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Ahmad R, Aldholmi M, Alqathama A, Al Nahab HZ, Almutawah AI. A comprehensive LCMS/MS characterization for the green extracted cucurbitane-triterpenoid glycosides from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fruit. Food Chem 2024; 445:138479. [PMID: 38387310 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
A first-time green extraction and LCMSMS analysis for karavilosides (KVs) VIII, X, and XI in different parts (skin, pith, and seed) of the fresh and dried fruit of bitter melon (BM) is reported herein. Ultrasonication for green extraction whereas, LCMS/MS for KVs quantification were used. More extract yield (675.80 ± 163.57 mg/g) was observed for the dried fruit parts compared to the fresh BM-fruit parts (513.20 ± 75.42 mg/g). The fresh skin (343.40 ± 54.07 mg/4g) and dried seeds (311.80 and 77.95 ± 38.98) exhibited more yield whereas, the solvent yield (mg/4mg) observed was; H2O (651.70) > EtOH (227.20) > EtAC (163.30) > ACT (146.80). The LCMS/MS yield for the KVs revealed a descending order; KVXI (2376.44 ppb) > KVX (639.17 ppb) > KVVIII (599.83 ppb). More correlation was seen for the solvent Vs extract yield whereas, the KVs revealed more correlation for the BM-fruit part (P = 0.05). The study comprehensively characterized the parts of fresh and dried BM-fruits in terms of extract yield and KVs amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Aldholmi
- Department of Natural Products, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aljawharah Alqathama
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan Zaki Al Nahab
- Department of Natural Products, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhassan Ibrahim Almutawah
- Department of Natural Products, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Nguyen VT, Thi Tran PT. Characterization of microencapsulated powders rich in saponins from cocoa pod husk ( Theobroma cacao L.) and medicinal plant an xoa ( Helicteres hirsuta Lour.). Heliyon 2024; 10:e32703. [PMID: 38912482 PMCID: PMC11193021 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is a major residue of cocoa processing industry, while medicinal plant H. hirsuta is used for treatment of malaria and diabetes mellitus in folk medicine. This study aimed to produce microencapsulated powders from saponin-enriched CPH and H. hirsuta extracts and assess their physicochemical, phytochemical, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibition properties. The findings show that the microencapsulated powders were achieved diserable physicochemical properties (moisture of 3.22-4.76 %, water activity of 0.43-0.46, water solubility index of 74.18-88.77 %, particle size of 254.2-719.7 nm, and zeta potential from -6.97 to -15.1 mV). The phytochemical content of microencapsulated CPH powders gained at high levels (total saponin content of 151.87-193.46 mg EE/g DS, total flavonoid content of 33.80-46.05 mg CE/g DS), total alkaloid content of 15.20-24.23 mg AA/g DS, and total phenolic content of 5.41-6.49 mg GAE/g DS). The antioxidant potential of microencapsulated CPH powders using ARSC and FRAP assays was 15.51-18.20 and 9.61-11.89 mg TE/g DS, respectively, while their α-glucosidase inhibition capacity at 100 μg/mL was found at 51.74-52.16 %. The phytochemical content (except total alkaloid content), antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of microencapsulated CPH powders were smaller than those of microencapsulated H. hirsuta and combined powders. This study reveals that the microencapsulated CPH and H. hirsuta powders were prospective in reducing hyperglycemia activity. Therefore, this study provided an evidence for further application of CPH and H. hirsuta plant for functional food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Tang Nguyen
- Group of Research, Development and Teaching on Functional Foods, Nha Trang University, 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
- Food Technology Faculty, Nha Trang University, 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
| | - Phuong Trang Thi Tran
- Group of Research, Development and Teaching on Functional Foods, Nha Trang University, 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam
- Life Science Department, University of Science and Technology of Ha Noi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
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3
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Tran CTH, Wang HMD, Anh LTH, Lin C, Huang CY, Kuo CH. Evaluate the effect of β-cyclodextrin on the sensory and physicochemical properties of bitter gourd extract during thermal processing. Food Chem 2024; 433:137394. [PMID: 37690136 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the impact of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the properties of the bitter gourd extract (BGE) under various heating conditions. In this work, the BGE and BGE supplemented with β-CD (0.75%) were heated at 60, 90, and 121 °C for 20 min before measuring the changes of bitterness, total saponin, polyphenol, antioxidant capacity, free amino acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, browning intensity, and pH. It was found that β-CD mitigated the effect of heat treatment on the BGE, especially on saponins and color. Results also showed the debittering ability of β-CD was still preserved after heating duration. The bitter-masking and defensive mechanism of β-CD was also demonstrated using FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular docking stimulation. These findings illustrated the addition of β-CD improved the thermal stability of the BGE, opening up the opportunities to incorporate BGE, which is promising in diabetes treatment but thermolabile, into heat-processed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cam Thi Hong Tran
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Le Thi Hong Anh
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yung Huang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan; Center for Aquatic Products Inspection Service, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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4
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Tran CTH, Nargotra P, Pham HTC, Lieu DM, Huynh PK, Wang HMD, Dong CD, Kuo CH. The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose and β-cyclodextrin as debittering agents on bitterness and physicochemical properties of bitter gourd extract. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:1521-1529. [PMID: 37033307 PMCID: PMC10076475 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Bitter gourd extract (BGE) is rich in antioxidants and anti-diabetic components that promote good human health; however, its bitter taste makes it challenging to use in food. In this study, the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the bitterness and properties of BGE were investigated. The bitterness intensity was evaluated by the trained sensory panel, and the physicochemical properties were also determined, including viscosity, total saponin, polyphenol content, antioxidant capacity, and α-amylase inhibition activity. It was found that the bitterness of BGE with 0.75%, w/v β-cyclodextrin decreased significantly by more than 90%. Additionally, FTIR, 1 H-NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis of BGE supplemented with β-CD confirmed the formation of a complex between β-CD and components of BGE. The findings of the current study also reveal that debittering agents did not inhibit the bioactivities of BGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cam Thi Hong Tran
