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He YJ, Lu G, Xu BJ, Mao QZ, Qi YH, Jiao GY, Weng HT, Tian YZ, Huang HJ, Zhang CX, Chen JP, Li JM. Maintenance of persistent transmission of a plant arbovirus in its insect vector mediated by the Toll-Dorsal immune pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315982121. [PMID: 38536757 PMCID: PMC10998634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315982121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout evolution, arboviruses have developed various strategies to counteract the host's innate immune defenses to maintain persistent transmission. Recent studies have shown that, in addition to bacteria and fungi, the innate Toll-Dorsal immune system also plays an essential role in preventing viral infections in invertebrates. However, whether the classical Toll immune pathway is involved in maintaining the homeostatic process to ensure the persistent and propagative transmission of arboviruses in insect vectors remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that the transcription factor Dorsal is actively involved in the antiviral defense of an insect vector (Laodelphax striatellus) by regulating the target gene, zinc finger protein 708 (LsZN708), which mediates downstream immune-related effectors against infection with the plant virus (Rice stripe virus, RSV). In contrast, an antidefense strategy involving the use of the nonstructural-protein (NS4) to antagonize host antiviral defense through competitive binding to Dorsal from the MSK2 kinase was employed by RSV; this competitive binding inhibited Dorsal phosphorylation and reduced the antiviral response of the host insect. Our study revealed the molecular mechanism through which Toll-Dorsal-ZN708 mediates the maintenance of an arbovirus homeostasis in insect vectors. Specifically, ZN708 is a newly documented zinc finger protein targeted by Dorsal that mediates the downstream antiviral response. This study will contribute to our understanding of the successful transmission and spread of arboviruses in plant or invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Gang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Bo-Jie Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Qian-Zhuo Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Yu-Hua Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Gao-Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Tao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
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Li M, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Chen Y, Lin L, Peng J, Zheng H, Chen J, Yan F, Lu Y. Integrated ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data analysis identifies transcription factors related to rice stripe virus infection in Oryza sativa. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13446. [PMID: 38502176 PMCID: PMC10950023 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that virus infection causes changes in host chromatin accessibility, but little is known about changes in chromatin accessibility of plants infected by viruses and its potential impact. Here, rice infected by rice stripe virus (RSV) was used to investigate virus-induced changes in chromatin accessibility. Our analysis identified a total of 6462 open- and 3587 closed-differentially accessible chromatin regions (DACRs) in rice under RSV infection by ATAC-seq. Additionally, by integrating ATAC-seq and RNA-seq, 349 up-regulated genes in open-DACRs and 126 down-regulated genes in closed-DACRs were identified, of which 34 transcription factors (TFs) were further identified by search of upstream motifs. Transcription levels of eight of these TFs were validated by reverse transcription-PCR. Importantly, four of these TFs (OsWRKY77, OsWRKY28, OsZFP12 and OsERF91) interacted with RSV proteins and are therefore predicted to play important roles in RSV infection. This is the first application of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq techniques to analyse changes in rice chromatin accessibility caused by RSV infection. Integrating ATAC-seq and RNA-seq provides a new approach to select candidate TFs in response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Li
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jing Li
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yushan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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3
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Liang Q, Wan J, Liu H, Jia D, Chen Q, Wang A, Wei T. A plant nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus activates and co-opts BNIP3-mediated mitophagy to promote persistent infection in its insect vector. Autophagy 2023; 19:616-631. [PMID: 35722949 PMCID: PMC9851205 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2091904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy that selectively eliminates damaged mitochondria is an essential mitochondrial quality control mechanism. Recently, mitophagy has been shown to be induced in host cells infected by a few animal viruses. Here, we report that southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), a plant nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus, can also trigger mitophagy in its planthopper vector to prevent mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and promote persistent viral propagation. We find that the fibrillar structures constructed by the nonstructural protein P7-1 of SRBSDV directly target mitochondria via interaction with the mitophagy receptor BNIP3 (BCL2 interacting protein 3), and these mitochondria are then sequestered within autophagosomes to form mitophagosomes. Moreover, SRBSDV infection or P7-1 expression alone can promote BNIP3 dimerization on the mitochondria, and induce autophagy via the P7-1-ATG8 interaction. Furthermore, SRBSDV infection stimulates the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), resulting in BNIP3 phosphorylation via the AMPKα-BNIP3 interaction. Together, P7-1 induces BNIP3-mediated mitophagy by promoting the formation of phosphorylated BNIP3 dimers on the mitochondria. Silencing of ATG8, BNIP3, or AMPKα significantly reduces virus-induced mitophagy and viral propagation in insect vectors. These data suggest that in planthopper, SRBSDV-induced mitophagosomes are modified to accommodate virions and facilitate persistent viral propagation. In summary, our results demonstrate a previously unappreciated role of a viral protein in the induction of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy by bridging autophagosomes and mitochondria and reveal the functional importance of virus-induced mitophagy in maintaining persistent viral infection in insect vectors.Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy related; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; CASP3: caspase 3; dsRNA: double strand RNA; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST: glutathione S-transferase; padp: post-first access to diseased plants; Phos-tag: Phosphate-binding tag; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; Sf9: Spodoptera frugiperda; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; SRBSDV: southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; RBSDV: rice black-streaked dwarf virus; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl dUTP nick end labeling; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiajia Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China,CONTACT Taiyun Wei State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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4
