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de Moura C, Vieira do Carmo MA, Xu YQ, Azevedo L, Granato D. Anthocyanin-rich extract from purple tea: Chemical stability, cellular antioxidant activity, and protection of human erythrocytes and plasma. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100701. [PMID: 38435275 PMCID: PMC10906145 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain an anthocyanin extract from the purple leaves of Camellia sinensis cv. Zijuan using a sustainable, non-toxic, and low-cost solid-liquid extraction, employing an aqueous citric acid solution (0.2 mol/L) as the extracting solvent, and to evaluate its chemical stability at different pH values, as well as its in vitro antioxidant properties in chemical and biological terms. The phenolic composition, in vitro antioxidant activity, and the stability of anthocyanins against pH, temperature, and light of the crude extract (CE) were evaluated, as well as the phenolic composition and bioactivity in the crude lyophilised extract (CLE). In the direct/reverse spectrophotometric titration, anthocyanins showed structural changes between pH 2 and 10, and reversibility of 80%. The antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical showed inhibition percentages of 73% (pH 4.5) to 39% (pH 10). Thermal stability was observed at 60 °C, and prolonged exposure of the extract to light caused photodegradation of the anthocyanins. Thirty-three phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and catechins, were quantified in the CLE by UPLC-ESI-MS and HPLC, totalling 40.18 mg/g. CLE reduced cell viability (IC50 from 18.1 to 52.5 μg GAE/mL), exerted antiproliferative (GI50 from 0.0006 to 17.0 μg GAE/mL) and cytotoxic (LC50 from 33.2 to 89.9 μg GAE/mL) effects against A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells), HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), HCT8 (ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma), and Eahy926 (somatic cell hybrid cells); and showed protection against oxidation of human plasma (635 ± 30 mg AAE/g). The results showed the diversity of compounds in the extracts and their potential for technological applications; however, temperature, pH, and light must be considered to avoid diminishing their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Moura
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araújo Vieira do Carmo
- LANTIN – Laboratory of Nutritional and Toxicological Analyses in vitro and in vivo, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- LANTIN – Laboratory of Nutritional and Toxicological Analyses in vitro and in vivo, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity & Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX, Limerick, Ireland
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de Moura C, Kabbas Junior T, Mendanha Cruz T, Boscacci Marques M, Araújo Vieira do Carmo M, Turnes Pasini Deolindo C, Daguer H, Azevedo L, Xu YQ, Granato D. Sustainable and effective approach to recover antioxidant compounds from purple tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica cv. Zijuan) leaves. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112402. [PMID: 36737984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis var. assamica cv. Zijuan (purple tea) is known for its content of anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and bioactivities. This study aimed to verify the influence of solvent polarity, in a solid-liquid extraction, on the content of phenolic compounds and chlorophylls, instrumental color, and antioxidant activity. Different proportions of water and ethanol (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 v/v) were used for extraction. The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract (75 % ethanol + 25 % water) had the highest contents of total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, chlorophyll A, and total carotenoids, as well as presenting the highest color intensity, proportion of yellow pigments, and antioxidant activity (total reducing capacity and scavenging of the DPPH free radical). Twenty-two compounds were identified, with chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, and isoquercitrin being the main phenolics. This phenolic-rich extract inhibited lipoperoxidation induced in egg yolk homogenate (IC50 = 455 mg/L), showed no hemolytic behavior when human erythrocytes were subjected to osmotic stress, and exerted in vitro cytotoxic effects against cancer and hybrid cells. The extract obtained with the mixture of non-toxic solvents presented critical bioactivities, as well as a comprehensive identification of phenolic compounds in the cultivar, and has potential to be used in technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Moura
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Tufy Kabbas Junior
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendanha Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariza Boscacci Marques
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Turnes Pasini Deolindo
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply (MAPA), Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, 88102-600 São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply (MAPA), Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, 88102-600 São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 714, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity & Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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Aspalathin and Other Rooibos Flavonoids Trapped α-Dicarbonyls and Inhibited Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314738. [PMID: 36499065 PMCID: PMC9738946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive dietary intake of simple sugars and abnormal metabolism in certain diseases contribute to the increased production of α-dicarbonyls (α-DCs), such as methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO), the main precursors of the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs play a vital role, for example, in the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Aspalathus linearis (Burman f.) R. Dahlgren (known as rooibos tea) exhibits a wide range of activities beneficial for cardio-metabolic health. Thus, the present study aims to investigate unfermented and fermented rooibos extracts and their constituents for the ability to trap MGO and GO. The individual compounds identified in extracts were tested for the capability to inhibit AGEs (with MGO or GO as a glycation agent). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (UHPLC-ESI-MS) was used to investigate α-DCs' trapping capacities. To evaluate the antiglycation activity, fluorescence measurement was used. The extract from the unfermented rooibos showed a higher ability to capture MGO/GO and inhibit AGE formation than did the extract from fermented rooibos, and this effect was attributed to a higher content of dihydrochalcones. The compounds detected in the extracts, such as aspalathin, nothofagin, vitexin, isovitexin, and eriodictyol, as well as structurally related phloretin and phloroglucinol (formed by the biotransformation of certain flavonoids), trapped MGO, and some also trapped GO. AGE formation was inhibited the most by isovitexin. However, it was the high content of aspalathin and its higher efficiency than that of metformin that determined the antiglycation and trapping properties of green rooibos. Therefore, A. linearis, in addition to other health benefits, could potentially be used as an α-DC trapping agent and AGE inhibitor.
