1
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Das IJ, Bal T. pH factors in chronic wound and pH-responsive polysaccharide-based hydrogel dressings. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135118. [PMID: 39208902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Chronic wounds present a significant healthcare challenge marked by complexities such as persistent bleeding, inhibited cell proliferation, dysregulated inflammation, vulnerability to infection, and compromised tissue remodeling. Conventional wound dressings often prove inadequate in addressing the intricate requirements of chronic wound healing, leading to slow healing and heightened susceptibility to infections in patients with prolonged medical conditions. Bacterial biofilms in chronic wounds pose an additional challenge due to drug resistance. Advanced wound dressings have emerged as promising tools in expediting the healing process. Among these, pH-responsive polysaccharide-based hydrogels exhibit immense prospect by adapting their functions to dynamic wound conditions. Despite their potential, the current literature lacks a thorough review of these wound dressings. This review bridges this gap by meticulously examining factors related to chronic wounds, current strategies for healing, and the mechanisms and potential applications of pH-responsive hydrogel wound dressings as an emerging therapeutic solution. Special focus is given to their remarkable antibacterial properties and significant self-healing abilities. It further explores the pH-monitoring functions of these dressings, elucidating the associated pH indicators. This synthesis of knowledge aims to guide future research and development in the field of pH-responsive wound dressings, providing valuable insights into their potential applications in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itishree Jogamaya Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Trishna Bal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India.
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2
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Sintov AC. The Distinctive Role of Gluconic Acid in Retarding Percutaneous Drug Permeation: Formulation of Lidocaine-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:831. [PMID: 38931951 PMCID: PMC11207278 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to evidence the skin retardation phenomenon of lidocaine by gluconic acid as an inactive ingredient involved in citrate-crosslinking chitosan nanoparticles. Lidocaine hydrochloride was loaded in nanoparticles based on chitosan, fabricated by using a water-in-oil microemulsion as a template and citric acid as an ionic cross-linker. Gluconic acid (pentahydroxy hexanoic acid) was added during the fabrication and compared with caproic acid, a non-hydroxy hexanoic acid. The chitosan nanoparticulate systems were characterized for mean particle size, particle size distribution, and zeta potential. The pentahydroxy hexanoic acid decreased the zeta potential to a significantly lower value than those obtained from both plain citrate and citrate-hexanoic acid formulations. The relatively lower value implies that gluconate ions are partly attached to the nanoparticle's surface and mask its positively charged groups. It was also noted that the in vitro percutaneous permeation flux of lidocaine significantly decreased when gluconate-containing chitosan nanoparticles were applied, i.e., 6.1 ± 1.5 μg‧cm-2‧h-1 without gluconic acid to 3.4 ± 2.3 μg‧cm-2‧h-1 with gluconic acid. According to this result, it is suggested that gluconate ions played a role in retarding drug permeation through the skin, probably by calcium chelation in the stratum granulosum, which in turn stimulated lamellar body secretion, lipid synthesis, and intracellular release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon C. Sintov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel; ; Tel.: +972-8-647-2709
- Laboratory for Biopharmaceutics, E.D. Bergmann Campus, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 84105, Israel
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3
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Schwartz B, Levi H, Menon G, Maria R, Upcher A, Kotlovski Y, Oss-Ronen L, Cohen I. ZNF750 Regulates Skin Barrier Function by Driving Cornified Envelope and Lipid Processing Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:296-306.e3. [PMID: 37660780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a constantly renewing stratified epithelial tissue that provides essential protective barrier functions. The major barrier is located at the outermost layers of the epidermis, formed by terminally differentiated keratinocytes reinforced by proteins of their cornified envelope and sequestered intercellular lipids. Disruptions to epidermal differentiation characterize various skin disorders. ZNF750 is an epithelial transcription factor essential for in vitro keratinocyte differentiation, whose truncating mutation in humans causes autosomal dominant psoriasis-like skin disease. In this study, we utilized an epidermal-specific Znf750 conditional knockout mouse model to uncover the role ZNF750 plays in epidermal development. We show that deletion of Znf750 in the developing skin does not block epidermal differentiation completely, suggesting in vivo compensatory feedback mechanisms, although it does result in impaired barrier function and perinatal lethality. Molecular dissection revealed ultrastructural defects in the differentiated layers of the epidermis, accompanied by alterations in the expression of ZNF750-dependent genes encoding key cornified envelope precursor proteins and lipid-processing enzymes, including gene subsets known to be mutated in human skin diseases involving impaired barrier function. Together, our findings provide molecular insights into the pathogenesis of human skin disease by linking ZNF750 to a subset of epidermal differentiation genes involved in barrier formation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Schwartz
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Hilla Levi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Raquel Maria
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Kotlovski
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Liat Oss-Ronen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Idan Cohen
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Tarshish E, Hermoni K, Muizzuddin N. Effect of Lumenato a Tomato derived oral supplement on improving skin barrier strength. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13504. [PMID: 38009018 PMCID: PMC10632383 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Improvement of skin barrier strength could lead to healthy and youthful appearance. "Beauty inside-out" approach using nutraceuticals such as tomato derived carotenoids to support skin barrier strength could be of benefit to the ageing population. METHOD A panel of 60 female subjects were provided with the Lumenato capsules (containing carotenoids) or placebo capsules as nutritional supplements for 3 months. Skin health and barrier function were observed using evaporimeter which measures trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). Barrier strength was determined by study of the number of strippings required to disrupt skin barrier and barrier repair was observed in terms of TEWL a few hours after barrier disruption. Cutometer was used to observe skin firmness and elasticity. Measurements were obtained before treatment and after 4 and 12 weeks of use. RESULTS Results indicated a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in skin barrier strength; a higher number of strippings were required to disrupt skin barrier after 12 weeks of supplement use. There was also a significant improvement in skin firmness and elasticity as observed with a cutometer. CONCLUSION Based on the confines and conditions of this study, oral supplementation with Lumenato resulted in significant improvement in skin barrier as well as skin firmness and elasticity.
