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Ma T, Huang J, Xu P, Shu C, Wang Z, Geng L, Zhang J. In Vivo and In Vitro Interactions between Exopolysaccharides from Bacillus thuringensis HD270 and Vip3Aa11 Protein. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:215. [PMID: 38787067 PMCID: PMC11125869 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) secretes the nutritional insecticidal protein Vip3Aa11, which exhibits high toxicity against the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). The Bt HD270 extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) enhances the toxicity of Vip3Aa11 protoxin against S. frugiperda by enhancing the attachment of brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs). However, how EPS-HD270 interacts with Vip3Aa11 protoxin in vivo and the effect of EPS-HD270 on the toxicity of activated Vip3Aa11 toxin are not yet clear. Our results indicated that there is an interaction between mannose, a monosaccharide that composes EPS-HD270, and Vip3Aa11 protoxin, with a dissociation constant of Kd = 16.75 ± 0.95 mmol/L. When EPS-HD270 and Vip3Aa11 protoxin were simultaneously fed to third-instar larvae, laser confocal microscopy observations revealed the co-localization of the two compounds near the midgut wall, which aggravated the damage to BBMVs. EPS-HD270 did not have a synergistic insecticidal effect on the activated Vip3Aa11 protein against S. frugiperda. The activated Vip3Aa11 toxin demonstrated a significantly reduced binding capacity (548.73 ± 82.87 nmol/L) towards EPS-HD270 in comparison to the protoxin (34.96 ± 9.00 nmol/L). Furthermore, this activation diminished the affinity of EPS-HD270 for BBMVs. This study provides important evidence for further elucidating the synergistic insecticidal mechanism between extracellular polysaccharides and Vip3Aa11 protein both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinqiu Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengdan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Changlong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (T.M.); (J.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Shao E, Huang H, Yuan J, Yan Y, Ou L, Chen X, Pan X, Guan X, Sha L. N-Terminal α-Helices in Domain I of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa Play Crucial Roles in Disruption of Liposomal Membrane. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:88. [PMID: 38393166 PMCID: PMC10892741 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3 toxins form a tetrameric structure crucial for their insecticidal activity. Each Vip3Aa monomer comprises five domains. Interaction of the first four α-helices in domain I with the target cellular membrane was proposed to be a key step before pore formation. In this study, four N-terminal α-helix-deleted truncations of Vip3Aa were produced and, it was found that they lost both liposome permeability and insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura. To further probe the role of domain I in membrane permeation, the full-length domain I and the fragments of N-terminal α-helix-truncated domain I were fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), respectively. Only the fusion carrying the full-length domain I exhibited permeability against artificial liposomes. In addition, seven Vip3Aa-Cry1Ac fusions were also constructed by combination of α-helices from Vip3Aa domains I and II with the domains II and III of Cry1Ac. Five of the seven combinations were determined to show membrane permeability in artificial liposomes. However, none of the Vip3Aa-Cry1Ac combinations exhibited insecticidal activity due to the significant reduction in proteolytic stability. These results indicated that the N-terminal helix α1 in the Vip3Aa domain I is essential for both insecticidal activity and liposome permeability and that domain I of Vip3Aa preserved a high liposome permeability independently from domains II-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensi Shao
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (E.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (L.O.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.H.); (X.P.); (X.G.)
| | - Hanye Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.H.); (X.P.); (X.G.)
| | - Jin Yuan
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (E.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (L.O.); (X.C.)
| | - Yaqi Yan
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (E.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (L.O.); (X.C.)
| | - Luru Ou
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (E.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (L.O.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiankun Chen
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (E.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (L.O.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.H.); (X.P.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.H.); (X.P.); (X.G.)
| | - Li Sha
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (E.S.); (J.Y.); (Y.Y.); (L.O.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (H.H.); (X.P.); (X.G.)
