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Coutinho-Lima D, Dreger DL, Doadrio I, Parker HG, Ghanavi HR, Frantz L, Larson G, Ostrander EA, Godinho R. Multiple ancestries and shared gene flow among modern livestock guarding dogs. iScience 2024; 27:110396. [PMID: 39156647 PMCID: PMC11326944 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Livestock guarding dogs (LGDs) have been used to protect livestock for millennia. While previous works suggested a single origin of modern LGDs, the degree and source of shared ancestry have not been tested. To address this, we generated genome-wide SNP data from 304 LGDs and combined it with public genomic data from 2,183 modern and 22 ancient dogs. Our findings reveal shared ancestry and extensive gene flow among modern LGD breeds which we attribute to historical livestock migrations. Additionally, admixture between LGDs and free-ranging dogs argues against reproductive isolation as a core mechanism for maintaining the specialized skills of LGDs. Finally, we identify two lineages within modern LGDs and uncover multiple ancestries tracing back to distinct Eurasian ancient dogs, concordant with the absence of a single ancestor. Overall, our work explores the complex evolutionary history of LGDs, offering valuable insights into how human and livestock co-migrations shaped this functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Coutinho-Lima
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS - Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Dayna L. Dreger
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ignacio Doadrio
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heidi G. Parker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Laurent Frantz
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Palaeogenomics Group, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Greger Larson
- Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raquel Godinho
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS - Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
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Chen SY, Luo Z, Jia X, Zhou J, Lai SJ. Evaluating genomic inbreeding of two Chinese yak (Bos grunniens) populations. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:712. [PMID: 39044139 PMCID: PMC11267844 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yaks are a vital livestock in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area for providing food products, maintaining sustainable ecosystems, and promoting cultural heritage. Because of uncontrolled mating, it is impossible to estimate inbreeding level of yak populations using the pedigree-based approaches. With the aims to accurately evaluate inbreeding level of two Chinese yak populations (Maiwa and Jiulong), we obtained genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by DNA sequencing and calculated five SNP-by-SNP estimators ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]), as well as two segment-based estimators of runs of homozygosity (ROH, [Formula: see text]) and homozygous-by-descent (HBD, [Formula: see text]). Functional implications were analyzed for the positional candidate genes located within the related genomic regions. RESULTS A total of 151,675 and 190,955 high-quality SNPs were obtained from 71 Maiwa and 30 Jiulong yaks, respectively. Jiulong had greater genetic diversity than Maiwa in terms of allele frequency and nucleotide diversity. The two populations could be genetically distinguished by principal component analysis, with the mean differentiation index (Fst) of 0.0054. The greater genomic inbreeding levels of Maiwa yaks were consistently supported by all five SNP-by-SNP estimators. Based on simple proportion of homozygous SNPs ([Formula: see text]), a lower inbreeding level was indicated by three successfully sequenced old leather samples that may represent historical Maiwa yaks about five generations ago. There were 3304 ROH detected among all samples, with mean and median length of 1.97 Mb and 1.0 Mb, respectively. A total of 94 HBD segments were found among all samples, whereas 92 of them belonged to the shortest class with the mean length of 10.9 Kb. Based on the estimates of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], however, there was no difference in inbreeding level between Maiwa and Jiulong yaks. Within the genomic regions with the significant Fst or enriched by ROH, we found several candidate genes and pathways that have been reported to be related to diverse production traits in farm animals. CONCLUSIONS We successfully evaluated the genomic inbreeding level of two Chinese yak populations. Although different estimators resulted in inconsistent conclusions on their genomic inbreeding levels, our results may be helpful to implement the genetic conservation and utilization programs for the two yak populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 211# Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Zhihao Luo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 211# Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xianbo Jia
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 211# Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Junkun Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 211# Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Song-Jia Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 211# Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Li T, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Ji C, Zheng N, Huang Y. A comparative analysis reveals the genomic diversity among 8 Muscovy duck populations. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae112. [PMID: 38789099 PMCID: PMC11228869 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a waterfowl indigenous to the neotropical regions of Central and South America. It has low demand for concentrated feed and strong adaptability to different rearing conditions. After introduced to China through Eurasian commercial trade, Muscovy ducks have a domestication history of around 300 years in the Fujian Province of China. In the 1990s, the commodity Muscovy duck breed "Crimo," cultivated in Europe, entered the Chinese market for consumption and breeding purposes. Due to the different selective breeding processes, Muscovy ducks have various populational traits and lack transparency of their genetic background. To remove this burden in the Muscovy duck breeding process, we analyzed genomic data from 8 populations totaling 83 individuals. We identify 11.24 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and categorized these individuals into the Fujian-bred and the Crimo populations according to phylogenetic analyses. We then delved deeper into their evolutionary relationships through assessing population structure, calculating fixation index (FST) values, and measuring genetic distances. Our exploration of runs of homozygosity (ROHs) and homozygous-by-descent (HBD) uncovered genomic regions enriched for genes implicated in fatty acid metabolism, development, and immunity pathways. Selective sweep analyses further indicated strong selective pressures exerted on genes including TECR, STAT2, and TRAF5. These findings provide insights into genetic variations of Muscovy ducks, thus offering valuable information regarding genetic diversity, population conservation, and genome associated with the breeding of Muscovy ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Li
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Congliang Ji
- Technology Department (Research Institute) Livestock and Poultry Breeding Research Office, Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Huineng North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, Guangdong Province 527400, China
| | - Nengzhu Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Gautier M, Micol T, Camus L, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Naves M, Guéret E, Engelen S, Lemainque A, Colas F, Flori L, Druet T. Genomic Reconstruction of the Successful Establishment of a Feralized Bovine Population on the Subantarctic Island of Amsterdam. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae121. [PMID: 38889245 PMCID: PMC11339654 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The feral cattle of the subantarctic island of Amsterdam provide an outstanding case study of a large mammalian population that was established by a handful of founders and thrived within a few generations in a seemingly inhospitable environment. Here, we investigated the genetic history and composition of this population using genotyping and sequencing data. Our inference showed an intense but brief founding bottleneck around the late 19th century and revealed contributions from European taurine and Indian Ocean Zebu in the founder ancestry. Comparative analysis of whole-genome sequences further revealed a moderate reduction in genetic diversity despite high levels of inbreeding. The brief and intense bottleneck was associated with high levels of drift, a flattening of the site frequency spectrum and a slight relaxation of purifying selection on mildly deleterious variants. Unlike some populations that have experienced prolonged reductions in effective population size, we did not observe any significant purging of highly deleterious variants. Interestingly, the population's success in the harsh environment can be attributed to preadaptation from their European taurine ancestry, suggesting no strong bioclimatic challenge, and also contradicting evidence for insular dwarfism. Genome scan for footprints of selection uncovered a majority of candidate genes related to nervous system function, likely reflecting rapid feralization driven by behavioral changes and complex social restructuring. The Amsterdam Island cattle offers valuable insights into rapid population establishment, feralization, and genetic adaptation in challenging environments. It also sheds light on the unique genetic legacies of feral populations, raising ethical questions according to conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gautier
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, L’institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Louise Camus
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, L’institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Elise Guéret
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Engelen
- Retired, CEA, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Genoscope, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Arnaud Lemainque
- Retired, CEA, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Genoscope, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - François Colas
- Retired, Saint-Paul and Amsterdam District, Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, France
| | - Laurence Flori
- SELMET, INRAE, CIRAD, L’institut Agro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Kardos M, Waples RS. Low-coverage sequencing and Wahlund effect severely bias estimates of inbreeding, heterozygosity and effective population size in North American wolves. Mol Ecol 2024:e17415. [PMID: 38785346 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
vonHoldt et al. ((2024), Molecular Ecology, 33, e17231) (vH24) used low-coverage (average ~ 7X read depth) restriction site-associated DNA sequence data to estimate individual inbreeding and heterozygosity, and recent effective population size (Ne), in Great Lakes (GL) and Northern Rocky Mountain (RM) wolves. They concluded that RM heterozygosity rapidly declined between 1991 and 2020, and that Ne declined substantially in GL and RM over the last 50 generations. Here, we evaluate the effects of low sequence coverage and sampling strategy on vH24's findings and provide general recommendations for using sequence data to evaluate inbreeding, heterozygosity and Ne. Low-coverage sequencing resulted in downwardly biased estimates of individual inbreeding and heterozygosity, and an erroneous large temporal decline in RM heterozygosity due to declining read depth through time. Additionally, vH24's sampling strategy-which combined individuals from several genetically differentiated populations and across at least eight wolf generations-is expected to have resulted in severe downward bias in estimates of recent Ne for RM. We recommend using high-coverage sequence data (≥ $$ \ge $$ 15-20X) to estimate inbreeding and heterozygosity. Carefully filtering individuals, loci and genotypes, and using genotype imputation or likelihoods can help to minimise bias when low-coverage sequence data must be used. For estimation of contemporary Ne, the marginal benefits of using more than 103-104 loci are small, so aggressive filtering of loci with low average read depth potentially can retain most individuals without sacrificing much precision. Individuals are relatively more valuable than loci because analyses of contemporary Ne should focus on roughly single-generation samples from local breeding populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty Kardos
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robin S Waples
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Lozada-Soto EA, Parker Gaddis KL, Tiezzi F, Jiang J, Ma L, Toghiani S, VanRaden PM, Maltecca C. Inbreeding depression for producer-recorded udder, metabolic, and reproductive diseases in US dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 38056567 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
This study leveraged a growing dataset of producer-recorded phenotypes for mastitis, reproductive diseases (metritis and retained placenta), and metabolic diseases (ketosis, milk fever, and displaced abomasum) to investigate the potential presence of inbreeding depression for these disease traits. Phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic information were obtained for 354,043 and 68,292 US Holstein and Jersey cows, respectively. Total inbreeding coefficients were calculated using both pedigree and genomic information; the latter included inbreeding estimates obtained using a genomic relationship matrix and runs of homozygosity. We also generated inbreeding coefficients based on the generational inbreeding for recent and old pedigree inbreeding, for different run-of-homozygosity length classes, and for recent and old homozygous-by-descent segment-based inbreeding. Estimates on the liability scale revealed significant evidence of inbreeding depression for reproductive-disease traits, with an increase in total pedigree and genomic inbreeding showing a notable effect for recent inbreeding. However, we found inconsistent evidence for inbreeding depression for mastitis or any metabolic diseases. Notably, in Holsteins, the probability of developing displaced abomasum decreased with inbreeding, particularly for older inbreeding. Estimates of disease probability for cows with low, average, and high inbreeding levels did not significantly differ across any inbreeding coefficient and trait combination, indicating that although inbreeding may affect disease incidence, it likely plays a smaller role compared with management and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Jicai Jiang
