. This has further been confirmed by the production of bulbous structures among the intercalary hyphae. FgSyn8 mutant strain produced defects in perithecia formation which portrays its role in sexual reproduction. In summary, our results support that the SNARE protein FgSyn8 is required for vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, DON production and pathogenicity of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Waqar Islam
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Guangdong Technology Research Centre for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Umar Khan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Waheed Akram
- Guangdong Agriculture Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Muhammad Fahad Raza
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Qin J, Wu M, Zhou S. FgEaf6 regulates virulence, asexual/sexual development and conidial septation in Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 66:517-529. [PMID: 31728616 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen and a major cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) which results in severe grain yield losses and quality reduction. Additionally, the pathogen produces mycotoxins during plant infection, which are harmful to the health of humans and livestock. As it is well known that lysine acetyltransferase complexes play important roles in pathogenesis, the roles of the Eaf6 homolog-containing complex have not been reported in fungal pathogen. In this study, a Eaf6 homolog FgEaf6 was identified in F. graminearum. To investigate the functions of FgEaf6, the gene was deleted using the split-marker method. ΔFgEaf6 mutant exhibited manifold defects in hyphal growth, conidial septation, asexual and sexual reproduction. Moreover, the virulence of the ΔFgEaf6 mutant was drastically reduced in both wheat heads and wheat coleoptiles. However, the FgEaf6 gene deletion did not impact DON production. An FgEaf6-gfp fusion localized to the nucleus and a conserved coiled-coil (C-C) domain was predicted in the sequence. Mutants with deletions in the C-C domain displayed similar defects during development and virulence as observed in the ΔFgEaf6 mutant. Moreover, the truncated gene was cytoplasm localized. In conclusion, the FgEaf6 encodes a nuclear protein, which plays key regulatory roles in hyphal growth, conidial septation, asexual/sexual reproduction, and the virulence of F. graminearum. The C-C is an indispensable domain in the gene. This is the first report on Eaf6 homolog functioning in virulence of fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Qin
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pests Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Mengchun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Aeras, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanyue Zhou
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pests Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.
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Comparative acetylome analysis reveals the potential roles of lysine acetylation for DON biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:841. [PMID: 31718553 PMCID: PMC6852988 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen of wheat, barley and other small grain cereals. During plant infection, the pathogen produces trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), which is harmful to human and livestock. FgGCN5 encodes a GCN5 acetyltransferase. The gene deletion mutant Fggcn5 failed to produce DON. We assumed that lysine acetylation might play a key regulatory role in DON biosynthesis in the fungus. Results In this study, the acetylome comparison between Fggcn5 mutant and wild-type strain PH-1 was performed by using affinity enrichment and high resolution LC-MS/MS analysis. Totally, 1875 acetylated proteins were identified in Fggcn5 mutant and PH-1. Among them, 224 and 267 acetylated proteins were identified exclusively in Fggcn5 mutant and PH-1, respectively. Moreover, 95 differentially acetylated proteins were detected at a significantly different level in the gene deletion mutant:43 were up-regulated and 52 were down-regulated. GO enrichment and KEGG-pathways enrichment analyses revealed that acetylation plays a key role in metabolism process in F. graminearum. Conclusions Seeing that the gens playing critical roles in DON biosynthesis either in Fggcn5 mutant or PH-1. Therefore, we can draw the conclusion that the regulatory roles of lysine acetylation in DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum results from the positive and negative regulation of the related genes. The study would be a foundation to insight into the regulatory mechanism of lysine acetylation on DON biosynthesis.
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50
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R-SNARE FgSec22 is essential for growth, pathogenicity and DON production of Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 66:421-435. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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