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Liu F, Wang R, Chen Y, Geng R, Gao H, Wang F, Liu X, Li W. Structural characterization of a pectic polysaccharide from laoshan green tea and its inhibitory effects on the production of NO, TNF- α and IL-6. Nat Prod Res 2022; 37:1797-1805. [PMID: 36083622 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel pectic polysaccharide, named GTPS3-1, was isolated and purified from Laoshan green tea polysaccharide (GTPS) through DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 columns, its structure was characterized and its anti-inflammatory activity was explored. GTPS3-1, with a molecular weight of 26.05 kDa, was mainly composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, rhamnose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 4.72:2.5:1.68:1 on the basis of monosaccharide composition. Structural analysis results revealed that GTPS3-1 was a highly branched pectin consisting of →3)-Galp-(1→, →2)-Rhap-(1→, →3,5)-Araf-(1→, →3)-Rhap-(1→, GalpA-(1→, →3,4)-Galp-(1→, →4)-GalpA-(1→, →5)-Araf-(1→, →2,4)-Rhap-(1→, Rhap-(1→ and Araf-(1→ according to FT-IR, methylation and NMR analyses. In addition, GTPS3-1 inhibited the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner, which resulted in the amelioration of inflammatory injury in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. These results would provide a theoretical basis for practical application of the novel polysaccharide as an anti-inflammatory adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Rongshen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Rui Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
| | - Wanzhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, P.R. China
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Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of water extract from black cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla). Food Res Int 2022; 161:111831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu D, Wang K, Xue X, Wen Q, Qin S, Suo Y, Liang M. The Effects of Different Processing Methods on the Levels of Biogenic Amines in Zijuan Tea. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091260. [PMID: 35563983 PMCID: PMC9103763 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of processing methods on the content of biogenic amines in Zijuan tea by using derivatization and hot trichloroacetic acid extraction with HPLC-UV. The results showed that the most abundant biogenic amine in the original leaves was butylamine, followed by ethylamine, methylamine, 1,7-diaminoheptane, histamine, tyramine, and 2-phenethylamine. However, during the process of producing green tea, white tea, and black tea, the content of ethylamine increased sharply, which directly led to their total contents of biogenic amines increasing by 184.4%, 169.3%, and 178.7% compared with that of the original leaves, respectively. Unexpectedly, the contents of methylamine, ethylamine, butylamine, and tyramine in dark tea were significantly reduced compared with those of the original leaves. Accordingly, the total content of biogenic amines in dark tea was only 161.19 μg/g, a reduction of 47.2% compared with that of the original leaves, indicating that the pile-fermentation process could significantly degrade the biogenic amines present in dark tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Institute of Resource Plants, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (D.L.); (K.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Kang Wang
- Institute of Resource Plants, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (D.L.); (K.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiaoran Xue
- Institute of Resource Plants, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (D.L.); (K.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Qiang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, China;
| | - Shiwen Qin
- Institute of Resource Plants, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (D.L.); (K.W.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (Y.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65926940 (S.Q. & Y.S.)
| | - Yukai Suo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, China;
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (Y.S.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65926940 (S.Q. & Y.S.)