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le TrongTan Street, Ho Chi Minh, Tay Thanh Ward Vietnam
| | - Parushi Nargotra
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Hoa Thi Cam Pham
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le TrongTan Street, Ho Chi Minh, Tay Thanh Ward Vietnam
| | - Dong My Lieu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le TrongTan Street, Ho Chi Minh, Tay Thanh Ward Vietnam
| | - Phung Kim Huynh
- Hutech Institute of Applied Sciences, HUTECH University, Dien Bien Phu Street, Ward 25, Ho Chi Minh, Binh Thanh Vietnam
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
- Center for Aquatic Products Inspection Service, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811 Taiwan
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5
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Fu A, Zheng Y, Guo J, Grierson D, Zhao X, Wen C, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang X, Yu Y, Ma H, Wang Q, Zuo J. Telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of bitter melon ( Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser.) reveals fruit development, composition and ripening genetic characteristics. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac228. [PMID: 36643758 PMCID: PMC9832870 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser. (Mca), known as bitter gourd or bitter melon, is a Momordica variety with medicinal value and belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. In view of the lack of genomic information on bitter gourd and other Momordica species and to promote Mca genomic research, we assembled a 295.6-Mb telomere-to-telomere (T2T) high-quality Mca genome with six gap-free chromosomes after Hi-C correction. This genome is anchored to 11 chromosomes, which is consistent with the karyotype information, and comprises 98 contigs (N50 of 25.4 Mb) and 95 scaffolds (N50 of 25.4 Mb). The Mca genome harbors 19 895 protein-coding genes, of which 45.59% constitute predicted repeat sequences. Synteny analysis revealed variations involved in fruit quality during the divergence of bitter gourd. In addition, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by high-throughput sequencing and metabolic analysis showed that momordicosides and other substances are characteristic of Mca fruit pulp. A combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed the mechanisms of pigment accumulation and cucurbitacin biosynthesis in Mca fruit peels, providing fundamental molecular information for further research on Mca fruit ripening. This report provides a new genetic resource for Momordica genomic studies and contributes additional insights into Cucurbitaceae phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Institute of Agri-food Processing and Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jian Li
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Corresponding authors: Jinhua Zuo, +861051503058; Qing Wang, ; Hong Ma,
| | - Qing Wang
- Corresponding authors: Jinhua Zuo, +861051503058; Qing Wang, ; Hong Ma,
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Corresponding authors: Jinhua Zuo, +861051503058; Qing Wang, ; Hong Ma,
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6
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Nguyen AT, Althwab SA, Qiu H, Zbasnik R, Urrea C, Carr TP, Schlegel V. Great Northern Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Lower Cholesterol in Hamsters Fed a High-Saturated-Fat Diet. J Nutr 2022; 152:2080-2087. [PMID: 35511604 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary interventions for high cholesterol, a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, are generally considered before prescribing drugs. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of whole Great Northern beans (wGNBs) and their hull (hGNB) incorporated into a high-saturated-fat (HSF) diet on cholesterol markers and hepatic/small intestinal genes involved in cholesterol regulation. METHODS Each of the 4 groups of 11 male golden Syrian hamsters at 9 wk old were fed a normal-fat [NF; 5% (wt:wt) of soybean oil], HSF [5% (wt:wt) of soybean oil + 10% (wt:wt) of coconut oil], HSF+5% (wt:wt) wGNB, or HSF+0.5% (wt:wt) hGNB diet for 4 wk. Cholesterol markers and expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and absorption were analyzed from plasma, liver, intestinal, and fecal samples. Data were analyzed by 1-factor ANOVA and Pearson correlations. RESULTS Compared with the HSF group, the HSF+wGNB group had 62% and 85% lower plasma and liver cholesterol and 3.6-fold and 1.4-fold greater fecal excretion of neutral sterol and bile acid, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). The HSF+hGNB group had 54% lower plasma triglycerides (P < 0.001) and 53% lower liver esterified cholesterol (P = 0.0002) than the HSF group. Compared with the HSF group, the expression of small intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (Npc1l1), acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (Acat2), and ATP binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 5 (Abcg5) were 75%, 70%, and 49% lower, respectively, and expression of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (Hmgr) was 11.5-fold greater in the HSF+wGNB group (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of wGNBs resulted in lower cholesterol concentration in male hamsters fed an HSF diet by promoting fecal cholesterol excretion, most likely caused by Npc1l1 and Acat2 suppression. The hGNB may partially contribute to the cholesterol-lowering effect of the wGNBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T Nguyen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA.,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Dalat University, Dalat, Vietnam
| | - Sami A Althwab
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haowen Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Richard Zbasnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Carlos Urrea
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Panhandle Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Scottsbluff, NE, USA
| | - Timothy P Carr
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Vicki Schlegel
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
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Ma J, Yang H, Chen Y, Feng X, Wu C, Long F. Purified Saponins in Momordica charantia Treated with High Hydrostatic Pressure and Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Biphasic Systems. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131930. [PMID: 35804746 PMCID: PMC9265297 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) is rich in saponins, which have multiple biological effects. In this study, the total saponins of M. charantia were extracted by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology. The optimal extraction process was determined (ethanol concentration 68%, pressure-holding time 8 min, ratio of material to solvent 1:35 and pressure 510 MPa), and the extraction amount of saponins reached 127.890 mg/g. On this basis, an ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic system was constructed to purify the total saponins. Under the optimized conditions, the purity of M. charantia saponins was 76.06%. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used to characterize the saponins in the purified extract of M. charantia. It was found that there were four kinds of saponins in the extract of M. charantia: kuguaglycoside A, momordicoside L, kuguacin B and kuguacin J, providing a basis for the study of the biological activity of saponins.
