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Shehata TP, Krap T. An overview of the heat-induced changes of the chemical composition of bone from fresh to calcined. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1039-1053. [PMID: 38270608 PMCID: PMC11004044 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
When bone is exposed to thermal stress, the chemical composition changes. This affects bone tissue regeneration after surgery, and these changes can also aid in reconstructing ante-, peri-, and post-mortem events in forensic investigations and past activities on cremation practices in archaeology. However, to date, no complete overview exists on the chemical composition of both fresh and thermally altered bone. Therefore, we aimed (i) to present the chemical composition of fresh bone and (ii) to present an overview of heat-induced chemical changes in bone under both reducing and oxidizing conditions. From the overview, it became clear that some chemical changes occur at a consistent temperature, independent of exposure duration, meaning there is a temperature threshold. However, the occurrence of other chemical changes appeared to be more inter-experimentally variable, and therefore, it is recommended to further investigate these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Shehata
- University of Amsterdam, Spui 21, 1012 WX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tristan Krap
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Anatomy & Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Location Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Maastricht University, Minderbroedersweg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Miron RJ, Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Pikos MA, Nakamura T, Imafuji T, Zhang Y, Shinohara Y, Sculean A, Shirakata Y. The development of non-resorbable bone allografts: Biological background and clinical perspectives. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:161-179. [PMID: 38323368 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Bone grafts are typically categorized into four categories: autografts, allografts, xenografts, and synthetic alloplasts. While it was originally thought that all bone grafts should be slowly resorbed and replaced with native bone over time, accumulating evidence has in fact suggested that the use of nonresorbable xenografts is favored for certain clinical indications. Thus, many clinicians take advantage of the nonresorbable properties/features of xenografts for various clinical indications, such as contour augmentation, sinus grafting, and guided bone regeneration, which are often combined with allografts (e.g., human freeze-dried bone allografts [FDBAs] and human demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts [DFDBAs]). Thus, many clinicians have advocated different 50/50 or 70/30 ratios of allograft/xenograft combination approaches for various grafting procedures. Interestingly, many clinicians believe that one of the main reasons for the nonresorbability or low substitution rates of xenografts has to do with their foreign animal origin. Recent research has indicated that the sintering technique and heating conducted during their processing changes the dissolution rate of hydroxyapatite, leading to a state in which osteoclasts are no longer able to resorb (dissolve) the sintered bone. While many clinicians often combine nonresorbable xenografts with the bone-inducing properties of allografts for a variety of bone augmentation procedures, clinicians are forced to use two separate products owing to their origins (the FDA/CE does not allow the mixture of allografts with xenografts within the same dish/bottle). This has led to significant progress in understanding the dissolution rates of xenografts at various sintering temperature changes, which has since led to the breakthrough development of nonresorbable bone allografts sintered at similar temperatures to nonresorbable xenografts. The advantage of the nonresorbable bone allograft is that they can now be combined with standard allografts to create a single mixture combining the advantages of both allografts and xenografts while allowing the purchase and use of a single product. This review article presents the concept with evidence derived from a 52-week monkey study that demonstrated little to no resorption along with in vitro data supporting this novel technology as a "next-generation" biomaterial with optimized bone grafting material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Nakamura
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takatomo Imafuji
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Yukiya Shinohara
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yoshinori Shirakata
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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3
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Rosa J, Vassalo AR, Amarante A, Batista de Carvalho LAE, Marques MPM, Ferreira MT, Gonçalves D. Burned and buried: A vibrational spectroscopy analysis of burial-related diagenetic changes of heat-altered human bones. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:534-547. [PMID: 36790610 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The analysis of burned human remains can be very challenging due to heat-induced alterations. Occasionally, human bones present these coupled with diagenetic changes, offering even more of a challenge, since there is a lack of studies regarding interactions between both taphonomic phenomena. With this study, we aimed to assess and document the effects of inhumation on the chemical composition of both unburned and burned human skeletal remains. MATERIALS AND METHODS We buried, for 5 years, four groups of human bone samples comprising unburned bones and bones experimentally burned at 500, 900, and 1050 °C. Periodic exhumations were carried out to collect bone samples to be analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode, in order to calculate four chemical indexes: (1) crystallinity index (CI); (2) type B carbonates to phosphate index (BPI); (3) total carbonates (A + B) to carbonate B ratio (C/C); and (4) OH to phosphate ratio (OH/P). RESULTS After inhumation, CI and C/C of unburned bones and bones burned at 500 °C, and BPI of bones burned at 1050 °C did not vary significantly. However, the remaining indexes showed both relevant increments and reductions throughout observations, depending on burning temperature and index. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that diagenesis can have an effect in bone's molecular composition. However, these effects do not seem to significantly affect the conclusions that can be taken from the analysis of infrared bone spectra, at least in the case of inhumations with a duration of 5 years or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rosa
