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Klein JA, Predeus AV, Greissl AR, Clark-Herrera MM, Cruz E, Cundiff JA, Haeberle AL, Howell M, Lele A, Robinson DJ, Westerman TL, Wrande M, Wright SJ, Green NM, Vallance BA, McClelland M, Mejia A, Goodman AG, Elfenbein JR, Knodler LA. Pathogenic diversification of the gut commensal Providencia alcalifaciens via acquisition of a second type III secretion system. Infect Immun 2024:e0031424. [PMID: 39254346 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00314-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Providencia alcalifaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium found in various water and land environments and organisms, including insects and mammals. Some P. alcalifaciens strains encode gene homologs of virulence factors found in pathogenic Enterobacterales members, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. Whether these genes are pathogenic determinants in P. alcalifaciens is not known. In this study, we investigated P. alcalifaciens-host interactions at the cellular level, focusing on the role of two type III secretion systems (T3SS) belonging to the Inv-Mxi/Spa family. T3SS1b is widespread in Providencia spp. and encoded on the chromosome. A large plasmid that is present in a subset of P. alcalifaciens strains, primarily isolated from diarrheal patients, encodes for T3SS1a. We show that P. alcalifaciens 205/92 is internalized into eukaryotic cells, lyses its internalization vacuole, and proliferates in the cytosol. This triggers caspase-4-dependent inflammasome responses in gut epithelial cells. The requirement for the T3SS1a in entry, vacuole lysis, and cytosolic proliferation is host cell type-specific, playing a more prominent role in intestinal epithelial cells than in macrophages or insect cells. In a bovine ligated intestinal loop model, P. alcalifaciens colonizes the intestinal mucosa and induces mild epithelial damage with negligible fluid accumulation in a T3SS1a- and T3SS1b-independent manner. However, T3SS1b was required for the rapid killing of Drosophila melanogaster. We propose that the acquisition of two T3SS has allowed P. alcalifaciens to diversify its host range, from a highly virulent pathogen of insects to an opportunistic gastrointestinal pathogen of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Klein
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | | | - Aimee R Greissl
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mattie M Clark-Herrera
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Eddy Cruz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cundiff
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda L Haeberle
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Maya Howell
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaditi Lele
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Donna J Robinson
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Trina L Westerman
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marie Wrande
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah J Wright
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole M Green
- Public Health Laboratory, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Downey, California, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andres Mejia
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Research Animal Resources and Compliance, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alan G Goodman
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Johanna R Elfenbein
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh A Knodler
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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2
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Guo Z, Qin C, Zhang L. Distribution and Characterization of Quaternary Ammonium Biocides Resistant Bacteria in Different Soils, in South-Western China. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1742. [PMID: 39203584 PMCID: PMC11357233 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in hundreds of disinfectants for controlling the epidemic of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), and are also widely used in shale gas exploitation. The occurrence of QAC-resistant bacteria in the environment could enlarge the risk of sterilization failure, which is not fully understood. In this study, QAC-resistant bacteria were enumerated and characterized in 25 soils collected from shale gas exploitation areas. Total counts of QAC-resistant bacteria ranged from 6.81 × 103 to 4.48 × 105 cfu/g, accounting for 1.59% to 29.13% of the total bacteria. In total, 29 strains were further purified and identified as Lysinibacillus, Bacillus, and Klebsiella genus. There, bacteria covering many pathogenic bacteria showed different QACs tolerance with MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) varying from 4 mg/L to 64 mg/L and almost 58.6% of isolates have not previously been found to tolerate QACs. Meanwhile, the QAC-resistant strains in the produced water of shale gas were also identified. Phylogenetic trees showed that the resistant species in soil and produced water are distinctly different. That is the first time the distribution and characterization of QAC-resistant bacteria in the soil environment has been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Z.G.); (C.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Cunli Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Z.G.); (C.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (Z.G.); (C.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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3