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8
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Physicochemical properties of saponin containing Acanthophyllum laxiusculum extract: example application in foam stability and qualitative parameters for malt beverage industry. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:1577-1587. [PMID: 35250081 PMCID: PMC8882519 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous Extract of Acanthophyllum laxiusculum root (AE) exhibited remarkable foaming profile, emulsification properties and antifungal activity due to the presence of high concentration of total saponins. Total phenolic compounds, another main component, accounted for the AE antioxidant activity. Spray drying of AE, as a thermal process, did not affect the foaming indices of A. laxiusculum Spray-dried Extract (SE) and is a recommended alternate for convenient application in food industry. Addition of SE to the malt extract at accepted levels of total saponin daily intake (below 50 mg/kg) showed positive attribution of malt and carbonation on the foaming quality of SE. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity of commercial malt beverage was enhanced by addition of phenolic compounds containing SE. The 20-60% antifungal inhibitory ratio of the SE developed here is within the applied range of total saponin that supports its application to inhibit the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae after malt beverage production. The bitter taste of SE was not sensed in malt beverage at 30 mg/kg total saponin content and suggested A. laxiusculum root extract as a natural additive in malt industry.
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9
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Kha TC, Nguyen CT, Tran LT, Truong TT. Effects of pretreatment and air drying temperature on Noni fruit powder. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1519-1526. [PMID: 34868701 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00982-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) has been the subject of several recent research due to its positive impact on the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases. Noni fruits contain a variety of phytochemicals, including flavonoid, polyphenol, and triterpenoid saponin. This study aimed to determine the best pre-treatment (including blanching, soaking in ascorbic acid solution and metabisulfite solution) and air-drying temperature (50, 60, 70, and 80 °C) to maximize the total polyphenol content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and triterpenoid saponin contents (TSC) of the resultant Noni fruit powder. The results revealed that pre-soaked Noni fruit samples in ascorbic acid or metabisulfite solution before air-drying at 60 °C were beneficial in preserving TPC, TFC, and TSC. TPC, TFC, and TSC losses increased as drying temperatures (70 and 80 °C) rose. The optimum sample was held at five different relative humidity conditions until they attained weight equilibrium. The results indicated that the sorption isotherm curve of the Noni powder was the sigmoid shape and fitted with the BET and GAB models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen Chan Kha
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Cong Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Finance and Accounting, Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai, 76000 Vietnam
| | - Luyen Thi Tran
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Trung Tan Truong
- Institute of Research and Applied Technological Science (IRATS), Dong Nai Technology University, Nguyen Khuyen Str., Quarter 5, Trang Dai Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province 76000 Vietnam
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10
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Gao Y, Li X, Huang Y, Chen J, Qiu M. Bitter Melon and Diabetes Mellitus. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1923733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yanjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - Jianchao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - Minghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
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11
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Ng CY, Wang M. The functional ingredients of quinoa (
Chenopodium quinoa
) and physiological effects of consuming quinoa: A review. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yi Ng
- Food and Nutritional Science Program School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Food and Nutritional Science Program School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong P. R. China
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12
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Lea CS, Simhadri C, Bradbury SG, Wulff JE, Constabel CP. Efficient purification of the diarylheptanoid oregonin from red alder (Alnus rubra) leaves and bark combining aqueous extraction, spray drying and flash-chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:554-561. [PMID: 33094496 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diarylheptanoid xyloside oregonin ((5S)-1,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(β-d-xylopyranosyloxy)-heptan-3-one) has significant medicinal potential and is found at high concentration in leaves and bark of red alder (Alnus rubra). OBJECTIVES To establish inexpensive and easily scaled methods for the extraction and purification of oregonin from timber by-products. METHODS We developed a method combining aqueous extraction with spray drying of red alder extract into a powder, thus reducing the need for organic solvents used in traditional Soxhlet extraction or in solvent partitioning. Flash chromatography was utilised to purify oregonin from crude spray-dried alder extract. RESULTS Crude spray-dried alder extract was comprised of an average of 9% of the diarylheptanoid compound oregonin. Less than 10% thermal degradation of oregonin was observed using extraction temperatures between 25°C and 50°C, followed by spray drying. The structure of purified oregonin was validated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). CONCLUSION The developed method was robust, repeatable, and yielded purified oregonin of greater than > 95% purity (average of 95.8%). Our analysis represents the most complete NMR characterisation of oregonin reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S Lea
