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Ferreira NE, da Costa AC, Kallas EG, Silveira CGT, de Oliveira ACS, Honorato L, Paião HGO, Lima SH, de M. Vasconcelos D, Côrtes MF, Costa SF, Mendoza TRT, Gomes HR, Witkin SS, Mendes-Correa MC. Encephalopathy Caused by Human Parvovirus B19 Genotype 1 Associated with Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in a Newborn. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6958-6966. [PMID: 37754223 PMCID: PMC10529629 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 infection is associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic to severe neurological disorders. Its major clinical symptoms, fever and rash, are common to multiple viruses, and laboratory tests to detect B19 are frequently not available. Thus, the impact of B19 on public health remains unclear. We report the case of a 38-day old girl admitted to São Paulo Clinical Hospital, Brazil, with an initial diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, seizures, and acute hydrocephalus. Antibiotic therapy was maintained for one week after admission and discontinued after negative laboratory results were obtained. Nine days after symptoms onset, a cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) sample revealed persistent pleocytosis. The complete B19 complete genome was subsequently identified in her CSF by a metagenomic next-generation sequencing approach. This report highlights the possible involvement of B19 in the occurrence of acute neurological manifestations and emphasizes that its possible involvement might be better revealed by the use of metagenomic technology to detect viral agents in clinical situations of unknown or uncertain etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noely Evangelista Ferreira
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Antonio C. da Costa
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
| | - Cassia G. T. Silveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (C.G.T.S.); (A.C.S.d.O.)
| | - Ana Carolina S. de Oliveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (C.G.T.S.); (A.C.S.d.O.)
| | - Layla Honorato
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Heuder G. O. Paião
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Silvia H. Lima
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Dewton de M. Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Marina F. Côrtes
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Silvia F. Costa
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Tania R. T. Mendoza
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Hélio R. Gomes
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica LIM 15, Hospital da Clinicas da, Faculdade de Medicina da, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria C. Mendes-Correa
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (N.E.F.); (A.C.d.C.); (E.G.K.); (L.H.); (H.G.O.P.); (S.H.L.); (M.F.C.); (S.F.C.); (T.R.T.M.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; (D.d.M.V.); (S.S.W.)
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Mendes-de-Almeida DP, Bokel JPB, Alves ADR, Vizzoni AG, Tavares ICF, Silva MST, Netto JDSB, Grinsztejn BGJ, Amado Leon LA. Clinical Presentation of Parvovirus B19 Infection in Adults Living with HIV/AIDS: A Case Series. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051124. [PMID: 37243210 DOI: 10.3390/v15051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection varies clinically depending on the host's immune status. Due to red blood cell precursors tropism, B19V can cause chronic anemia and transient aplastic crisis in patients with immunosuppression or chronic hemolysis. We report three rare cases of Brazilian adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with B19V infection. All cases presented severe anemia and required red blood cell transfusions. The first patient had low CD4+ counts and was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). As he remained poorly adherent to antiretroviral therapy (ART), B19V detection persisted. The second patient had sudden pancytopenia despite being on ART with an undetectable HIV viral load. He had historically low CD4+ counts, fully responded to IVIG, and had undiagnosed hereditary spherocytosis. The third individual was recently diagnosed with HIV and tuberculosis (TB). One month after ART initiation, he was hospitalized with anemia aggravation and cholestatic hepatitis. An analysis of his serum revealed B19V DNA and anti-B19V IgG, corroborating bone marrow findings and a persistent B19V infection. The symptoms resolved and B19V became undetectable. In all cases, real time PCR was essential for diagnosing B19V. Our findings showed that adherence to ART was crucial to B19V clearance in HIV-patients and highlighted the importance of the early recognition of B19V disease in unexplained cytopenias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Mendes-de-Almeida
- Hematology Department, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
- Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20220-430, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Medical Affairs, Clinical Studies, and Post-Registration Surveillance (DEAME), Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals/Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joanna Paes Barreto Bokel
- Hematology Department, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
- Onco-Hematology Unit, Clínica São Vicente, Rio de Janeiro 22451-100, RJ, Brazil
