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Hegde S, Srinivas S, Nanjundappa N. KIT gene mutation causing piebaldism associated with multiple Café Au-Lait like macules and freckling: Delineating a cause of this coexistence. Indian Dermatol Online J 2023; 14:240-244. [PMID: 37089832 PMCID: PMC10115335 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_368_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Piebaldism is a rare genetic disorder of congenital leukoderma caused by mutation in KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase. We present a 10-year-old boy with congenital depigmented macules suggestive of piebaldism associated with café au lait macules and skin fold freckling complicating the diagnosis. A diagnosis of piebaldism was made via exome sequencing that showed a pathogenic variant of KIT gene with no pathogenic variants of NF1 or SPRED1 gene. Our current understanding of the KIT tyrosine kinase function may provide a better explanation into this phenotypic coexistence and does not necessarily represent an overlap with Neurofibromatosis type 1.
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2
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Hu X, Wang L, Xu Z, Xing H. Novel pathogenic variants in KIT gene in three Chinese piebaldism patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1040747. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPiebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant disease, and roughly 75% patients had KIT gene mutations. Up to date, approximately 90 KIT mutations causing piebaldism were reported.MethodsTo identify KIT gene mutations in three pediatric piebaldism patients from different families and explore the genotype-phenotype correlation, peripheral blood DNA were collected from probands and their parents. Whole-exome sequencing was performed to detect potential disease-causing variants in the three probands. Putative variants were validated by Sanger sequencing.ResultsHeterozygous variants of c.2469_2484del (p.Tyr823*), c.1994G > C (p.Pro665Leu), and c.1982_1983insCAT (p.662_663insIle) in KIT gene were detected in three probands. These variants were all novel and classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants according to the interpretation guidelines of American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. The probands carrying variants located in tyrosine kinase domain exhibited a more severe phenotype.ConclusionThe piebaldism in three families was caused by novel heterozygous KIT variants. The severity of phenotypes is related with the types and locations of different mutations. Our results further provided evidence for genetic counseling for the three families.
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3
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Manakhov AD, Mintseva MY, Andreeva TV, Trapezov OV, Rogaev EI. Shadow coat colour in American mink associated with a missense mutation in the KIT gene. Anim Genet 2022; 53:522-525. [PMID: 35481560 DOI: 10.1111/age.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The classical genetic analysis describes more 35 mutations that are involved in the formation of the American mink (Neovison vison) fur colour phenotype. To date, only eight of these mutations have been linked to specific genes. Shadow is a member of the commercially valuable Black cross colour family. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of the American mink with a Shadow Silverblue (Sh /+ p/p) phenotype. We identified a missense mutation (c.2374 G>T) in the gene encoding the KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase gene (KIT), which plays a critical role in melanogenesis as well as in the survival, growth and development of other cell types. The reported mutation results in amino acid substitution p.Asp792Tyr in a highly conserved catalytic loop of the KIT protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey D Manakhov
- Centre for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Centre for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Yu Mintseva
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Andreeva
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Centre for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V Trapezov
- Department of Animals and Human Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny I Rogaev
- Centre for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Centre for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Chen YJ, Diao P, Wan RY, Li L. Piebaldism resulting from a novel deletion mutation of KIT gene in a five-generation Chinese family. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 47:232-234. [PMID: 34374464 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - P Diao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R Y Wan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Nagaputra JC, Koh MJA, Brett M, Lim ECP, Lim HW, Tan EC. Piebaldism with multiple café-au-lait-like hyperpigmented macules and inguinal freckling caused by a novel KIT mutation. JAAD Case Rep 2018; 4:318-321. [PMID: 29693058 PMCID: PMC5911795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J A Koh