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Sajjad Toghiani
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Paul M VanRaden
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
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Thompson MA, McCann BE, Rhen T, Simmons R. Population genomics provide insight into ancestral relationships and diversity of the feral horses of Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11197. [PMID: 38571790 PMCID: PMC10985374 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Theodore Roosevelt National Park (TRNP) manages a herd of feral horses (Equus caballus) which was present on the landscape prior to the establishment of the park. The population presents a unique scenario in that it has experienced fairly intensive and well-documented management since the park's establishment, including herd size reductions, intentional introduction of diversity, and subsequent attempts to remove introduced lineages. This provides an interesting case study on the genetic effects of diverse evolutionary forces on an isolated feral population. To explore the effects of these forces and clarify the relationship of this feral herd with other horses, we used genome-wide markers to examine the population structure of a combined dataset containing common established breeds. Using the Illumina Equine 70k BeadChip, we sampled SNPs across the genome for 118 TRNP horses and evaluated the inbreeding coefficient f and runs of homozygosity (RoH). To identify breed relationships, we compared 23 representative TRNP samples with 792 horses from 35 different breeds using genomic population structure analyses. Mean f of TRNP horses was 0.180, while the mean f for all other breeds in the dataset was 0.116 (SD 0.079). RoH analysis indicates that the TRNP population has experienced recent inbreeding in a timeframe consistent with their management. With Bayesian clustering, PCA, and maximum likelihood phylogeny, TRNP horses show genetic differentiation from other breeds, likely due to isolation, historical population bottlenecks, and genetic drift. However, maximum likelihood phylogeny places them with moderate confidence (76.8%) among draft breeds, which is consistent with the known history of breeds used on early North Dakota ranches and stallions subsequently introduced to the park herd. These findings will help resolve speculation about the origins of the herd and inform management decisions for the TRNP herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Thompson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
- Theodore Roosevelt National ParkNational Park ServiceMedoraNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Blake E. McCann
- Theodore Roosevelt National ParkNational Park ServiceMedoraNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Turk Rhen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Rebecca Simmons
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
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Naji MM, Gualdrón Duarte JL, Forneris NS, Druet T. Inbreeding depression is associated with recent homozygous-by-descent segments in Belgian Blue beef cattle. Genet Sel Evol 2024; 56:10. [PMID: 38297209 PMCID: PMC10832232 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-024-00878-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cattle populations harbor generally high inbreeding levels that can lead to inbreeding depression (ID). Here, we study ID with different estimators of the inbreeding coefficient F, evaluate their sensitivity to used allele frequencies (founder versus sample allele frequencies), and compare effects from recent and ancient inbreeding. METHODS We used data from 14,205 Belgian Blue beef cattle genotyped cows that were phenotyped for 11 linear classification traits. We computed estimators of F based on the pedigree information (FPED), on the correlation between uniting gametes (FUNI), on the genomic relationship matrix (FGRM), on excess homozygosity (FHET), or on homozygous-by-descent (HBD) segments (FHBD). RESULTS FUNI and FGRM were sensitive to used allele frequencies, whereas FHET and FHBD were more robust. We detected significant ID for four traits related to height and length; FHBD and FUNI presenting the strongest associations. Then, we took advantage of the classification of HBD segments in different age-related classes (the length of an HBD segment being inversely related to the number of generations to the common ancestors) to determine that recent HBD classes (common ancestors present approximately up to 15 generations in the past) presented stronger ID than more ancient HBD classes. We performed additional analyses to check whether these observations could result from a lower level of variation in ancient HBD classes, or from a reduced precision to identify these shorter segments. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that mutational load decreases with haplotype age, and that mating plans should consider mainly the levels of recent inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulana Mughitz Naji
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 11, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - José Luis Gualdrón Duarte
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 11, 4000, Liege, Belgium
- Walloon Breeders Association (awe groupe), 5590, Ciney, Belgium
| | - Natalia Soledad Forneris
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 11, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital, 11, 4000, Liege, Belgium
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Wu R, Qi J, Li W, Wang L, Shen Y, Liu J, Teng Y, Roos C, Li M. Landscape genomics analysis provides insights into future climate change-driven risk in rhesus macaque. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165746. [PMID: 37495138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change significantly affects the suitability of wildlife habitats. Thus, understanding how animals adapt ecologically and genetically to climate change is important for targeted species protection. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are widely distributed and multi-climatically adapted primates. This study explored how rhesus macaques adapt to climate change by integrating ecological and genetic methods and applying species distribution models (SDMs) and a gradient forest (GF) model. The findings suggested that temperature seasonality primarily affects habitat suitability and indicated that climate change will have a dramatic impact on macaque populations in the future. We also applied genotype-environment association (GEA) analyses and selection signature analyses to identify genes associated with climate change and provide possible explanations for the adaptation of rhesus macaques to climatic environments. The population genomics analyses suggested that the Taihang population has the highest genomic vulnerability with inbreeding and low heterozygosity. Combined with the higher ecological vulnerability, additional conservation strategies are required for this population under higher risk of climate change. Our work measured the impact of climate change and enabled the identification of populations that exhibit high vulnerability to severe climate change. Such information is useful for selecting populations of rhesus macaques as subject of long-term monitoring or evolutionary rescue under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiwei Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiawen Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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du Plessis SJ, Blaxter M, Koepfli KP, Chadwick EA, Hailer F. Genomics Reveals Complex Population History and Unexpected Diversity of Eurasian Otters (Lutra lutra) in Britain Relative to Genetic Methods. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad207. [PMID: 37713621 PMCID: PMC10630326 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservation genetic analyses of many endangered species have been based on genotyping of microsatellite loci and sequencing of short fragments of mtDNA. The increase in power and resolution afforded by whole genome approaches may challenge conclusions made on limited numbers of loci and maternally inherited haploid markers. Here, we provide a matched comparison of whole genome sequencing versus microsatellite and control region (CR) genotyping for Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra). Previous work identified four genetically differentiated "stronghold" populations of otter in Britain, derived from regional populations that survived the population crash of the 1950s-1980s. Using whole genome resequencing data from 45 samples from across the British stronghold populations, we confirmed some aspects of population structure derived from previous marker-driven studies. Importantly, we showed that genomic signals of the population crash bottlenecks matched evidence from otter population surveys. Unexpectedly, two strongly divergent mitochondrial lineages were identified that were undetectable using CR fragments, and otters in the east of England were genetically distinct and surprisingly variable. We hypothesize that this previously unsuspected variability may derive from past releases of Eurasian otters from other, non-British source populations in England around the time of the population bottleneck. Our work highlights that even reasonably well-studied species may harbor genetic surprises, if studied using modern high-throughput sequencing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Blaxter
- Tree of Life, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Centre for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Frank Hailer
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Lobo D, López-Bao JV, Godinho R. The population bottleneck of the Iberian wolf impacted genetic diversity but not admixture with domestic dogs: A temporal genomic approach. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5986-5999. [PMID: 37855673 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
After decades of intense persecution, the Iberian wolf subspecies faced a severe bottleneck in the 1970s that considerably reduced its range and population size, nearly leading to its extinction in central and southern Iberian Peninsula. Such population decline could have impacted the genetic diversity of Iberian wolves through different processes, namely genetic drift and dynamics of hybridization with domestic dogs. By contrasting the genomes of 68 contemporary with 54 historical samples spanning the periods before and immediately after the 1970s bottleneck, we found evidence of its impact on genetic diversity and dynamics of wolf-dog hybridization. Our genome-wide assessment revealed that wolves and dogs form two well-differentiated genetic groups in Iberia and that hybridization rates did not increase during the bottleneck. However, an increased number of hybrid individuals was found over time during the population re-expansion, particularly at the edge of the wolf range. We estimated a low percentage of dog ancestry (~1.4%) in historical samples, suggesting that dog introgression was not a key driver for wolf extinction in central and southern Iberia. Our findings also unveil a significant decline in genetic diversity in contemporary samples, with the highest proportion of homozygous segments in the genome being recently inherited. Overall, our study provides unprecedented insight into the impact of a sharp decline on the Iberian wolf genome and refines our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary drivers of wolf-dog hybridization in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lobo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS, Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - José Vicente López-Bao
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC - Oviedo University - Principality of Asturias) Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain
| | - Raquel Godinho
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS, Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Nigenda-Morales SF, Lin M, Nuñez-Valencia PG, Kyriazis CC, Beichman AC, Robinson JA, Ragsdale AP, Urbán R J, Archer FI, Viloria-Gómora L, Pérez-Álvarez MJ, Poulin E, Lohmueller KE, Moreno-Estrada A, Wayne RK. The genomic footprint of whaling and isolation in fin whale populations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5465. [PMID: 37699896 PMCID: PMC10497599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Twentieth century industrial whaling pushed several species to the brink of extinction, with fin whales being the most impacted. However, a small, resident population in the Gulf of California was not targeted by whaling. Here, we analyzed 50 whole-genomes from the Eastern North Pacific (ENP) and Gulf of California (GOC) fin whale populations to investigate their demographic history and the genomic effects of natural and human-induced bottlenecks. We show that the two populations diverged ~16,000 years ago, after which the ENP population expanded and then suffered a 99% reduction in effective size during the whaling period. In contrast, the GOC population remained small and isolated, receiving less than one migrant per generation. However, this low level of migration has been crucial for maintaining its viability. Our study exposes the severity of whaling, emphasizes the importance of migration, and demonstrates the use of genome-based analyses and simulations to inform conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio F Nigenda-Morales
- Advanced Genomics Unit, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico.