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Hou X, Li M, Mao C, Jiang L, Zhang W, Li M, Geng X, Li X, Liu S, Yang G, Zhou J, Fang Y, Cai J. Domain III β4- β5 Loop and β14- β15 Loop of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa Are Involved in Receptor Binding and Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:23. [PMID: 38251240 PMCID: PMC10820090 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Vip3Aa, secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis, is effective at controlling major agricultural pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda. However, to control Vip3Aa resistance evolved in the field by different lepidoptera species, an in-depth study of sequence--structure--activity relationships is necessary to design new Vip3Aa variants. In this study, the four specific loops (β4-β5 loop, β9-β10 loop, β12-β13 loop, and β14-β15 loop) in domain III were selected and four loop mutants were constructed by replacing all residues in each specific loop with alanine. We obtained soluble proteins for three of the loop mutants, excluding the β9-β10 loop. These loop mutants have been characterized by toxicity bioassays against S. frugiperda, proteolytic processing, and receptor binding. These results indicate that the β4-β5 loop and β14-β15 loop are involved in receptor binding and Vip3Aa toxicity. Based on this, we constructed numerous mutants and obtained three single mutants (Vip3Aa-S366T, Vip3Aa-S366L, and Vip3Aa-R501A) that exhibited significantly increased toxicity of 2.61-fold, 3.39-fold, and 2.51-fold, respectively. Compared to Vip3Aa, the receptor affinity of Vip3Aa-S366T and Vip3Aa-S366L was significantly enhanced. Furthermore, we also analyzed and aligned the three-dimensional structures of the mutants and Vip3Aa. In summary, these results indicate that the loops in domain III have the potential to be targeted to enhance the insecticidal toxicity of the Vip3Aa protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co–Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio–Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Chengjuan Mao
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengying Li
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaomeng Geng
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Shu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co–Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio–Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co–Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio–Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Jing Zhou
- Lianyungang City Quality Technology Comprehensive Inspection and Quality Inspection Center, Lianyungang 222346, China;
| | - Yaowei Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co–Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio–Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (C.M.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (X.G.); (X.L.)
| | - Jun Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Chen Z, Shi Y, Wang D, Liu X, Jiao X, Gao X, Jiang K. Structural insight into Bacillus thuringiensis Sip1Ab reveals its similarity to ETX_MTX2 family beta-pore-forming toxin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4264-4273. [PMID: 37341620 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbially derived, protein-based biopesticides are an important approach for sustainable pest management. The secreted insecticidal proteins (Sips) produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis exhibit potent insecticidal activity against coleopteran pests and are, therefore, attractive as candidate biopesticides. However, the modes-of-action of Sips are unclear as comprehensive structural information for these proteins is lacking. RESULTS Using X-ray crystallography, we elucidated the structure of monomeric Sip1Ab at 2.28 Å resolution. Structural analyses revealed that Sip1Ab has the three domains and conserved fold characteristic of other aerolysin-like beta-pore-forming toxins (β-PFTs). Based on the sequence and structural similarities between Sip1Ab and other ETX_MTX2 subfamily toxins, we suggested the mechanism of these proteins and proposed that it is common to them all. CONCLUSION The atomic-level structural data for Sip1Ab generated by the present study could facilitate future structural and mechanistic research on Sips as well as their application in sustainable insect pest management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiting Shi
- Taishan College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Pacheco S, Gómez I, Peláez-Aguilar AE, Verduzco-Rosas LA, García-Suárez R, do Nascimento NA, Rivera-Nájera LY, Cantón PE, Soberón M, Bravo A. Structural changes upon membrane insertion of the insecticidal pore-forming toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1188891. [PMID: 38469496 PMCID: PMC10926538 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1188891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Different Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains produce a broad variety of pore-forming toxins (PFTs) that show toxicity against insects and other invertebrates. Some of these insecticidal PFT proteins have been used successfully worldwide to control diverse insect crop pests. There are several studies focused on describing the mechanism of action of these toxins that have helped to improve their performance and to cope with the resistance evolved by different insects against some of these proteins. However, crucial information that is still missing is the structure of pores formed by some of these PFTs, such as the three-domain crystal (Cry) proteins, which are the most commercially used Bt toxins