- Dermatology Service, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Maggie Brett
- Research Laboratory, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Eileen C P Lim
- Research Laboratory, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hwee-Woon Lim
- Research Laboratory, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ene-Choo Tan
- Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Research Laboratory, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore
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6
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Jia WX, Xiao XM, Wu JB, Ma YP, Ge YP, Li Q, Mao QX, Li CR. A novel missense KIT mutation causing piebaldism in one Chinese family associated with café-au-lait macules and intertriginous freckling. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:635-8. [PMID: 25960657 PMCID: PMC4410829 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s75544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Piebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis, manifesting as congenital and stable depigmentation of the skin and white forelock. It has been found to be associated with mutations in the KIT or SLUG genes. We report a Chinese piebaldism family including a 28-year-old woman and her 3-year-old son with characteristics of white patches and forelock associated with numerous brown macules and patches. Genomic DNA samples of the proband and her son were extracted from their peripheral blood. One hundred unrelated healthy individuals were used as controls. All coding regions of KIT, SLUG, and NF1 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using exon flanking intronic primers and Sanger sequencings were performed. DNA sequencing revealed heterozygous missense c.2431T>G mutation in exon 17 of the KIT gene in the proband and the affected son. No potentially pathogenic variant was identified in SLUG or NF1 genes. The nucleotide substitution was not found in 100 unrelated control individuals. This study reveals a novel KIT mutation in piebaldism, and it further supports that café-au-lait macules and intertriginous freckling of piebaldism are parts of pigmented anomaly in piebaldism, which does not necessarily represent coexistence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xue Jia
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Min Xiao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Bing Wu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Ping Ma
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Ping Ge
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Mao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Rang Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China ; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Yang B, Yang Q, Yan H, Sun T, Wu N. A novel KIT frame-shift mutation in a large Chinese family with variably severe phenotypes of piebaldism. J Dermatol 2013; 40:126-7. [PMID: 23083126 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Piebaldism is an uncommon autosomal dominantly inherited pigment anomaly characterized by a congenital white forelock and leukoderma on the frontal scalp, forehead, ventral trunk and extremities. It is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the KIT gene. Genetic analyses reveal a consistent genotype-phenotype relationship in piebaldism. However, recently reported cases of piebaldism that are milder or severer than genetically expected indicate that other factors, such as a modifier gene of MC1R, influence skin and hair color. The KIT ligand/KIT that triggers the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway play essential functions in the migration, proliferation, survival, melanogenesis and melanosome transfer of the melanocytes. We summarize current research progress in piebaldism and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Oiso
- Department of Dermatology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan.
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Different Patterns of Expression of the erbB Family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Common Nevi, Dysplastic Nevi, and Primary Malignant Melanomas: An Immunohistochemical Study. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:665-75. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181d1e6f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Neves DR, Régis Júnior JR, Oliveira PJVE, Zac RI, Silveira KDS. Transplante de melanócitos no piebaldismo: relato de caso. An Bras Dermatol 2010; 85:384-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O piebaldismo é uma genodermatose rara onde as lesões acrômicas não respondem aos tratamentos tópico e fototerápico. Este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar a importância do transplante de melanócitos, usando a técnica de minigrafting no tratamento do piebaldismo.