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA.
| | - Meixi Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Paulina G Nuñez-Valencia
- Advanced Genomics Unit, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Christopher C Kyriazis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Annabel C Beichman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Robinson
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Aaron P Ragsdale
- Advanced Genomics Unit, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jorge Urbán R
- Departamento de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Frederick I Archer
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lorena Viloria-Gómora
- Departamento de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - María José Pérez-Álvarez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kirk E Lohmueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Andrés Moreno-Estrada
- Advanced Genomics Unit, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico.
| | - Robert K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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13
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Nishio M, Inoue K, Ogawa S, Ichinoseki K, Arakawa A, Fukuzawa Y, Okamura T, Kobayashi E, Taniguchi M, Oe M, Ishii K. Comparing pedigree and genomic inbreeding coefficients, and inbreeding depression of reproductive traits in Japanese Black cattle. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:376. [PMID: 37403068 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients have been generally included in statistical models for genetic evaluation of Japanese Black cattle. The use of genomic data is expected to provide precise assessment of inbreeding level and depression. Recently, many measures have been used for genome-based inbreeding coefficients; however, with no consensus on which is the most appropriate. Therefore, we compared the pedigree- ([Formula: see text]) and multiple genome-based inbreeding coefficients, which were calculated from the genomic relationship matrix with observed allele frequencies ([Formula: see text]), correlation between uniting gametes ([Formula: see text]), the observed vs expected number of homozygous genotypes ([Formula: see text]), runs of homozygosity (ROH) segments ([Formula: see text]) and heterozygosity by descent segments ([Formula: see text]). We quantified inbreeding depression from estimating regression coefficients of inbreeding coefficients on three reproductive traits: age at first calving (AFC), calving difficulty (CD) and gestation length (GL) in Japanese Black cattle. RESULTS The highest correlations with [Formula: see text] were for [Formula: see text] (0.86) and [Formula: see text] (0.85) whereas [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] provided weak correlations with [Formula: see text], with range 0.33-0.55. Except for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], there were strong correlations among genome-based inbreeding coefficients ([Formula: see text] 0.94). The estimates of regression coefficients of inbreeding depression for [Formula: see text] was 2.1 for AFC, 0.63 for CD and -1.21 for GL, respectively, but [Formula: see text] had no significant effects on all traits. Genome-based inbreeding coefficients provided larger effects on all reproductive traits than [Formula: see text]. In particular, for CD, all estimated regression coefficients for genome-based inbreeding coefficients were significant, and for GL, that for [Formula: see text] had a significant.. Although there were no significant effects when using overall genome-level inbreeding coefficients for AFC and GL, [Formula: see text] provided significant effects at chromosomal level in four chromosomes for AFC, three chromosomes for CD, and two chromosomes for GL. In addition, similar results were obtained for [Formula: see text]. CONCLUSIONS Genome-based inbreeding coefficients can capture more phenotypic variation than [Formula: see text]. In particular, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] can be considered good estimators for quantifying inbreeding level and identifying inbreeding depression at the chromosome level. These findings might improve the quantification of inbreeding and breeding programs using genome-based inbreeding coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohide Nishio
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan
| | - Kasumi Ichinoseki
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Aisaku Arakawa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan
| | - Yo Fukuzawa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okamura
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan
| | - Masaaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan
| | - Mika Oe
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ishii
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050901, Japan
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14
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Wilmot H, Druet T, Hulsegge I, Gengler N, Calus M. Estimation of inbreeding, between-breed genomic relatedness and definition of sub-populations in red-pied cattle breeds. Animal 2023; 17:100793. [PMID: 37087997 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, enhancing the collaboration between related breeds is of main importance to increase the competitivity and the sustainability of local breeds. One type of collaboration is the development of an across-breed reference population that will allow a better management of local breeds. For this purpose, the genomic relatedness between the local target breed and possible breeds to be included in the reference population should be estimated. In Europe, there are several local red-pied cattle breeds that would benefit from this kind of collaboration. However, how different red-pied cattle breeds from the Benelux are related to each other and can collaborate is still unclear. The objectives of this study were therefore: (1) to estimate the level of inbreeding of the East Belgian Red and White (EBRW), the Red-Pied of the Ösling (RPO) and Dutch red-pied cattle breeds; (2) to determine the genomic relatedness of several red-pied cattle breeds, with a special focus on two endangered breeds: the EBRW and the RPO, and (3) based on the second objective, to detect animals from other breeds that were genomically close enough to be considered as advantageous in the creation of an across-breed reference population of EBRW or RPO. The estimated inbreeding levels based on runs of homozygosity were relatively low for almost all the studied breeds and especially for the EBRW and RPO. This would imply that inbreeding is currently not an issue in these two endangered breeds and that their sustainability is not threatened by their level of inbreeding. The results from the principal component analysis, the phylogenetic tree and the clustering all highlighted that the EBRW and RPO breeds were included in the genomic continuum of the studied red-pied cattle breeds and can be therefore considered as genomically close to Dutch red-pied cattle breeds, highlighting the possibility of a collaboration between these breeds. Especially, EBRW animals were closely related to Deep Red and Improved Red animals while, to a lesser extent, the RPO animals were closely related to the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed. Based on these results, we could use distance measures, based either on the principal component analysis or clustering, to detect animals from Dutch breeds that were genomically closest to the EBRW or RPO breeds. This will finally allow the building of an across-breed reference population for EBRW or RPO for further genomic evaluations, considering these genomically closest animals from other breeds.
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15
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Perdomo-González DI, Laseca N, Demyda-Peyrás S, Valera M, Cervantes I, Molina A. Fine-tuning genomic and pedigree inbreeding rates in equine population with a deep and reliable stud book: the case of the Pura Raza Española horse. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:127. [PMID: 36336696 PMCID: PMC9639299 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating inbreeding, which is omnipresent and inevitable in livestock populations, is a primary goal for management and animal breeding especially for those interested in mitigating the negative consequences of inbreeding. Inbreeding coefficients have been historically estimated by using pedigree information; however, over the last decade, genome-base inbreeding coefficients have come to the forefront in this field. The Pura Raza Española (PRE) horse is an autochthonous Spanish horse breed which has been recognised since 1912. The total PRE population (344,718 horses) was used to estimate Classical (F), Ballou's ancestral, Kalinowski's ancestral, Kalinowski's new and the ancestral history coefficient values. In addition, genotypic data from a selected population of 805 PRE individuals was used to determine the individual inbreeding coefficient using SNP-by-SNP-based techniques (methods of moments -FHOM-, the diagonal elements of the genomic -FG-, and hybrid matrixes -FH-) and ROH measures (FRZ). The analyse of both pedigree and genomic based inbreeding coefficients in a large and robust population such as the PRE horse, with proven parenteral information for the last 40 years and a high degree of completeness (over 90% for the last 70 years) will allow us to understand PRE genetic variability better and the correlations between the estimations will give the data greater reliability. RESULTS The mean values of the pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.01 (F for the last 3 generations -F3-) to 0.44 (ancestral history coefficient) and the mean values of genomic-based inbreeding coefficients varied from 0.05 (FRZ for three generations, FH and FHOM) to 0.11 (FRZ for nine generations). Significant correlations were also found between pedigree and genomic inbreeding values, which ranged between 0.58 (F3 with FHOM) and 0.79 (F with FRZ). In addition, the correlations between FRZ estimated for the last 20 generations and the pedigree-based inbreeding highlight the fact that fewer generations of genomic data are required when comparing total inbreeding values, and the opposite when ancient values are calculated. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, our results show that it is still useful to work with a deep and reliable pedigree in pedigree-based genetic studies with very large effective population sizes. Obtaining a satisfactory parameter will always be desirable, but the approximation obtained with a robust pedigree will allow us to work more efficiently and economically than with massive genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinia Isabel Perdomo-González
- Departamento Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agromómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Ctra Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Nora Laseca
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sebastián Demyda-Peyrás
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Valera
- Departamento Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agromómica, Universidad de Sevilla, Ctra Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel Cervantes
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Bosse M, van Loon S. Challenges in quantifying genome erosion for conservation. Front Genet 2022; 13:960958. [PMID: 36226192 PMCID: PMC9549127 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.960958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive defaunation and high extinction rates have become characteristic of the Anthropocene. Genetic effects of population decline can lead populations into an extinction vortex, where declining populations show lower genetic fitness, in turn leading to lower populations still. The lower genetic fitness in a declining population due to a shrinking gene pool is known as genetic erosion. Three different types of genetic erosion are highlighted in this review: overall homozygosity, genetic load and runs of homozygosity (ROH), which are indicative of inbreeding. The ability to quantify genetic erosion could be a very helpful tool for conservationists, as it can provide them with an objective, quantifiable measure to use in the assessment of species at risk of extinction. The link between conservation status and genetic erosion should become more apparent. Currently, no clear correlation can be observed between the current conservation status and genetic erosion. However, the high quantities of genetic erosion in wild populations, especially in those species dealing with habitat fragmentation and habitat decline, may be early signs of deteriorating populations. Whole genome sequencing data is the way forward to quantify genetic erosion. Extra screening steps for genetic load and hybridization can be included, since they could potentially have great impact on population fitness. This way, the information yielded from genetic sequence data can provide conservationists with an objective genetic method in the assessment of species at risk of extinction. However, the great complexity of genome erosion quantification asks for consensus and bridging science and its applications, which remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Bosse
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Mirte Bosse,
| | - Sam van Loon
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Berghöfer J, Khaveh N, Mundlos S, Metzger J. Simultaneous testing of rule- and model-based approaches for runs of homozygosity detection opens up a window into genomic footprints of selection in pigs. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:564. [PMID: 35933356 PMCID: PMC9357325 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past selection events left footprints in the genome of domestic animals, which can be traced back by stretches of homozygous genotypes, designated as runs of homozygosity (ROHs). The analysis of common ROH regions within groups or populations displaying potential signatures of selection requires high-quality SNP data as well as carefully adjusted ROH-defining parameters. In this study, we used a simultaneous testing of rule- and model-based approaches to perform strategic ROH calling in genomic data from different pig populations to detect genomic regions under selection for specific phenotypes. RESULTS Our ROH analysis using a rule-based approach offered by PLINK, as well as a model-based approach run by RZooRoH demonstrated a high efficiency of both methods. It underlined the importance of providing a high-quality SNP set as input as well as adjusting parameters based on dataset and population for ROH calling. Particularly, ROHs ≤ 20 kb were called in a high frequency by both tools, but to some extent covered different gene sets in subsequent analysis of ROH regions common for investigated pig groups. Phenotype associated ROH analysis resulted in regions under potential selection characterizing heritage pig breeds, known to harbour a long-established breeding history. In particular, the selection focus on fitness-related traits was underlined by various ROHs harbouring disease resistance or tolerance-associated genes. Moreover, we identified potential selection signatures associated with ear morphology, which confirmed known candidate genes as well as uncovered a missense mutation in the ABCA6 gene potentially supporting ear cartilage formation. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight the strengths and unique features of rule- and model-based approaches as well as demonstrate their potential for ROH analysis in animal populations. We provide a workflow for ROH detection, evaluating the major steps from filtering for high-quality SNP sets to intersecting ROH regions. Formula-based estimations defining ROHs for rule-based method show its limits, particularly for efficient detection of smaller ROHs. Moreover, we emphasize the role of ROH detection for the identification of potential footprints of selection in pigs, displaying their breed-specific characteristics or favourable phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Berghöfer
