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Noreen S, Dritschel B. Thinking about the consequences: The detrimental role of future thinking on intrapersonal problem-solving in depression. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289676. [PMID: 37611035 PMCID: PMC10446235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that depressed individuals encounter a multitude of social problems in daily life, research on social problem-solving has largely been dominated by research on interpersonal problems and there is a paucity of research on intrapersonal problems. Intrapersonal problems are linked to one's subjective psychological functioning and involve managing one's own feelings and emotions pertaining to the self. Given that depressed individuals exhibit impaired emotion regulation, it is possible that their ability to solve intrapersonal problems may be impaired, especially in relation to future thinking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether future thinking, in the form of thinking about the consequences of a problem being resolved or remaining unresolved has an impact on intrapersonal problem-solving in depression. Forty-five depressed and fifty-four non-depressed participants completed a modified version of the means end problem-solving task (MEPS). In the task, participants were presented with a series of intrapersonal problems and were asked to generate consequences of the problems being resolved or remaining unresolved. Participants were then presented with a positive resolution to each of the problems and were asked to solve the problem to achieve the positive resolution. Following a delay, participants were asked to recall all of the consequences initially generated. Overall, depressed individuals generated fewer-relevant means and less effective solutions to problems than non-depressed participants. Depressed individuals also demonstrated impaired intrapersonal problem-solving following the generation of resolved and unresolved consequences, compared to a baseline condition, where no consequences were generated. These findings suggest that future thinking impairs intrapersonal problem-solving and indicates that a more nuanced approach to future thinking and social problem-solving in depression is needed across different real-life problem-solving contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Noreen
- Department of Psychology, De Montfort University, Leicester, England
| | - Barbara Dritschel
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
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Malik HB, Norman JB. Best Practices and Methodological Strategies for Addressing Generalizability in Neuropsychological Assessment. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2023; 9:47-63. [PMID: 37250805 PMCID: PMC10182845 DOI: 10.1007/s40817-023-00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Generalizability considerations are widely discussed and a core foundation for understanding when and why treatment effects will replicate across sample demographics. However, guidelines on assessing and reporting generalizability-related factors differ across fields and are inconsistently applied. This paper synthesizes obstacles and best practices to apply recent work on measurement and sample diversity. We present a brief history of how knowledge in psychology has been constructed, with implications for who has been historically prioritized in research. We then review how generalizability remains a contemporary threat to neuropsychological assessment and outline best practices for researchers and clinical neuropsychologists. In doing so, we provide concrete tools to evaluate whether a given assessment is generalizable across populations and assist researchers in effectively testing and reporting treatment differences across sample demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinza B. Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5612 USA
| | - Jasmine B. Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5612 USA
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Griffith NM, Schefft BK. Optimism and pessimism as predictors of seizure group among patients with intractable seizure disorders. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 140:109094. [PMID: 36736238 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Revised Optimism-Pessimism Scale (PSM-R) as a measure of attributional style, and the incremental utility of optimism and pessimism as predictors of seizure group, in an intractable seizure disorder sample. Participants included adult patients with epileptic seizures (ES; n = 151) and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES; n = 173) whose diagnoses were confirmed by prolonged video/EEG monitoring (PVEM). Optimism and pessimism scores were computed from abbreviated versions of the MMPI for all participants. Analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between optimism, pessimism, and MMPI clinical scale scores. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to generate a model for the prediction of seizure group. Results supported the validity of the PSM-R as a measure of attributional style in an intractable seizure disorder sample. Both optimism and pessimism provided significant incremental predictive utility over and above other predictors of seizure group. There are advantages of using the proposed prediction model over other alternative differential diagnostic procedures, including lower cost, greater availability, and increased standardization. Overall, results indicated that attributional style is a clinically relevant index of personality and cognitive response to stress among an intractable seizure disorder sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Griffith
- Fielding Graduate University, School of Psychology, 2020 De La Vina St, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA.
| | - Bruce K Schefft
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychology, 2600 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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The Moderating Effect of Contact with Children on the Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Depression in Adulthood among a Chinese Adult Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158901. [PMID: 35897272 PMCID: PMC9331561 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on depression in adulthood has been identified in many studies; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To understand the moderating effect of ACEs on depression, a moderation analysis using the interaction effect model was performed based on data obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. This study found that people with ACEs had significantly lower depression scores than those without ACEs, particularly in categories such as physical abuse, emotional neglect, sibling death, parental illness/disability, parental depression, hunger, violence, and bullying. In addition, the results indicated that contact with children moderated the relationship between ACEs and depression in adulthood. Increased levels of contact with children reduced the adverse effects of parental drug abuse and the experience of starvation, but not physical abuse. This study highlights the role of family support in eliminating health disparities, which can reduce the effects of ACEs on depression in adulthood.