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11
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Baxter LL, Hou L, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ. Spotlight on spotted mice: a review of white spotting mouse mutants and associated human pigmentation disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 17:215-24. [PMID: 15140066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of genes that regulate neural crest-derived melanoblast development and survival can result in reduction and/or loss of mature melanocytes. The reduction in melanocyte number in the skin and hair follicles manifests itself as areas of hypopigmentation, commonly described as white spotting in mice. To date ten genes have been identified which are associated with white-spotting phenotypes in mouse. Seven of these genes are associated with neural crest and melanocyte disorders in humans. This review summarizes the phenotypes associated with mutation of these genes in both mouse and man. We describe our current understanding of how these genes function in development, and explore their complex roles regulating the various stages of melanocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Baxter
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Murakami T, Fukai K, Oiso N, Hosomi N, Kato A, Garganta C, Barnicoat A, Poppelaars F, Aquaron R, Paller AS, Ishii M. New KIT mutations in patients with piebaldism. J Dermatol Sci 2004; 35:29-33. [PMID: 15194144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piebaldism is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder characterized by congenital leukoderma, typically on the forehead, abdomen, and knees. The leukoderma is usually stable throughout life. KIT mutations have been demonstrated in about 75% of patients with piebaldism. OBJECTIVES To identify KIT mutations of the family with piebaldism and examine genotype-phenotype correlations in this disorder. METHODS PCR-direct-sequencing technique using genomic DNA from peripheral leukocytes. RESULTS We have studied 10 individuals within six piebaldism families and able to identify six novel mutations in the KIT gene in patients with piebaldism. These include four frameshift mutations: 142delG, 1768-1769delAG, 2139delC, 2246-2249delAAAG, and two missense mutations: M541L, Y870C. CONCLUSIONS These six new mutations are associated with phenotypes that are well in accordance with our knowledge of genotype-phenotype correlations in KIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Murakami
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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13
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Terry RB, Archer S, Brooks S, Bernoco D, Bailey E. Assignment of the appaloosa coat colour gene (LP) to equine chromosome 1. Anim Genet 2004; 35:134-7. [PMID: 15025575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A single autosomal dominant locus, leopard complex (LP) controls the presence of appaloosa pigmentation patterns in the horse. The causative gene for LP is unknown. This study was undertaken to map LP in the horse. Two paternal half sib families segregating for the LP locus and including a total of 47 offspring were used to perform a genome scan which localized LP to horse chromosome 1 (ECA1). LP was linked to ASB08 (LOD = 9.99 at Theta = 0.02) and AHT21 (LOD = 5.03 at Theta = 0.14). To refine the map position of LP, eight microsatellite markers on ECA1 (UM041, LEX77, 1CA41, TKY374, COR046, 1CA32, 1CA43, and TKY002) were analysed in the two half sib families. Results from this linkage analysis showed LP was located in the interval between ASB08 and 1CA43. Tight junction protein (TJP1), which lies within the LP interval on ECA1, was used to determine the homologous chromosomes in humans (HSA15) and mice (mouse chromosome 7). We propose that the pink eyed dilution (p) gene and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M, member 1 (TRPM1) are positional candidate genes for LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Terry
- Department of Biology, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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14
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Spritz RA, Itin PH, Gutmann DH. Piebaldism and Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Horses of Very Different Colors. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:xxxiv-xxxv. [PMID: 15009761 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2004.22235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics Program and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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15
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Potti A, Moazzam N, Langness E, Sholes K, Tendulkar K, Koch M, Kargas S. Immunohistochemical determination of HER-2/neu, c-Kit (CD117), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression in malignant melanoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 130:80-6. [PMID: 14634801 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-003-0509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence and evaluate the possible prognostic value of the molecular targets in malignant melanoma, we studied the overexpression of HER-2/neu, c-Kit, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in this patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overexpression of HER-2/neu, c-Kit, and VEGF was evaluated using immunohistochemical assays in 202 archival tissue specimens. RESULTS Only two patients (0.9%) revealed HER-2/neu overexpression, whereas 46 (22.8%) revealed c-Kit and 42 (20.8%) specimens showed VEGF overexpression. Multivariate analysis performed did not show a significant difference in survival between c-Kit-positive and c-Kit-negative groups (P = 0.36) and VEGF-positive and VEGF-negative groups (P = 0.25). Interestingly, c-Kit was more likely to be overexpressed in the superficial spreading type and VEGF was overexpressed preferentially in the amelanotic melanoma type. CONCLUSIONS HER-2/neu has no role in melanogenesis. Both c-Kit (expressed in superficial spreading disease) and VEGF (expressed in amelanotic melanoma) may have significant therapeutic implications as molecular targets, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Potti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, 58102, USA.