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Center for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana R Vassalo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Center for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Amarante
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Paula M Marques
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Physical-Chemistry R&D Unit, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Ferreira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Center for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Gonçalves
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal.,Direção-Geral do Património Cultural, Laboratory of Archaeosciences (LARC), Lisbon, Portugal
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4
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Végh EI, Márquez-Grant N, Schulting RJ. Physicochemical Changes in Bone Bioapatite During the Late Postmortem Interval Pre- and Post-Burning. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1080-1099. [PMID: 35188426 PMCID: PMC9490440 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221085600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Postmortem chemical transformation of bone bioapatite can take place during early diagenesis, resulting in a more thermodynamically stable mineral phase. This paper examines the impact of a one year postmortem interval on unburnt and burnt bone's structural and chemical alterations. This question is of importance for the reconstruction of funerary practices involving cremation in the archaeological record, as well as forensic anthropological investigations. Fleshed pig (Sus scrofa) tibiae were left exposed in a field, then collected at 14, 34, 91, 180, and 365 day intervals prior to being burnt in an outdoor fire (≤750 °C bone temperature). Fresh (fleshed) tibiae acted as unburnt and burnt controls. Also included in the study were two cremated human bone fragments from Middle-Late Neolithic (ca. 3300-2500 BCE) Ireland. Samples were analyzed for major and trace elements using an electron microprobe wavelength dispersive analyzer and molecular structures using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Linear regression, principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance were performed for statistical analysis. Results indicate that the concentrations of elements associated with extracellular fluid (K, Na, and Cl) change with the postmortem interval (PMI) and survive burning. K values under 0.07 ± 0.01 wt% in the inner and mid-cortical zones of burnt bones suggest that bones were not burnt immediately after death. Using this criterion, results from the archaeological samples would indicate a PMI of at least weeks to months prior to cremation. Ca, P, Fe, Al, Si, and Sr are not significantly altered with burning, and Fe, Al, Si, and Sr are also unaffected by the PMI. In unburnt bones increased crystallinity and carbonate loss are detectable in <1 year, but both are obscured by burning. Structurally, the carbonate to phosphate ratio (C/P), the phosphate high temperature, and cyanamide to phosphate (CN/P) are the most useful ratios for discriminating between unburnt and burnt bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese I. Végh
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Nicholas Márquez-Grant
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford, UK
| | - Rick J. Schulting
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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5
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Distinguishing thermally altered bones from debris using imaging and fluorescence spectrometry. J Forensic Leg Med 2022; 91:102416. [PMID: 35973316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bushfires and mass disasters from which result fatal fire victims are two types of events in which Forensic Anthropology acts aiding in the recovery of human remains and the identification of the victims. This is a challenging job since bones that have undergone fire-caused alterations can be unrecognizable. Therefore, collecting evidence at the scene is very important and should be thorough. To evaluate the potential of the application of optical techniques for the recovery and analysis of burnt skeletal material in forensic contexts, this exploratory study focused on analysing reflectance and luminescence properties of bone to differentiate between skeletal remains and debris. The sample includes burnt human bones, as well as non-human bones and debris (like metal, fabric, and others). The reflectance experiments revealed to be quite ineffective, not showing a response pattern that allowed for discrimination between skeletal remains and debris. Three techniques were used to detect luminescence, which included imaging (with a camera), fluorescence spectrometry, and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (excitation: 440 nm). Luminescence results were more promising, registering a positive response for several samples, with a general consistency of results between the different methodologies. Nevertheless, burning conditions and individual characteristics (e.g., pathologies) can introduce limitations to the techniques.