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada
- Ecosafe Natural Products Inc, Saanichton, B.C, Canada
| | | | | | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada
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Kunatsa Y, Katerere DR. Checklist of African Soapy Saponin-Rich Plants for Possible Use in Communities' Response to Global Pandemics. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050842. [PMID: 33922037 PMCID: PMC8143558 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants that exhibit foaming properties when agitated in aqueous solutions are commonly referred to as soapy plants, and they are used in different communities for washing, bathing, and hair shampooing. The frothing ability of these plants is attributed to saponins which are also well-documented to possess antimicrobial attributes. In the light of COVID-19, soap and hand hygiene have taken center stage. The pandemic has also revealed the low access to running water and commercial soaps in many marginalized and poor communities to the detriment of global health. Thus, soapy plants, either in their natural form or through incorporation in commercial products, may be a relevant additional weapon to assist communities to improve hand hygiene and contribute to curbing COVID-19 and other communicable infections. This review paper was compiled from a review of literature that was published between 1980 and 2020. We found 68 plant species, including those which are already used as traditional soaps. Our findings support the potential use of extracts from soapy plants because of their putative viricidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal activities for use in crude home-based formulations and possibly for developing natural commercial soap products.
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Nguyen VT, Le MD, Nguyen TTT, Khong TT, Nguyen VH, Nguyen HN, Huynh BND, Tran HTM, Trang TS. Microwave‐assisted extraction for optimizing saponin yield and antioxidant capacity from cacao pod husk (
Theobroma cacao
L.). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Tang Nguyen
- Research, Development and Teaching Group on Functional Foods Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
- Faculty of Food Technology Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
| | - Minh Duong Le
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Bac Lieu Vietnam
- Department of Marine Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Trang Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Research, Development and Teaching Group on Functional Foods Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
| | - Thang Trung Khong
- Research, Development and Teaching Group on Functional Foods Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
| | - Van Hoa Nguyen
- Research, Development and Teaching Group on Functional Foods Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
| | - Huu Nghia Nguyen
- Research, Development and Teaching Group on Functional Foods Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
| | - Bao Nguyen Duy Huynh
- Research, Development and Teaching Group on Functional Foods Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
- Faculty of Food Technology Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
| | - Hanh Thi My Tran
- Research, Development and Teaching Group on Functional Foods Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
| | - Trung Si Trang
- Research, Development and Teaching Group on Functional Foods Nha Trang University Nha Trang Vietnam
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15
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Chakraborty R, Sabruna S, Roy R, Majumdar S, Roy S. Banana pseudostem substitution in wheat flour biscuits enriches the nutritional and antioxidative properties with considerable acceptability. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBiscuits prepared from composite flours substituted with unconventional plant resources have been considered important for enriching the overall nutritional quality. The present study was undertaken to explore the potential of banana pseudostem flour for the valorization of wheat flour biscuits. At the same time, the study attempts to address the problem of bioresource wastage as huge amounts of banana pseudostem are wasted every year after harvesting of the fruits. In this study, composite flours were prepared by partially substituting wheat flour with banana pseudostem core flour (BPF10, BPF20, BPF30) in different proportions (10, 20, 30% w/w), and biscuits were prepared from these composite flour formulations. Analyses of the physicochemical properties, pasting properties, colour and texture, quantification of phytochemicals and antioxidant properties, and overall sensory evaluation of the flours and biscuits were performed for comparative evaluation. BPF-substituted composite flours showed higher moisture and ash content, pasting temperature and water and oil absorption capacity. BPF-fortified biscuits were found to be rich in ash content, protein, proline, antioxidative phytochemicals, viz. phenols, flavonoids, tannins, ascorbate, and alkaloids, whereas fat, moisture content, and viscosity were comparatively lower than that of the control (wheat flour biscuits). Significant free radical scavenging activities of the BPF-substituted biscuits were also observed. Colour and texture analysis showed desirable changes in lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C*), fracturability, and hardness of the BPF-substituted biscuits. Most importantly, considering the sensory characteristics like taste and crispiness, control and BPF10 biscuits were highly comparable. Therefore, the formulation of BPF-substituted biscuits presents an effective way to utilize banana pseudostems, which is also rich in nutraceutical and antioxidative properties.