| | - Arthur Daniel Rocha Alves
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G Vizzoni
- Hematology Department, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Ferreira Tavares
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDS, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mayara Secco Torres Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDS, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dos Santos Barbosa Netto
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDS, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gilda Jegerhorn Grinsztejn
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on STD/AIDS, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciane Almeida Amado Leon
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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Krumova S, Andonova I, Stefanova R, Miteva P, Nenkova G, Hübschen JM. Primate Erythroparvovirus 1 Infection in Patients with Hematological Disorders. Pathogens 2022; 11:497. [PMID: 35631017 PMCID: PMC9143349 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate erythroparvovirus 1, commonly referred to as Parvovirus B19 (B19V), is a DNA virus that normally results in a mild childhood infection called "erythema infectiosum". Besides respiratory spread, B19V can also be transmitted through transfusions, which may result in persistent anemia in immunodeficient hosts. Dialysis patients often face acute or chronic anemia after infection with B19V. Here, we describe the laboratory investigation of 21 patients with hematological disorders for B19V infections. B19V DNA was detected in 13 (62%) of them, with specific IgM antibodies in three of the DNA positives. All 13 patients received treatment and were laboratory-monitored over a period of one year. In only two patients (a 14-year-old child with a kidney transplantation and a 39-year-old patient with aplastic anemia), markers of recent B19V infection were still detectable in follow-up samples. For four B19V DNA positive samples, short sequences could be obtained, which clustered with genotype 1a reference strains. Our findings suggest that all cases of hematological disorders should be examined for specific B19V antibodies and DNA for accurate diagnosis and appropriate patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefka Krumova
- National Reference Laboratory “Measles, Mumps, Rubella”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Ivona Andonova
- National Reference Laboratory “Measles, Mumps, Rubella”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Radostina Stefanova
- National Reference Laboratory “Measles, Mumps, Rubella”, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Polina Miteva
- Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Children’s Diseases “Prof. Dr. Ivan Mitev” EAD, 1612 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Galina Nenkova
- Department of Biology, Medical University, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Judith M. Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
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Abdelrahman D, Al-Sadeq DW, Smatti MK, Taleb SA, AbuOdeh RO, Al-Absi ES, Al-Thani AA, Coyle PV, Al-Dewik N, Qahtani AAA, Yassine HM, Nasrallah GK. Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Parvovirus (B19V) among Blood Donors with Different Nationalities Residing in Qatar. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040540. [PMID: 33805034 PMCID: PMC8063948 DOI: 10.3390/v13040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parvovirus (B19V) is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum in children and is linked to a wide range of clinical manifestations. Studies related to B19V prevalence in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and other parts of Asia are very scarce. The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence (anti-B19V IgM and IgG), the viremia rate (B19V DNA), and the circulating genotypes of B19V among blood donors in Qatar. Methods: Donors’ blood samples (n = 5026) from different nationalities, mainly from the MENA region and South East Asia, were collected from 2014–2016. Samples were tested for the B19V DNA using RT-PCR. Furthermore, 1000 selected samples were tested to determine the seroprevalence of B19V antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genotyping was performed on 65 DNA positive samples by sequencing of nested PCR fragments (NS1-VP1u region, 927 nt). Results: Only 1.4% (70/5026) of the samples had detectible B19V DNA in their blood. B19V DNA prevalence statistically decreased with age (p = 0.03). Anti-B19V IgG was detected in 60.3% (561/930) of the tested samples, while only 2.1% (20/930) were IgM-positive and 1.2% (11/930) were both IgM- and IgG-positive. B19V genotyping showed a predominance of Genotype 1 (100%). Sequence analysis of the NS1-VP1u region revealed 139 mutation sites, some of which were amino acid substitutions. Conclusion: Our results indicated a relatively high seroprevalence of B19V in Qatar. Most importantly, B19 DNA was detected among Qatari and non-Qatari blood donors. Therefore, blood banks in Qatar might need to consider screening for B19V, especially when transfusion is intended for high-risk populations, including immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duaa W. Al-Sadeq
- Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (M.K.S.); (E.S.A.-A.); (A.A.A.-T.); (H.M.Y.)