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5
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Jackson R, Rajadhyaksha EV, Loeffler RS, Flores CE, Van Doorslaer K. Characterization of 3D organotypic epithelial tissues reveals tonsil-specific differences in tonic interferon signaling. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292368. [PMID: 37792852 PMCID: PMC10550192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culturing techniques can recapitulate the stratified nature of multicellular epithelial tissues. Organotypic 3D epithelial tissue culture methods have several applications, including the study of tissue development and function, drug discovery and toxicity testing, host-pathogen interactions, and the development of tissue-engineered constructs for use in regenerative medicine. We grew 3D organotypic epithelial tissues from foreskin, cervix, and tonsil-derived primary cells and characterized the transcriptome of these in vitro tissue equivalents. Using the same 3D culturing method, all three tissues yielded stratified squamous epithelium, validated histologically using basal and superficial epithelial cell markers. The goal of this study was to use RNA-seq to compare gene expression patterns in these three types of epithelial tissues to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying their function and identify potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. Functional profiling by over-representation and gene set enrichment analysis revealed tissue-specific differences: i.e., cutaneous homeostasis and lipid metabolism in foreskin, extracellular matrix remodeling in cervix, and baseline innate immune differences in tonsil. Specifically, tonsillar epithelia may play an active role in shaping the immune microenvironment of the tonsil balancing inflammation and immune responses in the face of constant exposure to microbial insults. Overall, these data serve as a resource, with gene sets made available for the research community to explore, and as a foundation for understanding the epithelial heterogeneity and how it may impact their in vitro use. An online resource is available to investigate these data (https://viz.datascience.arizona.edu/3DEpiEx/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Esha V. Rajadhyaksha
- College of Medicine and College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Reid S. Loeffler
- Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Caitlyn E. Flores
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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6
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Lo Presti A, Montoya NA, Criscuolo V, Khan G, Khan U, Vecchione R, Falconi C. Fundamentals of Skin Bioimpedances. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302127. [PMID: 37252818 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The bioimpedances of tissues beyond the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of skin, contain crucial clinical information. Nevertheless, bioimpedance measurements of both the viable skin and the adipose tissue are not widely used, mainly because of the complex multilayered skin structure and the electrically insulating nature of the stratum corneum. Here, a theoretical framework is established for analyzing the impedances of multilayered tissues and, in particular, of skin. Then, strategies are determined for the system-level design of electrodes and electronics, which minimize 4-wire (or tetrapolar) measurement errors even in the presence of a top insulating tissue, thus enabling non-invasive characterizations of tissues beyond the stratum corneum. As an example, non-invasive measurements of bioimpedances of living tissues are demonstrated in the presence of parasitic impedances which are much (e.g., up to 350 times) higher than the bioimpedances of the living tissues beyond the stratum corneum, independently on extreme variations of the barrier (tape stripping) or of the skin-electrode contact impedances (sweat). The results can advance the development of bioimpedance systems for the characterization of viable skin and adipose tissues in several applications, including transdermal drug delivery and the assessment of skin cancer, obesity, dehydration, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, and multipotent adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lo Presti
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Nerio Andrés Montoya
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
- School of Physics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, A. A. 3840, Colombia
| | - Valeria Criscuolo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples, 80125, Italy
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and IT, RWTH Aachen, 52062, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics, IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52428, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gulaly Khan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Usman Khan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Raffaele Vecchione
- Center for Advanced Biomaterial for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Christian Falconi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
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7
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Jackson R, Rajadhyaksha EV, Loeffler RS, Flores CE, Van Doorslaer K. Characterization of 3D organotypic epithelial tissues reveals tonsil-specific differences in tonic interferon signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524743. [PMID: 36711548 PMCID: PMC9882319 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culturing techniques can recapitulate the stratified nature of multicellular epithelial tissues. Organotypic 3D epithelial tissue culture methods have several applications, including the study of tissue development and function, drug discovery and toxicity testing, host-pathogen interactions, and the development of tissue-engineered constructs for use in regenerative medicine. We grew 3D organotypic epithelial tissues from foreskin, cervix, and tonsil-derived primary cells and characterized the transcriptome of these in vitro tissue equivalents. Using the same 3D culturing method, all three tissues yielded stratified squamous epithelium, validated histologically using basal and superficial epithelial cell markers. The goal of this study was to use RNA-seq to compare gene expression patterns in these three types of epithelial tissues to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying their function and identify potential therapeutic targets for various diseases. Functional profiling by over-representation and gene set enrichment analysis revealed tissue-specific differences: i.e. , cutaneous homeostasis and lipid metabolism in foreskin, extracellular matrix remodeling in cervix, and baseline innate immune differences in tonsil. Specifically, tonsillar epithelia may play an active role in shaping the immune microenvironment of the tonsil balancing inflammation and immune responses in the face of constant exposure to microbial insults. Overall, these data serve as a resource, with gene sets made available for the research community to explore, and as a foundation for understanding the epithelial heterogeneity and how it may impact their in vitro use. An online resource is available to investigate these data ( https://viz.datascience.arizona.edu/3DEpiEx/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jackson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Esha V Rajadhyaksha
- College of Medicine and College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Reid S Loeffler
- Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Caitlyn E Flores
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program; Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program; and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
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8
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Nanoparticulate System Based on Calcium-Crosslinked Carbomer Retards Percutaneous Drug Permeation: New Insight Into Skin Barrier Functions. Pharm Res 2022; 39:3331-3343. [PMID: 36229583 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stratum corneum poses a formidable barrier for dermal and transdermal delivery of drugs. Besides the stratum corneum barrier, the viable epidermis poses another challenge to pharmaceutical formulators. A drug is probably transdermally permeable if it rapidly crosses the epidermal secondary barrier, while stimulation of lamellar body secretion from granular cells and intracellular release of Ca++ from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) result in retardation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the skin permeability of lidocaine HCl loaded in nanoparticles made of carbomer calcified with calcium gluconate, while figuring out the physiological mechanism that regulates the Ca++ related skin barrier function. METHODS Lidocaine hydrochloride was loaded in a nanoparticulate system based on calcified carbomer, fabricated by using a water-in-oil microemulsion as a precursor. In vitro release and percutaneous permeation testing were carried out to compare between calcified and non-calcified nanoparticles. In addition, comparison was also made between calcified nanoparticles using carbomer gels prepared at two pH values and at two different ratios of Ca++/carbomer. RESULTS A unique structure of the calcified nanoparticles has been proposed, in which the carbomer nanoparticles are partially coated by gluconate ions through hydrogen bonding and partially through ionic interactions with calcium ions. Although the in vitro release data showed no difference between non-calcified and calcified carbomer nanoparticles, a calcium-related phenomenon of skin retardation has been revealed. CONCLUSIONS It has been proposed that stimulation of lamellar body secretion from granular cells and Ca++ release from ER, which is elicited by the calcium gluconate-coated nanoparticles, result in dermal retardation of lidocaine.
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Beck LA, Cork MJ, Amagai M, De Benedetto A, Kabashima K, Hamilton JD, Rossi AB. Type 2 Inflammation Contributes to Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100131. [PMID: 36059592 PMCID: PMC9428921 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin barrier dysfunction, a defining feature of atopic dermatitis (AD), arises from multiple interacting systems. In AD, skin inflammation is caused by host-environment interactions involving keratinocytes as well as tissue-resident immune cells such as type 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells, and T helper type 2 cells, which produce type 2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Type 2 inflammation broadly impacts the expression of genes relevant for barrier function, such as intracellular structural proteins, extracellular lipids, and junctional proteins, and enhances Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization. Systemic anti‒type 2 inflammation therapies may improve dysfunctional skin barrier in AD.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- CLDN, claudin
- FFA, free fatty acid
- ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cell
- Jaki, Jak inhibitor
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NMF, natural moisturizing factor
- PAR, protease-activated receptor
- PDE-4, phosphodiesterase-4
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TCI, topical calcineurin inhibitor
- TCS, topical corticosteroid
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TYK, tyrosine kinase
- Th, T helper
- ZO, zona occludens
- hBD, human β-defensin
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA,Correspondence: Lisa A. Beck, Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 697, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Michael J. Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease (IICD), The University of Sheffield, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rahma A, Lane ME. Skin Barrier Function in Infants: Update and Outlook. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:433. [PMID: 35214165 PMCID: PMC8880311 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A good understanding of infant skin should provide a rationale for optimum management of the health of this integument. In this review, we discuss the skin barrier function of infants, particularly with reference to the use of diapers and baby wipes. The skin barrier of newborns continues to develop with age. Two years after birth, the barrier properties of infant skin closely resemble those of adult skin. However, several risk factors may contribute to impaired skin barrier and altered skin permeability in infants. Problems may arise from the use of diapers and baby wipes. The skin covered by a diaper is effectively an occluded environment, and thus is vulnerable to over-hydration. To date there has been no published information regarding dermal absorption of ingredients contained in baby wipes. Similarly, dermal absorption of topical ingredients in infants with underlying skin conditions has not been widely explored. Clearly, there are serious ethical concerns related to conducting skin permeation studies on infant skin. However, the increasing availability of non-invasive methods for in vivo studies is encouraging and offers new directions for studying this important patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annisa Rahma
- Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Majella E. Lane
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
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11
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Ishitsuka Y, Ogawa T, Nakamura Y, Kubota N, Fujisawa Y, Watanabe R, Okiyama N, Fujimoto M, Roop DR, Ishida-Yamamoto A. Loricrin and NRF2 Coordinate Cornification. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100065. [PMID: 35024686 PMCID: PMC8659797 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornification involves cytoskeletal cross-linkages in corneocytes (the brick) and the secretion of lipids/adhesion structures to the interstitial space (the mortar). Because the assembly of lipid envelopes precedes corneocyte maturation, loricrin is supposed to be dispensable for the protection against desiccation. Although the phenotypes of Lor knockout (LKO) mice are obscure, the antioxidative response on the KEAP1/NRF2 signaling pathway compensates for the structural defect in utero. In this study, we asked how the compensatory response is evoked after the defects are repaired. To this end, the postnatal phenotypes of LKO mice were analyzed with particular attention to the permeability barrier function primarily maintained by the mortar. Ultrastructural analysis revealed substantially thinner cornified cell envelopes and increased numbers of lamellar granules in LKO mice. Superficial epidermal damages triggered the adaptive repairing responses that evoke the NRF2-dependent upregulation of genes associated with lamellar granule secretion in LKO mice. We also found that corneodesmosomes are less degraded in LKO mice. The observation suggests that loricrin and NRF2 are important effectors of cornification, in which proteins need to be secreted, cross-linked, and degraded in a coordinated manner.