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16
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Abstract
Saponins from Momordica charantia L. are a class of triterpenoid glucoside molecules that contribute to the bitter flavour of the plant and possess pharmacological properties. However, little is known about how the bioactivity and bitter flavour of saponins are affected by thermal processing. We established saponin profiles in bitter gourd extracts using a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Seven saponins including momordicoside F1, momordicoside F2, momordicoside I, momordicoside K, momordicoside L, 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5, 23(E)-dien-19-al, and momordicine I were monitored for the effects of thermal processing on their stabilities. The results showed that both 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al and momordicoside L were extremely sensitive to heat treatment, particularly when they were heated at 100°C for more than 10 mins and under 121°C for 20 mins. Other saponins were reduced significantly by autoclaving, but they remained unchanged at lower temperatures. In conclusion, specific bitter gourd saponins are affected by thermal treatment, which may modify the bioactive components or bitter flavour of the bitter gourd extracts.
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17
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Development and characterization of functional electrohydrodynamic particles and fibers using bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) extract. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Wang L, Clardy A, Hui D, Gao A, Wu Y. Antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Chinese and Indian bitter melons (Momordica charantia L.). FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Nguyen AT, Althwab S, Qiu H, Zbasnik R, Urrea C, Carr TP, Schlegel V. Pinto Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Lower Non-HDL Cholesterol in Hamsters Fed a Diet Rich in Saturated Fat and Act on Genes Involved in Cholesterol Homeostasis. J Nutr 2019; 149:996-1003. [PMID: 31006805 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pinto beans contain multiple active agents such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins, and have been shown to lower cholesterol, but the mechanisms involved in this effect have not been explored. OBJECTIVE This study was to investigate the changes in cholesterol metabolism in response to whole pinto beans (wPB) and their hulls (hPB) supplemented into a diet rich in saturated fat and the molecular mechanisms potentially responsible for these effects in hamsters. METHODS Forty-four 9-wk-old male Golden Syrian hamsters were randomly assigned to 4 diet groups (n = 11), including a 5% (wt:wt) fat diet [normal-fat diet (NF)], a 15% (wt:wt) fat diet [diet rich in saturated fat (HSF), saturated fatty acids accounted for 70% of total fatty acids], or HSF supplemented with 5% (wt:wt) wPB or 0.5% (wt:wt) hPB for 4 wk. Plasma, liver, intestinal, and fecal samples were collected to evaluate multiple cholesterol markers and gene targets. RESULTS The plasma non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) concentration was significantly reduced in the wPB- and hPB-supplemented groups by 31.9 ± 3.5% and 53.6 ± 3.2%, respectively, compared with the HSF group (P < 0.01), to concentrations comparable with the NF group. The wPB-supplemented hamsters had significantly lower liver cholesterol (45.1%, P < 0.001) and higher fecal cholesterol concentrations (94.8%, P = 0.001) than those fed the HSF. The expressions of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (Hmgcr) and small intestinal acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (Acat2) were significantly decreased in animals administered wPB (by 89.1% and 63.8%, respectively) and hPB (by 72.9% and 47.7%, respectively) compared with their HSF-fed counterparts (P < 0.05). The wPB normalized the expression of Acat2 to the level of the NF group. CONCLUSION Pinto beans remediated high cholesterol induced by HSF in male hamsters by decreasing hepatic cholesterol synthesis and intestinal cholesterol absorption, effects which were partially exerted by the hulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Tien Nguyen
- Department of Food Science and Technology.,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Dalat University, Dalat, Vietnam
| | - Sami Althwab
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haowen Qiu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences
| | | | - Carlos Urrea
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Optimised Extraction of Trypsin Inhibitors from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds for Production of a Trypsin Inhibitor‐Enriched Freeze Dried Powder. SEPARATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The seeds of the Gac fruit, Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng, are rich in trypsin inhibitors (TIs) but their optimal extraction and the effects of freeze drying are not established. This study aims to (1) compare aqueous solvents (DI water, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02 M NaOH and ACN)/water/FA, 25:24:1) for extracting TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder, (2) to optimise the extraction in terms of solvent, time and material to solvent ratio and (3) to produce a TI-enriched freeze-dried powder (FD-TIP) with good characteristics. Based on the specific TI activity (TIA), the optimal extraction was 1 h using a ratio of 2.0 g of defatted powder in 30 mL of 0.05 M NaCl. The optimisation improved the TIA and specific TIA by 8% and 13%, respectively. The FD-TIP had a high specific TIA (1.57 ± 0.17 mg trypsin/mg protein), although it also contained saponins (43.6 ± 2.3 mg AE/g) and phenolics (10.5 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g). The FD-TIP was likely stable during storage due to its very low moisture content (0.43 ± 0.08%) and water activity (0.18 ± 0.07) and its ability to be easily reconstituted in water due to its high solubility index (92.4 ± 1.5%). Therefore, the optimal conditions for the extraction of TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder followed by freeze drying gave a high quality powder in terms of its highly specific TIA and physical properties.