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Biswas PP, Liang B, Turner-Walker G, Rathod J, Lee YC, Wang CC, Chang CK. Systematic changes of bone hydroxyapatite along a charring temperature gradient: An integrative study with dissolution behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142601. [PMID: 33071118 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of bone char as a long-term phosphorus nutrient source was assessed by integrating their mineral transformation and physicochemical properties with their dissolution behavior. We have explored synchrotron-based spectroscopic and imaging techniques (FTIR, XRD, and TXM) to investigate the physicochemical changes of bone and bone char along a charring temperature gradient (300-1200 °C) and used a lab incubation experiment to study their dissolution behaviors in solutions of different pH (4, 6, and 6.9). The thermal decomposition of inorganic carbonate (CO32-) and the loss of organic components rendered a crystallographic rearrangement (blueshift of the PO43- peak) and mineral transformation with increasing temperatures. The mineral transformation from B-type to AB- and A-type carbonate substitution occurred mainly at <700 °C, while the transformation from carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAp) to more mineralogically and chemically stable HAp occurred at >800 °C. The loss of inorganic carbonate and the increase of structural OH- with increasing temperatures explained the change of pH buffering capacity and increase of pH and their dissolution behaviors. The higher peak area ratios of phosphate to carbonate and phosphate to amide I band with increasing temperatures corroborated the higher stability and resistivity to acidic dissolution by bone chars made at higher temperatures. Our findings suggest that bone char made at low to intermediate temperatures can be a substantial source of phosphorus for soil fertility via waste management and recycling. The bone char made at 500 °C exhibited a high pH buffering capacity in acidic and near-neutral solutions. The 700 °C bone char was proposed as a suitable liming agent for raising the soil pH and abating soil acidity. Our study has underpinned the systematic changes of bone char and interlinked the charring effect with their dissolution behavior, providing a scientific base for understanding the applicability of different bone chars as suitable P-fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biqing Liang
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Gordon Turner-Walker
- Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Douliu, Taiwan
| | - Jagat Rathod
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Lee
- Life Science Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- X-ray Imaging Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kai Chang
- Material Science Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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7
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Grela M, Jakubczak A, Kowalczyk M, Listos P, Gryzińska M. Effectiveness of various methods of DNA isolation from bones and teeth of animals exposed to high temperature. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 78:102131. [PMID: 33561692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the event of fires, natural disasters, and other events associated with high temperature, bones and teeth are the only source of genetic material for identifying human or animal carcasses. To obtain reliable final results of identification tests, the use of appropriate nucleic acid extraction methods is crucial. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of selected methods of DNA isolation from animal burnt bones and teeth. In addition, the effect of the duration of high temperature on the stability of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in these tissues was determined, as well as the possibility of using the genetic material obtained for species identification of remains of unknown origin. Bones and teeth collected during necropsy of dogs were burnt in a laboratory oven at 400 °C (752 °F; 673.15 K) for 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. DNA was isolated according to four different protocols, using three commercial kits, i.e. the PrepFiler® Forensic DNA Extraction Kit from Applied Biosystems, the QIAamp® DNA Investigator Kit from QIAGEN, and the DNA Mini Kit from Syngen, as well as a classic organic method. The effectiveness of these methods was compared by assessing the amount of isolated DNA using Real-Time PCR and its purity using a NanoDrop™ spectrophotometer. Each isolate was also subjected to PCR with primers designed to amplify fragments of dog mitochondrial DNA. The effectiveness of species identification was assessed for the method showing the best DNA recovery and for the organic method, considered the gold standard for analysis of difficult material. The QIAamp® DNA Investigator Kit showed the highest efficiency of DNA isolation from bones and teeth burnt for 15 min (the longest burning time for which DNA could still be recovered from bones and teeth). The results of the experiment clearly indicate that DNA stability in hard tissues depends on how long they burn. In the case of exposure to 400 °C, reliable genetic testing, including species identification, is possible when the burning time does not exceed 15 min. Among the hard tissues examined, bones proved more suitable than teeth for identification purposes. It was also concluded that identification of bone remains with extreme heat damage should be based on mitochondrial DNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Grela
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Jakubczak
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marek Kowalczyk
- Institute of Quality Evaluation and Processing of Animal Products, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Listos
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gryzińska
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
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8