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Klein JA, Predeus AV, Greissl AR, Clark-Herrera MM, Cruz E, Cundiff JA, Haeberle AL, Howell M, Lele A, Robinson DJ, Westerman TL, Wrande M, Wright SJ, Green NM, Vallance BA, McClelland M, Mejia A, Goodman AG, Elfenbein JR, Knodler LA. Pathogenic diversification of the gut commensal Providencia alcalifaciens via acquisition of a second type III secretion system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.07.595826. [PMID: 38895369 PMCID: PMC11185699 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.07.595826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Providencia alcalifaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium found in a wide variety of water and land environments and organisms. It has been isolated as part of the gut microbiome of animals and insects, as well as from stool samples of patients with diarrhea. Specific P. alcalifaciens strains encode gene homologs of virulence factors found in other pathogenic members of the same Enterobacterales order, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. Whether these genes are also pathogenic determinants in P. alcalifaciens is not known. Here we have used P. alcalifaciens 205/92, a clinical isolate, with in vitro and in vivo infection models to investigate P. alcalifaciens -host interactions at the cellular level. Our particular focus was the role of two type III secretion systems (T3SS) belonging to the Inv-Mxi/Spa family. T3SS 1b is widespread in Providencia spp. and encoded on the chromosome. T3SS 1a is encoded on a large plasmid that is present in a subset of P. alcalifaciens strains, which are primarily isolates from diarrheal patients. Using a combination of electron and fluorescence microscopy and gentamicin protection assays we show that P. alcalifaciens 205/92 is internalized into eukaryotic cells, rapidly lyses its internalization vacuole and proliferates in the cytosol. This triggers caspase-4 dependent inflammasome responses in gut epithelial cells. The requirement for the T3SS 1a in entry, vacuole lysis and cytosolic proliferation is host-cell type specific, playing a more prominent role in human intestinal epithelial cells as compared to macrophages. In a bovine ligated intestinal loop model, P. alcalifaciens colonizes the intestinal mucosa, inducing mild epithelial damage with negligible fluid accumulation. No overt role for T3SS 1a or T3SS 1b was seen in the calf infection model. However, T3SS 1b was required for the rapid killing of Drosophila melanogaster . We propose that the acquisition of two T3SS by horizontal gene transfer has allowed P. alcalifaciens to diversify its host range, from a highly virulent pathogen of insects to an opportunistic gastrointestinal pathogen of animals.
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Lear L, Padfield D, Hesse E, Kay S, Buckling A, Vos M. Copper reduces the virulence of bacterial communities at environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108295. [PMID: 37980880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Increasing environmental concentrations of metals as a result of anthropogenic pollution are significantly changing many microbial communities. While there is evidence metal pollution can result in increased antibiotic resistance, the effects of metal pollution on the virulence of bacterial communities remains largely undetermined. Here, we experimentally test whether metal stress alters the virulence of bacterial communities. We do this by incubating three wastewater influent communities under different environmentally relevant copper concentrations for three days. We then quantify the virulence of the community phenotypically using the Galleria mellonella infection model, and test if differences are due to changes in the rate of biomass accumulation (productivity), copper resistance, or community composition (quantified using 16S amplicon sequencing). The virulence of the communities was found to be reduced by the highest copper concentration, but not to be affected by the lower concentration. As well as reduced virulence, communities exposed to the highest copper concentration were less diverse and had lower productivity. This work highlights that metal pollution may decrease virulence in bacterial communities, but at a cost to diversity and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Lear
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom.
