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Tyler NJC, Post E, Hazlerigg DG. Weak coupling between energetic status and the timing of reproduction in an Arctic ungulate. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6352. [PMID: 38491083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetic constraints are the ultimate determinant of the timing of reproduction, and seasonal breeding is consequently a widely observed trait. Consistent with this, attention has focused on plasticity in reproductive phenology conceptualized as a response to concomitant advances in the phenology of the environmental energy supply caused by climate change. Few studies, however, have directly compared timing of reproduction with energetic status in free-living wild animals. Here we demonstrate that neither body mass nor adiposity are strong proximate predictors of date of conception in wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Weak coupling between energetic status and the phenology of reproduction accounts for the increasing discrepancy between the phenology of forage (energy supply) and the phenology of reproduction (energy demand) observed across the last 2-4 decades in two populations of this species. The results emphasise that phenological plasticity is not a passive response to changes in energy supply but derives from the way in which environmental factors interact with the core control mechanisms that govern timing. Central in this respect is integration, within the rheostatic centres of the hypothalamus, of information on nutritional status with the circannual life-history calendar.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J C Tyler
- Centre for Saami Studies, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - E Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D G Hazlerigg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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2
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F. Millán M, Carranza J, Seoane JM, Pérez-González J. Forage quality of consecutive years interact to affect body condition, reproductive rate and rut phenology in Iberian red deer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278367. [PMID: 36454913 PMCID: PMC9714875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Body condition for reproduction in capital breeders such as the red deer (Cervus elaphus) is mostly determined by their stored energy reserves. Thus, environmental conditions and resource availability may affect reproductive performance and breeding success. In warm Mediterranean regions, current climate change is driving to a hotter and drier scenario that is expected to affect the biology and dynamics of many populations. We examined the impact of these local climate variations on red deer body condition and the relationship with female reproductive phenology and breeding success. We used satellite information of landscape vegetation along with a 22-year data series of direct field behavioural observations during the rutting season in Doñana National Park (SW Spain). We analyzed faecal nitrogen content (FN) from faeces collected during the rut. We found that poor vegetation availability in drier years was related to worse body condition of deer (measured by FN) and a delay in the rutting season, which associated with lower reproductive rates (measured by the proportion of females with calves observed the next year). We also evidenced an interesting interaction between environmental conditions in consecutive years on the timing of breeding season, with timing of breeding being more delayed when previous year resource availability was high and many females bred, and the consecutive one was poor, so females hardly recovered condition and the rut occurred later. These findings highlight the carry-over effect of reproduction in capital breeders and the potential impact of climate-change conditions on red deer breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina F. Millán
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail: (MFM); (JC)
| | - Juan Carranza
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail: (MFM); (JC)
| | - José M. Seoane
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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3
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Peláez M, San Miguel A, Rodríguez‐Vigal C, Moreno‐Gómez Á, García del Rincón A, Perea García‐Calvo R. Using retrospective life tables to assess the effect of extreme climatic conditions on ungulate demography. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8218. [PMID: 35126996 PMCID: PMC8794714 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In Mediterranean areas, severe drought events are expected to intensify in forthcoming years as a consequence of climate change. These events may increase physiological and reproductive stress of wild populations producing demographic changes and distribution shifts. We used retrospective life tables to understand demographic changes on a wild population after severe drought events. We studied the impact of two extreme events (2003 and 2005) on the population dynamics of our model species, the red deer (Cervus elaphus). During both years, population density was high (40 and 36 ind/100 ha, respectively). Thus, we reconstructed retrospectively the age structure of the female part of the population for the period 2000-2010 by using data of known-age individuals culled during the period 2000-2019 (n = 4176). Also, based on previous study results, we aimed to validate this methodology. Both extremely dry years, 2003 and 2005, produced marked and lasting cohort effects on population demography. Age pyramid the following years (2004 and 2006) revealed that the extreme drought caused the female fawn cohort to be similar or even smaller than the yearling cohort. Furthermore, these cohort effects were still perceptible 3 years after these severe events. Results agree with previous findings that showed a negative effect of severe drought events on female pregnancy rates and conception dates. Although simple, this study provides an empirical quantification of the demographic effects of severe drought events for a wild population which might be useful to understand future demographic changes under the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peláez
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos NaturalesUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Alfonso San Miguel
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos NaturalesUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
| | | | - Ángel Moreno‐Gómez
- Centro de Quintos de MoraToledoSpain
- Organismo Autónomo Parques NacionalesMadridSpain
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4