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Bayarı SH, Özdemir K, Sen EH, Araujo-Andrade C, Erdal YS. Application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for the discrimination of human bone remains from different archaeological sites in Turkey. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 237:118311. [PMID: 32330809 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Examining diagenetic parameters such as the organic carbonate contents and the crystallinity of bone apatite quantify the post-mortem alteration of bone. Burial conditions are one of the factors that can influence the diagenesis process. We studied the changes to the organic and mineral components and crystallinity of human bone remains from five Medieval sites in Turkey: Hakemi Use, Komana, İznik, Oluz Höyük and Tasmasor using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and principal component analysis (PCA). Analysis of spectral band ratios related to organic and mineral components of bone demonstrated differences in the molecular content in the skeletal remains from the five sites. In order to examine the degree of carbonation of a phosphate matrix, curve-fitting procedures were applied to the carbonate band. We found that the infrared crystallinity index appears to not be sensitive to carbonate content at room temperature for the bone remains studied here. The recrystallization process in bone remains behaved differently among the archaeological sites. The results demonstrate that the burial environments differently affect the organic and mineral components of archaeological bone remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Haman Bayarı
- Hacettepe University, Department of Physics Eng., 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kameray Özdemir
- Hacettepe University, Department of Anthropology, 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Hilal Sen
- Hacettepe University, Department of Physics Eng., 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Yılmaz Selim Erdal
- Hacettepe University, Department of Anthropology, 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University Skeletal Biology Lab (Husbio_l), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Gonçalves D, Vassalo AR, Makhoul C, Piga G, Mamede AP, Parker SF, Ferreira MT, Cunha E, Marques MPM, Carvalho LAEB. Chemosteometric regression models of heat exposed human bones to determine their pre‐burnt metric dimensions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:734-747. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gonçalves
- Archaeosciences Laboratory Directorate General for Cultural Heritage (LARC/CIBIO/InBIO) Lisbon Portugal
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana R. Vassalo
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Calil Makhoul
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Giampaolo Piga
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Adriana P. Mamede
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Maria T. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS) University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Eugenia Cunha
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Maria P. M. Marques
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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10
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Mckinnon M, Henneberg M, Simpson E, Higgins D. A comparison of crystal structure in fresh, burned and archaic bone - Implications for forensic sampling. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 313:110328. [PMID: 32502739 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Standard protocols for extracting DNA from bone are variable and are largely dependent on the state of preservation. In archaic samples, endogenous DNA is believed to be tightly bound to crystal aggregates in the Hydroxyapatite (HAp) matrix requiring prolonged demineralisation to allow its release. By comparison, fresh bone contains abundant cellular material, discounting the need for demineralisation. Recommendations for incinerated bone, specifically how viable sampling sites should be selected and the ideal techniques for DNA recovery are unclear, and the protocol used is often selected based on macroscopic sample appearance. It has been postulated that like archaic bone, burned bone is 'highly degraded' and therefore aDNA techniques may present better results for DNA recovery than using fresh protocols. However, little research has been undertaken comparing the crystal structure of burnt, fresh and archaic bone. This study uses a combination of XRPD and SEM analysis to compare the crystalline profile and microscopic appearance of burned bone subjected to temperatures ranging from 100-1000°C, with archaic and fresh samples. Although macroscopically visually different, fresh samples and samples heated up to 500°C showed no microscopic differences or significant changes in crystallinity. By comparison, samples heated above 500°C became significantly more crystalline, with HAp crystal size increasing dramatically. Archaic samples were different again, more closely resembling the amorphous fresh samples than the highly crystalline incinerated samples. These results suggests that, potentially, samples burned at 500°C or lower can be treated as fresh samples, whilst samples exposed to higher temperatures may require adapted protocols. Whether or not these highly burned samples require demineralisation needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Mckinnon
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, the University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | | | - Denice Higgins
- Forensic Odontology Unit, Adelaide Dental School, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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11
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Ellingham S, A. Sandholzer M. Determining Volumetric Shrinkage Trends of Burnt Bone Using Micro‐CT. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:196-199. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ellingham
- School of Science and Engineering Teesside University Campus Heart, Southfield Road Middlesbrough TS1 3BXU.K
| | - Michael A. Sandholzer
- Birmingham Dental Hospital and School of Dentistry5 Mill Pool Way Birmingham B5 7EG U.K
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12
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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Bone Tissue: Bone Quality Assessment in Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Osteoporosis and Fragility Fracture. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-018-9255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Mamede AP, Marques MPM, Vassalo AR, Cunha E, Gonçalves D, Parker SF, Kockelmann W, Batista de Carvalho LAE. Human bone probed by neutron diffraction: the burning process. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36640-36648. [PMID: 35539083 PMCID: PMC9075133 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07728f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first neutron diffraction study of human burned bone – for understanding heat-induced changes, relevant for archaeology, biomaterials and forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Mamede
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - M. P. M. Marques
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - A. R. Vassalo
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - E. Cunha
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
- Lab. Forensic Anthropology
| | - D. Gonçalves
- Lab. Forensic Anthropology