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16
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Potti A, Hille RC, Koch M. Immunohistochemical determination of HER-2/neu overexpression in malignant melanoma reveals no prognostic value, while c-Kit (CD117) overexpression exhibits potential therapeutic implications. J Carcinog 2003; 2:8. [PMID: 14617373 PMCID: PMC280698 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2003] [Accepted: 11/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HER-2/neu and c-kit (CD117) onco-protein are increasingly being recognized as targets for therapy in solid tumors, but data on their role in malignant melanoma is currently limited. We studied the prevalence of overexpression of HER-2/neu and c-Kit in 202 patients with malignant melanoma to evaluate a possible prognostic value of these molecular targets in malignant melanoma. Methods Overexpression of HER-2/neu and c-Kit was evaluated using immunohistochemical assays in 202 archival tissue specimens. Results Between 1991 and 2001, 202 subjects (109 males; 54% and 93 females; 46%) with malignant melanoma were studied with a mean age of 57 years (age range: 15–101 years). The most common histologic type was amelanotic melanoma (n = 62; 30.7%) followed by superficial spreading melanoma (n = 54; 26.7%). The depth of penetration of melanoma (Breslow thickness, pT Stage) ranged from 0.4 mm (stage pT1) to 8.0 mm (stage pT4A). Mean thickness was 2.6 mm (stage pT3A). The ECOG performance scores ranged from 0 to 3. Only 2 patients (0.9%) revealed HER-2/neu overexpression, whereas 46 (22.8%) revealed c-Kit overexpression. Multivariate analysis performed did not show a significant difference in survival between c-Kit positive and negative groups (p = 0.36). Interestingly, not only was c-Kit more likely to be overexpressed in the superficial spreading type, a preliminary association between the presence or absence of c-Kit overexpression and the existence of another second primary tumor was also observed. Conclusions The results of our large study indicate that the HER-2/neu onco-protein neither has a role in melanogenesis nor is a potential target for clinical trials with monoclonal antibody therapy. This indicates there is no role for its testing in patients with malignant melanoma. Although c-Kit, expressed preferentially in the superficial spreading type, may not have prognostic value, it does have significant therapeutic implications as a molecular target warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Potti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Rachel C Hille
- Department of Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Pathology, Meritcare Medical Center, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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Rumessen JJ, Vanderwinden JM. Interstitial Cells in the Musculature of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Cajal and Beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 229:115-208. [PMID: 14669956 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)29004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT on cells referred to as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) has been instrumental during the past decade in the tremendous interest in cells in the interstitium of the smooth muscle layers of the digestive tract. ICC generate the pacemaker component (electrical slow waves of depolarization) of the smooth musculature and are involved in neurotransmission. By integration of ICC functions, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the neuromuscular control of gastrointestinal motility, opening novel therapeutic perspectives. In this article, the ultrastructure and light microscopic morphology, as well as the functions and the development of ICC and of neighboring fibroblast-like cells (FLC), are critically reviewed. Directions for future research are considered and a unifying concept of mesenchymal cells, either KIT positive (the "ICC") or KIT negative "non-Cajal" (including the FLC and possibly also other cell types) cell types in the interstitium of the smooth musculature of the gastrointestinal tract, is proposed. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating to suggest that, as postulated by Santiago Ramon y Cajal, the concept of interstitial cells is not likely to be restricted to the gastrointestinal musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri J Rumessen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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A Study on DNA Polymorphism of the Bovine c-KIT Receptor Gene. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2002.44.6.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Terry RR, Bailey E, Bernoco D, Cothran EG. Linked markers exclude KIT as the gene responsible for appaloosa coat colour spotting patterns in horses. Anim Genet 2001; 32:98-101. [PMID: 11421946 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The appaloosa coat colour pattern of the horse is similar to that caused by the rump-white (Rw) gene in the mouse. In the mouse Rw colour pattern is the result of an inversion involving the proto-oncogene c-kit (KIT). Therefore, we investigated KIT as a candidate gene that encodes the appaloosa coat colour gene (Lp) in horses. KIT plays a critical role in haematopoiesis, gametogenesis, and melanogenesis and encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that belongs to the PDGF/CSF-1/c-KIT receptor subfamily. Half-sib families segregating for Lp were uninformative for a reported polymorphism in KIT. However, KIT is located on horse chromosome 3 close to albumin (ALB), serum carboxylesterase (ES), vitamin D-binding protein (GC) and microsatellite markers ASB23, LEX007, LEX57, and UCDEQ437. Indeed, KIT and ASB23 were localized to ECA3q21-22.1 and 3q22.1-22.3, respectively, by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Family studies were conducted to investigate linkage of Lp to these markers using eight half-sib families in which Appaloosa stallions were mated to solid coloured mares. Linkage of Lp to the chromosome region containing ES, ALB, GC, ASB23, UCDEQ437, LEX57, and LEX007 was investigated by a multipoint linkage analysis using the computer program GENEHUNTER. LOD scores over the interval under investigation ranged from -4.28 to -12.48, with a score of -12.48 at the location for ASB23. Therefore, it was concluded that appaloosa (Lp) is not linked to any of the tested markers on ECA3, and thus Lp is unlikely to be the product of KIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Terry
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40524, USA. Stormont Laboratories, Woodland, CA 95776, USA.
