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Hahnke S, Giebel HA, Freese HM, Moraru C, Tindall BJ, Simon M, Brinkhoff T. Biogeography of Lentibacter algarum, description of a new strain isolated from the North Sea and emended genus and species descriptions. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74. [PMID: 39058551 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A new heterotrophic, aerobic alphaproteobacterium, designated strain SH36 (=DSM 23330=LMG 25292), was obtained from a seawater sample collected in the open North Sea during a phytoplankton bloom. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed affiliation of strain SH36 to the species Lentibacter algarum (family Roseobacteraceae), showing 100 and 99.9 % sequence similarity to the 16S rRNA genes of the strains L. algarum ZXM098 and ZXM100T. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization of strain SH36 with the type strain of L. algarum showed 98.0 % relatedness, confirming that strain SH36 can be classified within the same species. All three L. algarum strains were compared by physiological, morphological, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic characteristics. The strains showed only minor differences in the composition of fatty acids and polar lipids, but considerable physiological differences. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of SH36 with sequences present in GenBank revealed that phylotypes with ≥98.65 % sequence identity to the type strain of L. algarum were found at different marine and estuarine locations of temperate and subtropic regions. Furthermore, by using a specific PCR approach L. algarum was detected throughout annual cycles at the offshore station at Helgoland Roads in the German Bight, indicating that this species is a permanent member of the microbial community in the North Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hahnke
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Present address: Department of Human Medicine, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Helge-Ansgar Giebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Freese
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Inhoffenstr. 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cristina Moraru
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Present address: Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Brian J Tindall
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Inhoffenstr. 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brinkhoff
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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Tran DQ, Milke F, Niggemann J, Simon M. The diatom Thalassiosira rotula induces distinct growth responses and colonization patterns of Roseobacteraceae, Flavobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:3536-3555. [PMID: 37705313 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms as important phytoplankton components interact with and are colonized by heterotrophic bacteria. This colonization has been studied extensively in the past but a distinction between the bacterial colonization directly on diatom cells or on the aggregated organic material, exopolymeric substances (EPS), was little addressed. Here we show that the diatom Thalassiosira rotula and EPS were differently colonized by strains of Roseobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae in two and tree partner treatments and an enriched natural bacterial community as inoculum. In two partner treatments, the algae and EPS were generally less colonized than in the three partner treatments. Two strains benefitted greatly from the presence of another partner as the proportions of their subpopulations colonizing the diatom cell and the EPS were much enhanced relative to their two partner treatments. Highest proportions of bacteria colonizing the diatom and EPS occurred in the treatment inoculated with the enriched natural bacterial community. Dissolved organic carbon, amino acids and carbohydrates produced by T. rotula were differently used by the bacteria in the two and three partner treatments and most efficiently by the enriched natural bacterial community. Our approach is a valid model system to study physico-chemical bacteria-diatom interactions with increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Den Quoc Tran
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Felix Milke
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Niggemann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Den TQ, Neu TR, Sultana S, Giebel HA, Simon M, Billerbeck S. Distinct glycoconjugate cell surface structures make the pelagic diatom Thalassiosira rotula an attractive habitat for bacteria. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:309-322. [PMID: 36471567 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between marine diatoms and bacteria have been studied for decades. However, the visualization of physical interactions between these diatoms and their colonizers is still limited. To enhance our understanding of these specific interactions, a new Thalassiosira rotula isolate from the North Sea (strain 8673) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after staining with fluorescently labeled lectins targeting specific glycoconjugates. To investigate defined interactions of this strain with bacteria the new strain was made axenic and co-cultivated with a natural bacterial community and in two- or three-partner consortia with different bacteria of the Roseobacter group, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The CLSM analysis of the consortia identified six out of 78 different lectins as very suitable to characterize glycoconjugates of T. rotula. The resulting images show that fucose-containing threads were the dominant glycoconjugates secreted by the T. rotula cells but chitin and to a lesser extent other glycoconjugates were also identified. Bacteria attached predominantly to the fucose glycoconjugates. The colonizing bacteria showed various attachment patterns such as adhering to the diatom threads in aggregates only or attaching to both the surfaces and the threads of the diatom. Interestingly the colonization patterns of single bacteria differed strikingly from those of bacterial co-cultures, indicating that interactions between two bacterial species impacted the colonization of the diatom. Our observations help to better understand physical interactions and specific colonization patterns of distinct bacterial mono- and co-cultures with an abundant diatom of costal seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Quoc Den
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas R Neu
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabiha Sultana
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Helge-A Giebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sara Billerbeck
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Genome-enabled phylogenetic and functional reconstruction of an araphid pennate diatom Plagiostriata sp. CCMP470, previously assigned as a radial centric diatom, and its bacterial commensal. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9449. [PMID: 32523048 PMCID: PMC7287063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are an ecologically fundamental and highly diverse group of algae, dominating marine primary production in both open-water and coastal communities. The diatoms include both centric species, which may have radial or polar symmetry, and the pennates, which include raphid and araphid species and arose within the centric lineage. Here, we use combined microscopic and molecular information to reclassify a diatom strain CCMP470, previously annotated as a radial centric species related to Leptocylindrus danicus, as an araphid pennate species in the staurosiroid lineage, within the genus Plagiostriata. CCMP470 shares key ultrastructural features with Plagiostriata taxa, such as the presence of a sternum with parallel striae, and the presence of a highly reduced labiate process on its valve; and this evolutionary position is robustly supported by multigene phylogenetic analysis. We additionally present a draft genome of CCMP470, which is the first genome available for a staurosiroid lineage. 270 Pfams (19%) found in the CCMP470 genome are not known in other diatom genomes, which otherwise does not hold big novelties compared to genomes of non-staurosiroid diatoms. Notably, our DNA library contains the genome of a bacterium within the Rhodobacterales, an alpha-proteobacterial lineage known frequently to associate with algae. We demonstrate the presence of commensal alpha-proteobacterial sequences in other published algal genome and transcriptome datasets, which may indicate widespread and persistent co-occurrence.