- Research Group Veterinary Functional Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadia Khaveh
- Research Group Veterinary Functional Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Research Group Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT, Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Metzger
- Research Group Veterinary Functional Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhuo Y, Ning C, Zhou L, Liu JF. Estimate of inbreeding depression on growth and reproductive traits in a Large White pig population. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac118. [PMID: 35551391 PMCID: PMC9258530 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the broad application of genomic information, SNP-based measures of estimating inbreeding have been widely used in animal breeding, especially based on runs of homozygosity. Inbreeding depression is better estimated by SNP-based inbreeding coefficients than pedigree-based inbreeding in general. However, there are few comprehensive comparisons of multiple methods in pigs so far, to some extent limiting their application. In this study, to explore an appropriate strategy for estimating inbreeding depression on both growth traits and reproductive traits in a Large White pig population, we compared multiple methods for the inbreeding coefficient estimation based on both pedigree and genomic information. This pig population for analyzing the influence of inbreeding was from a pig breeding farm in the Inner Mongolia of China. There were 26,204 pigs with records of age at 100 kg (AGE) and back-fat thickness at 100 kg (BF), and 6,656 sows with reproductive records of the total number of piglets at birth (TNB), and the number of alive piglets at birth (NBA), and litter weight at birth. Inbreeding depression affected growth and reproductive traits. The results indicated that pedigree-based and SNP-based inbreeding coefficients had significant effects on AGE, TNB, and NBA, except for BF. However, only SNP-based inbreeding coefficients revealed a strong association with inbreeding depression on litter weight at birth. Runs of homozygosity-based methods showed a slight advantage over other methods in the correlation analysis of inbreeding coefficients and estimation of inbreeding depression. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the model-based approach (RZooRoH) could avoid miscalculations of inbreeding and inbreeding depression caused by inappropriate parameters, which had a good performance on both AGE and reproductive traits. These findings might improve the extensive application of runs of homozygosity analysis in pig breeding and breed conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Ning
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- Corresponding author: College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China. ; Corresponding author: College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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19
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Evelyne M, Nguyen Van D, Amelyne D, Nguyen Hoang T, Duc LD, Nassim M, Dinh TV, Frédéric F. High-resolution genomic analysis of four local Vietnamese chicken breeds. J Anim Breed Genet 2022; 139:583-595. [PMID: 35665968 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Vietnam, local chicken breeds account for over 70% of the national poultry population. Although these breeds are abundant, their productivity is low and their use is threatened by the extensive importation of foreign productive breeds. In this context, conservation programmes targeting several emblematic breeds have been established. The goal of these programmes was to characterize endangered breeds and maintain a pool of characteristic birds for preserving their genetic heritage. To contribute to these programmes, we comprehensively characterized four Vietnamese local chicken breeds (Dong Tao, Ho, Mia and Mong) at the genomic level using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. Despite originating in geographically close areas, Dong Tao and Ho were evidently different from each other as well as from Mong and Mia, which shared a more recent common ancestor. The genomic inbreeding coefficient revealed high homozygosity amongst the four breeds (10%-20%). The observation of clear differentiation at the genomic level supported the presence of distinct breeds; nonetheless, the occurrence of crossbred birds in a presumably purebred sample demonstrated the need to apply genomic tools to unambiguously assign the birds to the correct breed. Moreover, the occurrence of substantial inbreeding and the presence of subgroups in certain breeds warranted attention to create future nuclei for use in the conservation of these local breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyse Evelyne
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, FARAH-PAD, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Duy Nguyen Van
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, FARAH-PAD, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium.,Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dor Amelyne
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, FARAH-PAD, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thinh Nguyen Hoang
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luc Do Duc
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Moula Nassim
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, FARAH-PAD, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ton Vu Dinh
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Farnir Frédéric
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, FARAH-PAD, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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Genomic Population Structure of the Main Historical Genetic Lines of Spanish Merino Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101327. [PMID: 35625173 PMCID: PMC9138057 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Historical documentation shows that the Spanish Merino sheep was selected over many centuries due to the quality of wool, following which it was used to originate all other Merino breeds around the world, mainly by crossbreeding with local breeds. Today, the historical genetic lines that originated the Spanish Merino are still preserved in several closed herds in which they have been bred for nearly 200 years, maintaining their original genetic purity. Our study demonstrates, using a genomic approach, the exceptional genetic richness and variability of these lines, which are clearly differentiated from modern Merino breeds, and must therefore be protected to safeguard the large genetic pool they represent. Abstract According to historiographical documentation, the Romans first began to select Merino sheep in the Iberian Peninsula during the first century, with the aim of obtaining a breed appreciated for the quality of its wool. This process continued locally during the Middle Ages, when Spanish sheep were protected, and their export to foreign countries was banned. It was during the 16th century when individual Merino sheep were allowed to spread around the world to be used to improve the wool quality of local breeds. However, the wool crisis of the 1960s shifted the selection criteria of the Merino breed towards meat production at the expenses of wool. Consequently, individuals that display the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of those sheep originally bred in the kingdom of Spain in the Middle Ages are extremely difficult to find in commercial herds. In this study, we characterized the genetic basis of 403 individuals from the main historical Spanish Merino genetic lines (Granda, Hidalgo, Lopez-Montenegro, Maeso, Donoso and Egea), which were bred in isolation over the last 200 years, using a genomic approach based on genotyping data from the Axiom™ Ovine 50K SNP Genotyping Array. Our analysis included measuring population structure, genomic differentiation indexes, runs of homozygosity (ROH) patterns, and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The results showed large genetic differences between the historical lines, even though they belong to the same breed. In addition, ROH analysis showed differences due to increased inbreeding among the ancient generations compared with the modern Merino lines, confirming the breed’s ancestral and closed origin. However, our results also showed a high variability and richness within the Spanish historical Merino lines from a genetic viewpoint. This fact, together with their great ability to produce high-quality wool, suggests that ancestral Merino lines from Spain should be considered a valuable genetic population to be maintained as a resource for the improvement of wool-producing sheep breeds all around the world.
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Magnier J, Druet T, Naves M, Ouvrard M, Raoul S, Janelle J, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Lesnoff M, Tillard E, Gautier M, Flori L. The genetic history of Mayotte and Madagascar cattle breeds mirrors the complex pattern of human exchanges in Western Indian Ocean. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6523972. [PMID: 35137043 PMCID: PMC8982424 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite their central economic and cultural role, the origin of cattle populations living in Indian Ocean islands still remains poorly documented. Here, we unravel the demographic and adaptive histories of the extant Zebus from the Mayotte and Madagascar islands using high-density SNP genotyping data. We found that these populations are very closely related and both display a predominant indicine ancestry. They diverged in the 16th century at the arrival of European people who transformed the trade network in the area. Their common ancestral cattle population originates from an admixture between an admixed African zebu population and an Indian zebu that occurred around the 12th century at the time of the earliest contacts between human African populations of the Swahili corridor and Austronesian people from Southeast Asia in Comoros and Madagascar. A steep increase in the estimated population sizes from the beginning of the 16th to the 17th century coincides with the expansion of the cattle trade. By carrying out genome scans for recent selection in the two cattle populations from Mayotte and Madagascar, we identified sets of candidate genes involved in biological functions (cancer, skin structure, and UV-protection, nervous system and behavior, organ development, metabolism, and immune response) broadly representative of the physiological adaptation to tropical conditions. Overall, the origin of the cattle populations from Western Indian Ocean islands mirrors the complex history of human migrations and trade in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Magnier
- SELMET, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, L’Institut Agro, Montpellier 34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jérôme Janelle
- SELMET, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, L’Institut Agro, Montpellier 34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Saint-Pierre 97410, France
| | | | - Matthieu Lesnoff
- SELMET, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, L’Institut Agro, Montpellier 34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Montpellier 34398, France
| | - Emmanuel Tillard
- SELMET, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, L’Institut Agro, Montpellier 34398, France
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Saint-Pierre 97410, France
| | - Mathieu Gautier
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, L’Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, Montferrier sur Lez 34988, France
| | - Laurence Flori
- SELMET, INRAE, CIRAD, L’Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34398, France
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22
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Druet T, Gautier M. An hidden Markov model to estimate homozygous-by-descent probabilities associated with nested layers of ancestors. Theor Popul Biol 2022; 145:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Genetic Diversity, Admixture and Analysis of Homozygous-by-Descent (HBD) Segments of Russian Wild Boar. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020203. [PMID: 35205070 PMCID: PMC8869248 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The wild boar is the wild ancestor of the domestic pig and one of the most common species of ungulates. At the beginning of the 20th century, the wild boar was practically exterminated in the European part of Russia. In the period 1935-1988, 7705 boars were caught in various regions of the European part of Russia, the Far East, Ukraine, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Tajikistan and resettled in the territory of Russia. Asian and European wild boars dwell the territory of Russia. The aim of our research was to study the genetic diversity and structure of wild boar populations in different regions of Russia using genome-wide genotyping. We have determined the genetic distances, population structure, parameters of genetic diversity and significantly expanded our understanding of the genetic state of the Russian wild boar. For the first time, we calculated autozygosity of the wild boar of the European and Asian subspecies using Homozygous-by-Descent (HBD) Segments analysis, which is important in terms of population recovery. We also found evidence of hybridization between Russian wild boar and domestic pigs. A group of European wild boars showed introgression of the Asian boar into population. The mean level of the inbreeding coefficient in European wild boar was higher than in Asian wild boar, and combined groups of the European boar had higher inbreeding coefficient than Russian wild boars. These results obtained can be used in population management.