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Richards KA, Fukai K, Oiso N, Paller AS. A novel KIT mutation results in piebaldism with progressive depigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44:288-92. [PMID: 11174389 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2001.112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Piebaldism is an autosomal dominant disorder of melanocyte development characterized by white skin (leukoderma) and white hair (poliosis). In general, piebaldism has been distinguished from vitiligo by the presence of lesions from birth, the hyperpigmented macules of depigmented and normal skin, and the static course. We hypothesized that an 8-year-old girl and her mother who had unusual piebaldism of a progressive nature would have a novel mutation of the KIT gene, the gene that is altered in patients with piebaldism, or of the MITF (microphthalmia activating transcription factor) gene, which would be expected to cause type II Waardenburg syndrome, but is associated with a phenotype of progressive depigmentation in mice. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of affected and unaffected family members, and the KIT and MITF genes were sequenced. Genetic analysis of genomic DNA from both the mother and daughter with progressive piebaldism revealed a novel Val620Ala (1859T>C) mutation in the KIT gene, which was not detected in family members without progressive piebaldism or in 52 normal control individuals. This KIT mutation affects the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and thus predicts a severe phenotype, as was the case in this family. Although other KIT mutations in the vicinity of codon 620 lead to the standard phenotype of static piebaldism, the Val620Ala mutation is novel and may result in a previously undescribed phenotype with melanocyte instability, leading to progressive loss of pigmentation as well as the progressive appearance of the hyperpigmented macules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Richards
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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Syrris P, Malik NM, Murday VA, Patton MA, Carter ND, Hughes HE, Metcalfe K. Three novel mutations of the proto-oncogene KIT cause human piebaldism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 95:79-81. [PMID: 11074500 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001106)95:1<79::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Neonatologists do not require a detailed knowledge of all genetic skin disorders but need to recognize one if they see it. The unique accessibility of the skin makes it possible to observe the physical signs and deduce the child's immediate needs from first principles. The morphological classification given here will help the nondermatologist establish a clinical diagnosis. Tremendous advances over the last 10 years in understanding the molecular basis of skin disease make it possible, in many cases, to confirm the diagnosis and to counsel the family accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moss
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, UK.