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21
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Park KI, Nitasaka E, Hoshino A. Anthocyanin mutants of Japanese and common morning glories exhibit normal proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:259-266. [PMID: 31819731 PMCID: PMC6879366 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0613a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathways are believed to overlap. This study examined proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats of morning glories (Ipomoea nil and I. purpurea) carrying mutations in CHS-D, CHI, and ANS genes encoding chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and anthocyanidin synthase, respectively. Chemical staining revealed that mutants accumulate proanthocyanidin normally. Thus, the tested genes are not essential to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, but are essential to anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers and stems. Based on the results and the I. nil draft genome sequence, the genes involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, including a new copy of the flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene could be predicted. Moreover, the genome has no homologs for known enzymes involved in producing flavan-3-ols, the starter and extension units of proanthocyanidin. These results suggested that I. nil produces flavan-3-ols through an undiscovered biosynthesis pathway. To characterize proanthocyanidin pigmentation further, we conducted mutant screening using a large I. nil population. We discovered that the brown mutant lines (exhibiting brown seeds and normal anthocyanin pigmentation) do not accumulate proanthocyanidin in their seed coats. Thus, the brown mutation should be useful for further investigations into the various mechanisms controlling anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeung Il Park
- Department of Horticulture & Life Science, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Eiji Nitasaka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444–8585, Japan
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22
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Le AV, Huynh TT, Parks SE, Nguyen MH, Roach PD. Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac ( Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E104. [PMID: 30231502 PMCID: PMC6164636 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds have long been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for numerous conditions due to a range of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the solvent extraction of compounds that could be responsible for antioxidant activity and anticancer potential. Methods: Defatted Gac seed kernel powder was extracted with different solvents: 100% water, 50% methanol:water, 70% ethanol:water, water saturated butanol, 100% methanol, and 100% ethanol. Trypsin inhibitors, saponins, phenolics, and antioxidant activity using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; and anticancer potential against two melanoma cancer cell lines (MM418C1 and D24) were analysed to determine the best extraction solvents. Results: Water was best for extracting trypsin inhibitors (581.4 ± 18.5 mg trypsin/mg) and reducing the viability of MM418C1 and D24 melanoma cells (75.5 ± 1.3 and 66.9 ± 2.2%, respectively); the anticancer potential against the MM418C1 cells was highly correlated with trypsin inhibitors (r = 0.92, p < 0.05), but there was no correlation between anticancer potential and antioxidant activity. The water saturated butanol had the highest saponins (71.8 ± 4.31 mg aescin equivalents/g), phenolic compounds (20.4 ± 0.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), and antioxidant activity, but these measures were not related to anticancer potential. Conclusions: Water yielded a Gac seed extract, rich in trypsin inhibitors, which had high anticancer potential against two melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh V Le
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Faculty of Bio-Food Technology and Environment, University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Tien T Huynh
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - Sophie E Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Paul D Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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Abstract
The colorimetric assay used for saponin quantification in plant extracts is subject to interference by common solvents used to extract the saponins from plant materials. Therefore, the degree of interference of ten common solvents was investigated. It was found that the presence of acetone, methanol and n-butanol in the reaction solution caused an intense darkening of the reaction solution in the absence of saponins, which likely could lead to erroneous saponin content values. Using aescin to construct standard curves with different solvents—such as water, ethanol, and methanol— also showed significant differences in the standard curves obtained, which led to different values when they were applied to quantify the saponin content of an ethanol extract from dried and powdered Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seed kernels. To improve the method, a solvent evaporation step was added prior to the colorisation reaction to prevent undesired solvent interference during the reaction step. Using this modified protocol for the aescin standard curve and the Gac seed kernel extract eliminated any solvent interference. Thus, this improved protocol is recommended for the quantification of the saponin content of plant extracts irrespective of which extraction solvent is used.
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Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations5030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine a suitable solvent and extraction technique for recovery of important compounds, namely, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, and phenolics. The antioxidant capacity and total solids of derived extracts were also measured. Water with conventional extraction method gave the highest value of trypsin inhibitor activity (118.45 ± 4.90 mg trypsin g−1) while water-saturated n-butanol and methanol extracts were characterized by their highest content of saponins (40.75 ± 0.31 and 38.80 ± 2.82 mg AE g−1, respectively). Aqueous extract with microwave assistance achieved the highest phenolics (3.18 ± 0.04 mg GAE g−1). As a measure of antioxidant capacity, the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay gave highest value to the aqueous microwave extract (23.56 ± 0.82 μmol TE g−1) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay gave highest values to water-saturated n-butanol and 70% ethanol extracts (5.25 ± 0.04 and 4.71 ± 0.39 μmol TE g−1, respectively). The total solids value was highest using water with microwave assistance (141.5 g kg−1) while ultrasound treatment did not improve any extractions. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are suitably recovered using water while water-saturated n-butanol or methanol is for saponins, both using a conventional method. Microwave extraction is suitable for phenolics recovery. These conditions are recommended for an efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from defatted Gac seeds.