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Conservation Genomics of Two Threatened Subspecies of Northern Giraffe: The West African and the Kordofan Giraffe. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020221. [PMID: 35205265 PMCID: PMC8872558 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three of the four species of giraffe are threatened, particularly the northern giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), which collectively have the smallest known wild population estimates. Among the three subspecies of the northern giraffe, the West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) had declined to 49 individuals by 1996 and only recovered due to conservation efforts undertaken in the past 25 years, while the Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum) remains at <2300 individuals distributed in small, isolated populations over a large geographical range in Central Africa. These combined factors could lead to genetically depauperated populations. We analyzed 119 mitochondrial sequences and 26 whole genomes of northern giraffe individuals to investigate their population structure and assess the recent demographic history and current genomic diversity of West African and Kordofan giraffe. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses separate the three subspecies of northern giraffe and suggest genetic differentiation between populations from eastern and western areas of the Kordofan giraffe’s range. Both West African and Kordofan giraffe show a gradual decline in effective population size over the last 10 ka and have moderate genome-wide heterozygosity compared to other giraffe species. Recent inbreeding levels are higher in the West African giraffe and in Kordofan giraffe from Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Although numbers for both West African and some populations of Kordofan giraffe have increased in recent years, the threat of habitat loss, climate change impacts, and illegal hunting persists. Thus, future conservation actions should consider close genetic monitoring of populations to detect and, where practical, counteract negative trends that might develop.
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25
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Investigation of the Genetic Architecture of Pigs Subjected to Breeding Intensification. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020197. [PMID: 35205240 PMCID: PMC8871947 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are strategically important animals for the agricultural industry. An assessment of genetic differentiation between pigs, undergone and not undergone to selection intensification, is of particular interest. Our research was conducted on two groups of Large White pigs grown on the same farm but in different years. A total of 165 samples were selected with 78 LW_А (n = 78, the Russian selection) and LW_B (n = 87, a commercial livestock). For genotyping, we used GeneSeek® GGP Porcine HD Genomic Profiler v1 (Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA, USA). To define breeding characteristics of selection, we used smoothing FST and segment identification of HBD (Homozygous-by-Descent). The results of smoothing FST showed 20 areas of a genome with strong ejection regions of the genome located on all chromosomes except SSC2, SSC3, and SSC8. The average realized autozygosity in Large White pigs of native selection was in (LW_A)—0.21, in LW_В—0.29. LW_А showed 13,338 HBD segments, 171 per one animal, and LW_B—15,747 HBD segments, 181 per one animal. The ejections found by the smoothing FST method were partially localized in the HBD regions. In these areas, the genes ((NCBP1, PLPPR1, GRIN3A, NBEA, TRPC4, HS6ST3, NALCN, SMG6, TTC3, KCNJ6, IKZF2, OBSL1, CARD10, ETV6, VWF, CCND2, TSPAN9, CDH13, CEP128, SERPINA11, PIK3CG, COG5, BCAP29, SLC26A4) were defined. The revealed genes can be of special interest for further studying their influence on an organism of an animal since they can act as candidate genes for selection-significant traits.
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De los Ríos-Pérez L, Druet T, Goldammer T, Wittenburg D. Analysis of Autozygosity Using Whole-Genome Sequence Data of Full-Sib Families in Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca). Front Genet 2022; 12:786934. [PMID: 35111201 PMCID: PMC8801746 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.786934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) has emerged as a high value species to the aquaculture industry. However, its farming techniques are at an early stage and its production is often performed without a selective breeding program, potentially leading to high levels of inbreeding. In this study, we identified and characterized autozygosity based on genome-wide runs of homozygosity (ROH) on a sample of parental and offspring individuals, determined effective population size (Ne), and assessed relatedness among parental individuals. A mean of 2,235 ± 526 and 1,841 ± 363 ROH segments per individual, resulting in a mean inbreeding coefficient of 0.33 ± 0.06 and 0.25 ± 0.06 were estimated for the progeny and parents, respectively. Ne was about 12 until four generations ago and at most 106 for 63 generations in the past, with varying genetic relatedness amongst the parents. This study shows the importance of genomic information when family relationships are unknown and the need of selective breeding programs for reproductive management decisions in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia De los Ríos-Pérez
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- Molecular Biology and Fish Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dörte Wittenburg
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dörte Wittenburg,
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Vanvanhossou SFU, Yin T, Scheper C, Fries R, Dossa LH, König S. Unraveling Admixture, Inbreeding, and Recent Selection Signatures in West African Indigenous Cattle Populations in Benin. Front Genet 2021; 12:657282. [PMID: 34956303 PMCID: PMC8694269 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.657282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dwarf Lagune and the Savannah Somba cattle in Benin are typical representatives of the endangered West African indigenous Shorthorn taurine. The Lagune was previously exported to African and European countries and bred as Dahomey cattle, whereas the Somba contributed to the formation of two indigenous hybrids known as Borgou and Pabli cattle. These breeds are affected by demographic, economic, and environmental pressures in local production systems. Considering current and historical genomic data, we applied a formal test of admixture, estimated admixture proportions, and computed genomic inbreeding coefficients to characterize the five breeds. Subsequently, we unraveled the most recent selection signatures using the cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity approach, based on the current and historical genotypes. Results from principal component analyses and high proportion of Lagune ancestry confirm the Lagune origin of the European Dahomey cattle. Moreover, the Dahomey cattle displayed neither indicine nor European taurine (EUT) background, but they shared on average 40% of autozygosity from common ancestors, dated approximately eight generations ago. The Lagune cattle presented inbreeding coefficients larger than 0.13; however, the Somba and the hybrids (Borgou and Pabli) were less inbred (≤0.08). We detected evidence of admixture in the Somba and Lagune cattle, but they exhibited a similar African taurine (AFT) ancestral proportion (≥96%) to historical populations, respectively. A moderate and stable AFT ancestral proportion (62%) was also inferred for less admixed hybrid cattle including the Pabli. In contrast, the current Borgou samples displayed a lower AFT ancestral proportion (47%) than historical samples (63%). Irrespective of the admixture proportions, the hybrid populations displayed more selection signatures related to economic traits (reproduction, growth, and milk) than the taurine. In contrast, the taurine, especially the Somba, presented several regions known to be associated with adaptive traits (immunity and feed efficiency). The identified subregion of bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) class IIb (including DSB and BOLA-DYA) in Somba cattle is interestingly uncommon in other African breeds, suggesting further investigations to understand its association with specific adaptation to endemic diseases in Benin. Overall, our study provides deeper insights into recent evolutionary processes in the Beninese indigenous cattle and their aptitude for conservation and genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tong Yin
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Carsten Scheper
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Ruedi Fries
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Luc Hippolyte Dossa
- School of Science and Technics of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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More Than a Moggy; A Population Genetics Analysis of the United Kingdom's Non-Pedigree Cats. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101619. [PMID: 34681013 PMCID: PMC8535647 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat is one of the most popular pets in the world. It is estimated that 89–92% of domestic cats in the UK are non-pedigree Domestic shorthair (DSH), Domestic longhair (DLH), or Domestic semi-longhair cats (DSLH). Despite their popularity, little is known of the UK non-pedigree cats’ population structure and breeding dynamics. Using a custom designed single nucleotide variant (SNV) array, this study investigated the population genetics of 1344 UK cats. Principal components analysis (PCA) and fastSTRUCTURE analysis verified that the UK’s DSH, DLH, and DSLH cats are random-bred, rather than admixed, mix breed, or crossbred. In contrast to pedigree cats, the linkage disequilibrium of these random-bred cats was least extensive and decayed rapidly. Homozygosity by descent (HBD) analysis showed the majority of non-pedigree cats had proportionally less of their genome in HBD segments compared to pedigree cats, and that these segments were older. Together, these findings suggest that the DSH, DLH, and DSLH cats should be considered as a population of random-bred cats rather than a crossbred or pedigree-admixed cat. Unexpectedly, 19% of random-bred cat genomes displayed a higher proportion of HBD segments associated with more recent inbreeding events. Therefore, while non-pedigree cats as a whole are genetically diverse, they are not impervious to inbreeding and its health risks.
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29
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Analysis of Homozygous-by-Descent (HBD) Segments for Purebred and Crossbred Pigs in Russia. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080861. [PMID: 34440604 PMCID: PMC8400874 DOI: 10.3390/life11080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive selection raises the efficiency of pig farming considerably, but it also promotes the accumulation of homozygosity, which can lead to an increase in inbreeding and the accumulation of deleterious variation. The analysis of segments homozygous-by-descent (HBD) and non-HBD segments in purebred and crossbred pigs is of great interest. Research was carried out on 657 pigs, of which there were Large White (LW, n = 280), Landrace (LR, n = 218) and F1 female (♂LR × ♀LW) (F1, n = 159). Genotyping was performed using the GeneSeek® GGP Porcine HD Genomic Profiler v1 (Illumina Inc., USA). To identify HBD segments and estimate autozygosity (inbreeding coefficient), we used the multiple HBD classes model. LW pigs exhibited 50,420 HBD segments, an average of 180 per animal; LR pigs exhibited 33,586 HBD segments, an average of 154 per animal; F1 pigs exhibited 21,068 HBD segments, an average of 132 per animal. The longest HBD segments in LW were presented in SSC1, SSC13 and SSC15; in LR, in SSC1; and in F1, in SSC15. In these segments, 3898 SNPs localized in 1252 genes were identified. These areas overlap with 441 QTLs (SSC1—238 QTLs; SSC13—101 QTLs; and SSC15—102 QTLs), including 174 QTLs for meat and carcass traits (84 QTLs—fatness), 127 QTLs for reproduction traits (100 QTLs—litter traits), 101 for production traits (69 QTLs—growth and 30 QTLs—feed intake), 21 QTLs for exterior traits (9 QTLs—conformation) and 18 QTLs for health traits (13 QTLs—blood parameters). Thirty SNPs were missense variants. Whilst estimating the potential for deleterious variation, six SNPs localized in the NEDD4, SEC11C, DCP1A, CCT8, PKP4 and TENM3 genes were identified, which may show deleterious variation. A high frequency of potential deleterious variation was noted for LR in DCP1A, and for LW in TENM3 and PKP4. In all cases, the genotype frequencies in F1 were intermediate between LR and LW. The findings presented in our work show the promise of genome scanning for HBD as a strategy for studying population history, identifying genomic regions and genes associated with important economic traits, as well as deleterious variation.