| | - Dan Padfield
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Elze Hesse
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Kay
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Buckling
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Michiel Vos
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
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5
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Lear L, Hesse E, Newsome L, Gaze W, Buckling A, Vos M. The effect of metal remediation on the virulence and antimicrobial resistance of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1377-1389. [PMID: 37492145 PMCID: PMC10363854 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic metal pollution can result in co-selection for antibiotic resistance and potentially select for increased virulence in bacterial pathogens. Metal-polluted environments can select for the increased production of siderophore molecules to detoxify non-ferrous metals. However, these same molecules also aid the uptake of ferric iron, a limiting factor for within-host pathogen growth, and are consequently a virulence factor. Anthropogenic methods to remediate environmental metal contamination commonly involve amendment with lime-containing materials. However, whether this reduces in situ co-selection for antibiotic resistance and siderophore-mediated virulence remains unknown. Here, using microcosms containing non-sterile metal-contaminated river water and sediment, we test whether liming reduces co-selection for these pathogenicity traits in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To account for the effect of environmental structure, which is known to impact siderophore production, microcosms were incubated under either static or shaking conditions. Evolved P. aeruginosa populations had greater fitness in the presence of toxic concentrations of copper than the ancestral strain and showed increased resistance to the clinically relevant antibiotics apramycin, cefotaxime and trimethoprim, regardless of lime addition or environmental structure. Although we found virulence to be significantly associated with siderophore production, neither virulence nor siderophore production significantly differed between the four treatments. Furthermore, liming did not mitigate metal-imposed selection for antibiotic resistance or virulence in P. aeruginosa. Consequently, metal-contaminated environments may select for antibiotic resistance and virulence traits even when treated with lime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Lear
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Elze Hesse
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Laura Newsome
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - William Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human HealthUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolPenrynUK
| | - Angus Buckling
- College of Life and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Michiel Vos
- European Centre for Environment and Human HealthUniversity of Exeter Medical SchoolPenrynUK
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Zhang K, Wang S, Yao D, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Liu W, Li Y, Yin Y, An S, Zhang R, Zhang Z. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic Klebsiella pneumoniae strains establish mutual competition and jointly promote Musca domestica development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102065. [PMID: 36875080 PMCID: PMC9982019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The gut microenvironment in housefly harbors a rich and diverse microbial community which plays a crucial role in larval development. However, little is known about the impact of specific symbiotic bacteria on larval development as well as the composition of the indigenous gut microbiota of housefly. Methods In the present study, two novel strains were isolated from housefly larval gut, i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae KX (aerobe) and K. pneumoniae KY (facultative anaerobe). Moreover, the bacteriophages KXP/KYP specific for strains KX and KY were used to analyse the effects of K. pneumoniae on larval development. Results Our results showed that dietary supplementation with K. pneumoniae KX and KY individually promoted housefly larval growth. However, no significant synergistic effect was observed when the two bacterial strains were administered in combination. In addition, using high-throughput sequencing, it was demonstrated that the abundance of Klebsiella increased whereas that of Provincia, Serratia and Morganella decreased when housefly larvae received supplementation with K. pneumoniae KX, KY or the KX-KY mixture. Moreover, when used combined, K. pneumoniae KX/KY inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas and Providencia. When the abundance of both bacterial strains simultaneously increased, a balance in total bacterial abundance was reached. Discussion Thus, it can be assumed that strains K. pneumoniae KX and KY maintain an equilibrium to facilitate their development in housefly gut, by establishing competition but also cooperation with each other to maintain the constant composition of gut bacteria in housefly larvae. Thus, our findings highlight the essential role of K. pneumoniae in regulating the composition of the gut microbiota in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,School of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Dawei Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yansong Yin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Sha An
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of life Science, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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7
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Lear L, Padfield D, Dowsett T, Jones M, Kay S, Hayward A, Vos M. Bacterial colonisation dynamics of household plastics in a coastal environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156199. [PMID: 35636543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of plastics in the marine environment has widespread detrimental consequences for ecosystems and wildlife. Marine plastics are rapidly colonised by a wide diversity of bacteria, including human pathogens, posing potential risks to health. Here, we investigate the effect of polymer type, residence time and estuarine location on bacterial colonisation of common household plastics, including pathogenic bacteria. We submerged five main household plastic types: low-density PE (LDPE), high-density PE (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) at an estuarine site in Cornwall (U.K.) and tracked bacterial colonisation dynamics. Using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches, we found that bacteria rapidly colonised plastics irrespective of polymer type, reaching culturable densities of up to 1000 cells cm3 after 7 weeks. Community composition of the biofilms changed over time, but not among polymer types. The presence of pathogenic bacteria, quantified using the insect model Galleria mellonella, increased dramatically over a five-week period, with Galleria mortality increasing from 4% in week one to 65% in week five. No consistent differences in virulence were observed between polymer types. Pathogens isolated from plastic biofilms using Galleria enrichment included Serratia and Enterococcus species and they harboured a wide range of antimicrobial resistance genes. Our findings show that plastics in coastal waters are rapidly colonised by a wide diversity of bacteria independent of polymer type. Further, our results show that marine plastic biofilms become increasingly associated with virulent bacteria over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Lear
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Padfield
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom.