in the biological control of insect pests. In recent years, progress has been made on the identification of the structural changes that certain Bt insecticidal PFT proteins undergo upon membrane insertion. In this review, we describe the models that have been proposed for the membrane insertion of Cry toxins. We also review the recently published structures of the vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips; e.g. Vip3) and the insecticidal toxin complex (Tc) in the membrane-inserted state. Although different Bt PFTs show different primary sequences, there are some similarities in the three-dimensional structures of Vips and Cry proteins. In addition, all PFTs described here must undergo major structural rearrangements to pass from a soluble form to a membrane-inserted state. It is proposed that, despite their structural differences, all PFTs undergo major structural rearrangements producing an extended α-helix, which plays a fundamental role in perforating their target membrane, resulting in the formation of the membrane pore required for their insecticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Jiang K, Chen Z, Zang Y, Shi Y, Shang C, Jiao X, Cai J, Gao X. Functional characterization of Vip3Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis reveals the contributions of specific domains to its insecticidal activity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103000. [PMID: 36764522 PMCID: PMC10017365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbially derived, protein-based biopesticides offer a more sustainable pest management alternative to synthetic pesticides. Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip3), multidomain proteins secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis, represent a second-generation insecticidal toxin that has been preliminarily used in transgenic crops. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Vip3's toxicity is poorly understood. Here, we determine the distinct functions and contributions of the domains of the Vip3Aa protein to its toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. We demonstrate that Vip3Aa domains II and III (DII-DIII) bind the midgut epithelium, while DI is essential for Vip3Aa's stability and toxicity inside the protease-enriched host insect midgut. DI-DIII can be activated by midgut proteases and exhibits cytotoxicity similar to full-length Vip3Aa. In addition, we determine that DV can bind the peritrophic matrix via its glycan-binding activity, which contributes to Vip3Aa insecticidal activity. In summary, this study provides multiple insights into Vip3Aa's mode-of-action which should significantly facilitate the clarification of its insecticidal mechanism and its further rational development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanrong Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiting Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China; Taishan College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengbin Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuyao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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Schmaltz S, Silva MA, Ninaus RG, Guedes JVC, Zabot GL, Tres MV, Mazutti MA. Biomolecules in modern and sustainable agriculture. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:70. [PMID: 36742447 PMCID: PMC9889597 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents scientific findings which indicate biomolecules are excellent candidates for the development of biopesticides. Efforts are being done to find routes to increase their concentrations in the cultivation media because this concentration facilitates applications, storage, and transportation. Some of these routes are co-fermentation and ultrasound-assisted fermentation. Ultrasonication increases metabolite production and growth rates by improvement of cell permeability and nutrient uptake rates through cell membranes. For example, 24% increase in the enzymatic activity of cellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei in solid-state fermentation was achieved with ultrasonication. Also, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase productions were stimulated by ultrasound in Beauveria bassiana cultivation, presenting positive results. The common parameters evaluated in the production of biomolecules by ultrasound-assisted fermentation are the duty cycle, time of application, power, energetic density, and how long the sonication is maintained in the fermentation media. Many successful cases are reported and discussed, which include the final formulation of bioproducts for agricultural applications. In this trend, nanotechnology is a promising tool for the development of nanoformulations. Nanoemulsification, green synthesis, biosynthesis, or biogenic synthesis are technologies used to produce such nanoformulations, allowing the controlled release of control agents, as well as the delivery of biomolecules to specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Schmaltz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Silva
- São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 400, Trabalhador São-Carlense Avenue, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - Renata Gulart Ninaus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Jerson Vanderlei Carus Guedes
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Giovani Leone Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS 96508-010 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS 96508-010 Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Mazutti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
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