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Key Words
- CD, corneodesmosome
- CDSN, corneodesmosin
- CE, cornified envelope
- CEf, immature/fragile cornified envelope
- DKO, Lor–Nrf2 double knockout
- DMF, dimethyl fumarate
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- LG, lamellar granule
- LKO, Lor knockout
- LOR, loricrin
- NKO, Nrf2 knockout
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TS, tape-stripping
- WT, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriko Kubota
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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12
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Abe Y, Nishizawa M. Electrical aspects of skin as a pathway to engineering skin devices. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041509. [PMID: 34849444 PMCID: PMC8604566 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is one of the indispensable organs for life. The epidermis at the outermost surface provides a permeability barrier to infectious agents, chemicals, and excessive loss of water, while the dermis and subcutaneous tissue mechanically support the structure of the skin and appendages, including hairs and secretory glands. The integrity of the integumentary system is a key for general health, and many techniques have been developed to measure and control this protective function. In contrast, the effective skin barrier is the major obstacle for transdermal delivery and detection. Changes in the electrical properties of skin, such as impedance and ionic activity, is a practical indicator that reflects the structures and functions of the skin. For example, the impedance that reflects the hydration of the skin is measured for quantitative assessment in skincare, and the current generated across a wound is used for the evaluation and control of wound healing. Furthermore, the electrically charged structure of the skin enables transdermal drug delivery and chemical extraction. This paper provides an overview of the electrical aspects of the skin and summarizes current advances in the development of devices based on these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuina Abe
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Matsuhiko Nishizawa
- Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Hatta I, Nakazawa H, Ohta N, Uchino T, Yanase K. Stratum Corneum Function: A Structural Study with Dynamic Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Experiments. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1181-1199. [PMID: 34373412 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the effectiveness of substances such as drugs and cosmetics that act on the skin require structural evidence at the molecular level in the stratum corneum to clarify their interaction with intercellular lipid and soft keratin. For this purpose, when applying the substances to the stratum corneum X-ray diffraction experiment is one of the powerful tools. To detect minute structural changes in a stratum corneum sample, using a "solution cell", dynamic synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements were performed when applying aqueous solution of the substances to the stratum corneum: (1) It was found that a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, significantly disrupted the long-period lamellar structure. (2) To study the effects of water, structural modifications of the short-period lamellar structure and the soft keratin in corneocytes were measured as a function of time. At the initial water content of 15 wt%, the spacings of the short-period lamellar structure and the soft keratin increased toward those at the water content of 25 wt%, that is a key water content in the stratum corneum. (3) Nanoparticles composed of assembly of amphiphilic molecules are one of the leading pharmaceutical formulations. When the nanoparticles were applied, a new assembly of amphiphilic molecules originated from the nanoparticle appeared. This phenomenon suggests that the formation of the new assembly at the surface of skin is concerned with the release of the drug from the nanoparticles. (4) When ethanol was applied to the stratum corneum, only the liquid state in the intercellular lipid matrix was dissolved. After the removal of ethanol from this stratum corneum, the ordered hydrocarbon-chain packing structures appeared. From this fact we would propose that the liquid state region is the main pathway for hydrophobic drugs with a small molecular weight in connection with the so-called 500 Da rule. Here, not only the technique but also the background to these studies and the characteristic results obtained from these studies are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Hatta
- Department of Research, Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute
| | | | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8)
| | - Tomonobu Uchino
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kaori Yanase
- Beauty Care Laboratory, Kracie Home Products, Ltd
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Kim BJ, Lee NR, Lee CH, Lee YB, Choe SJ, Lee S, Hwang HJ, Kim E, Lavery GG, Shin KO, Park K, Choi EH. Increased Expression of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Contributes to Epidermal Permeability Barrier Dysfunction in Aged Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115750. [PMID: 34072239 PMCID: PMC8198579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactive cortisone is converted into active cortisol by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Excessive levels of active glucocorticoids could deteriorate skin barrier function; barrier impairment is also observed in aged skin. In this study, we aimed to determine whether permeability barrier impairment in the aged skin could be related to increased 11β-HSD1 expression. Aged humans (n = 10) showed increased cortisol in the stratum corneum (SC) and oral epithelium, compared to young subjects (n = 10). 11β-HSD1 expression (as assessed via immunohistochemical staining) was higher in the aged murine skin. Aged hairless mice (56-week-old, n = 5) manifested greater transepidermal water loss, lower SC hydration, and higher levels of serum inflammatory cytokines than the young mice (8-week-old, n = 5). Aged 11β-HSD1 knockout mice (n = 11), 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (INHI)-treated aged wild type (WT) mice (n = 5) and young WT mice (n = 10) exhibited reduced SC corticosterone level. Corneodesmosome density was low in WT aged mice (n = 5), but high in aged 11β-HSD1 knockout and aged INHI-treated WT mice. Aged mice exhibited lower SC lipid levels; this effect was reversed by INHI treatment. Therefore, upregulation of 11β-HSD1 in the aged skin increases the active-glucocorticoid levels; this suppresses SC lipid biosynthesis, leading to impaired epidermal permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Jun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Noo Ri Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Chung Hyeok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Young Bin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Sung Jay Choe
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Solam Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Hyun Jee Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Materials Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Materials Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (K.-O.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea; (B.J.K.); (N.R.L.); (C.H.L.); (Y.B.L.); (S.J.C.); (S.L.); (H.J.H.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-748-2650
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Makvandi P, Kirkby M, Hutton ARJ, Shabani M, Yiu CKY, Baghbantaraghdari Z, Jamaledin R, Carlotti M, Mazzolai B, Mattoli V, Donnelly RF. Engineering Microneedle Patches for Improved Penetration: Analysis, Skin Models and Factors Affecting Needle Insertion. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:93. [PMID: 34138349 PMCID: PMC8006208 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal microneedle (MN) patches are a promising tool used to transport a wide variety of active compounds into the skin. To serve as a substitute for common hypodermic needles, MNs must pierce the human stratum corneum (~ 10 to 20 µm), without rupturing or bending during penetration. This ensures that the cargo is released at the predetermined place and time. Therefore, the ability of MN patches to sufficiently pierce the skin is a crucial requirement. In the current review, the pain signal and its management during application of MNs and typical hypodermic needles are presented and compared. This is followed by a discussion on mechanical analysis and skin models used for insertion tests before application to clinical practice. Factors that affect insertion (e.g., geometry, material composition and cross-linking of MNs), along with recent advancements in developed strategies (e.g., insertion responsive patches and 3D printed biomimetic MNs using two-photon lithography) to improve the skin penetration are highlighted to provide a backdrop for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Melissa Kirkby
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aaron R J Hutton
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Majid Shabani
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cynthia K Y Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zahra Baghbantaraghdari
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Rezvan Jamaledin