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Zhang L, Liu W, Wu N, Wang H, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang X. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus induces incomplete autophagy for persistence in gut epithelial cells of its vector insect. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011134. [PMID: 36706154 PMCID: PMC9907856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in virus infection of the host, because viral components and particles can be degraded by the host's autophagy and some viruses may be able to hijack and subvert autophagy for its benefit. However, details on the mechanisms that govern autophagy for immunity against viral infections or benefit viral survival remain largely unknown. Plant reoviruses such as southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), which seriously threaten crop yield, are only transmitted by vector insects. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which SRBSDV induces incomplete autophagy by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion, resulting in viral accumulation in gut epithelial cells of its vector, white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera). SRBSDV infection leads to stimulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, which further activates autophagy. Mature and assembling virions were found close to the edge7 of the outer membrane of autophagosomes. Inhibition autophagy leads to the decrease of autophagosomes, which resulting in impaired maturation of virions and the decrease of virus titer, whereas activation of autophagy facilitated virus titer. Further, SRBSDV inhibited fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes by interacting with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) using viral P10. Thus, SRBSDV not only avoids being degrading by lysosomes, but also further hijacks these non-fusing autophagosomes for its subsistence. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of reovirus persistence, which can explain why SRBSDV can be acquired and transmitted rapidly by its insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (XW)
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (XW)
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5
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Li T, Li H, Wu Y, Li S, Yuan G, Xu P. Identification of a Novel Densovirus in Aphid, and Uncovering the Possible Antiviral Process During Its Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905628. [PMID: 35757766 PMCID: PMC9218065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Densoviruses (DVs) are single-stranded DNA viruses and exclusively happen in invertebrates. Most of DVs reported in insects are pathogenic to their native hosts, however, no pathogenic effect of them has been examined in vertebrates. Hence, DVs are the potential agents used in pest managements. Aphids are the primary vectors of plant viruses. In this study, we identified a novel DV in Chinese Sitobion miscanthi population, provisionally named “Sitobion miscanthi densovirus” (SmDV). Taxonomically, SmDV belongs to genus Hemiambidensovirus. In S. miscanthi, SmDV is hosted in diverse cells and can be horizontally transmitted via wheat feeding. Subject to SmDV, aphids activate their intrinsic antiviral autophagy pathway. Grouped with ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, chlorophyll metabolism, p450 related drug metabolism, and retinoid metabolism, aphids form a complex immune network response to the infection of SmDV. Obviously, it works as elder aphids still alive even they contain the highest examined concentration of SmDV. This study provides a foundation for the identifications of novel DVs, and further improves the understanding of the molecular interactions between insects and DVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haichao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaojian Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guohui Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengjun Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Silencing the Autophagy-Related Genes ATG3 and ATG9 Promotes SRBSDV Propagation and Transmission in Sogatella furcifera. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040394. [PMID: 35447836 PMCID: PMC9029546 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays diverse roles in the interaction among pathogen, vector, and host. In the plant virus and insect vector system, autophagy can be an antiviral/pro-viral factor to suppress/promote virus propagation and transmission. Here, we report the antiviral role of autophagy-related genes ATG3 and ATG9 in the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera) during the process of transmitting the southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV). In this study, we annotated two autophagy-related genes, SfATG3 and SfATG9, from the female S. furcifera transcriptome. The cDNA of SfATG3 and SfATG9 comprised an open reading frame (ORF) of 999 bp and 2295 bp that encodes a protein of 332 and 764 amino acid residues, respectively. SfATG3 has two conserved domains and SfATG9 has one conserved domain. In S. furcifera females exposed to SRBSDV, expression of autophagy-related genes was significantly activated and shared similar temporal patterns to those of SRBSDV S9-1 and S10, all peaking at 4 d post viral exposure. Silencing the expression of SfATG3 and SfATG9 promoted SRBSDV propagation and transmission. This study provides evidence for the first time that S. furcifera autophagy-related genes ATG3 and ATG9 play an antiviral role to suppress SRBSDV propagation and transmission.