- Centre for Functional Ecology
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - S. F. Parker
- ISIS Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | - W. Kockelmann
- ISIS Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
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14
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Marques MPM, Mamede AP, Vassalo AR, Makhoul C, Cunha E, Gonçalves D, Parker SF, Batista de Carvalho LAE. Heat-induced Bone Diagenesis Probed by Vibrational Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15935. [PMID: 30374054 PMCID: PMC6206023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary vibrational spectroscopic techniques - infrared, Raman and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) - were applied to the study of human bone burned under controlled conditions (400 to 1000 °C). This is an innovative way of tackling bone diagenesis upon burning, aiming at a quantitative evaluation of heat-induced dimensional changes allowing a reliable estimation of pre-burning skeletal dimensions. INS results allowed the concomitant observation of the hydroxyl libration (OHlibration), hydroxyl stretching (ν(OH)) and (OHlibration + ν(OH)) combination modes, leading to an unambiguous assignment of these INS features to bioapatite and confirming hydroxylation of bone's inorganic matrix. The OHlib, ν(OH) and ν4(PO43-) bands were identified as spectral biomarkers, which displayed clear quantitative relationships with temperature revealing heat-induced changes in bone's H-bonding pattern during the burning process. These results will enable the routine use of FTIR-ATR (Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance) for the analysis of burned skeletal remains, which will be of the utmost significance in forensic, bioanthropological and archaeological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P M Marques
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A P Mamede
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A R Vassalo
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory. Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Makhoul
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory. Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E Cunha
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory. Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D Gonçalves
- Laboratory. Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Archaeosciences Laboratory., Directorate General Cultural Heritage (LARC/CIBIO/InBIO), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S F Parker
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX, 11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - L A E Batista de Carvalho
- Molecular Physical Chemistry R&D Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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Mamede AP, Vassalo AR, Piga G, Cunha E, Parker SF, Marques MPM, Batista de Carvalho LAE, Gonçalves D. Potential of Bioapatite Hydroxyls for Research on Archeological Burned Bone. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11556-11563. [PMID: 30176725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of the maximum temperature affecting skeletal remains was previously attempted via infrared techniques. However, fossilization may cause changes in the composition of bones that replicate those from burned bones. We presently investigated the potential of three OH/P indices (intensity ratios of characteristic infrared bands for OH and phosphate groups, respectively) to identify bones burned at high temperatures (>800 °C) and to discriminate between fossil and burned archeological bones, using vibrational spectroscopy: combined inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and FTIR-ATR. The INS analyses were performed on two unburned samples and 14 burned samples of human femur and humerus. FTIR-ATR focused on three different samples: (i) modern bones comprising 638 unburned and 623 experimentally burned (400-1000 °C) samples; (ii) archeological cremated human skeletal remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages comprising 25 samples; and (iii) fossil remains of the Reptilia class from the Middle Triassic to the Eocene. The OH/P indices investigated were 630 cm-1/603 cm-1, 3572 cm-1/603 cm-1, and 3572 cm-1/1035 cm-1. The OH signals became visible in the spectra of recent and archeological bones burned between 600 and 700 °C. Although they have episodically been reported in previous works, no such peaks were observed in our fossil samples thus suggesting that this may be a somewhat rare event. While high crystallinity index values should always correspond to clearly visible hydroxyl signals in burned bone samples, this is not always the case in fossils which may be used as a criterion to exclude burning as the agent responsible for high crystallinity ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Mamede
- Unidade de I&D "Química-Física Molecular", Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Ana R Vassalo
- Unidade de I&D "Química-Física Molecular", Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal.,Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal.,Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Giampaolo Piga
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Eugénia Cunha
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Stewart F Parker
- ISIS Facility , STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Chilton , Didcot, Oxfordshire 11 0QX , United Kingdom
| | - M Paula M Marques
- Unidade de I&D "Química-Física Molecular", Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Luís A E Batista de Carvalho
- Unidade de I&D "Química-Física Molecular", Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - David Gonçalves
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal.,Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences , University of Coimbra , 3000-456 Coimbra , Portugal.,Archaeosciences Laboratory , Directorate General for Cultural Heritage (LARC/CIBIO/InBIO) , 1349-021 Lisbon , Portugal
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16