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Laguna E, Carpio AJ, Vicente J, Barasona JA, Triguero-Ocaña R, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Gómez-Manzaneque Á, Acevedo P. The spatial ecology of red deer under different land use and management scenarios: Protected areas, mixed farms and fenced hunting estates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147124. [PMID: 33965822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge regarding the spatial ecology of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in different environments is crucial if effective management actions are to be designed. However, this knowledge continues to be scarce in the complex contexts of mixed land use and management circumstances. This study describes the spatial ecology of red deer monitored using GPS collars in Mediterranean ecosystems of South-Central Spain, considering the effect of individual and seasonal (food shortage period, rut, hunting season and food abundance period) factors on different land use and management scenarios, namely protected areas, mixed farms and fenced hunting estates. Our results showed less activity (ACT), a shorter daily range (DR) and a smaller home range (HR) during the food shortage period: ACT: 0.38 ± (SD) 0.12; DR: 3010.9 ± 727.3 m; and weekly HR: 122.2 ± 59.6 ha. With regard to land use, individuals were less ACT and had a smaller DR on fenced hunting estates (ACT: 0.24 ± 0.12; DR: 1946.3 ± 706.7 m) than in protected areas (ACT: 0.59 ± 0.12; DR: 4071.4 ± 1068.2 m) or on mixed farms (ACT: 0.57 ± 0.29; DR: 5431.1 ± 1939.5 m) in all the periods studied. Red deer selected land cover with forage and shelter when foraging and resting, respectively. When drive hunt events occurred (mixed farms and fenced hunting estates), the deer were more prone to select safer habitats (scrublands) and avoid open areas (crops or grasslands) than were their counterparts in protected areas. The patterns observed can be explained by sexual and seasonal differences as regards requirements, the response to disturbances and, interestingly, population management. Our results provide useful information with which to design scientifically-based species adaptive management in response to relevant and timely situations in Europe, such as the potential transmission of shared infections, vehicle collisions, and damage to crops and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Laguna
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio J Carpio
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, C-1 Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - José A Barasona
- VISAVET, Health Surveillance Centre, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Roxana Triguero-Ocaña
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; VISAVET, Health Surveillance Centre, Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), UCLM-CSIC-JCCM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Carpio Camargo AJ, Barasona J, Acevedo P, Fierro Y, Gortazar C, Vigal C, Moreno Á, Vicente J. Assessing red deer hunting management in the Iberian Peninsula: the importance of longitudinal studies. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10872. [PMID: 33604198 PMCID: PMC7869667 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of a wildlife population in relation to hunting strategies is essential to achieve sustainable management. We used monitoring data over 25 years from two red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations with different management (with and without supplemental feeding) in South Central Spain to: (i) characterise the density dependence of population dynamics under contrasted management, and (ii) provide the basis for sustainable extraction by considering the theoretical maximum sustainable yield (MSYt) as the reference. The red deer population displayed a typical management reactive culling approach ('saw-tooth-like' curves), with occasional strong annual harvests but not occurring on a regular basis. Interestingly, we found reduced population growth at high densities in both populations, indicating that density-mediated factors determined population growth even when artificial feeding was provided. However, no effects of sex not age class of the extracted population on the population growth rate were determined. The total number of animals hunted was only slightly above those predicted by MSYt (i.e. K 50%) in both populations, despite high densities close to theoretical K, being consistent throughout the study period. The extraction rates (30.3 and 34.0%, for supplemented and unsupplemented populations, respectively) were 13.3% and 10.2% lower compared to the MSYt situation in the unsupplemented and supplemented populations, respectively. Long term population monitoring data provided feasible and suitable baseline values to optimise the sustainable exploitation of red deer populations in the Mediterranean ecosystem under these contrasting management scenarios. Adaptive management, involving objective-driven decision making informed by data on red deer population dynamic, can contribute (i) to maximising the total extraction over the long term while (ii) reducing the ecological impact of high population densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Carpio Camargo
- Department of Zoology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Jose Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Department of Animal Health, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carlos Vigal
- Los Quintos de Mora, Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángel Moreno
- Los Quintos de Mora, Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales, Toledo, Spain
| | - Joaquin Vicente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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6
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F Millán M, Carranza J, Pérez-González J, Valencia J, Torres-Porras J, Seoane JM, de la Peña E, Alarcos S, Sánchez-Prieto CB, Castillo L, Flores A, Membrillo A. Rainfall decrease and red deer rutting behaviour: Weaker and delayed rutting activity though higher opportunity for sexual selection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244802. [PMID: 33471796 PMCID: PMC7817023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, climate change has caused an increase in mean temperatures and a reduction in average rainfall in southern Europe, which is expected to reduce resource availability for herbivores. Resource availability can influence animals' physical condition and population growth. However, much less is known on its effects on reproductive performance and sexual selection. In this study, we assessed the impact of three environmental factors related to climate change (rainfall, temperature and vegetation index) on Iberian red deer Cervus elaphus hispanicus reproductive timing and sexual behaviour, and their effects on the opportunity for sexual selection in the population. We measured rutting phenology as rut peak date, the intensity of male rutting activity as roaring rate, and the opportunity for sexual selection from the distribution of females among harem holding males in Doñana Biological Reserve (Southwest Spain), from data of daily observations collected during the rut over a period of 25 years. For this study period, we found a trend for less raining and hence poorer environmental conditions, which associated with delayed rutting season and decreased rutting intensity, but that appeared to favour a higher degree of polygyny and opportunity for sexual selection, all these relationships being modulated by population density and sex ratio. This study highlights how climate change (mainly rainfall reduction in this area) can alter the conditions for mating and the opportunity for sexual selection in a large terrestrial mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina F Millán