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Le AV, Parks SE, Nguyen MH, Roach PD. Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac ( Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030070. [PMID: 29970816 PMCID: PMC6165236 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain saponins that are reportedly medicinal. It was hypothesised that the extraction of saponins from powdered Gac seed kernels could be optimised using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with ethanol as the extraction solvent. The aim was to determine an appropriate ethanol concentration, ratio of solvent to seed powder and microwave power and time for extraction. Whether or not defatting the Gac seed powder had an impact on the extraction of saponins, was also determined. Methods: Ethanol concentrations ranged from 60–100% were used to compare total saponins content (TSC) extracted from full-fat and defatted Gac seeds. Ratios of solvent to Gac seeds ranged from 10 to 100 mL g−1 and microwave conditions ranged from 1–4 cycles at power levels ranged from 360–720 W, were examined successively to evaluate their efficiency in extracting saponins from full-fat Gac seeds. Results: A four-fold higher of TSC was obtained in extracts from full-fat Gac seed powder than from defatted powder (100 vs. 26 mg aescin equivalents (AE) per gram of Gac seeds). The optimal parameters for the extraction of saponins were a ratio of 30 mL of 100% absolute ethanol per g of full-fat Gac seed powder with the microwave set at 360 W for three irradiation cycles of 10 s power ON and 15 s power OFF per cycle. Conclusions: Gac seed saponins could be efficiently extracted using MAE. Full-fat powder of the seed kernels is recommended to be used for a better yield of saponins. The optimised MAE conditions are recommended for the extraction of enriched saponins from Gac seeds for potential application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh V Le
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Faculty of Bio-Food Technology and Environment, University of Technology (HUTECH), HCMC 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Sophie E Parks
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- Central Coast Primary Industries Centre, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
| | - Minh H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Paul D Roach
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.
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Tchabo W, Ma Y, Kwaw E, Xiao L, Wu M, T. Apaliya M. Impact of extraction parameters and their optimization on the nutraceuticals and antioxidant properties of aqueous extract mulberry leaf. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1446025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Tchabo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yongkun Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Emmanuel Kwaw
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Maurice T. Apaliya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
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Porsche FM, Molitor D, Beyer M, Charton S, André C, Kollar A. Antifungal Activity of Saponins from the Fruit Pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi against Venturia inaequalis and Botrytis cinerea. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:991-1000. [PMID: 30673376 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-17-0906-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal activity of an aqueous extract (AE) and the solid fraction of a chloroform-methanol fruit pericarp extract (CME) of Sapindus mukorossi resolved in water was tested for the first time against Venturia inaequalis and Botrytis cinerea-two important fungal pathogens worldwide. In the greenhouse, a CME (1% vol/vol) spray significantly reduced V. inaequalis symptoms and sporulation (99%) on apple seedling leaves (P ≤ 0.05). In field trials, applications of AE (1% vol/vol) reduced the disease severity of B. cinerea on grape, on average, by 63%. Extracts were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography and the bioefficacy of the fractions was tested in vitro. Some components of the most fungicidal fraction were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry as saponins: sapindoside B (accounting for ≥98% of the total constituents), hederagenin-pentosylhexoside, and oleanolic acid-hexosyl-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside. This fraction inhibited the mycelial growth of V. inaequalis and B. cinerea by 45 and 43%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska M Porsche
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Molitor
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marco Beyer
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sophie Charton
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christelle André
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Andreas Kollar
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture
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Richmond RA, Vuong QV, Scarlett CJ. Cytotoxic Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Fractions on Pancreatic Cancer Cells in vitro. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2:1-11. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nguyen VT, Bowyer MC, Van Altena IA, Scarlett CJ. Microwave-assisted extraction as an advanced technique for optimization of saponin yield and antioxidant potential from Phyllanthus amarus. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1374972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Tang Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
| | - Michael C. Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian A. Van Altena
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
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Khatib A, Perumal V, Ahmed QU, Uzir BF, Abas F, Murugesu S. Characterization of Antioxidant Activity ofMomordica CharantiaFruit by Infrared-Based Fingerprinting. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1261877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswari Perumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
| | - Bisha Fathamah Uzir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Suganya Murugesu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang DM, Malaysia
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Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Crude Extracts and Fractions from Phyllanthus amarus. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4020042. [PMID: 28930257 PMCID: PMC5590078 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background:Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus) has been used as a medicinal plant for the prevention and treatment of chronic ailments such as diabetes, hepatitis, and cancer. Methods: The physicochemical properties, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of crude extracts and fractions from P. amarus were determined using spectrophotometric method. Results: The P. amarus methanol (PAM) extract had lower levels of residual moisture (7.40%) and water activity (0.24) and higher contents of saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins (1657.86 mg escin equivalents, 250.45 mg gallic acid equivalents, 274.73 mg rutin equivalents and 61.22 mg catechin equivalents per g dried extract, respectively) than those of the P. amarus water (PAW) extract. The antioxidant activity of PAM extract was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the PAW extract, PAM fractions, and phyllanthin (known as a major compound in the P. amarus). Higher cytotoxic activity of PAM extract based on MTT assay on different cell lines including MiaPaCa-2 (pancreas), HT29 (colon), A2780 (ovarian), H460 (lung), A431 (skin), Du145 (prostate), BE2-C (neuroblastoma), MCF-7 (breast), MCF-10A (normal breast), and U87, SJ-G2, SMA (glioblastoma) was observed in comparison to the PAW extract and PAM fractions. The cytotoxic potential of the PAW extract (200 μg/mL), based on the CCK-8 assay on a pancreatic cancer cell line (MiaCaPa2) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of gemcitabine (50 nM) and a saponin-enriched extract from quillajia bark at 200 μg/mL (a commercial product), but was significantly higher than that of phyllanthin at 2 μg/mL. Conclusions: The results achieved from this study reveal that the PA extracts are a potential source for the development of natural antioxidant products and/or novel anticancer drugs.