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Emam MM, Abdelrasheed NSG, Omara E. Negative Cognition, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, Negative Life Events and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescents in Oman. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Requero B, Briñol P, Petty RE. The impact of hope and hopelessness on evaluation: A meta‐cognitive approach. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Requero
- Department of Psychology Universidad Villanueva Madrid Spain
| | - Pablo Briñol
- Department of Psychology Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
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Moya-Higueras J, Cuevas A, Marques-Feixa L, Mezquita L, Mayoral M, Fañanás L, Ortet G, Ibáñez MI. Recent Stressful Life Events (SLE) and Adolescent Mental Health: Initial Validation of the LEIA, a New Checklist for SLE Assessment According to Their Severity, Interpersonal, and Dependent Nature. Assessment 2018; 27:1777-1795. [PMID: 30539643 DOI: 10.1177/1073191118817648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to develop and validate a checklist for adolescents, the Life Events Inventory for Adolescents (LEIA), for screening stressful life events (SLEs) of different nature (major-minor, dependent-independent, and personal-interpersonal). The LEIA was administered together with another SLE checklist (Escala de Acontecimientos Vitales [Life Events Scale], EAV), and with measures of life satisfaction and externalizing and internalizing symptoms. The results showed that the kappa and the percentage agreement reliability indices were adequate. Regarding validity evidences, the correlations found between the LEIA and the EAV ranged from .65 to .69, and between the LEIA and the psychopathological symptoms ranged from .26 to .38. Specifically, major dependent noninterpersonal SLEs were the best predictors of externalizing psychopathology; while major independent noninterpersonal SLEs were the best predictors of internalizing symptoms and low life satisfaction. To conclude, the LEIA could be considered an adequate checklist to screen for SLEs in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Moya-Higueras
- Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laia Marques-Feixa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mezquita
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - María Mayoral
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Generós Ortet
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Manuel I Ibáñez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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Saylik R, Szameitat AJ. The Association Between Negative Attributional Style and Working Memory Performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874350101811010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:It has been proposed that negative attributions contribute to impairment in cognitive task processing. However, it is still unknown whether negative attributions influence task processing in all cognitive tasks.Methods:To investigate this, 91 healthy participants completed attributional style questionnaire and performed three Working Memory (WM) tasks, which associated with different functions of WM (i.e. Central Executive System (CES) and visuospatial sketchpad).Results:The results demonstrated that negative attributions contribute to the impairment in cognitive tasks which is associated with spatial working memory rather than main central executive functions (i.e. switching and inhibition).Conclusions:It is concluded that negative attributions may selectively disrupt spatial working memory functions, thus a detrimental effect of negative attributions may be task specific.
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Johnstone J, Rooney RM, Hassan S, Kane RT. Prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: 42 and 54 months follow-up of the Aussie Optimism Program-Positive Thinking Skills. Front Psychol 2014; 5:364. [PMID: 24904446 PMCID: PMC4036073 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are the most commonly reported mental health problems amongst Australian children and adolescents. The Aussie Optimism: Program-Positive Thinking Skills (AOP-PTS) is a universal intervention program based on cognitive and behavioral strategies and aimed to prevent anxiety and depression in the middle primary school children aged 9–10 years old. 370 students randomly assigned to the intervention and control condition participated in the 42 and 54 months follow-up study. The intervention group received the AOP-PTS 10-week program and the control group received the regular health education curriculum. Students were assessed on anxiety, depression and attribution style at school whilst parents reported on their child’s externalizing and internalizing problems at home. Results showed there were no significant reductions across groups in the depressive and anxiety symptoms, and attribution style at either 42 or 54 months follow-up. These findings suggest that AOP-PTS has short and medium term effects but were not sustained in longer term period. Future strategies to achieve the desirable outcomes in a longitudinal study are discussed.
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Gotlib IH, Joormann J, Foland-Ross LC. Understanding Familial Risk for Depression. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2014; 9:94-108. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691613513469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent, debilitating, and costly of all illnesses worldwide. Investigators have made considerable progress in elucidating psychological and biological correlates of MDD; however, far less is known about factors that are implicated in risk for depression. Given the high risk for MDD associated with a family history of depression, investigators have worked to understand both the effects of parental depression on offspring and the mechanisms that might underlie familial risk for MDD. In this article, we describe the evolution of investigators’ understanding of the psychobiological functioning of children of depressed parents, and we present recent findings concerning cognitive and neural aspects of risk for MDD using our high-risk sample as a context and foundation for this discussion. We integrate these data in a conceptualization of mechanisms underlying risk for depression, focusing on the constructs of emotion dysregulation and stress reactivity. Recognizing the 25-year anniversary of the Association for Psychological Science, we place this presentation in the context of the past 25 years of research on depression. We conclude by discussing the significance of emotion dysregulation and stress reactivity for studying risk for depression, for developing approaches to prevent MDD, and for moving theory and research in this field forward.