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Distinct relationships between fluorescence in situ hybridization and 16S rRNA gene- and amplicon-based sequencing data of bacterioplankton lineages. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 42:126000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Noriega-Ortega BE, Wienhausen G, Mentges A, Dittmar T, Simon M, Niggemann J. Does the Chemodiversity of Bacterial Exometabolomes Sustain the Chemodiversity of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter? Front Microbiol 2019; 10:215. [PMID: 30837961 PMCID: PMC6382689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex mixture of chemical compounds. At 750 Pg C, it is one of the biggest pools of reduced carbon on Earth. It has been proposed that the diversity of DOM is responsible for its recalcitrance. We hypothesize that the chemodiversity of marine DOM is a reflection of the chemodiversity of bacterial exometabolomes. To test this, we incubated two model strains of the Roseobacter group; Phaeobacter inhibens and Dinoroseobacter shibae in pure culture using three different simple organic compounds as sole carbon sources (glutamate, glucose, and acetate and succinate for P. inhibens and D. shibae, respectively). The exometabolome of the model organisms was characterized using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and ecological diversity measures. We detected thousands of molecular masses in the exometabolomes of P. inhibens and D. shibae (21,105 and 9,386, respectively), reflecting the capability of single bacterial strains to diversify simple organic compounds. The chemical composition of the exometabolomes changed with growth phase and also differed according to the strain incubated and the utilized substrate. We mimicked a higher diversity of substrates, bacterial species and heterogeneous growth (different growth phases) to approach the complexity of natural environments, by computationally creating combinations of detected exometabolomes. We compared the chemodiversity of these combinations, indicative for chemodiversity of freshly produced microbial DOM to that of refractory DOM from one of the oldest oceanic water masses (North Equatorial Pacific Intermediate Water). Some combinations of exometabolomes showed higher richness than the deep ocean refractory DOM, and all the combinations showed higher functional diversity. About 15% of the 13,509 molecular formulae detected in exometabolomes and refractory oceanic DOM were shared, i.e., occurred in Roseobacter exometabolomes and in deep water samples. This overlap provides further support for our hypothesis that marine bacteria from the Roseobacter group contribute to the sustainability of marine DOM chemodiversity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz E Noriega-Ortega
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wienhausen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Mentges
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Helmhotz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIMFB), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Helmhotz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIMFB), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Niggemann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Mühlenbruch M, Grossart HP, Eigemann F, Voss M. Mini-review: Phytoplankton-derived polysaccharides in the marine environment and their interactions with heterotrophic bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2671-2685. [PMID: 30028074 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Within the wealth of molecules constituting marine dissolved organic matter, carbohydrates make up the largest coherent and quantifiable fraction. Their main sources are from primary producers, which release large amounts of photosynthetic products - mainly polysaccharides - directly into the surrounding water via passive and active exudation. The organic carbon and other nutrients derived from these photosynthates enrich the 'phycosphere' and attract heterotrophic bacteria. The rapid uptake and remineralization of dissolved free monosaccharides by heterotrophic bacteria account for the barely detectable levels of these compounds. By contrast, dissolved combined polysaccharides can reach high concentrations, especially during phytoplankton blooms. Polysaccharides are too large to be taken up directly by heterotrophic bacteria, instead requiring hydrolytic cleavage to smaller oligo- or monomers by bacteria with a suitable set of exoenzymes. The release of diverse polysaccharides by various phytoplankton taxa is generally interpreted as the deposition of excess organic material. However, these molecules likely also fulfil distinct, yet not fully understood functions, as inferred from their active modulation in terms of quality and quantity when phytoplankton becomes nutrient limited or is exposed to heterotrophic bacteria. This minireview summarizes current knowledge regarding the exudation and composition of phytoplankton-derived exopolysaccharides and acquisition of these compounds by heterotrophic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mühlenbruch
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany.,Potsdam University, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Falk Eigemann
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maren Voss
- Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
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8
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Bakenhus I, Voget S, Poehlein A, Brinkhoff T, Daniel R, Simon M. Genome sequence of Planktotalea frisia type strain (SH6-1 T), a representative of the Roseobacter group isolated from the North Sea during a phytoplankton bloom. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:7. [PMID: 29682168 PMCID: PMC5896138 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-018-0311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktotalea frisia SH6-1T Hahnke et al. (Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62:1619-24, 2012) is a planktonic marine bacterium isolated during a phytoplankton bloom from the southern North Sea. It belongs to the Roseobacter group within the alphaproteobacterial family Rhodobacteraceae. Here we describe the draft genome sequence and annotation of the type strain SH6-1T. The genome comprises 4,106,736 bp and contains 4128 protein-coding and 38 RNA genes. The draft genome sequence provides evidence for at least three extrachromosomal elements, encodes genes for DMSP utilization, quorum sensing, photoheterotrophy and a type IV secretion system. This indicates not only adaptation to a free-living lifestyle of P. frisia but points also to interactions with prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Bakenhus