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (iit@CRIB), Italian Institute of Technology, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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Teramura T, Nomura T. Acute skin barrier disruption alters the secretion of lamellar bodies via the multilayered expression of ABCA12. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 100:50-57. [PMID: 32873425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin barrier consists of multiple lipid-enriched layers, which are characterized by lamellar repeated structures within the intercellular space. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a well-known substance that can disrupt the skin barrier. The mechanisms underlying the barrier repair process, especially the influence of topical sodium lauryl sulfate treatment on lipid transport in the barrier recovery phase, remain unresolved. OBJECTIVE To understand the process of reconstruction of the intercellular lipid layer of the skin after acute barrier disruption by sodium lauryl sulfate treatment in vivo. METHODS Female hairless mice were treated with 3 % sodium lauryl sulfate. Transepidermal water loss measurement, histopathological analysis, and gene expression analysis were performed from 1 to 288 h after the topical application of sodium lauryl sulfate. Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopy analysis were performed to examine the expression level of ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A, member 12 (ABCA12), and the secretion level of lamellar bodies. RESULTS We observed rapid hyper-keratinization at the stratum corneum and the subsequent concurrent secretion of lamellar bodies into the intercellular space of the stratum corneum during the process of skin barrier recovery. ABCA12 expression associated with lipid transportation into lamellar bodies was transiently upregulated and observed in multiple layers in the upper epidermis, especially in the stratum granulosum. CONCLUSION The skin reacts appropriately to maintain its barrier function by first initiating hyper-keratinization and then increasing lamellar body secretion. Activation of ABCA12 is an essential factor for the recovery of skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Teramura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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17
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Campolo M, Lanza M, Filippone A, Paterniti I, Casili G, Scuderi SA, Ardizzone A, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E. Evaluation of a Product Containing Xyloglucan and Pea Protein on Skin Barrier Permeability. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:231-236. [PMID: 32846412 DOI: 10.1159/000509372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The skin acts as a mechanical and protective barrier against viral, fungal, and bacterial infections. Skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are characterized by alterations of the skin barrier, often caused by injury and by bacterial infections. In the last years, non-pharmacological interventions have gained great importance in epidermis-related diseases. Xyloglucan (XG) is a polysaccharide that possesses a "mucin-like" molecular structure that confers mucoadhesive properties, allowing XG-containing formulations to act as a protective barrier for the management of different diseases. Moreover, there is also increasing interest in the use of proteins due to their film-forming features. This study aimed to evaluate the barrier-protective properties of a product containing XG and pea protein (PP) in an in vitro model, assessing its effects on the membrane permeability of keratinocytes infected by Staphylococcus aureus. METHODS HaCaT keratinocytes were pretreated with XG and PP for 3 h and then infected with S. aureus cells (106 bacteria/well) at a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 1 h. The number of bacterial colonies and membrane integrity were measured, respectively. RESULTS We observed that pretreatment with XG and PP in human HaCaT keratinocytes infected with S. aureus significantly increased trans-epithelial electrical resistance (a marker of skin barrier function) measurement, reduced lucifer yellow (a marker of membrane integrity) permeation across the monolayer, and released lactate dehydrogenase (a marker of tissue damage). Moreover, XG and PP pretreatment was able to reduce bacterial adherence, avoiding S. aureus infection. CONCLUSION In summary, we demonstrated that the product containing XG and PP was able to maintain barrier permeability preserving its integrity, and therefore, it can be considered as an interesting approach for the management of epidermis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Lanza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sarah A Scuderi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy,
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18
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Panzuti P, Vidémont E, Fantini O, Fardouet L, Noël G, Cappelle J, Pin D. A moisturizer formulated with glycerol and propylene glycol accelerates the recovery of skin barrier function after experimental disruption in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:344-e89. [PMID: 32628309 PMCID: PMC7586792 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Moisturizers are foundational therapies for human atopic dermatitis. In veterinary medicine, the use of moisturizers has been recommended by an expert committee to alleviate skin dryness that would occur, for example, in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, little is known regarding the effects of moisturizers on the skin barrier. Hypothesis/Objectives To investigate the effects of a moisturizer on skin barrier recovery in a canine model of chronic mechanical barrier disruption. Animals Six healthy beagle dogs maintained in a laboratory setting. Methods and materials A model of chronic skin barrier disruption was simulated by tape stripping on both sides of the thorax. The moisturizer then was applied twice daily for one week to one side of the thorax, while the other hemithorax was left untreated. The effects were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at various times during skin barrier recovery, and by histological assessment of the disrupted skin one week after moisturizer application. Results Overall, TEWL was reduced, epidermal thickness was lower, stratum corneum thickness was greater and the intensity of the dermal inflammatory infiltrate was reduced for treated sites. Conclusions and clinical importance These results suggest a potential benefit of the moisturizer for improving skin barrier function, which is frequently altered in chronic inflammatory dermatoses such as cAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Panzuti
- VetAgro Sup, UP ICE, Université de Lyon, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Emilie Vidémont
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Saint-Martin, 74370, Saint-Martin-de-Bellevue, France
| | - Oscar Fantini
- VetAgro Sup, UP ICE, Université de Lyon, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | | | - Guillaume Noël
- Biovivo, Institut Claude Bourgelat, VetAgro Sup, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France.,UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Didier Pin
- VetAgro Sup, UP ICE, Université de Lyon, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
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Bhattaccharjee S, Beck-Broichsitter M, Banga AK. In Situ Gel Formation in Microporated Skin for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Niacinamide. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050472. [PMID: 32455797 PMCID: PMC7284857 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although used widely in cosmetic formulations, topical delivery of niacinamide (LogP = -0.35) is unfavorable by conventional means. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) formulations, can undergo a sol-gel transition triggered by solvent exchange, entrapping molecules and sustaining their release. The current study aims to exploit the ability of PLGA to gel in situ and enhance the topical delivery of niacinamide in microporated skin. In vitro drug permeation studies were performed using vertical Franz diffusion cells. Microporation was performed using Dr. PenTM Ultima A6, where pre-treatment with a 1 mm needle-length for 10 s and a 0.5 mm needle-length for 5 s, both at 13,000 insertions/min were compared. The effect of different grades of PLGA, EXPANSORB® DLG 50-2A ("low" molecular weight), and EXPANSORB® DLG 50-8A ("high" molecular weight) on topical delivery was also determined. Formulations containing PLGA resulted in successful gelation in situ on application over microporated skin. A significantly higher amount of drug was found in the skin with the 0.5 mm treatment for 5 s (892 ± 36 µg/cm2) than with 1 mm for 10 s (167 ± 16 µg/cm2). Hence, the different grades of PLGA were evaluated with 0.5 mm, 5 s treatment, and a significantly larger amount was seen in skin with the higher rather than the lower molecular weight polymer (172 ± 53 µg/cm2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonalika Bhattaccharjee
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
| | | | - Ajay K. Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Aung NN, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Patrojanasophon P, Opanasopit P, Pamornpathomkul B. HPMC/PVP Dissolving Microneedles: a Promising Delivery Platform to Promote Trans-Epidermal Delivery of Alpha-Arbutin for Skin Lightening. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:25. [PMID: 31848807 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-arbutin is one of the most efficient skin lightener agents, which shows the effect on reducing the pigmentation by competitively inhibiting human tyrosinase. However, alpha-arbutin has difficulty in skin permeability due to its hydrophilic property. The objective of this study was, therefore, to develop alpha-arbutin-loaded dissolving microneedles (DMNs) for improving the delivery of alpha-arbutin into the skin. The DMN patch was prepared using Gantrez™ S-97, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone K-90 (PVP), chitosan, and their combinations. The optimal 8% alpha-arbutin-loaded DMNs, aside from Gantrez™ S-97, was successfully formulated with combination of 8% w/w HPMC and 40% w/w PVP K-90 (HPMC/PVP) at the weight ratio of 1:1. Both DMNs had 100% of penetration into porcine skin. Over 12 h of skin permeation, the flux of Gantrez™ S-97 DMNs and the HPMC/PVP DMNs were 66.21 μg/cm2/h and 74.24 μg/cm2/h, respectively. The accumulation amount of alpha-arbutin in the skin from Gantrez™ S-97 DMNs and HPMC/PVP DMNs was 107.76 μg and 312.23 μg, respectively. In comparison to the gel formulations, Gantrez™ S-97 DMNs and HPMC/PVP DMNs increase the delivery of alpha-arbutin across the skin approximately 2 and 4.7 times, respectively. In vivo studies found that alpha-arbutin-loaded HPMC/PVP DMNs delivered more alpha-arbutin into the skin than commercial cream. Moreover, the skin can reseal naturally after removal of DMNs patch without any signs of infection and remain stable in accelerated conditions for 4 weeks. Accordingly, alpha-arbutin-loaded HPMC/PVP DMNs could be a promising delivery platform for promoting trans-epidermal delivery of alpha-arbutin for skin lightening.