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Plazanet M, Tasseva J, Bartolini P, Taschin A, Torre R, Combes C, Rey C, Di Michele A, Verezhak M, Gourrier A. Time-domain THz spectroscopy of the characteristics of hydroxyapatite provides a signature of heating in bone tissue. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201745. [PMID: 30138314 PMCID: PMC6107136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the importance of bone in the biomedical, forensic and archaeological contexts, new investigation techniques are constantly required to better characterize bone ultrastructure. In the present paper, we provide an extended investigation of the vibrational features of bone tissue in the 0.1-3 THz frequency range by time-domain THz spectroscopy. Their assignment is supported by a combination of X-ray diffraction and DFT-normal modes calculations. We investigate the effect of heating on bone tissue and synthetic calcium-phosphates compounds with close structure and composition to bone mineral, including stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate and tetracalcium phosphate. We thus demonstrate that the narrow vibrational mode at 2.1 THz in bone samples exposed to thermal treatment above 750 °C arises from a lattice mode of stoichiometric HA. This feature is also observed in the other synthetic compounds, although weaker or broader, but is completely smeared out in the non-stoichiometric HA, close to natural bone mineral composition, or in synthetic poorly crystalline HA powder. The THz spectral range therefore provides a clear signature of the crystalline state of the investigated bone tissue and could, therefore be used to monitor or identify structural transitions occurring in bone upon heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Plazanet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail: (MP); (AG)
| | - Jordanka Tasseva
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) and Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) and Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Taschin
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) and Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Renato Torre
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS) and Dip. di Fisica ed Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Christèle Combes
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Rey
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Aurelien Gourrier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (MP); (AG)
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17
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Wärmländer SKTS, Varul L, Koskinen J, Saage R, Schlager S. Estimating the Temperature of Heat-exposed Bone via Machine Learning Analysis of SCI Color Values: A Pilot Study. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:190-195. [PMID: 30001473 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Determining maximum heating temperatures of burnt bones is a long-standing problem in forensic science and archaeology. In this pilot study, controlled experiments were used to heat 14 fleshed and defleshed pig vertebrae (wet bones) and archaeological human vertebrae (dry bones) to temperatures of 400, 600, 800, and 1000°C. Specular component included (SCI) color values were recorded from the bone surfaces with a Konica-Minolta cm-2600d spectrophotometer. These color values were regressed onto heating temperature, using both a traditional linear model and the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) machine-learning algorithm. Mean absolute errors (MAE) were computed for 1000 rounds of temperature prediction. With the k-NN approach, the median MAE prediction errors were 41.6°C for the entire sample, and 20.9°C for the subsample of wet bones. These results indicate that spectrophotometric color measurements combined with machine learning methods can be a viable tool for estimating bone heating temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Commercial and Business Law, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,UCLA/Getty Conservation Programme, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - Liivi Varul
- Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, 50090, Tartu, Estonia.,School of Humanities, Tallinn University, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Juuso Koskinen
- Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ragnar Saage
- Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Stefan Schlager
- Department of Anthropology, Medizinische Fakultät der Albert Ludwigs, University of Freiburg, 79085, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Rubio L, Sioli JM, Gaitán MJ, Martin-de-las-Heras S. Dental color measurement to predict DNA concentration in incinerated teeth for human identification. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196305. [PMID: 29698524 PMCID: PMC5919669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth exposed to thermal stress can shed light on the identification of incinerated individuals and on the circumstances of the fire. Changes in the color of burned teeth can provide information on structural changes and the temperature of exposure. The objective of this study was to correlate color modifications with the concentration of human DNA in teeth burned at different temperatures. Spectrophotometry was used to measure the color of 40 teeth heated at temperatures of 100, 200, and 400°C for 60 min. DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform extraction and quantified by real-time quantitative PCR using the Quantifier human DNA quantification kit. Preliminary results indicated an association of higher temperature with changes in colorimetric variables and a decrease in DNA concentrations. A significant positive correlation was found between luminosity values and DNA concentration (r = 0.4727, p = 0.0128) and between chromaticity a* values and DNA concentration (r = 0.4154, p = 0.0250). Spectrophotometry analysis of the color of burned teeth may predict the feasibility of extracting human DNA for identification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rubio
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- * E-mail: (LR); (SM)
| | - Jose Manuel Sioli
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Stella Martin-de-las-Heras
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail: (LR); (SM)
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19
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Gonçalves D, Vassalo AR, Mamede AP, Makhoul C, Piga G, Cunha E, Marques MPM, Batista de Carvalho LAE. Crystal clear: Vibrational spectroscopy reveals intrabone, intraskeleton, and interskeleton variation in human bones. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:296-312. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Gonçalves
- Archaeosciences LaboratoryDirectorate General for Cultural Heritage (LARC/CIBIO/InBIO), Rua da Bica do Marquês 2Lisboa1300‐087 Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Coimbra. Calçada Martim FreitasCoimbra3000‐456 Portugal
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Coimbra, Calçada Martim FreitasCoimbra3000‐456 Portugal
| | - A. R. Vassalo
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Coimbra. Calçada Martim FreitasCoimbra3000‐456 Portugal
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Coimbra, Calçada Martim FreitasCoimbra3000‐456 Portugal
| | - A. P. Mamede
- Unidade de I&D “Química‐Física Molecular”, Department of ChemistryUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3004‐535 Portugal
| | - C. Makhoul