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30
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Goyache F, Pérez-Pardal L, Fernández I, Traoré A, Menéndez-Arias NA, Álvarez I. Ancient autozygous segments subject to positive selection suggest adaptive immune responses in West African cattle. Gene 2021; 803:145899. [PMID: 34400278 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small-sized and trypanotolerant West African taurine (Bos taurus) cattle are a unique case of human-mediated process of adaptation to a challenging environment. Extensive gene flow with Sahelian zebu (B. indicus), bigger and with some resistance to tick attack, occurred for centuries and allowed the apparition of stable crossbred populations (sanga) having intermediate characteristics. Up to 237 individuals belonging to 10 different taurine, zebu and sanga cattle populations sampled in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger were typed using the BovineHD BeadChip of Illumina to identify signatures of selection, assessed using three different Extended-Haplotype-Homozygosity-based statistics, overlapping with ancient, originated 1024 or 2048 generations ago, Homozygosity-By-Descent segments in the cattle genome. Candidate genomic regions were defined ensuring their importance within cattle type and using zebu as reference. Functional annotation analysis identified four statistically significant Annotation Clusters in taurine cattle (from ACt1 to ACt4), one (ACs1) in sanga, and another (ACz1) in zebu cattle, fitting well with expectations. ACt1 included genes primarily associated with innate immunity; ACt2 involved bitter taste receptor genes of importance to adaptation to changing environments; ACt3 included 68 genes coding ATP-binding proteins, some of them located on trypanotolerance-related QTL regions, that can partially underlie immune response and the additive mechanism of trypanotolerance; ACt4 was associated with growth and small size (NPPC gene); ACs1 included genes involved in immune response; and ACz1 is related with ectoparasite resistance. Our results provide a new set of genomic areas and candidate genes giving new insights on the genomic impact of adaptation in West African cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Goyache
- SERIDA-Deva, Camino de Rioseco 1225, E-33394-Gijón, Spain.
| | | | - Iván Fernández
- SERIDA-Deva, Camino de Rioseco 1225, E-33394-Gijón, Spain
| | - Amadou Traoré
- Institut de l'Environnement et des Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou 04 BP 8645, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Isabel Álvarez
- SERIDA-Deva, Camino de Rioseco 1225, E-33394-Gijón, Spain
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Duntsch L, Whibley A, Brekke P, Ewen JG, Santure AW. Genomic data of different resolutions reveal consistent inbreeding estimates but contrasting homozygosity landscapes for the threatened Aotearoa New Zealand hihi. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6006-6020. [PMID: 34242449 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding can lead to a loss of heterozygosity in a population and when combined with genetic drift may reduce the adaptive potential of a species. However, there is uncertainty about whether resequencing data can provide accurate and consistent inbreeding estimates. Here, we performed an in-depth inbreeding analysis for hihi (Notiomystis cincta), an endemic and nationally vulnerable passerine bird of Aotearoa New Zealand. We first focused on subsampling variants from a reference genome male, and found that low-density data sets tend to miss runs of homozygosity (ROH) in some places and overestimate ROH length in others, resulting in contrasting homozygosity landscapes. Low-coverage resequencing and 50 K SNP array densities can yield comparable inbreeding results to high-coverage resequencing approaches, but the results for all data sets are highly dependent on the software settings employed. Second, we extended our analysis to 10 hihi where low-coverage whole genome resequencing, RAD-seq and SNP array genotypes are available. We inferred ROH and individual inbreeding to evaluate the relative effects of sequencing depth versus SNP density on estimating inbreeding coefficients and found that high rates of missingness downwardly bias both the number and length of ROH. In summary, when using genomic data to evaluate inbreeding, studies must consider that ROH estimates are heavily dependent on analysis parameters, data set density and individual sequencing depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duntsch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annabel Whibley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patricia Brekke
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - John G Ewen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Anna W Santure
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lee YL, Takeda H, Costa Monteiro Moreira G, Karim L, Mullaart E, Coppieters W, Appeltant R, Veerkamp RF, Groenen MAM, Georges M, Bosse M, Druet T, Bouwman AC, Charlier C. A 12 kb multi-allelic copy number variation encompassing a GC gene enhancer is associated with mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009331. [PMID: 34288907 PMCID: PMC8328317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical mastitis (CM) is an inflammatory disease occurring in the mammary glands of lactating cows. CM is under genetic control, and a prominent CM resistance QTL located on chromosome 6 was reported in various dairy cattle breeds. Nevertheless, the biological mechanism underpinning this QTL has been lacking. Herein, we mapped, fine-mapped, and discovered the putative causal variant underlying this CM resistance QTL in the Dutch dairy cattle population. We identified a ~12 kb multi-allelic copy number variant (CNV), that is in perfect linkage disequilibrium with a lead SNP, as a promising candidate variant. By implementing a fine-mapping and through expression QTL mapping, we showed that the group-specific component gene (GC), a gene encoding a vitamin D binding protein, is an excellent candidate causal gene for the QTL. The multiplicated alleles are associated with increased GC expression and low CM resistance. Ample evidence from functional genomics data supports the presence of an enhancer within this CNV, which would exert cis-regulatory effect on GC. We observed that strong positive selection swept the region near the CNV, and haplotypes associated with the multiplicated allele were strongly selected for. Moreover, the multiplicated allele showed pleiotropic effects for increased milk yield and reduced fertility, hinting that a shared underlying biology for these effects may revolve around the vitamin D pathway. These findings together suggest a putative causal variant of a CM resistance QTL, where a cis-regulatory element located within a CNV can alter gene expression and affect multiple economically important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Lim Lee
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haruko Takeda
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Latifa Karim
- GIGA Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Wouter Coppieters
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- GIGA Genomics Platform, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Ruth Appeltant
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roel F. Veerkamp
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martien A. M. Groenen
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Georges
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mirte Bosse
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aniek C. Bouwman
- Wageningen University & Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carole Charlier
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Lozada-Soto EA, Maltecca C, Lu D, Miller S, Cole JB, Tiezzi F. Trends in genetic diversity and the effect of inbreeding in American Angus cattle under genomic selection. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:50. [PMID: 34134619 PMCID: PMC8207663 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the adoption of genomic evaluations in livestock has increased genetic gain rates, its effects on genetic diversity and accumulation of inbreeding have raised concerns in cattle populations. Increased inbreeding may affect fitness and decrease the mean performance for economically important traits, such as fertility and growth in beef cattle, with the age of inbreeding having a possible effect on the magnitude of inbreeding depression. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in genetic diversity as a result of the implementation of genomic selection in Angus cattle and quantify potential inbreeding depression effects of total pedigree and genomic inbreeding, and also to investigate the impact of recent and ancient inbreeding. Results We found that the yearly rate of inbreeding accumulation remained similar in sires and decreased significantly in dams since the implementation of genomic selection. Other measures such as effective population size and the effective number of chromosome segments show little evidence of a detrimental effect of using genomic selection strategies on the genetic diversity of beef cattle. We also quantified pedigree and genomic inbreeding depression for fertility and growth. While inbreeding did not affect fertility, an increase in pedigree or genomic inbreeding was associated with decreased birth weight, weaning weight, and post-weaning gain in both sexes. We also measured the impact of the age of inbreeding and found that recent inbreeding had a larger depressive effect on growth than ancient inbreeding. Conclusions In this study, we sought to quantify and understand the possible consequences of genomic selection on the genetic diversity of American Angus cattle. In both sires and dams, we found that, generally, genomic selection resulted in decreased rates of pedigree and genomic inbreeding accumulation and increased or sustained effective population sizes and number of independently segregating chromosome segments. We also found significant depressive effects of inbreeding accumulation on economically important growth traits, particularly with genomic and recent inbreeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00644-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Duc Lu
- Angus Genetics Inc, St. Joseph, MO, 64506, USA
| | | | - John B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Druet T, Oleński K, Flori L, Bertrand AR, Olech W, Tokarska M, Kaminski S, Gautier M. Genomic Footprints of Recovery in the European Bison. J Hered 2021; 111:194-203. [PMID: 32027367 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
After extinction in the wild in the beginning of the 20th century, the European bison has been successfully recovered in 2 distinct genetic lines from only 12 and 7 captive founders. We here aimed at characterizing the levels of realized inbreeding in these 2 restored lines to provide empirical insights into the genomic footprints left by population recovery from a small number of founders. To that end, we genotyped 183 European bison born over the last 40 years with the Illumina BovineHD beadchip that contained 22 602 informative autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms after data filtering. We then identified homozygous-by-descent (HBD) segments and classified them into different age-related classes relying on a model-based approach. As expected, we observed that the strong and recent founder effect experienced by the 2 lines resulted in very high levels of recent inbreeding and in the presence of long HBD tracks (up to 120 Mb). These long HBD tracks were associated with ancestors living approximately from 4 to 32 generations in the past, suggesting that inbreeding accumulated over multiple generations after the bottleneck. The contribution to inbreeding of the most recent groups of ancestors was however found to be decreasing in both lines. In addition, comparison of Lowland individuals born at different time periods showed that the levels of inbreeding tended to stabilize, HBD segments being shorter in animals born more recently which indicates efficient control of inbreeding. Monitoring HBD segment lengths over generations may thus be viewed as a valuable genomic diagnostic tool for populations in conservation or recovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kamil Oleński
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Laurence Flori
- SELMET, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier Supagro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine R Bertrand
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Stanislaw Kaminski
- Department of Animal Genetics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mathieu Gautier
- INRAE, UMR CBGP (INRAE-IRD-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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Coimbra RTF, Winter S, Kumar V, Koepfli KP, Gooley RM, Dobrynin P, Fennessy J, Janke A. Whole-genome analysis of giraffe supports four distinct species. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2929-2938.e5. [PMID: 33957077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Species is the fundamental taxonomic unit in biology and its delimitation has implications for conservation. In giraffe (Giraffa spp.), multiple taxonomic classifications have been proposed since the early 1900s.1 However, one species with nine subspecies has been generally accepted,2 likely due to limited in-depth assessments, subspecies hybridizing in captivity,3,4 and anecdotal reports of hybrids in the wild.5 Giraffe taxonomy received new attention after population genetic studies using traditional genetic markers suggested at least four species.6,7 This view has been met with controversy,8 setting the stage for debate.9,10 Genomics is significantly enhancing our understanding of biodiversity and speciation relative to traditional genetic approaches and thus has important implications for species delineation and conservation.11 We present a high-quality de novo genome assembly of the critically endangered Kordofan giraffe (G. camelopardalis antiquorum)12 and a comprehensive whole-genome analysis of 50 giraffe representing all traditionally recognized subspecies. Population structure and phylogenomic analyses support four separately evolving giraffe lineages, which diverged 230-370 ka ago. These lineages underwent distinct demographic histories and show different levels of heterozygosity and inbreeding. Our results strengthen previous findings of limited gene flow and admixture among putative giraffe species6,7,9 and establish a genomic foundation for recognizing four species and seven subspecies, the latter of which should be considered as evolutionary significant units. Achieving a consensus over the number of species and subspecies in giraffe is essential for adequately assessing their threat level and will improve conservation efforts for these iconic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael T F Coimbra