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Nguyen VT, Sakoff JA, Scarlett CJ. Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Xao Tam Phan (Paramignya trimera) Root Extract and Its Fractions. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Tang Nguyen
- Faculty of Science and Information Technology; School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Department of Food Technology; Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University; No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
| | - Jennette A. Sakoff
- Department of Medical Oncology; Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital; Waratah NSW 2298 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- Faculty of Science and Information Technology; School of Environmental and Life Sciences; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
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Pham HNT, Vuong QV, Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. Effect of extraction solvents and thermal drying methods on bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of Catharanthus roseus
(L.) G. Don (Patricia White cultivar). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ngoc Thuy Pham
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University, No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu street; Nha Trang City Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
| | - Quan Van Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Michael C. Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
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Pham HNT, Tang Nguyen V, Van Vuong Q, Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. Bioactive Compound Yield and Antioxidant Capacity ofHelicteres hirsutaLour. Stem as Affected by Various Solvents and Drying Methods. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ngoc Thuy Pham
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University; No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu street Nha Trang City Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
| | - Van Tang Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University; No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu street Nha Trang City Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
| | - Quan Van Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Michael C. Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW 2258 Australia
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Nguyen VT, Vuong QV, Bowyer MC, Van Altena IA, Scarlett CJ. Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Saponins and Antioxidant Capacity from Xao Tam Phan (Paramignya trimera) Root. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Tang Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle; Ourimbah New South Wales 2258 Australia
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University; No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
| | - Quan V. Vuong
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University; No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
| | - Michael C. Bowyer
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University; No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
| | - Ian A. Van Altena
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University; No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; Nha Trang University; No. 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Nha Trang Khanh Hoa 8458 Vietnam
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Kang J, Zeng B, Tang S, Wang M, Han X, Zhou C, Yan Q, He Z, Liu J, Tan Z. Effects of Momordica charantia Saponins on In vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Population. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:500-8. [PMID: 26949950 PMCID: PMC4782084 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Momordica charantia saponin (MCS) on ruminal fermentation of maize stover and abundance of selected microbial populations in vitro. Five levels of MCS supplements (0, 0.01, 0.06, 0.30, 0.60 mg/mL) were tested. The pH, NH3-N, and volatile fatty acid were measured at 6, 24, 48 h of in vitro mixed incubation fluids, whilst the selected microbial populations were determined at 6 and 24 h. The high dose of MCS increased the initial fractional rate of degradation at t-value = 0 (FRD0) and the fractional rate of gas production (k), but decreased the theoretical maximum of gas production (V F) and the half-life (t0.5) compared with the control. The NH3-N concentration reached the lowest concentration with 0.01 mg MCS/mL at 6 h. The MSC inclusion increased (p<0.001) the molar proportion of butyrate, isovalerate at 24 h and 48 h, and the molar proportion of acetate at 24 h, but then decreased (p<0.05) them at 48 h. The molar proportion of valerate was increased (p<0.05) at 24 h. The acetate to propionate ratio (A/P; linear, p<0.01) was increased at 24 h, but reached the least value at the level of 0.30 mg/mL MCS. The MCS inclusion decreased (p<0.05) the molar proportion of propionate at 24 h and then increased it at 48 h. The concentration of total volatile fatty acid was decreased (p<0.001) at 24 h, but reached the greatest concentration at the level of 0.01 mg/mL and the least concentration at the level of 0.60 mg/mL. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus albus was increased at 6 h and 24 h, and the relative abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes was the lowest (p<0.05) at 0.60 mg/mL at 6 h and 24 h. The relative abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and fungus reached the greatest value (p<0.05) at low doses of MCS inclusion and the least value (p<0.05) at 0.60 mg/mL at 24 h. The present results demonstrates that a high level of MCS quickly inhibits in vitro fermentation of maize stover, while MCS at low doses has the ability to modulate the ruminal fermentation pattern by regulating the number of functional rumen microbes including cellulolytic bacteria and fungi populations, and may have potential as a feed additive applied in the diets of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Kang
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xuefeng Han
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qiongxian Yan
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jinfu Liu
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Department of Food Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
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Optimising the Encapsulation of an Aqueous Bitter Melon Extract by Spray-Drying. Foods 2015; 4:400-419. [PMID: 28231214 PMCID: PMC5224546 DOI: 10.3390/foods4030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to optimise the encapsulation of an aqueous bitter melon extract by spray-drying with maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA). The response surface methodology models accurately predicted the process yield and retentions of bioactive concentrations and activity (R2 > 0.87). The optimal formulation was predicted and validated as 35% (w/w) stock solution (MD:GA, 1:1) and a ratio of 1.5:1 g/g of the extract to the stock solution. The spray-dried powder had a high process yield (66.2% ± 9.4%) and high retention (>79.5% ± 8.4%) and the quality of the powder was high. Therefore, the bitter melon extract was well encapsulated into a powder using MD/GA and spray-drying.
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Tan SP, Kha TC, Parks SE, Stathopoulos CE, Roach PD. Effects of the spray-drying temperatures on the physiochemical properties of an encapsulated bitter melon aqueous extract powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tan SP, Kha TC, Parks SE, Roach PD. Bitter melon (Momordica charantiaL.) bioactive composition and health benefits: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1057843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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