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Coimbra, Calçada Martim FreitasCoimbra3000‐456 Portugal
- Unidade de I&D “Química‐Física Molecular”, Department of ChemistryUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3004‐535 Portugal
| | - G. Piga
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Coimbra, Calçada Martim FreitasCoimbra3000‐456 Portugal
| | - E. Cunha
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Coimbra, Calçada Martim FreitasCoimbra3000‐456 Portugal
| | - M. P. M. Marques
- Unidade de I&D “Química‐Física Molecular”, Department of ChemistryUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra3004‐535 Portugal
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20
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Mamede AP, Vassalo AR, Cunha E, Gonçalves D, Parker SF, Batista de Carvalho LAE, Marques MPM. Biomaterials from human bone – probing organic fraction removal by chemical and enzymatic methods. RSC Adv 2018; 8:27260-27267. [PMID: 35539969 PMCID: PMC9083485 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two different deproteination and defatting processes of human bone were investigated, by combined infrared and neutron techniques: a previously reported hydrazine extraction and a newly developed multi-enzymatic treatment. Complementary Fourier transform infrared total attenuated reflectance and inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopies were applied, allowing access to all vibrational modes of the samples. The effectiveness of the different experimental protocols for removing the organic constituents of bone (lipids and protein) was probed, as well as their effect on bone's structural and crystallinity features. The results thus gathered are expected to have an impact on bioanthropological, archaeological and medical sciences, namely regarding the development of novel biocompatible materials for orthopaedic xenografts. The effectiveness of two defatting & deproteination processes of human bone were assessed by combined infrared and inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Mamede
- Unidade de I&D “Química-Física Molecular”
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - A. R. Vassalo
- Unidade de I&D “Química-Física Molecular”
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- Portugal
- Lab. Forensic Anthropology
| | - E. Cunha
- Lab. Forensic Anthropology
- Centre for Functional Ecology
- University of Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - D. Gonçalves
- Lab. Forensic Anthropology
- Centre for Functional Ecology
- University of Coimbra
- Portugal
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS)
| | - S. F. Parker
- ISIS Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- UK
| | | | - M. P. M. Marques
- Unidade de I&D “Química-Física Molecular”
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Coimbra
- Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences
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21
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Gonçalves D, d'Oliveira Coelho J, Amarante A, Makhoul C, Oliveira-Santos I, Navega D, Cunha E. Dead weight: Validation of mass regression equations on experimentally burned skeletal remains to assess skeleton completeness. Sci Justice 2017; 58:2-6. [PMID: 29332692 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In very fragmentary remains, the thorough inventory of skeletal elements is often impossible to accomplish. Mass has been used instead to assess the completeness of the skeleton. Two different mass-based methods of assessing skeleton completeness were tested on a sample of experimentally burned skeletons with the objective of determining which of them is more reliable. The first method was based on a simple comparison of the mass of each individual skeleton with previously published mass references. The second method was based on mass linear regressions from individual bones to estimate complete skeleton mass. The clavicle, humerus, femur, patella, metacarpal, metatarsal and tarsal bones were used. The sample was composed of 20 experimentally burned skeletons from 10 males and 10 females with ages-at-death between 68 and 90years old. Results demonstrated that the regression approach is more objective and more reliable than the reference comparison approach even though not all bones provided satisfactory estimations of the complete skeleton mass. The femur, humerus and patella provided the best performances among the individual bones. The estimations based on the latter had root mean squared errors (RMSE) smaller than 300g. Results demonstrated that the regression approach is quite promising although the patella was the only reasonable predictor expected to survive sufficiently intact to a burning event at high temperatures. The mass comparison approach has the advantage of not depending on the preservation of individual bones. Whenever bones are intact though, the application of mass regressions should be preferentially used because it is less subjective.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gonçalves
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; Archaeosciences Laboratory, Directorate General for Cultural Heritage and LARC/CIBIO/InBIO, Rua da Bica do Marquês 2, 1300-087 Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - J d'Oliveira Coelho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Amarante
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Makhoul
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Oliveira-Santos
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - D Navega
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - E Cunha
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Alunni V, Nogueira L, Quatrehomme G. Macroscopic and stereomicroscopic comparison of hacking trauma of bones before and after carbonization. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:643-648. [PMID: 28702839 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This experimental study examined lesions produced by a hatchet on pig femurs before and after carbonization. A total of 30 lesions were produced and analyzed using stereomicroscopy and then reexamined after carbonization. Not only was the sharp-blunt mechanism of the hacking trauma (V-shape, regularity of one edge, irregularity of the other edge, upraising, lateral pushing back, fossae dug laterally to the edge) still recognizable after carbonization; in some instances, the carbonization actually enhanced the features observed. Carbonization also did not significantly alter the measurements of the lesions. Carbonization tends to alter the structure of the bone especially in areas weakened by the blunt trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Alunni
- Institut Universitaire d'Anthropologie Médico-Légale, Faculté de Médecine, and CEPAM (CNRS 7264), Université Côte d'Azur, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France.