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Proksch E, Soeberdt M, Neumann C, Kilic A, Reich H, Abels C. Influence of Buffers of Different pH and Composition on the Murine Skin Barrier, Epidermal Proliferation, Differentiation, and Inflammation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 32:328-336. [PMID: 31533120 DOI: 10.1159/000501976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pH of the skin is tightly regulated by endogenous buffering systems. We examined the influence of buffers of different pH and composition on skin barrier repair, pH, inflammation, and epidermal thickness/proliferation/differentiation. After tape-stripping in hairless mice buffers with pH 4-7 were applied in patch test chambers. After removal of the chambers, skin pH and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were monitored for 24 h, and biopsies were taken for histology/immunohistology. Hairless mice showed a basal skin pH of about 5.8. Following barrier disruption and application of water, the pH increased by 0.6 units; increase in pH was reduced by the pH 4 glycolate buffer, unchanged by pH 4 citrate and pH 5.5 buffers, and even increased by the pH 7 buffer. pH 5.5, pH 4 citrate, and pH 4 glycolate buffers led to a slight, while the pH 7 buffer led to a significant increase in TEWL after barrier disruption compared to water. The pH 7 buffers led to a significant increase in epidermal thickness/proliferation/differentiation and inflammation after barrier disruption, whereas buffers with pH 4 and 5.5 caused a slight increase. In conclusion, only the pH 4 glycolate buffer significantly reduced the skin barrier disruption-related increase in skin pH. This was accompanied by only slight increase in epidermal thickness and inflammation compared to water. Application of the pH 7 buffer led to a significant increase in the skin pH, TEWL, epidermal thickness, and inflammation. The results are important for the formulation of topical products for effective acidification in pathological skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Soeberdt
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH and Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claudia Neumann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ana Kilic
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH and Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hubert Reich
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH and Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christoph Abels
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH and Co. KG Arzneimittel, Bielefeld, Germany
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23
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Angelova-Fischer I, Fischer TW, Abels C, Zillikens D. Accelerated barrier recovery and enhancement of the barrier integrity and properties by topical application of a pH 4 vs. a pH 5·8 water-in-oil emulsion in aged skin. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:471-477. [PMID: 29577247 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased skin-surface pH is an important host-related factor for deteriorated barrier function in aged skin. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether restoration of skin pH through topical application of a water-in-oil emulsion with pH 4 improved the barrier homeostasis in aged skin, and compared the effects with an identical galenic formulation with pH 5·8. METHODS The effects of the test formulations on barrier recovery were investigated by repeated measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin pH 3 h, 6 h and 24 h after acetone-induced impairment of barrier function in aged skin. The long-term effects of the pH 4 and pH 5·8 emulsions were analysed by investigation of the barrier integrity and cohesion, the skin-surface pH and the skin roughness and scaliness before and after a 4-week, controlled application of the formulations. RESULTS The application of the pH 4 emulsion accelerated barrier recovery in aged skin: 3 h and 6 h after acetone-induced barrier disruption the differences in the TEWL recovery between the pH 4 treated and acetone control fields were significant. Furthermore, long-term application of the pH 4 formulation resulted in significantly decreased skin pH, enhanced barrier integrity and reduced skin-surface roughness and scaliness. At the same time points, the pH 5·8 formulation exerted only minor effects on the barrier function parameters. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous acidification through topical application of a water-in-oil emulsion with pH 4 leads to improvement of the skin barrier function and maintenance of the barrier homeostasis in aged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Angelova-Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - T W Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Abels
- Dr August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel, Sudbrackstraße 56, D-33611, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - D Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Epidermal barrier formation and the maintenance of barrier homeostasis are essential to protect us from the external environments and organisms. Moreover, impaired keratinocytes differentiation and dysfunctional skin barrier can be the primary causes or aggravating factors for many inflammatory skin diseases including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Therefore, understanding the regulation mechanisms of keratinocytes differentiation and skin barrier homeostasis is important to understand many skin diseases and establish an effective treatment strategy. Calcium ions (Ca2+) and their concentration gradient in the epidermis are essential in regulating many skin functions, including keratinocyte differentiation, skin barrier formation, and permeability barrier homeostasis. Recent studies have suggested that the intracellular Ca2+ stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are the major components that form the epidermal calcium gradient and the ER calcium homeostasis is crucial for regulating keratinocytes differentiation, intercellular junction formation, antimicrobial barrier, and permeability barrier homeostasis. Thus, both Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, such as the ER and Ca2+ influx mechanisms are important in skin barrier. In addition, growing evidences identified the functional existence and the role of many types of calcium channels which mediate calcium flux in keratinocytes. In this review, the origin of epidermal calcium gradient and their role in the formation and regulation of skin barrier are focused. We also focus on the role of ER calcium homeostasis in skin barrier. Furthermore, the distribution and role of epidermal calcium channels, including transient receptor potential channels, store-operated calcium entry channel Orai1, and voltage-gated calcium channels in skin barrier are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Moner V, Fernández E, Calpena AC, Garcia-Herrera A, Cócera M, López O. A lamellar body mimetic system for the treatment of oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis in hairless mice. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:172-179. [PMID: 29395580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease characterized by a Th2 cell-dominant inflammatory infiltrate, elevated serum IgE levels and impaired epidermal barrier function. It is associated to abnormal epidermal lamellar body secretion, producing alteration in lipid composition and extracellular lamellar membrane organization. OBJECTIVES The oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis in hairless mice was used to evaluate in vivo the effect of the application of a lipid system that mimics the morphology, structure and composition of epidermal lamellar bodies. METHODS The skin barrier function was evaluated measuring TEWL and skin hydration in vivo. Inflammation was assessed by analysis of serum IgE levels and histological analysis. The microstructure of the intercellular lipid region was also evaluated before and after treatment. RESULTS The skin condition was improved after 10 days of treatment indicated by decreased TEWL, decreased serum IgE levels, reduced epidermal thickness and reduced lymphocyte-dominated infiltrate. However, the treatment did no improve skin hydration. CONCLUSIONS The treatment with this lipid system seems to improve the skin condition by reinforcing the barrier function and reducing the skin inflammation. Therefore, the present study provides evidence that this lipid system combining appropriate lipid composition and morphology could be of interest for the development of future treatments for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Moner
- Department of chemical and surfactant technology. Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC). C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034. Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of pharmacy and pharmaceutical technology. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona. C/Joan XXII 27-31, 08028. Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Olga López
- Department of chemical and surfactant technology. Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC). C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034. Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Nguyen TT, Park JH. Human studies with microneedles for evaluation of their efficacy and safety. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2017; 15:235-245. [PMID: 29169288 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1410138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the past two decades, many studies have documented the development of microneedles (MNs) as a feasible technique for the effective administration of drugs. More and more human studies have been done with MNs to bridge the gap between research and market applications that provide efficacious techniques for clinical implementation. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is provide a brief description of the status of human study with MNs and to demonstrate progress for the right use of microneedle arrays in clinical settings. It also describes the considerations for clinical application with each type of MNs. EXPERT OPINION Microneedle systems were introduced to overcome the limitations of conventional methods of drug administration. Lots of microneedle systems have undergone clinical evaluation to determine their efficacy and safety, and many studies have demonstrated positive results. The successful clinical use of the microneedle in vaccine therapy is remarkable and supports the importance of conducting further tests in a wide range of medical applications. Self-administered MNs appeared to be an attractive alternative method that needs further research to become a reality in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Trang Nguyen