- College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria K. Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (M.K.S.); (E.S.A.-A.); (A.A.A.-T.); (H.M.Y.)
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar;
| | - Sara A. Taleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar;
| | - Raed O AbuOdeh
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Enas S. Al-Absi
- Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (M.K.S.); (E.S.A.-A.); (A.A.A.-T.); (H.M.Y.)
| | - Asmaa A. Al-Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (M.K.S.); (E.S.A.-A.); (A.A.A.-T.); (H.M.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter. V. Coyle
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar;
| | - Nader Al-Dewik
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar;
| | - Ahmed A. Al Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University School of Medicine, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (M.K.S.); (E.S.A.-A.); (A.A.A.-T.); (H.M.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K. Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; (D.W.A.-S.); (M.K.S.); (E.S.A.-A.); (A.A.A.-T.); (H.M.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence:
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Cnc Garcia RD, Leon LA. Human parvovirus B19: a review of clinical and epidemiological aspects in Brazil. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:37-50. [PMID: 33438475 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first evidence of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection in late 80s, several studies have been conducted to clarify the spectrum of clinical diseases in Brazil. B19V infection is prevalent in the general population and has exhibited a cyclical pattern of occurrence every 4-5 years, with the predominance of genotype 1 over 3b. During epidemic periods the wide range of clinical conditions, such as ertythema infectiosum, arthropathy, transient aplastic crisis, nonimmune hydrops fetalis and B19V-hepatitis were diagnosed. However, many infections are likely asymptomatic or have a self-limiting clinical course and are not readly diagnosed. Besides, the similarity of the symptoms of ertythema infectiosum to other rash diseases and the broadly circulation of arboviruses makes differential diagnosis more difficult. In this article, we provide a historical comprehensive overview of the research on parvovirus B19 conducted in Brazil, with a focus on the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cnc Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rua Professor Hernani Melo 101, Niterói, RJ 22430 190, Brazil
| | - Luciane Aa Leon
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, RJ 21040 360, Brazil
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Di Paola N, Mesquita FS, Oliveira DBLD, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Zaki Pour S, de Sousa-Capra C, Lopes GP, Santana RAF, Pinho JRR, Balarini K, Pereira da Fonseca CRT, Zanotto PMDA. An Outbreak of Human Parvovirus B19 Hidden by Dengue Fever. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:810-817. [PMID: 30304533 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal outbreaks of dengue often result in hundreds of dengue-suspected cases where a clinical diagnosis cannot be confirmed. Usually, during large outbreaks of dengue and other pathogens that can cause acute febrile illnesses, the search for secondary pathogens with similar disease outcomes is rare. METHODS Using total RNA sequencing and targeted diagnostic assays, we discovered an outbreak of parvovirus B19 in dengue-suspected patients that occurred from November 2013 to February 2014. RESULTS Of the 182 cases investigated, 63% were viremic for the B19 virus. Moreover, we found that >43% of infected patients had no serological evidence of prior infection. Parvovirus B19 is a typical childhood infection, yet we observed that 82% of the infected patients were adults. Additionally, we perceived that infected adults had significantly higher presentations of myalgia than in children. We also obtained viral protein (VP) 1/VP2 gene nucleotide sequences from 43 patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the utility of next-generation sequencing for symptomatic patients with unknown etiologies during seasonal outbreaks of dengue and other arborviruses. Our findings could improve the vigilance of hospitals and laboratories by raising awareness of co-circulating pathogens such as parvovirus B19 that may be hidden in plain sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Di Paola
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio S Mesquita
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Christian Julián Villabona-Arenas
- Recherches translationelles sur le virus de l'immunodéficience et les maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, France
| | - Shahab Zaki Pour
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil.,Laboratório de Medicina Laboratorial/Laboratório de Gastroenterologia Clínica e Experimental Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karime Balarini
- Itapema Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Guarujá, São Paulo, Brazil