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Carranza
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Juliana Valencia
- Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Torres-Porras
- Department of Social and Experimental Sciences Teaching, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose M Seoane
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva de la Peña
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Susana Alarcos
- Biology and Ethology Unit, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Leticia Castillo
- Biology and Ethology Unit, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Antonio Flores
- Biology and Ethology Unit, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alberto Membrillo
- Wildlife Research Unit (UIRCP), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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7
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Rehnus M, Peláez M, Bollmann K. Advancing plant phenology causes an increasing trophic mismatch in an income breeder across a wide elevational range. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Rehnus
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf8903Switzerland
| | - Marta Peláez
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria s/n Madrid28040Spain
| | - Kurt Bollmann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf8903Switzerland
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8
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Carvalho J, Büntgen U, Pettorelli N, Mentaberre G, Olivé‐boix X, Eizaguirre O, Pérez JM, Fandos P, Torres RT, Lavín S, Fonseca C, Serrano E. Habitat and Harvesting Practices Influence Horn Growth of Male Ibex. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Carvalho
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM)University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of GeographyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Pettorelli
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of London Regent's Park London United Kingdom
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia AnimalsUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Olivé‐boix
- Reserva Nacional de Caça dels Ports de Tortosa i Beseit, RoquetesTarragona Spain
| | - Oihana Eizaguirre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia AnimalsUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Jesús M. Pérez
- Departamento de Biología AnimalBiología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén Campus Las Lagunillas Jaén Spain
| | - Paulino Fandos
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua, Isla de la Cartuja Sevilla Spain
| | - Rita T. Torres
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM)University of AveiroAveiro Portugal
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia AnimalsUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM)University of AveiroAveiro Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia AnimalsUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
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9
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Ventrella D, Elmi A, Bertocchi M, Aniballi C, Parmeggiani A, Govoni N, Bacci ML. Progesterone and Cortisol Levels in Blood and Hair of Wild Pregnant Red Deer ( Cervus Elaphus) Hinds. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E143. [PMID: 31963117 PMCID: PMC7022734 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The red deer (Cervus elaphus L., 1758) is one of the largest deer species in the world. Females are seasonal polyestrous, with negative photoperiod: the increase of the night peak of melatonin determines the secretion of GnRH and, therefore, LH and FSH. To date there is little information regarding the hormonal control during pregnancy for this species; this could be due to the difficulty of sampling wild subjects, while farmed animals' hormonal concentrations may not reflect the physiology of the animal in a natural state. In this study we evaluated the concentration of cortisol and progesterone, extracted from blood and hair, on 10 wild and pregnant red deer females. Belonging to the population of the Bolognese Apennines (Italy), the hinds were sampled in the January-March 2018 period, according to the regional selective hunting plan. Plasma progesterone (P4) ranged from a minimum of 1.9 to a maximum of 7.48 ng/mL; while hair P4 concentrations varied from 41.68 to 153.57 pg/mg. The plasma and hair cortisol ranges are respectively 0.4-2.97 ng/mL and 0.03-0.55 pg/mg; the only significant correlation was found between hair concentration of P4 and the date of death. The results of this preliminary study represent a small step towards a better knowledge of this species' physiology during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Bertocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (D.V.); (A.E.); (C.A.); (A.P.); (N.G.); (M.L.B.)
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10
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McNutt JW, Groom R, Woodroffe R. Ambient temperature provides an adaptive explanation for seasonal reproduction in a tropical mammal. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. McNutt
- Botswana Predator Conservation Trust Maun Botswana
| | - R. Groom
- Institute of Zoology London UK
- African Wildlife Conservation Fund Birchenough Bridge Zimbabwe
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11
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Peláez M, Perea R, Díaz M, San Miguel A, Rodríguez-Vigal C, Côté SD. Use of cast antlers to assess antler size variation in red deer populations: effects of mast seeding, climate and population features in Mediterranean environments. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Peláez
- Departmento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
| | - R. Perea
- Departmento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - M. Díaz
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change (BGC); Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - A. San Miguel
- Departmento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
| | | | - S. D. Côté
- Département de biologie; Centre d’études nordiques & Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d'Anticosti; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
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