- a Department of BioNano Technology , Gachon University , Gyeonggi-Do , South of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- a Department of BioNano Technology , Gachon University , Gyeonggi-Do , South of Korea
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A Possible Percutaneous Penetration Pathway That Should Be Considered. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9030026. [PMID: 28749444 PMCID: PMC5620567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum form structures composed of ordered phases with orthorhombic and hexagonal hydrocarbon-chain packing structures and, in addition, a structure composed of a disordered fluid phase. Although the fluid phase plays an important role in percutaneous penetration, little attention has been paid to it in the literature thus far. Recently, a method to estimate the proportion of the fluid phase within the lipids of the stratum corneum was proposed and it was shown to reach about 80%. However, since that study assumed uniform extraction of the intercellular lipids from the stratum corneum, the analysis might give rise to an overestimation of the proportion of the lipids in the fluid phase. We developed a way to investigate the proportion of the lipids in the fluid phase by treating with ethanol, into which the lipids in the fluid phase might be dominantly dissolved. From the experiment we pointed out the possibility that the proportion of the lipids in the fluid phase reached more than 50% of the whole intercellular lipids. Therefore, the fluid-phase region in the intercellular lipid matrix should be taken into account when considering the percutaneous penetration mechanism.
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28
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Evaluating the effectiveness of a novel atomized liquid needle-free transdermal delivery system. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 7:609-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Chen Y, Yokozeki H, Katagiri K. Physiological and functional changes in the stratum corneum restored by oestrogen in an ovariectomized mice model of climacterium. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:394-401. [PMID: 27672722 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Significant decreases in hormonal levels at menopause induce physiological and functional discomfort in the skin. Representative changes at menopause are based on so-called dry skin. However, there is no evidence to explain the mechanism, even though hydration of the stratum corneum (SC) in women at menopause is comparable with that at premenopause but is enhanced by hormone replacement therapy. This study objective was to evaluate structural and functional changes in the SC in ovariectomized mice model of menopause. Hydration of the SC, recovery of the permeability barrier function, integrity and cohesion of the SC, and irritant dermatitis were analysed in mice that underwent ovariectomy with or without replacement of 17ß-estradiol. In ovariectomized mice, hydration of the SC was reduced, recovery of permeability barrier function after acute disruption was impaired, and integrity of the SC was weakened and was associated with increased cohesion and increased levels of irritant dermatitis. Oestrogen replacement treatment restored all changes. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced levels of expression of desmoglein-1 and differentiation markers of epidermis in ovariectomized mice compared with control mice and mice with oestrogen replacement treatment. These changes might be directly associated with weakened integrity and impaired permeability barrier function of the SC in ovariectomized mice. This study results reveal that so-called dry skin at menopause is caused by not only lower hydration of the SC but also complicated structural and functional changes in the SC and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yokozeki
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Katagiri
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
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30
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Moner V, Fernández E, Del Pozo A, Rodríguez G, Cócera M, de la Maza A, López O. Sorption-desorption test for functional assessment of skin treated with a lipid system that mimics epidermal lamellar bodies. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:25-34. [PMID: 28300294 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many skin diseases are associated with either increases or decreases in lamellar body secretion, or dysfunctional lamellar bodies. Consequently, diseased skin is characterized by reduced barrier function and altered lipid composition and organization. Human skin is commonly evaluated in vivo with non-invasive biophysical techniques. The dynamic functions of the skin are evaluated with repeat measurements such as the sorption-desorption test (SDT). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo skin hydration-dehydration kinetics after treatment with a lipid system that mimics the morphology, structure and composition of lamellar bodies in both healthy and irritated human skin. METHODS A patch with an aqueous solution of 2% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was used to irritate the skin of the volunteers. The SDT was performed with the CM 820 corneometer. RESULTS After treatment with this system, both healthy and SLS-irritated skin increased their ability to retain water and to release water slowly during the desorption phase. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with this system seems to reinforce the barrier function in both healthy and SLS-irritated human skin. Therefore, the present study provides evidence that this system could be of interest for developing future treatments for protecting and repairing the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Moner
- Department of Chemical and Surfactant Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Del Pozo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Alfonso de la Maza
- Department of Chemical and Surfactant Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga López
- Department of Chemical and Surfactant Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Sasaki GH. Micro-Needling Depth Penetration, Presence of Pigment Particles, and Fluorescein-Stained Platelets: Clinical Usage for Aesthetic Concerns. Aesthet Surg J 2017; 37:71-83. [PMID: 27530764 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjw120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aesthetic micro-needling (MN) has demonstrated skin permeability to cosmeceutical ingredients and platelet-rich plasma by creating reversible micro-channels in the skin. OBJECTIVES The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) actual needle depth-penetrations by adjusting needle lengths in a disposable tip of an electric MN device; (2) time-dependent passage of pigment and platelets; and (3) safety and efficacy profiles in patients. METHODS Excised micro-needled pre-auricular skin was used to determine actual depths of tissue penetration with six needle lengths, and the presence of massaged pigment particles (histological examination) and fluorescein-labeled platelets (confocal laser microscopy) in 1 mm depth micro-channels over an hour. Patients were treated for wrinkles and skin laxity, scars, and alopecia with cosmeceuticals and plasma-rich platelets. RESULTS Actual needle penetrations closely matched settings up to 1.0 mm, but were less consistent at settings from 1.5 to 2.5 mm. The optimal time for massaging pigment particles and labeled platelet-rich plasma (PRP) down 1.0 mm micro-channels was between 5 to 30 minutes after MN. Patients treated in the Skin Care Center (cosmeceuticals, 0.25-1 mm depth) and Surgical Center (PRP, 0.25-2.5 mm) demonstrated statistically significant improvements (P ≤ .05) in wrinkle effacement, skin laxity, scar softening, and hair growth by Patient and Observer Satisfaction Scores at 12 months. The average hair count in a 10 mm spot size at baseline (88.3 ± 22.5) increased at the 12 month evaluation period (133.6 ± 13.8). All patients experienced minimal side-effects. CONCLUSIONS MN alone or in combination therapy resulted in safe and effective treatments from implemented guidelines. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon H Sasaki
- Dr Sasaki is a Clinical Professor, Loma Linda Medical University Center, Loma Linda, CA
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32
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Moner V, Fernández E, Rodríguez G, Cócera M, Barbosa-Barros L, de la Maza A, López O. Lamellar body mimetic system: An up-to-down repairing strategy of the stratum corneum lipid structure. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Cui L, Jia Y, Cheng ZW, Gao Y, Zhang GL, Li JY, He CF. Advancements in the maintenance of skin barrier/skin lipid composition and the involvement of metabolic enzymes. J Cosmet Dermatol 2016; 15:549-558. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development; School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development; School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 China