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sven Winter
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China; Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Rebecca M Gooley
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Pavel Dobrynin
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr., Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Julian Fennessy
- Giraffe Conservation Foundation, PO Box 86099, Eros, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Axel Janke
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Gorssen W, Meyermans R, Janssens S, Buys N. A publicly available repository of ROH islands reveals signatures of selection in different livestock and pet species. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:2. [PMID: 33397285 PMCID: PMC7784028 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-020-00599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runs of homozygosity (ROH) have become the state-of-the-art method for analysis of inbreeding in animal populations. Moreover, ROH are suited to detect signatures of selection via ROH islands and are used in other applications, such as genomic prediction and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Currently, a vast amount of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data is available online, but most of these data have never been used for ROH analysis. Therefore, we performed a ROH analysis on large medium-density SNP datasets in eight animal species (cat, cattle, dog, goat, horse, pig, sheep and water buffalo; 442 different populations) and make these results publicly available. RESULTS The results include an overview of ROH islands per population and a comparison of the incidence of these ROH islands among populations from the same species, which can assist researchers when studying other (livestock) populations or when looking for similar signatures of selection. We were able to confirm many known ROH islands, for example signatures of selection for the myostatin (MSTN) gene in sheep and horses. However, our results also included multiple other ROH islands, which are common to many populations and not identified to date (e.g. on chromosomes D4 and E2 in cats and on chromosome 6 in sheep). CONCLUSIONS We are confident that our repository of ROH islands is a valuable reference for future studies. The discovered ROH island regions represent a unique starting point for new studies or can be used as a reference for future studies. Furthermore, we encourage authors to add their population-specific ROH findings to our repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Gorssen
- Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roel Meyermans
- Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Janssens
- Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadine Buys
- Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Box 2472, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Alemu SW, Kadri NK, Harland C, Faux P, Charlier C, Caballero A, Druet T. An evaluation of inbreeding measures using a whole-genome sequenced cattle pedigree. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 126:410-423. [PMID: 33159183 PMCID: PMC8027009 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimation of the inbreeding coefficient (F) is essential for the study of inbreeding depression (ID) or for the management of populations under conservation. Several methods have been proposed to estimate the realized F using genetic markers, but it remains unclear which one should be used. Here we used whole-genome sequence data for 245 individuals from a Holstein cattle pedigree to empirically evaluate which estimators best capture homozygosity at variants causing ID, such as rare deleterious alleles or loci presenting heterozygote advantage and segregating at intermediate frequency. Estimators relying on the correlation between uniting gametes (FUNI) or on the genomic relationships (FGRM) presented the highest correlations with these variants. However, homozygosity at rare alleles remained poorly captured. A second group of estimators relying on excess homozygosity (FHOM), homozygous-by-descent segments (FHBD), runs-of-homozygosity (FROH) or on the known genealogy (FPED) was better at capturing whole-genome homozygosity, reflecting the consequences of inbreeding on all variants, and for young alleles with low to moderate frequencies (0.10 < . < 0.25). The results indicate that FUNI and FGRM might present a stronger association with ID. However, the situation might be different when recessive deleterious alleles reach higher frequencies, such as in populations with a small effective population size. For locus-specific inbreeding measures or at low marker density, the ranking of the methods can also change as FHBD makes better use of the information from neighboring markers. Finally, we confirmed that genomic measures are in general superior to pedigree-based estimates. In particular, FPED was uncorrelated with locus-specific homozygosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setegn Worku Alemu
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Naveen Kumar Kadri
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chad Harland
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Faux
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carole Charlier
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Armando Caballero
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Edificio CC Experimentais, Universidade de Vigo, Campus de Vigo, As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Gooley RM, Tamazian G, Castañeda‐Rico S, Murphy KR, Dobrynin P, Ferrie GM, Haefele H, Maldonado JE, Wildt DE, Pukazhenthi BS, Edwards CW, Koepfli K. Comparison of genomic diversity and structure of sable antelope ( Hippotragus niger) in zoos, conservation centers, and private ranches in North America. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2143-2154. [PMID: 32908610 PMCID: PMC7463370 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As we enter the sixth mass extinction, many species that are no longer self-sustaining in their natural habitat will require ex situ management. Zoos have finite resources for ex situ management, and there is a need for holistic conservation programs between the public and private sector. Ex situ populations of sable antelope, Hippotragus niger, have existed in zoos and privately owned ranches in North America since the 1910s. Unknown founder representation and relatedness has made the genetic management of this species challenging within zoos, while populations on privately owned ranches are managed independently and retain minimal-to-no pedigree history. Consequences of such challenges include an increased risk of inbreeding and a loss of genetic diversity. Here, we developed and applied a customized targeted sequence capture panel based on 5,000 genomewide single-nucleotide polymorphisms to investigate the genomic diversity present in these uniquely managed populations. We genotyped 111 sable antelope: 23 from zoos, 43 from a single conservation center, and 45 from ranches. We found significantly higher genetic diversity and significantly lower inbreeding in herds housed in zoos and conservation centers, when compared to those in privately owned ranches, likely due to genetic-based breeding recommendations implemented in the former populations. Genetic clustering was strong among all three populations, possibly as a result of genetic drift. We propose that the North American ex situ population of sable antelope would benefit from a metapopulation management system, to halt genetic drift, reduce the occurrence of inbreeding, and enable sustainable population sizes to be managed ex situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Gooley
- Smithsonian‐Mason School of ConservationFront RoyalVAUSA
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Gaik Tamazian
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome BioinformaticsSaint Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussian Federation
| | - Susette Castañeda‐Rico
- Smithsonian‐Mason School of ConservationFront RoyalVAUSA
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Katherine R. Murphy
- Laboratories of Analytical BiologyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Pavel Dobrynin
- Computer Technologies LaboratoryITMO UniversitySt. PetersburgRussian Federation
| | - Gina M. Ferrie
- Animals, Science and EnvironmentDisney’s Animal KingdomLake Buena VistaFLUSA
| | | | - Jesús E. Maldonado
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - David E. Wildt
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Budhan S. Pukazhenthi
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Cody W. Edwards
- Smithsonian‐Mason School of ConservationFront RoyalVAUSA
- Department of BiologyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfaxVAUSA
| | - Klaus‐Peter Koepfli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
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Makanjuola BO, Maltecca C, Miglior F, Schenkel FS, Baes CF. Effect of recent and ancient inbreeding on production and fertility traits in Canadian Holsteins. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:605. [PMID: 32873253 PMCID: PMC7466804 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic performances of livestock animals decline with increasing levels of inbreeding, however, the noticeable decline known as inbreeding depression, may not be due only to the total level of inbreeding, but rather could be distinctly associated with more recent or more ancient inbreeding. Therefore, splitting inbreeding into different age classes could help in assessing detrimental effects of different ages of inbreeding. Hence, this study sought to investigate the effect of recent and ancient inbreeding on production and fertility traits in Canadian Holstein cattle with both pedigree and genomic records. Furthermore, inbreeding coefficients were estimated using traditional pedigree measure (FPED) and genomic measures using segment based (FROH) and marker-by-marker (FGRM) based approaches. RESULTS Inbreeding depression was found for all production and most fertility traits, for example, every 1% increase in FPED, FROH and FGRM was observed to cause a - 44.71, - 40.48 and - 48.72 kg reduction in 305-day milk yield (MY), respectively. Similarly, an extension in first service to conception (FSTC) of 0.29, 0.24 and 0.31 day in heifers was found for every 1% increase in FPED, FROH and FGRM, respectively. Fertility traits that did not show significant depression were observed to move in an unfavorable direction over time. Splitting both pedigree and genomic inbreeding into age classes resulted in recent age classes showing more detrimental inbreeding effects, while more distant age classes caused more favorable effects. For example, a - 1.56 kg loss in 305-day protein yield (PY) was observed for every 1% increase in the most recent pedigree age class, whereas a 1.33 kg gain was found per 1% increase in the most distant pedigree age class. CONCLUSIONS Inbreeding depression was observed for production and fertility traits. In general, recent inbreeding had unfavorable effects, while ancestral inbreeding had favorable effects. Given that more negative effects were estimated from recent inbreeding when compared to ancient inbreeding suggests that recent inbreeding should be the primary focus of selection programs. Also, further work to identify specific recent homozygous regions negatively associated with phenotypic traits could be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayode O Makanjuola
- Centre for Genomic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Centre for Genomic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Animal Science and Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Filippo Miglior
- Centre for Genomic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Centre for Genomic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Christine F Baes
- Centre for Genomic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Álvarez I, Fernández I, Traoré A, Pérez-Pardal L, Menéndez-Arias NA, Goyache F. Ancient Homozygosity Segments in West African Djallonké Sheep Inform on the Genomic Impact of Livestock Adaptation to the Environment. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1178. [PMID: 32664651 PMCID: PMC7401600 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A sample of Burkina Faso Djallonké (West African Dwarf) sheep was analyzed to identify stretches of homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity; ROH) overlapping with ancient homozygosity-by-descent (HBD) segments. HBD segments were considered ancient if they were likely to be inherited from ancestors living from 1024 to 2048 generations ago, roughly coinciding with the time in which sheep entered into West Africa. It is hypothesized that such homozygous segments can inform on the effect of the sheep genome of human-mediated selection for adaptation to this harsh environment. PLINK analyses allowed to identify a total of 510 ROH segments in 127 different individuals that could be summarized into 124 different ROH. A total of 32,968 HBD segments were identified on 119 individuals using the software ZooRoH. HBD segments inherited from ancestors living 1024 and 2048 generations ago were identified on 61 individuals. The overlap between consensus ROH identified using PLINK and HBD fragments putatively assigned to generations 1024 and 2048 gave 108 genomic areas located on 17 different ovine chromosomes which were considered candidate regions for gene-annotation enrichment analyses. Functional annotation allowed to identify six statistically significant functional clusters involving 50 candidate genes. Cluster 1 was involved in homeostasis and coagulation; functional clusters 2, 3, and 6 were associated to innate immunity, defense against infections, and white blood cells proliferation and migration, respectively; cluster 4 was involved in parasite resistance; and functional cluster 5, formed by 20 genes, was involved in response to stress. The current analysis confirms the importance of genomic areas associated to immunity, disease resistance, and response to stress for adaptation of sheep to the challenging environment of humid Sub-Saharan West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Álvarez
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, E-33394 Gijón, Spain; (I.Á.); (I.F.); (N.A.M.-A.)