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Figueiredo RMPD, Souza VCD, Nascimento VAD, Naveca FG. Human parvovirus B19 genotype 1 in suspected dengue patients of Tefé, Amazonas State, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190304. [PMID: 31508787 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0304-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common pathogen, which on infection causes variety of clinical conditions from benign self-limiting exanthematous disease and other similar pathologies to fetal death. METHODS We collected 341 serum samples between the first and fourth day after the onset of symptoms from all patients suspected of dengue fever who were attended at Regional Hospital of Tefé. Initially, patients were screened for malaria by blood smear test and negative samples were sent to Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) situated in Manaus (AM) for dengue testing using semi-nested multiplex PCR. Further, we investigated 44 malaria and dengue-negative samples of children for B19V DNA by nested-PCR. Positive samples were analyzed by BLAST against entire public non-redundant nucleotide database and genotyped by phylogenetic analyses using neighbor-joining clustering method. RESULTS Eight samples (18.2%) were found to be PCR positive. Fever, headache, ocular pain, and/or muscle pain were reported as the most frequent symptoms by the patients and none were diagnosed with rash at the time of sample collection. Phylogenetic analysis of major capsid protein 2 (VP2) and VP3 coding region showed high similarity with B19V genotype 1. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the spread of B19V genotype 1 in Tefé. Moreover, our results emphasize the significance of laboratorial differential diagnosis using molecular techniques in patients with acute febrile, and thereby aid the health surveillance system in improving patient care even in the remote areas of Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Costa de Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Jain A, Kant R. Genotypes of erythrovirus B19, their geographical distribution & circulation in cases with various clinical manifestations. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:239-247. [PMID: 29923512 PMCID: PMC6022381 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1816_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrovirus B19 (B19V) is one of the erythroviruses known to be pathogenic in humans. B19V is classified into three distinct genotypes; 1, 2 and 3, differing from each other by 2-13 per cent. Genotype 1 consists of the prototype B19V isolates, genotype 2 comprises the A6, LaLi and their related isolates while genotype 3 includes the V9- and V9-related isolates. The classification of genotype 1 into two subtypes (1A and 1B) and genotype 3 into two subtypes (3a and 3b) with an estimated nucleotide difference of about 5 per cent has been done. Predominance of genotype 1 across all the continents is seen followed by genotypes 2 and 3. There are no disease-specific genotypes. All the three genotypes have been found in symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals and have been reported from several countries across the world. The prevalence of genotype 2 in older populations and its absence from current circulation in Northern Europe has also been reported. The present review focuses on geographic distribution and association of genotypes of B19V with different clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Former Vice-Chancellor, K.G. Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Parvovirus B19 in the Context of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Evaluating Cell Donors and Recipients. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e217. [PMID: 29184906 PMCID: PMC5682762 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a common human pathogen, member of the family Parvoviridae. Typically, B19V has been found to infect erythroid progenitors and cause hematological disorders, such as anemia and aplastic crisis. However, the persistence of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been demonstrated in tonsils, liver, skin, brain, synovial, and testicular tissues as well as bone marrow, for both symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms of persistence remain undefined, it raises questions about potential virus transmissibility and its effects in the context of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients. Methods With this aim, we retrospectively screened allogeneic stem cell donors from 173 patients admitted for allo-HSCT from January 2008 to May 2013 using a seminested polymerase chain reaction approach. Results We found 8 positive donor samples, yielding a 4.6% of parvovirus prevalence (95% confidence interval, 2.36-8.85). Pre- and post-HSCT samples (n = 51) from the 8 recipients of the positive donors were also investigated, and 1 case exhibited B19V DNA in the post-HSCT follow-up (D + 60). Direct DNA sequencing was performed to determine the genotype of isolates and classification, performed by phylogenetic reconstruction, showed a predominance of genotype 1a, whereas the rare genotype 3b was detected in 2 additional patients. By molecular cloning, different B19V 1a substrains polymorphisms were evidenced in the single case in which donor and its recipient were B19V+. Conclusions Our results suggest that HSCT allografts are not a main source for B19V transmission, pointing to potential events of reinfection or endogenous viral reactivation.