- 1Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Voget
- 2Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Poehlein
- 2Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Brinkhoff
- 1Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniel
- 2Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- 1Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Sperling M, Piontek J, Engel A, Wiltshire KH, Niggemann J, Gerdts G, Wichels A. Combined Carbohydrates Support Rich Communities of Particle-Associated Marine Bacterioplankton. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:65. [PMID: 28197132 PMCID: PMC5281597 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates represent an important fraction of labile and semi-labile marine organic matter that is mainly comprised of exopolymeric substances derived from phytoplankton exudation and decay. This study investigates the composition of total combined carbohydrates (tCCHO; >1 kDa) and the community development of free-living (0.2-3 μm) and particle-associated (PA) (3-10 μm) bacterioplankton during a spring phytoplankton bloom in the southern North Sea. Furthermore, rates were determined for the extracellular enzymatic hydrolysis that catalyzes the initial step in bacterial organic matter remineralization. Concentrations of tCCHO greatly increased during bloom development, while the composition showed only minor changes over time. The combined concentration of glucose, galactose, fucose, rhamnose, galactosamine, glucosamine, and glucuronic acid in tCCHO was a significant factor shaping the community composition of the PA bacteria. The richness of PA bacteria greatly increased in the post-bloom phase. At the same time, the increase in extracellular β-glucosidase activity was sufficient to explain the observed decrease in tCCHO, indicating the efficient utilization of carbohydrates by the bacterioplankton community during the post-bloom phase. Our results suggest that carbohydrate concentration and composition are important factors in the multifactorial environmental control of bacterioplankton succession and the enzymatic hydrolysis of organic matter during phytoplankton blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sperling
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchBremerhaven, Germany; Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine ResearchHelgoland, Germany; Biological Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKiel, Germany
| | - Judith Piontek
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchBremerhaven, Germany; Biological Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKiel, Germany
| | - Anja Engel
- Biological Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Karen H Wiltshire
- Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research Helgoland, Germany
| | - Jutta Niggemann
- Research Group for Marine Geochemistry (ICBM-MPI Bridging Group), Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research Helgoland, Germany
| | - Antje Wichels
- Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research Helgoland, Germany
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Wang R, Xue S, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Wen S, Kong D, Yan C, Cong W. Construction and characteristics of artificial consortia of Scenedesmus obliquus-bacteria for S. obliquus growth and lipid production. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARY Members of the Roseobacter clade are equipped with a tremendous diversity of metabolic capabilities, which in part explains their success in so many different marine habitats. Ideas on how this diversity evolved and is maintained are reviewed, focusing on recent evolutionary studies exploring the timing and mechanisms of Roseobacter ecological diversification.
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van Slooten C, Peperzak L, Buma AGJ. Assessment of didecyldimethylammonium chloride as a ballast water treatment method. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:435-449. [PMID: 25182049 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.951401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water-mediated transfer of aquatic invasive species is considered a major threat to marine biodiversity, marine industry and human health. A ballast water treatment is needed to comply with International Maritime Organization (IMO) ballast water discharge regulations. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) was tested for its applicability as a ballast water treatment method. The treatment of the marine phytoplankton species Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans showed that at 2.5 µL L(-1) DDAC was able to inactivate photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and disintegrate the cells after 5 days of dark incubation. The treatment of natural marine plankton communities with 2.5 µL L(-1) DDAC did not sufficiently decrease zooplankton abundance to comply with the IMO D-2 standard. Bivalve larvae showed the highest resistance to DDAC. PSII efficiency was inactivated within 5 days but phytoplankton cells remained intact. Regrowth occurred within 2 days of incubation in the light. However, untreated phytoplankton exposed to residual DDAC showed delayed cell growth and reduced PSII efficiency, indicating residual DDAC toxicity. Natural marine plankton communities treated with 5 µL L(-1) DDAC showed sufficient disinfection of zooplankton and inactivation of PSII efficiency. Phytoplankton regrowth was not detected after 9 days of light incubation. Bacteria were initially reduced due to the DDAC treatment but regrowth was observed within 5 days of dark incubation. Residual DDAC remained too high after 5 days to be safely discharged. Two neutralization cycles of 50 mg L(-1) bentonite were needed to inactivate residual DDAC upon discharge. The inactivation of residual DDAC may seriously hamper the practical use of DDAC as a ballast water disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees van Slooten
- a Department of Biological Oceanography , NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ Den Hoorn (Texel), The Netherlands
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