| | - Zhi-Wei Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development; School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 China
| | - Ying Gao
- Children' Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics; Beijing China
| | - Gao-Lei Zhang
- Children' Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics; Beijing China
| | - Jing-Yi Li
- The High School Affiliated to the Renmin University of China; Beijing China
| | - Cong-Fen He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development; School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing 100048 China
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34
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Erdő F, Hashimoto N, Karvaly G, Nakamichi N, Kato Y. Critical evaluation and methodological positioning of the transdermal microdialysis technique. A review. J Control Release 2016; 233:147-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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35
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Reynier M, Allart S, Gaspard E, Moga A, Goudounèche D, Serre G, Simon M, Leprince C. Rab11a Is Essential for Lamellar Body Biogenesis in the Human Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1199-1209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Mathematical model for calcium-assisted epidermal homeostasis. J Theor Biol 2016; 397:52-60. [PMID: 26953648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Using a mathematical model of the epidermis, we propose a mechanism of epidermal homeostasis mediated by calcium dynamics. We show that calcium dynamics beneath the stratum corneum can reduce spatio-temporal fluctuations of the layered structure of the epidermis. We also demonstrate that our model can reproduce experimental results that the recovery from a barrier disruption is faster when the disrupted site is exposed to air. In particular, simulation results indicate that the recovery speed depends on the size of barrier disruption.
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37
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August D, Kandasamy Y. Significance of antenatal glucocorticoid exposure for pressure injury prevalence in neonates. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2016; 9:23-9. [PMID: 27002268 DOI: 10.3233/npm-16915063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Studies have highlighted that antenatal steroids could have an effect on neonatal skin maturation. This study examined if there was a relationship between the administration of antenatal glucocorticoids for mothers and the skin injuries in their neonates. Data from skin injury audit were extracted from the neonatal database and analyzed to determine differences in the prevalence of neonates with pressure injuries [cases] whose mothers had received antenatal steroids, compared to those without pressure injuries [control]. RESULTS Of 247 neonates audited, 77 [31%], had documented pressure injuries, 170 [69%] had no documented injury. The median birth weight and gestation were 1400 g [IQR 893-2268 g] and 30.3 weeks [IQR 26.3-40.0 weeks] respectively. Of the neonates born less than 34 weeks, 80% were exposed to antenatal steroids and were equally distributed across patient genders. Within the 77 cases, 53 [66%] were exposed to antenatal steroids compared to controls in which 88 [53%] had not. The effect between cases and controls was not statistically significant [χ2 = 2.81, P = 0.09]. However a difference was noted between genders, as female neonates benefited from the exposure to steroids [OR = 0.317, 95% [CI 0.105-0.956], p value -0.041]. CONCLUSION Antenatal glucocorticoids appear to be beneficial in reducing pressure injury prevalence in female neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D August
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Neonatology, Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Angus Smith Dr. Douglas, QLD, Australia
| | - Y Kandasamy
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Neonatology, Townsville Hospital and Health Service, Angus Smith Dr. Douglas, QLD, Australia
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38
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Mendelsohn R, Rabie E, Walters RM, Flach CR. Fatty Acid Chain Length Dependence of Phase Separation Kinetics in Stratum Corneum Models by IR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:9740-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mendelsohn
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Emann Rabie
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Russel M. Walters
- Johnson
and Johnson
Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview
Road, Skillman, New Jersey 08558, United States
| | - Carol R. Flach
- Department
of Chemistry, Newark College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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39
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Zhang Q, Flach CR, Mendelsohn R, Mao G, Pappas A, Mack MC, Walters RM, Southall MD. Topically applied ceramide accumulates in skin glyphs. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:329-37. [PMID: 26170709 PMCID: PMC4493983 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s83857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs), structural components of the stratum corneum (SC), impart essential barrier properties to this thin outer layer of the epidermis. Variations in CER species within this layer have been linked to several skin diseases. A recent proliferation of CER-containing topical skin-care products warrants the elucidation of CER penetration profiles in both healthy and diseased skin. In the current study, the spatial distributions of CER concentration profiles, following topical application of two species of CER, were tracked using infrared imaging. Suspensions of single-chain perdeuterated sphingosine and phytosphingosine CER in oleic acid were applied, in separate experiments, to the surface of healthy intact ex vivo human skin using Franz diffusion cells. Following either a 24- or 48-hour incubation period at 34°C, infrared images were acquired from microtomed skin sections. Both CER species accumulated in glyph regions of the skin and penetrated into the SC, to a limited extent, only in these regions. The concentration profiles observed herein were independent of the CER species and incubation time utilized in the study. As a result, a very heterogeneous, sparse, spatial distribution of CERs in the SC was revealed. In contrast, oleic acid was found to be fairly homogeneously distributed throughout the SC and viable epidermis, albeit at lower concentrations in the latter. A more uniform, lateral distribution of CERs in the SC would likely be important for barrier efficacy or enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Carol R Flach
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Guangru Mao
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., Skillman, NJ, USA
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41
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Haftek M. Epidermal barrier disorders and corneodesmosome defects. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 360:483-90. [PMID: 25378284 PMCID: PMC4452581 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Corneodesmosomes are modified desmosomes present in the stratum corneum (SC). They are crucial for SC cohesion and, thus, constitute one of the pivotal elements of the functional protective barrier of human skin. Expression of corneodesmosomes and, notably, the process of their degradation are probably altered during several dermatoses leading to the disruption of the permeability barrier or to abnormal, often compensative, SC accumulation. These different situations are reviewed in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Haftek
- EA4169 "Fundamental, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of the Skin Barrier Function", Université Lyon 1, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon, France,
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42
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Sahle FF, Gebre-Mariam T, Dobner B, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH. Skin diseases associated with the depletion of stratum corneum lipids and stratum corneum lipid substitution therapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 28:42-55. [PMID: 25196193 DOI: 10.1159/000360009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body, whose main function is to protect the body against the loss of physiologically important components as well as harmful environmental insults. From the inside to the outside, the skin comprises three major structural layers: the hypodermis, the dermis and the epidermis. The epidermis contains four different sublayers, the stratum corneum (SC), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale, where the barrier function of the skin mainly lies in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the SC. The SC contains corneocytes that are embedded in a lipid matrix existing in the form of lipid bilayers. The lipid bilayers are formed mainly from ceramides, free fatty acids and cholesterol, constitute the only continuous pathway across the SC and are responsible for the barrier function of the skin. However, the depletion or disturbance of SC lipids in the SC leads to a perturbation of the barrier function of the skin, and, conversely, several skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are associated with the depletion of these SC lipids. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the interrelationship between the depletion of SC lipids and skin diseases as well as factors that affect the composition and organization of SC lipids in order to assess the potential benefit of a direct replacement of the missing SC lipids as a means of treating affected, aged or diseased skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum F Sahle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Man MQ, Lin TK, Santiago JL, Celli A, Zhong L, Huang ZM, Roelandt T, Hupe M, Sundberg JP, Silva KA, Crumrine D, Martin-Ezquerra G, Trullas C, Sun R, Wakefield JS, Wei ML, Feingold KR, Mauro TM, Elias PM. Basis for enhanced barrier function of pigmented skin. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2399-2407. [PMID: 24732399 PMCID: PMC4134407 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans with darkly pigmented skin display superior permeability barrier function in comparison with humans with lightly pigmented skin. The reduced pH of the stratum corneum (SC) of darkly pigmented skin could account for enhanced function, because acidifying lightly pigmented human SC resets barrier function to darkly pigmented levels. In SKH1 (nonpigmented) versus SKH2/J (pigmented) hairless mice, we evaluated how a pigment-dependent reduction in pH could influence epidermal barrier function. Permeability barrier homeostasis is enhanced in SKH2/J versus SKH1 mice, correlating with a reduced pH in the lower SC that colocalizes with the extrusion of melanin granules. Darkly pigmented human epidermis also shows substantial melanin extrusion in the outer epidermis. Both acute barrier disruption and topical basic pH challenges accelerate reacidification of SKH2/J (but not SKH1) SC, while inducing melanin extrusion. SKH2/J mice also display enhanced expression of the SC acidifying enzyme, secretory phospholipase A2f (sPLA2f). Enhanced barrier function of SKH2/J mice could be attributed to enhanced activity of two acidic pH-dependent, ceramide-generating enzymes, β-glucocerebrosidase and acidic sphingomyelinase, leading to accelerated maturation of SC lamellar bilayers. Finally, organotypic cultures of darkly pigmented human keratinocytes display enhanced barrier function in comparison with lightly pigmented cultures. Together, these results suggest that the superior barrier function of pigmented epidermis can be largely attributed to the pH-lowering impact of melanin persistence/extrusion and enhanced sPLA2f expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tzu-Kai Lin
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Juan L Santiago
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lily Zhong
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Huang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Truus Roelandt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Hupe
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John P Sundberg
- Department of Research and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Kathleen A Silva
- Department of Research and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gemma Martin-Ezquerra
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Richard Sun
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maria L Wei
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth R Feingold
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Metabolism, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Khan HA, Arif IA, Williams JB, Champagne AM, Shobrak M. Skin lipids from Saudi Arabian birds. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 21:173-7. [PMID: 24600311 PMCID: PMC3942862 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin lipids play an important role in the regulation of cutaneous water loss (CWL). Earlier studies have shown that Saudi desert birds exhibit a tendency of reduced CWL than birds from temperate environment due to adaptive changes in composition of their skin lipids. In this study, we used thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for separation and detection of non-polar and polar lipids from the skin of six bird species including sooty gull, brown booby, house sparrow, Arabian waxbill, sand partridge, and laughing dove. The lipids were separated and detected on Silica gel G coated TLC plates and quantified by using densitometric image analysis. Rf values of the non-polar lipids were as follows: cholesterol (0.29), free fatty acids (0.58), triacylglycerol (0.69), fatty acids methyl esters (0.84) and cholesterol ester (0.97). Rf values for the polar lipids were: cerebroside (0.42), ceramide (0.55) and cholesterol (0.73). The results showed the abundance of fatty acids methyl esters (47.75-60.46%) followed by triacylglycerol (12.69-24.14%). The remaining lipid compositions were as follows: cholesterol (4.09-13.18%), ceramide (2.18-13.27%), and cerebroside (2.53-12.81%). In conclusion, our findings showed that TLC is a simple and sensitive method for the separation and quantification of skin lipids. We also reported a new protocol for lipid extraction using the zirconia beads for efficient disruption of skin tissues. This study will help us better understand the role of skin lipids in adaptive physiology towards adverse climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Biochemistry College of Science, Bld 5 King Saud University P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966 11 4675859.
| | - Ibrahim A. Arif
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph B. Williams
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Aronoff Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Alex M. Champagne
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Aronoff Laboratory, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Mohammad Shobrak
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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de Veer SJ, Furio L, Harris JM, Hovnanian A. Proteases: common culprits in human skin disorders. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:166-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ghosh P, Brogden NK, Stinchcomb AL. Fluvastatin as a Micropore Lifetime Enhancer for Sustained Delivery Across Microneedle-Treated Skin. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:652-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
The development of allergic sensitisation by environmental chemicals results in allergic contact dermatitis and highly undesirable morbidity and disability. This form of hypersensitivity is mediated by specific T lymphocytes that recognise the chemical sensitiser bound to self-proteins. Use of deliberate experimental contact sensitisation with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) has been used to investigate the human immune system which exhibits dose-related responses. Many factors contribute to whether sensitisation occurs and the nature and magnitude of the immune response. Chemicals vary in sensitising potency, mainly reflecting their intrinsic protein-binding properties. The amount of sensitiser reaching the immune system is determined by many factors of which the concentration (dose per unit area), the relative lipid solubility and molecular weight are the most critical. Host-related factors contributing to the nature and magnitude of immune responses are mainly genetically determined including gender, age, the biochemical/physical integrity of the epidermal barrier and the quality of the innate and adaptive immune systems. The underlying mechanisms must be elucidated before it will be possible to make reliable predictions of whether a given individual will develop allergic sensitisation by a given chemical.
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Feingold KR, Elias PM. Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:280-94. [PMID: 24262790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The major function of the skin is to form a barrier between the internal milieu and the hostile external environment. A permeability barrier that prevents the loss of water and electrolytes is essential for life on land. The permeability barrier is mediated primarily by lipid enriched lamellar membranes that are localized to the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. These lipid enriched membranes have a unique structure and contain approximately 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol, and 15% free fatty acids with very little phospholipid. Lamellar bodies, which are formed during the differentiation of keratinocytes, play a key role in delivering the lipids from the stratum granulosum cells into the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. Lamellar bodies contain predominantly glucosylceramides, phospholipids, and cholesterol and following the exocytosis of lamellar lipids into the extracellular space of the stratum corneum these precursor lipids are converted by beta glucocerebrosidase and phospholipases into the ceramides and fatty acids, which comprise the lamellar membranes. The lipids required for lamellar body formation are derived from de novo synthesis by keratinocytes and from extra-cutaneous sources. The lipid synthetic pathways and the regulation of these pathways are described in this review. In addition, the pathways for the uptake of extra-cutaneous lipids into keratinocytes are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Medicine Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Peter M Elias
- Metabolism Section, Medicine Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Das C, Noro MG, Olmsted PD. Lamellar and inverse micellar structures of skin lipids: effect of templating. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:148101. [PMID: 24138273 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.148101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The outermost layer of skin comprises rigid nonviable cells (corneocytes) in a layered lipid matrix. Using atomistic simulations we find that the equilibrium phase of the skin lipids is inverse micellar. A model of the corneocyte is used to demonstrate that lamellar layering is induced by the patterned corneocyte wall. The inverse micellar phase is consistent with in vivo observations in regions where corneocyte walls are well separated (lacunar spaces) and in the inner layers of skin, and suggests a functional role in the lipid synthesis pathway in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Das
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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