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Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in particular, host features determine disease manifestations. These viruses are prevalent worldwide and are culturable in vitro, and serological and molecular assays are available but require careful interpretation of results. Additional human parvoviruses, including HBoV2 to -4, human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), and human bufavirus (BuV) are also reviewed. The full spectrum of parvovirus disease in humans has yet to be established. Candidate recombinant B19V vaccines have been developed but may not be commercially feasible. We review relevant features of the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses, and the human immune response that they elicit, which have allowed a deep understanding of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Cubel Garcia RDCN, Pereira RFA, Azevedo KMLD, Castro TXD, Mello FCA, Setubal S, Siqueira MM, Brown D, Oliveira SAD. Molecular diversity of human parvovirus B19 during two outbreaks of erythema infectiosum in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 21:102-106. [PMID: 27914222 PMCID: PMC9425480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to provide information on the genetic diversity of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) circulating in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil during 1996–2006, a period with two distinct outbreaks of B19V infection: 1999–2000 and 2004–2005. A total of 27 sera from patients with erythema infectiosum and five sera from HIV-infected patients that tested positive for B19V DNA during the study period were analyzed. To genotype B19V strains, a semi-nested PCR for partial amplification of the capsid gene was performed and sequence analysis revealed that 31 sequences belonged to subgenotype 1a (G1a) of the main genotype 1 and one sequence was characterized as subgenotype 3b (G3b). The phylogenetic tree supported the division of the G1a into two well-defined clades with 1.3% of divergence. The low diversity of the G1a strains may be explained by the fact that all patients had acute B19V infection and 30/32 sera were collected during two distinct outbreaks. The G3b strain was from an HIV-infected patient who seroconverted to anti-B19 IgG antibodies in September/2005. This is the first report of G3b in the state of Rio de Janeiro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Freire Alves Pereira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kátia Martins Lopes de Azevedo
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Xavier de Castro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisco C A Mello
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Setubal
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marilda M Siqueira
- Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David Brown
- Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e Sarampo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Solange Artimos de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Jia J, Ma Y, Zhao X, Huangfu C, Zhong Y, Fang C, Fan R, Lv M, Zhang J. Existence of various human parvovirus B19 genotypes in Chinese plasma pools: genotype 1, genotype 3, putative intergenotypic recombinant variants and new genotypes. Virol J 2016; 13:155. [PMID: 27639978 PMCID: PMC5027099 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a frequent contaminant of blood and plasma-derived medicinal products. Three distinct genotypes of B19V have been identified. The distribution of the three B19V genotypes has been investigated in various regions or countries. However, in China, data on the existence of different B19V genotypes are limited. Methods One hundred and eighteen B19V-DNA positive source plasma pool samples collected from three Chinese blood products manufacturers were analyzed. The subgenomic NS1/VP1u region junction of B19V was amplified by nested PCR. These amplified products were then cloned and subsequently sequenced. For genotyping, their phylogenetic inferences were constructed based on the NS1/VP1-unique region. Then putative recombination events were analyzed and identified. Results Phylogenetic analysis of 118 B19V sequences attributed 61.86 % to genotype 1a, 10.17 % to genotype 1b, and 17.80 % to genotype 3b. All the genotype 3b sequences obtained in this study grouped as a specific, closely related cluster with B19V strain D91.1. Four 1a/3b recombinants and 5 new atypical B19V variants with no recombination events were identified. Conclusions There were at least 3 subtypes (1a, 1b and 3b) of B19V circulating in China. Furthermore, putative B19V 1a/3b recombinants and unclassified strains were identified as well. Such recombinant and unclassified strains may contribute to the genetic diversity of B19V and consequently complicate the B19V infection diagnosis and NAT screening. Further studies will be required to elucidate the biological significance of the recombinant and unclassified strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0611-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Jia
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuyuan Ma
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiong Zhao
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chaoji Huangfu
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yadi Zhong
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chi Fang
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Rui Fan
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Maomin Lv
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jingang Zhang
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Conteville LC, Zanella L, Marín MA, Filippis AMBD, Nogueira RMR, Vicente ACP, Mendonça MCLD. Parvovirus B19 1A complete genome from a fatal case in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 110:820-1. [PMID: 26517666 PMCID: PMC4667590 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infects individuals worldwide and is associated with an ample