| | - Mingzhi Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China;
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Gao M, Peng X, Tang J, Deng J, Wang F, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Kan H, Liu Y. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Camellia fascicularis Polyphenols via Attenuation of NF-κB and MAPK Pathways in LPS-Induced THP-1 Macrophages. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:851-864. [PMID: 35177920 PMCID: PMC8843420 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s349981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Plant polyphenols possess beneficial functions against various diseases. This study aimed to identify phenolic ingredients in Camellia fascicularis (C. fascicularis) and investigate its possible underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human monocytes (THP-1) macrophages. Methods C. fascicularis polyphenols (CFP) were characterized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass/mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS). The THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages under the stimulation of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and then treated with LPS to build a cellular inflammation model. The cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by flow cytometry. The secretion and expression of inflammatory cytokines were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. Results Twelve phenolic constituents including (–)-epicatechin, casuariin, agastachoside, etc. in CFP were identified. The CCK-8 assay showed that CFP exhibited no significant cytotoxicity between 100 and 300 μg/mL. After treated with CFP, the release of ROS was significantly suppressed. CFP inhibited inflammation in macrophages by attenuating the polarization of LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages, down-regulating the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, and up-regulating the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Western blotting experiments manifested that CFP could markedly inhibit the phosphorylation of p65, ERK and JNK, thereby suppressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusion These findings indicated that CFP exerted anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the activation NF-κB and MAPK pathways which may induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study offers a reference for C. fascicularis as the source of developing natural, safe anti-inflammatory agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaozi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- School of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junrong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Deng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ping Zhao; Yun Liu, Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, #300, Bailong Road, Kunming, 650224, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
| | - Huan Kan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Jing C, Zhou MX, Jin W, Yan X, Hou H, Shi K, Sun WC, Sun L. Purple Tea Water Extract Blocks RANKL-induced Osteoclastogenesis through Modulation of Akt/GSK3β and Blimp1-Irf8 Pathways. Food Funct 2022; 13:8850-8859. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00780k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies demonstrated that some tea extracts exert inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). However, the effect of purple tea,...
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de Moura C, Kabbas Junior T, Pedreira FRDO, Azevedo L, Furtado MM, Sant'Ana AS, Franchin M, Gonzaga VR, Cui Y, Wen M, Zhang L, Pereira RP, Granato D. Purple tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) leaves as a potential functional ingredient: From extraction of phenolic compounds to cell-based antioxidant/biological activities. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 159:112668. [PMID: 34774677 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A statistical optimization study was used to maximize the extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity from green tea derived from purple leaves of Camellia sinensis var. assamica. Simultaneous optimization was applied, and a combination of 60 °C, 15 min, and a mass-solvent ratio of 1 g of dehydrated purple leaves to 62.3 mL of an ethanol/citric acid solution, were determined as the ideal extraction conditions. The optimized extract of purple tea leaves (OEPL) contained showed stability in relation to variations in pH, and lyophilized OEPL exerted cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects against cancerous cells (A549 and HCT8), demonstrated antimicrobial activity towards Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13565) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12288), inhibition of α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes and reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, CXCL2/MIP-2, and IL-6) in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Thus, our results provide a broad assessment of the bioactivity of "green" extracts obtained by a simple and low-cost process using non-toxic solvents, and they have the potential to be used for technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Moura
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Tufy Kabbas Junior
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rafaelly de O Pedreira
- LANTIN - Nutritional and Toxicological Analysis in vivo Laboratory, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana Azevedo
- LANTIN - Nutritional and Toxicological Analysis in vivo Laboratory, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Marianna M Furtado
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Franchin
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Yuqing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, China
| | - Romaiana P Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Av. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel Granato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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Garcia C, Blesso CN. Antioxidant properties of anthocyanins and their mechanism of action in atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:152-166. [PMID: 34087429 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis develops due to lipid accumulation in the arterial wall and sclerosis as result of increased hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid oxidation, and protein oxidation. However, improving antioxidant status through diet may prevent the progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It is believed that polyphenol-rich plants contribute to the inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease. Anthocyanins are flavonoid polyphenols with antioxidant properties that have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The consumption of anthocyanins increases total antioxidant capacity, antioxidant defense enzymes, and HDL antioxidant properties by several measures in preclinical and clinical populations. Anthocyanins appear to impart antioxidant actions via direct antioxidant properties, as well as indirectly via inducing intracellular Nrf2 activation and antioxidant gene expression. These actions counter oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in cells present in atherosclerotic plaques, including macrophages and endothelial cells. Overall, anthocyanins may protect against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease through their effects on cellular antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and inflammation; however, their underlying mechanisms of action appear to be complex and require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Garcia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, United States.