| | - Luísa Nogueira
- Institut Universitaire d'Anthropologie Médico-Légale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Côte d'Azur, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Gérald Quatrehomme
- Institut Universitaire d'Anthropologie Médico-Légale, Faculté de Médecine, and CEPAM (CNRS 7264), Université Côte d'Azur, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107, Nice Cedex 2, France
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23
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Sample-specific odontometric sex estimation: A method with potential application to burned remains. Sci Justice 2017; 57:262-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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24
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Ellingham STD, Thompson TJU, Islam M. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (SEM/EDX): A Rapid Diagnostic Tool to Aid the Identification of Burnt Bone and Contested Cremains. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:504-510. [PMID: 28605021 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the use of Scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) as a diagnostic tool for the determination of the osseous origin of samples subjected to different temperatures. Sheep (Ovis aries) ribs of two experimental groups (fleshed and defleshed) were burned at temperatures of between 100°C and 1100°C in 100°C increments and subsequently analyzed with the SEM-EDX to determine the atomic percentage of present elements. Three-factor ANOVA analysis showed that neither the exposure temperature, nor whether the burning occurred with or without soft tissue present had any significant influence on the bone's overall elemental makeup (p > 0.05). The Ca/P ratio remained in the osseous typical range of between 1.6 and 2.58 in all analyzed samples. This demonstrates that even faced with high temperatures, the overall gross elemental content and atomic percentage of elements in bone remain stable, creating a unique "fingerprint" for osseous material, even after exposure to extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T D Ellingham
- School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, Cleveland, U.K
| | - Tim J U Thompson
- School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, Cleveland, U.K
| | - Meez Islam
- School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, Cleveland, U.K
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Nanoscale modifications in the early heating stages of bone are heterogeneous at the microstructural scale. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176179. [PMID: 28423023 PMCID: PMC5397064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale studies of bone provide key indicators to evidence subtle structural changes that may occur in the biomedical, forensic and archaeological contexts. One specific problem encountered in all those disciplines, for which the identification of nanostructural cues could prove useful, is to properly monitor the effect of heating on bone tissue. In particular, the mechanisms at work at the onset of heating are still relatively unclear. Using a multiscale approach combining Raman microspectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), synchrotron quantitative scanning small-angle X-ray scattering imaging (qsSAXSI) and polarized light (PL) microscopy, we investigate the ultrastructure of cortical bovine bone heated at temperatures < 300°C, from the molecular to the macroscopic scale. We show that, despite limited changes in crystal structure, the mineral nanoparticles increase in thickness and become strongly disorganized upon heating. Furthermore, while the nanostructure in distinct anatomical quadrants appears to be statistically different, our results demonstrate this stems from the tissue histology, i.e. from the high degree of heterogeneity of the microstructure induced by the complex cellular processes involved in bone tissue formation. From this study, we conclude that the analysis of bone samples based on the structure and organization of the mineral nanocrystals requires performing measurements at the histological level, which is an advantageous feature of qsSAXSI. This is a critical aspect that extends to a much broader range of questions relating to nanoscale investigations of bone, which could also be extended to other classes of nanostructured heterogeneous materials.
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