range of pathologies and clinical manifestations. B19V is classified into three
distinct genotypes, all identified in Brazil. Here, we report a complete sequence of
a B19V genotype 1A that was obtained by high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. This
genome provides information that will contribute to the studies on B19V epidemiology
and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Costa Conteville
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Louise Zanella
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Michel Abanto Marín
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Ana Carolina Paulo Vicente
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Shen H, Zhang W, Wang H, Shao S. Identification of recombination in the NS1 and VPs genes of parvovirus B19. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1457-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Shen
- Medical College; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Medical College; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Medical College; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang P.R. China
| | - Shihe Shao
- Medical College; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang P.R. China
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15
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Servant-Delmas A, Morinet F. Update of the human parvovirus B19 biology. Transfus Clin Biol 2016; 23:5-12. [PMID: 26778837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the human parvovirus B19 (B19V) has been associated with many clinical situations in addition to the prototype clinical manifestations, i.e. erythema infectiosum and erythroblastopenia crisis. The clinical significance of the viral B19V DNA persistence in sera after acute infection remains largely unknown. Such data may constitute a new clinical entity and is discussed in this manuscript. In 2002, despite the genetic diversity among B19V viruses has been reported to be very low, the description of markedly distinct sequences showed a new organization into three genotypes. The most recent common ancestor for B19V genotypes was estimated at early 1800s. B19V replication is enhanced by hypoxia and this might to explain the high viral load detected by quantitative PCR in the sera of infected patients. The minimum infectious dose necessary to transmit B19V infection by the transfusion of labile blood products remains unclear. At the opposite, the US Food and Drug Administration proposed a limit of 10(4)IU/mL of viral DNA in plasma pools used for the production of plasma derivatives. Recently, a new human parvovirus (PARV4) has been discovered. The consequences on blood transfusion of this blood-borne agent and its pathogenicity are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Servant-Delmas
- Institut national de la transfusion sanguine (INTS), département d'études des agents transmissibles par le sang, Centre national de référence des hépatites virales B et C et du VIH en transfusion, Paris, France
| | - F Morinet
- Pôle biologie-pathologie-physiologie, CHU Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.
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16
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Rezaei F, Sarshari B, Ghavami N, Meysami P, Shadab A, Salimi H, Mokhtari-Azad T. Prevalence and genotypic characterization of Human Parvovirus B19 in children with measles- and rubella-like illness in Iran. J Med Virol 2015; 88:947-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Behrang Sarshari
- Department of Virology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Department of Virology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Parisa Meysami
- Department of Virology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Azadeh Shadab
- Department of Virology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Department of Virology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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17
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Kerr JR, Mattey DL. The role of parvovirus B19 and the immune response in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:133-55. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Kerr
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad del Rosario; Bogotá D.C. Colombia
| | - Derek L. Mattey
- Staffordshire Rheumatology Centre and University of Keele; Haywood Hospital; Stoke on Trent United Kingdom
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18
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Adamson-Small LA, Ignatovich IV, Laemmerhirt MG, Hobbs JA. Persistent parvovirus B19 infection in non-erythroid tissues: Possible role in the inflammatory and disease process. Virus Res 2014; 190:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Jain P, Jain A, Prakash S, Khan DN, Singh DD, Kumar A, Moulik NR, Chandra T. Prevalence and genotypic characterization of human parvovirus B19 in children with hemato-oncological disorders in North India. J Med Virol 2014; 87:303-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parul Jain
- Department of Microbiology; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - Shantanu Prakash
- Department of Microbiology; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - Danish N Khan
- Department of Microbiology; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - Desh D Singh
- Department of Microbiology; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - Archana Kumar
- Department of Paediatrics; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - Nirmalya R Moulik
- Department of Paediatrics; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
| | - Tulika Chandra
- Department of Transfusion Medicine; King George's Medical University; Lucknow India
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