| | - Tirion Dowsett
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Maia Jones
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Kay
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Hayward
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Michiel Vos
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
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8
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Hu C, Heng P, Zeng Y, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Yang Z, He Y. Fast Synthesis of Graphene Oxide-β-Lactam as a Residue-Free Environmental Bacterial Inhibitor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23708-23716. [PMID: 35847294 PMCID: PMC9281299 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Common pathogenic bacteria contaminate the environment through various modes of transmission. It is thus crucial to develop simple preparation methods of residue-free environmental disinfectants. β-Lactam antibiotics are frequently prescribed in clinical practice to treat bacterial infections. In this study, we used electrochemical exfoliation to synthesize graphene oxide (GO) with abundant ketene functional groups. A residue-free GO-β-lactam (GOβL) was subsequently obtained by mixing ketene and azomethine-H via a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction in the aqueous phase. GOβL has shown broad-spectrum bacterial inhibition against four bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella dysenteriae), and it degrades rapidly within 24 h. This study provides a fast and easy method for the synthesis of GOβL, which can be employed as a promising environmental bacteriostatic disinfectant in real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College
of Medical Technology, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, People’s
Hospital of Xinjin District, Chengdu, Sichuan 611430, China
| | - Pengfei Heng
- State
Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College
of Medical Technology, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- State
Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College
of Medical Technology, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Biotechnology, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Meilian Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College
of Medical Technology, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Zhongzhu Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College
of Medical Technology, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
| | - Yang He
- State
Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College
of Medical Technology, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China
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9
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Ochoa S, Fernández F, Devotto L, France Iglesias A, Collado L. Virulence assessment of enterohepatic Helicobacter species carried by dogs using the wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella as infection model. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12808. [PMID: 33884706 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterohepatic species of the genus Helicobacter (EHH) are emerging pathogens that have been associated with gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases in humans. However, studies on their pathogenicity are scarce. Galleria mellonella is a recently proposed model for the study of virulence in different pathogens, such as Campylobacter spp. and Helicobacter pylori. Despite this, its usefulness in EHH has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, we determined the pathogenic potential of different EHH species isolated from dogs in this infection model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four species of EHH (H. bilis, H. canicola, H. canis, and 'H. winghamensis') isolated from fecal samples from domestic dogs were evaluated. Three strains of each species were inoculated in cohorts of G. mellonella at a concentration of 1 × 107 CFU/mL. Survival curves were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. In addition, the quantification of melanin, bacterial load in hemolymph, and histopathology were evaluated daily post-infection (pi). RESULTS G. mellonella larvae are susceptible to EHH infection, exhibiting intra- and inter-species variability. Melanin production became evident from 4 h pi and increased throughout the assay. All species were recovered from the hemolymph after 20 min pi; however, only H. canis could be recovered up to 48 h pi. Histopathology revealed cellular and humoral immune response, evidencing accumulation of hemocytes, nodulation, and melanin deposition in different tissues. CONCLUSION EHH species carried by dogs have considerable pathogenic potential, being H. canicola the species with the highest degree of virulence. Thus, G. mellonella is a useful model to assess virulence in these emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Ochoa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Fernández
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Devotto
- Institute of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Chillán, Chile
| | | | - Luis Collado
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of the Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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