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Li M, Shen Y, Ling T, Ho CT, Li D, Guo H, Xie Z. Analysis of Differentiated Chemical Components between Zijuan Purple Tea and Yunkang Green Tea by UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS Combined with Chemometrics. Foods 2021; 10:1070. [PMID: 34066071 PMCID: PMC8151513 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zijuan tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica cv. Zijuan) is a unique purple tea. Recently, purple tea has drawn much attention for its special flavor and health benefits. However, the characteristic compounds of purple tea compared with green tea have not been reported yet. The present study employed a non-targeted metabolomics approach based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-Orbitrap-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for comprehensive analysis of characteristic metabolites between Zijuan purple tea (ZJT) and Yunkang green tea (YKT). Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that there are significant differences in chemical profiles between ZJT and YKT. A total of 66 major differential metabolites included catechins, proanthocyanins, flavonol and flavone glycosides, phenolic acids, amino acids and alkaloids were identified in ZJT. Among them, anthocyanins are the most characteristic metabolites. Nine glycosides of anthocyanins and six glycosides of proanthocyanins were found to be significantly higher in ZJT than that in YKT. Subsequently, pathway analysis revealed that ZJT might generate anthocyanins and proanthocyanins through the flavonol and flavone glycosides. Furthermore, quantitative analysis showed absolutely higher concentrations of total anthocyanins in ZJT, which correlated with the metabolomics results. This study presented the comprehensive chemical profiling and the characterized metabolites of ZJT. These results also provided chemical evidence for potential health functions of ZJT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (D.L.)
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Ying Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (D.L.)
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Tiejun Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (D.L.)
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Daxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (D.L.)
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Huimin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (D.L.)
- Center for Biotechnology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (M.L.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (D.L.)
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
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Meng XH, Li N, Zhu HT, Wang D, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. Plant Resources, Chemical Constituents, and Bioactivities of Tea Plants from the Genus Camellia Section Thea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5318-5349. [PMID: 30449099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea, as one of the most popular beverages with various bioactivities, is commonly produced from the fresh leaves of two widely cultivated tea plants, Camellia sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. Both plants belong to the genus Camellia section Thea, which was considered to have 12 species and 6 varieties according to Min's taxonomic system. Most species, except the cultivated species, are known as wild tea plants and have been exploited and utilized to produce tea by the local people of its growing areas. Thus far, six species and varieties have been phytochemically studied, leading to the identification of 398 compounds, including hydrolyzable tannins, flavan-3-ols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other phenolic and related compounds. Various beneficial health effects were reported for tea and its components, involving antioxidant, antitumor, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, etc. In this review, the geographical distribution of tea plants and the chemical constituents (1-398) reported from the genus Camellia section Thea and some tea products (green, black, oolong, and pu-erh tea) that have ever been studied between 1970 and 2018 have been summarized, taking species as the main hint, and the main biological activities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hua Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
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13
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Ke JP, Dai WT, Zheng WJ, Wu HY, Hua F, Hu FL, Chu GX, Bao GH. Two Pairs of Isomerically New Phenylpropanoidated Epicatechin Gallates with Neuroprotective Effects on H 2O 2-Injured SH-SY5Y Cells from Zijuan Green Tea and Their Changes in Fresh Tea Leaves Collected from Different Months and Final Product. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4831-4838. [PMID: 30969762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Zijuan tea ( Camellia sinensis var. assamica), an anthocyanin-rich cultivar with purple leaves, is a valuable material for manufacturing tea with unique color and flavor. In this paper, four new phenylpropanoid substituted epicatechin gallates (pECGs), Zijuanins A-D (1-4), were isolated from Zijuan green tea by different column chromatography. Their structures were identified by extensive high resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and experimental and calculated circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic analyses. Detection of the changes in fresh tea leaves collected from April to September and the final processed product by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-HRMS suggested that production of compounds 1 and 2 may be enhanced by the processing procedure of Zijuan green tea. Additionally, 1-4 were proposed to be synthesized through interaction between the abundant secondary metabolite ECG and phenolic acids from tea leaves by two key steps of phenol-dienone tautomerism. 1 and 2 showed impressive activity in protecting SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced damage at the concentration of 1.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ping Ke
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Wen-Ting Dai
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second People's Hospital of Hefei , Hefei 230011 , China
| | - Wen-Jun Zheng
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Hao-Yue Wu
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Fang Hua
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Feng-Lin Hu
- Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Gang-Xiu Chu
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
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