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Xu Y, Fu S, Tao X, Zhou X. Rice stripe virus: Exploring Molecular Weapons in the Arsenal of a Negative-Sense RNA Virus. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:351-371. [PMID: 34077238 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice stripe disease caused by Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most devastating plant viruses of rice and causes enormous losses in production. RSV is transmitted from plant to plant by the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus) in a circulative-propagative manner. The recent reemergence of this pathogen in East Asia since 2000 has made RSV one of the most studied plant viruses over the past two decades. Extensive studies of RSV have resulted in substantial advances regarding fundamental aspects of the virus infection. Here, we compile and analyze recent information on RSV with a special emphasis on the strategies that RSV has adopted to establish infections. These advances include RSV replication and movement in host plants and the small brown planthopper vector, innate immunity defenses against RSV infection, epidemiology, and recent advances in the management of rice stripe disease. Understanding these issues will facilitate the design of novel antiviral therapies for management and contribute to a more detailed understanding of negative-sense virus-host interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Jo YH, Lee JH, Patnaik BB, Keshavarz M, Lee YS, Han YS. Autophagy in Tenebrio molitor Immunity: Conserved Antimicrobial Functions in Insect Defenses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667664. [PMID: 34135896 PMCID: PMC8202003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) has been exploited as an experimental model to unravel the intricacies of cellular and humoral immunity against pathogenic infections. Studies on this insect model have provided valuable insights into the phenotypic plasticity of immune defenses against parasites and pathogens. It has thus been possible to characterize the hemocoelic defenses of T. molitor that rely on the recognition of non-self-components of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The subsequent signaling cascade activating pathways such as the NF-κB controlled by Toll and IMD pathways lead to the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), onset of hemocyte-driven phagocytosis, and activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade regulating the process of melanization. Nevertheless, the activation of autophagy-mediated defenses of T. molitor against the facultative intracellular gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes provides clear evidence of the existence of a cross-talk between autophagy and the IMD pathway. Moreover, the identification of several autophagy-related genes (Atgs) in T. molitor transcriptome and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases has contributed to the understanding of the autophagy-signaling cascade triggered by L. monocytogenes challenge. Providing further evidence of the cross-talk hypothesis, TmRelish has been shown to be required not only for regulating the synthesis of AMPs through the PGRP-LE/IMD pathway activation but also for the expression of Atgs in T. molitor larvae following L. monocytogenes challenge. Notably, L. monocytogenes can stimulate the T. molitor innate immune system by producing molecules recognized by the multifunctional PRR (TmPGRP-LE), which stimulates intracellular activation of the IMD pathway and autophagy. Considering the conservation of autophagy components involved in combating intracellular pathogens, it will be interesting to extrapolate a dynamic cross-talk model of immune activation. This review summarizes the most significant findings on the regulation of autophagy in T. molitor during L. monocytogenes infection and on the role of the innate immunity machinery, including the NF-κB pathway, in the control of pathogenic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- P. G. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology-Zoology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan City, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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9
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He YJ, Lu G, Qi YH, Zhang Y, Zhang XD, Huang HJ, Zhuo JC, Sun ZT, Yan F, Chen JP, Zhang CX, Li JM. Activation of Toll Immune Pathway in an Insect Vector Induced by a Plant Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613957. [PMID: 33488623 PMCID: PMC7821435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll pathway plays an important role in defense against infection of various pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses. However, current understanding of Toll pathway was mainly restricted in mammal and some model insects such as Drosophila and mosquitoes. Whether plant viruses can also activate the Toll signaling pathway in vector insects is still unknown. In this study, using rice stripe virus (RSV) and its insect vector (small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus) as a model, we found that the Toll pathway was activated upon RSV infection. In comparison of viruliferous and non-viruliferous planthoppers, we found that four Toll pathway core genes (Toll, Tube, MyD88, and Dorsal) were upregulated in viruliferous planthoppers. When the planthoppers infected with RSV, the expressions of Toll and MyD88 were rapidly upregulated at the early stage (1 and 3 days post-infection), whereas Dorsal was upregulated at the late stage (9 days post-infection). Furthermore, induction of Toll pathway was initiated by interaction between a Toll receptor and RSV nucleocapsid protein (NP). Knockdown of Toll increased the proliferation of RSV in vector insect, and the dsToll-treated insects exhibited higher mortality than that of dsGFP-treated ones. Our results provide the first evidence that the Toll signaling pathway of an insect vector is potentially activated through the direct interaction between Toll receptor and a protein encoded by a plant virus, indicating that Toll immune pathway is an important strategy against plant virus infection in an insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan He
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Gang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu-Hua Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao-Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ji-Chong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zong-Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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