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Joormann J, D'Avanzato C. Emotion regulation in depression: Examining the role of cognitive processes. Cogn Emot 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931003784939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Depression as a longitudinal outcome and antecedent of preadolescents' peer relationships and peer-relevant cognition. Dev Psychopathol 2009; 21:555-77. [PMID: 19338698 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579409000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Using longitudinal data and structural modeling, we investigated bidirectional associations among preadolescents' peer relationships, peer-relevant cognition, and depressive symptoms. Depression was expected to be an outcome and precursor of peer-relevant cognition, and cognition was expected to be an outcome and precursor of being more or less liked by classmates (peer likeability). We also examined whether cognition mediated the association between peer likeability and depression. Participants were 308 students (mean age = 11.0, SD = 0.9) who participated twice during a school year. A third assessment was completed with Grade 5 to 6 students 1 year after the second assessment. The model with bidirectional paths had a good fit to the data, but the most parsimonious model was an "effects" model showing that preadolescents with more depressive symptoms had less positive peer-relevant cognition at later assessments, and that those with more positive peer-relevant cognition were more liked by their peers over time. There were no age differences, some gender differences, and no support for cognition as a moderator of the association between depression and peer likeability.
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Self-report and Cognitive Processing Measures of Depressive Thinking Predict Subsequent Major Depressive Disorder. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-009-9237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zimmer–Gembeck MJ, Hunter TA, Pronk R. A Model of Behaviors, Peer Relations and Depression: Perceived Social Acceptance as a Mediator and the Divergence of Perceptions. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rutter M, Caspi A, Moffitt TE. Using sex differences in psychopathology to study causal mechanisms: unifying issues and research strategies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2003; 44:1092-115. [PMID: 14626453 DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is an extensive literature, both speculative and empirical, on postulated differences between males and females in their rates of particular types of disorder, very little is known about the mechanisms that underlie these sex differences. The study of mechanisms is important because it may provide clues on aetiological processes. The review seeks to outline what is known, what are the methodological hazards that must be dealt with, and the research strategies that may be employed. METHODS We note the need for representative general samples, and for adequate measurement and significance testing if valid conclusions are to be drawn. We put forward three levels of causes that have to be considered: a genetically determined distal basic starting point; the varied consequences of being male or female; and the proximal risk or protective factors that are more directly implicated in the causal mechanisms that predispose to psychopathology. In delineating these, we argue that three key sets of evidential criteria have to be met: a) that the risk factors differ between males and females; b) that they provide for risk or protection within each sex; and c) that when introduced into a causal model, they eliminate or reduce the sex differences in the disorders being studied. RESULTS A male excess mainly applies to early onset disorders that involve some kind of neurodevelopmental impairment. A female excess mainly applies to adolescent-onset emotional disorders. No variables have yet met all the necessary criteria but some good leads are available. The possible research strategies that may be employed are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS The systematic investigation of sex differences constitutes an invaluable tool for the study of the causal processes concerned with psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rutter
- SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK.
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Voelz ZR, Walker RL, Pettit JW, Joiner Jr TE, Wagner KD. Depressogenic attributional style: evidence of trait-like nature in youth psychiatric inpatients. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Caspi O, Bootzin RR. Evaluating how placebos produce change. Logical and causal traps and understanding cognitive explanatory mechanisms. Eval Health Prof 2002; 25:436-64. [PMID: 12449086 DOI: 10.1177/0163278702238056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The renewed interest in placebo effects from psychological and methodological angles is manifested in two complementary facets: the causal relationship between placebo effects inside and outside of clinical trials and the continual effort to understand how the underlying mechanisms relate to notions of efficacy and effectiveness. The article challenges the premise that placebo effects can be measured precisely enough that variance attributed to "nonspecific" placebo effects can be hierarchically partitioned from variance attributed to other "more specific" elements of therapy and discusses some of the most important recent developments in the understanding of how placebos produce change through cognitive explanatory mechanisms, including efficacy, outcome, and response expectancies; reverse placebo effects; schemas; and biased-information processing. Although much is already known about the complexity of explanatory mechanisms in placebo and expectancy effects, there is still much to do before establishing causal relationships and developing valid treatments based on this knowledge.
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Rude SS, Wenzlaff RM, Gibbs B, Vane J, Whitney T. Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms. Cogn Emot 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/02699930143000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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