| | - Iván Fernández
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, E-33394 Gijón, Spain; (I.Á.); (I.F.); (N.A.M.-A.)
| | - Amadou Traoré
- Institut de l’Environnement et des RecherchesAgricoles (INERA), 8645 Ouagadougou BP, Burkina Faso;
| | | | - Nuria A. Menéndez-Arias
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, E-33394 Gijón, Spain; (I.Á.); (I.F.); (N.A.M.-A.)
| | - Félix Goyache
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, E-33394 Gijón, Spain; (I.Á.); (I.F.); (N.A.M.-A.)
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Maltecca C, Tiezzi F, Cole JB, Baes C. Symposium review: Exploiting homozygosity in the era of genomics-Selection, inbreeding, and mating programs. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5302-5313. [PMID: 32331889 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genomic selection paved the way for an unprecedented acceleration in genetic progress. The increased ability to select superior individuals has been coupled with a drastic reduction in the generation interval for most dairy populations, representing both an opportunity and a challenge. Homozygosity is now rapidly accumulating in dairy populations. Currently, inbreeding depression is managed mostly by culling at the farm level and by controlling the overall accumulation of homozygosity at the population level. A better understanding of how homozygosity and recessive load are related will guarantee continued genetic improvement while curtailing the accumulation of harmful recessives and maintaining enough genetic variability to ensure the possibility of selection in the face of changing environmental conditions. In this review, we present a snapshot of the current dairy selection structure as it relates to response to selection and accumulation of homozygosity, briefly outline the main approaches currently used to manage inbreeding and overall variability, and present some approaches that can be used in the short term to control accumulation of harmful recessives while maintaining sustained selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maltecca
- Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695.
| | - F Tiezzi
- Animal Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
| | - J B Cole
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - C Baes
- Centre for Genomic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Beyond broad strokes: sociocultural insights from the study of ancient genomes. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:355-366. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ghoreishifar SM, Moradi-Shahrbabak H, Fallahi MH, Jalil Sarghale A, Moradi-Shahrbabak M, Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Khansefid M. Genomic measures of inbreeding coefficients and genome-wide scan for runs of homozygosity islands in Iranian river buffalo, Bubalus bubalis. BMC Genet 2020; 21:16. [PMID: 32041535 PMCID: PMC7011551 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-0824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Consecutive homozygous fragments of a genome inherited by offspring from a common ancestor are known as runs of homozygosity (ROH). ROH can be used to calculate genomic inbreeding and to identify genomic regions that are potentially under historical selection pressure. The dataset of our study consisted of 254 Azeri (AZ) and 115 Khuzestani (KHZ) river buffalo genotyped for ~ 65,000 SNPs for the following two purposes: 1) to estimate and compare inbreeding calculated using ROH (FROH), excess of homozygosity (FHOM), correlation between uniting gametes (FUNI), and diagonal elements of the genomic relationship matrix (FGRM); 2) to identify frequently occurring ROH (i.e. ROH islands) for our selection signature and gene enrichment studies. Results In this study, 9102 ROH were identified, with an average number of 21.2 ± 13.1 and 33.2 ± 15.9 segments per animal in AZ and KHZ breeds, respectively. On average in AZ, 4.35% (108.8 ± 120.3 Mb), and in KHZ, 5.96% (149.1 ± 107.7 Mb) of the genome was autozygous. The estimated inbreeding values based on FHOM, FUNI and FGRM were higher in AZ than they were in KHZ, which was in contrast to the FROH estimates. We identified 11 ROH islands (four in AZ and seven in KHZ). In the KHZ breed, the genes located in ROH islands were enriched for multiple Gene Ontology (GO) terms (P ≤ 0.05). The genes located in ROH islands were associated with diverse biological functions and traits such as body size and muscle development (BMP2), immune response (CYP27B1), milk production and components (MARS, ADRA1A, and KCTD16), coat colour and pigmentation (PMEL and MYO1A), reproductive traits (INHBC, INHBE, STAT6 and PCNA), and bone development (SUOX). Conclusion The calculated FROH was in line with expected higher inbreeding in KHZ than in AZ because of the smaller effective population size of KHZ. Thus, we find that FROH can be used as a robust estimate of genomic inbreeding. Further, the majority of ROH peaks were overlapped with or in close proximity to the previously reported genomic regions with signatures of selection. This tells us that it is likely that the genes in the ROH islands have been subject to artificial or natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Ghoreishifar
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Hossein Moradi-Shahrbabak
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Ali Jalil Sarghale
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moradi-Shahrbabak
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Rostam Abdollahi-Arpanahi
- Departments of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, 33916-53755, Iran
| | - Majid Khansefid
- AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Bhati M, Kadri NK, Crysnanto D, Pausch H. Assessing genomic diversity and signatures of selection in Original Braunvieh cattle using whole-genome sequencing data. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 31914939 PMCID: PMC6950892 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autochthonous cattle breeds are an important source of genetic variation because they might carry alleles that enable them to adapt to local environment and food conditions. Original Braunvieh (OB) is a local cattle breed of Switzerland used for beef and milk production in alpine areas. Using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 49 key ancestors, we characterize genomic diversity, genomic inbreeding, and signatures of selection in Swiss OB cattle at nucleotide resolution. Results We annotated 15,722,811 SNPs and 1,580,878 Indels including 10,738 and 2763 missense deleterious and high impact variants, respectively, that were discovered in 49 OB key ancestors. Six Mendelian trait-associated variants that were previously detected in breeds other than OB, segregated in the sequenced key ancestors including variants causal for recessive xanthinuria and albinism. The average nucleotide diversity (1.6 × 10− 3) was higher in OB than many mainstream European cattle breeds. Accordingly, the average genomic inbreeding derived from runs of homozygosity (ROH) was relatively low (FROH = 0.14) in the 49 OB key ancestor animals. However, genomic inbreeding was higher in OB cattle of more recent generations (FROH = 0.16) due to a higher number of long (> 1 Mb) runs of homozygosity. Using two complementary approaches, composite likelihood ratio test and integrated haplotype score, we identified 95 and 162 genomic regions encompassing 136 and 157 protein-coding genes, respectively, that showed evidence (P < 0.005) of past and ongoing selection. These selection signals were enriched for quantitative trait loci related to beef traits including meat quality, feed efficiency and body weight and pathways related to blood coagulation, nervous and sensory stimulus. Conclusions We provide a comprehensive overview of sequence variation in Swiss OB cattle genomes. With WGS data, we observe higher genomic diversity and less inbreeding in OB than many European mainstream cattle breeds. Footprints of selection were detected in genomic regions that are possibly relevant for meat quality and adaptation to local environmental conditions. Considering that the population size is low and genomic inbreeding increased in the past generations, the implementation of optimal mating strategies seems warranted to maintain genetic diversity in the Swiss OB cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Bhati
- Animal Genomics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Genome-Wide Runs of Homozygosity, Effective Population Size, and Detection of Positive Selection Signatures in Six Chinese Goat Breeds. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110938. [PMID: 31744198 PMCID: PMC6895971 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of selection footprints provides insight into the evolution process and the underlying mechanisms controlling the phenotypic diversity of traits that have been exposed to selection. Selection focused on certain characters, mapping certain genomic regions often shows a loss of genetic diversity with an increased level of homozygosity. Therefore, the runs of homozygosity (ROHs), homozygosity by descent (HBD), and effective population size (Ne) are effective tools for exploring the genetic diversity, understanding the demographic history, foretelling the signature of directional selection, and improving the breeding strategies to use and conserve genetic resources. We characterized the ROH, HBD, Ne, and signature of selection of six Chinese goat populations using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 50K Illumina beadchips. Our results show an inverse relationship between the length and frequency of ROH. A long ROH length, higher level of inbreeding, long HBD segment, and smaller Ne in Guangfeng (GF) goats suggested intensive selection pressure and recent inbreeding in this breed. We identified six reproduction-related genes within the genomic regions with a high ROH frequency, of which two genes overlapped with a putative selection signature. The estimated pair-wise genetic differentiation (FST) among the populations is 9.60% and the inter- and intra-population molecular variations are 9.68% and 89.6%, respectively, indicating low to moderate genetic differentiation. Our selection signatures analysis revealed 54 loci harboring 86 putative candidate genes, with a strong signature of selection. Further analysis showed that several candidate genes, including MARF1, SYCP2, TMEM200C, SF1, ADCY1, and BMP5, are involved in goat fecundity. We identified 11 candidate genes by using cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) estimates, of which MARF1 and SF1 are under strong positive selection, as they are differentiated in high and low reproduction groups according to the three approaches used. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that different biological pathways could be involved in the variation of fecundity in female goats. This study provides a new insight into the ROHs patterns for maintenance of within breed diversity and suggests a role of positive selection for genetic variation influencing fecundity in Chinese goat.
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