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Irrthum A, Karkkainen MJ, Devriendt K, Alitalo K, Vikkula M. Congenital hereditary lymphedema caused by a mutation that inactivates VEGFR3 tyrosine kinase. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:295-301. [PMID: 10856194 PMCID: PMC1287178 DOI: 10.1086/303019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2000] [Accepted: 05/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary lymphedema is a chronic swelling of limbs due to dysfunction of lymphatic vessels. An autosomal dominant, congenital form of the disease, also known as "Milroy disease," has been mapped to the telomeric part of chromosome 5q, in the region 5q34-q35. This region contains a good candidate gene for the disease, VEGFR3 (FLT4), that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase specific for lymphatic vessels. To clarify the role of VEGFR3 in the etiology of the disease, we have analyzed a family with hereditary lymphedema. We show linkage of the disease with markers in 5q34-q35, including a VEGFR3 intragenic polymorphism, and we describe an A-->G transition that cosegregates with the disease, corresponding to a histidine-to-arginine substitution in the catalytic loop of the protein. In addition, we show, by in vitro expression, that this mutation inhibits the autophosphorylation of the receptor. Thus, defective VEGFR3 signaling seems to be the cause of congenital hereditary lymphedema linked to 5q34-q35.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Irrthum
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Haartman Institute, Helsinki; and Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven
| | - Marika J. Karkkainen
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Haartman Institute, Helsinki; and Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Haartman Institute, Helsinki; and Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Haartman Institute, Helsinki; and Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Haartman Institute, Helsinki; and Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven
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Nomura K, Hatayama I, Narita T, Kaneko T, Shiraishi M. A novel KIT gene missense mutation in a Japanese family with piebaldism. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111:337-8. [PMID: 9699740 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is widely recognized as playing an important role in cell differentiation, proliferation and carcinogenesis. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to identify protein tyrosine kinases that were expressed in the skin. Mixed oligonucleotide probes were used to amplify and screen neonatal murine skin mRNA for clones encoding amino acid contiguities, the conservation of which is characteristic of the protein tyrosine kinase family. When the PCR products were sequenced, a novel clone encoding protein tyrosine kinase, PTK70, was identified. A full-length cDNA was isolated from a mouse thymus cDNA library. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence showed that it featured src-homology (SH) 2 domain, SH3 domain and kinase domain like other src family protein tyrosine kinases, but lacked the N-terminal myristylation site and C-terminal tyrosine residue. Although the mRNA of PTK70 was detected in various tissues ubiquitously, the degree of its expression differed among tissues. Murine skin is one in which PTK70 was expressed strongly, with its expression being much stronger in the epidermis and in the cell line derived from murine keratinocytes than in those from melanoma or fibroblast cell lines. These evidences suggest that PTK70 may be involved in proliferation or differentiation of keratinocytes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawachi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Ward KA, Moss C, Sanders DS. Human piebaldism: relationship between phenotype and site of kit gene mutation. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132:929-35. [PMID: 7544995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb16951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human piebaldism is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital depigmented patches of skin and hair. Piebaldism results from mutations of the kit proto-oncogene, which encodes a cell-surface receptor, tyrosine kinase, whose ligand is the stem/mast cell growth factor. We report four unrelated patients with piebaldism and consider the variations in phenotype in relation to the site of the kit gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Ward
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital, Birmingham, U.K
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Riva P, Milani N, Gandolfi P, Larizza L. A 12-bp deletion (7818del12) in the c-kit protooncogene in a large Italian kindred with piebaldism. Hum Mutat 1995; 6:343-5. [PMID: 8680409 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380060409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Riva
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Piebaldism is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of pigmentation characterized by congenital patches of white skin and hair that lack melanocytes. Piebaldism results from mutations of the KIT proto-oncogene, which encodes the cell-surface receptor transmembrane tyrosine kinase for an embryonic growth factor, Steel factor. Several pathologic mutations of the KIT gene have now been identified in different patients with piebaldism. Correlation of these mutations with the associated piebald phenotypes has led to the recognition of a hierarchy of three classes of mutations that result in a graded series of piebald phenotypes, and to improved understanding of the mechanisms that underlie dominant genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Spritz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Kawachi Y, Nakauchi H, Otsuka F. Identification of a novel cDNA clone encoding protein tyrosine kinase in murine skin. J Dermatol 1994; 21:533-8. [PMID: 7962951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1994.tb01790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is widely recognized as playing important roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and carcinogenesis. We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to identify protein tyrosine kinases that are expressed in the skin. Mixed oligonucleotide probes were used to amplify and screen a neonatal murine skin cDNA pool for clones encoding amino acid contiguities whose conservation is characteristic of the protein tyrosine kinase family. When the PCR products were sequenced, 13 distinct clones were found, of which one is novel to date and has provisionally been named tks (for tyrosine kinase identified from skin). Sequence homology comparison showed that the tks gene is homologous to the src and fes/fps families. Northern blotting using PCR products of tks as a probe revealed that the mRNA of tks is detected ubiquitously and weakly in other tissues such as brain, lung, liver, thymus and kidney. This fact suggests that the tks gene is expressed in widely distributed cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawachi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Spritz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Spritz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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