Residual lung damage following ARDS in COVID-19 ICU survivors

Medium-Term Disability and Long-Term Functional Impairment Persistence in Survivors of Severe COVID-19 ARDS: Clinical and Physiological Insights

BACKGROUND

Although the medium- and long-term sequelae of survivor of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) of any cause have been documented, little is known about the way in which COVID-19-induced ARDS affects functional disability and exercise components. Our aims were to examine the medium-term disability in severe COVID-19-associated ARDS survivors, delineate pathophysiological changes contributing to their exercise intolerance, and explore its utility in predicting long-term functional impairment persistence.

METHODS

We studied 108 consecutive subjects with severe COVID-19 ARDS who remained alive 6 months after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. Lung morphology was assessed with chest non-contrast CT scans and CT angiography. Functional evaluation included spirometry, plethysmography, muscle strength, and diffusion capacity, with assessment of gas exchange components through diffusing capacity of nitric oxide. Disability was assessed through an incremental exercise test, and measurements were repeated 12 and 24 months later in patients with functional impairments.

RESULTS

At 6 months after ICU discharge, a notable dissociation between morphological and clinical-functional sequelae was identified. Moderate-severe disability was present in 47% of patients and these subjects had greater limitation of ventilatory mechanics and gas exchange, as well as greater symptomatic perception during exercise and a probable associated cardiac limitation. Female sex, hypothyroidism, reduced membrane diffusion component, lower functional residual capacity, and high-attenuation lung volume were independently associated with the presence of moderate-severe functional disability, which in turn was related to higher frequency and greater intensity of dyspnea and worse quality of life. Out of the 71 patients with reduced lung volumes or diffusion capacity at 6 months post-ICU discharge, only 19 maintained a restrictive disorder associated with gas exchange impairment at 24 months post-discharge. In these patients, 6-month values for diffusion membrane component, maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatory equivalent for CO2, and dead space to tidal volume ratio were identified as independent risk factors for persistence of long-term functional sequelae.

CONCLUSIONS

Less than half of survivors of COVID-19 ARDS have moderate-severe disability in the medium term, identifying several risk factors. In turn, diffusion membrane component and exercise tolerance at 6-month ICU discharge are independently associated with the persistence of long-term functional sequelae.

Outcomes and Management After COVID-19 Critical Illness

TOPIC IMPORTANCE

COVID-19 has caused > 7 million deaths worldwide since its onset in 2019. Although the severity of illness has varied throughout the pandemic, critical illness related to COVID-19 persists. Survivors of COVID-19 critical illness can be left with sequelae of both the SARS-CoV-2 virus and long-term effects of critical illness included within post-intensive care syndrome. Given the complexity and heterogeneity of COVID-19 critical illness, the biopsychosocial-ecological model can aid in evaluation and treatment of survivors, integrating interactions among physical, cognitive, and psychological domains, as well as social systems and environments.

REVIEW FINDINGS

Prolonged illness after COVID-19 critical illness generally can be classified into effects on physical, cognitive, and psychosocial function, with much interaction among the various effects, and includes a wide range of symptoms such as ICU-acquired weakness, prolonged respiratory symptoms, cognitive changes, post-traumatic stress disorder post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. Risk factors for COVID-19 critical illness developing are complex and include preexisting factors, disease course, and specifics of hospitalization in addition to psychological comorbidities and socioenvironmental factors. Recovery trajectories are not well defined, and management requires a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and individualized approach to care.

SUMMARY

The onset of vaccinations, new therapeutics, and new strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus have decreased COVID-19 mortality; however, the number of survivors of COVID-19 critical illness remains high. A biopsychosocial-ecological approach is recommended to guide care of COVID-19 critical illness survivors.

Residual radiological opacities correlate with disease outcomes in ICU-treated COVID-19

Background

Few studies consider both radiological and functional outcomes in COVID-19 survivors treated in the intensive care unit (ICU). We investigated clinical findings and pulmonary abnormalities on chest computed tomography (CT) and compared outcomes of severe versus mild-moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on long-term follow-up.

Methods

This longitudinal cohort study included 118 COVID-19 patients (median age, 58 years; 79% men). Thoracic CT scans were performed 4, 10, and 22 months after hospital discharge. Two independent blinded radiologists analyzed the 10 months scans and scored the radiology findings semi-quantitatively, as no/minor versus widespread opacities [low-radiology opacity grade (ROG) versus high-ROG]. ARDS severity was based on the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. The 6 min walk test (6MWT) was performed after 3 and 9 months, and lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and lung volume measurement after 9 and 15 months. Dynamic spirometry was done at all time points. Residual symptoms and health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) were evaluated using validated questionnaires.

Results

At 10 months, most patients (81/118; 69%) were classified as high-ROG, of which 70% had severe ARDS during hospitalisation; 69% of those with mild-moderate ARDS also had high-ROG. Patients with high-ROG had longer ICU stay and lower PaO2/FiO2 during hospitalisation (p < 0.01). At 9 months follow-up, patients with high-ROG had smaller lung volumes as % of predicted values [mean (±CI): 80 (77-84) vs. 93 (88-98) (p < 0.001)], lower DLCO as % of predicted values [74 (70-78) vs. 87 (82-92) (p < 0.001)], lower oxygen saturation during 6MWT (p = 0.02), and a tendency to more severe dyspnoea (p = 0.07), but no difference was found in HRQL compared with no/minor ROG (p = 0.92). A higher opacity score was related to lower DLCO at follow-up (r = -0.48, p < 0.001, Spearman rank test). Severe ARDS patients had slightly more severe fatigue at 9 months compared to mild-moderate, but no differences in dyspnoea or lung function at follow-up. Fibrotic-like changes were found in 93% of patients examined with CT scans at 2 years (55/118; 47%). Severe ARDS could predict widespread opacities (ROG > 25%) in most patients at follow-up at 10 months (AUC 0.74).

Conclusion

Residual radiological abnormalities in ICU-treated COVID-19 patients, evaluated for up to 2 years, relate to persisting symptoms and impaired lung function, demanding careful follow-up regardless of ARDS severity at hospitalisation.

Factors related to lung function outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients in South Korea

BACKGROUND

New variants of the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continue to emerge. However, little is known about the effect of these variants on clinical outcomes. This study evaluated the risk factors for poor pulmonary lung function test (PFT).

METHODS

The study retrospectively analyzed 87 patients in a single hospital and followed up by performing PFTs at an outpatient clinic from January 2020 to December 2021. COVID-19 variants were categorized as either a non-delta variant (November 13, 2020-July 6, 2021) or the delta variant (July 7, 2021-January 29, 2022).

RESULTS

The median age of the patients was 62 years, and 56 patients (64.4%) were male. Mechanical ventilation (MV) was provided for 52 patients, and 36 (41.4%) had restrictive lung defects. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO ) were lower in patients on MV. Male sex (odds ratio [OR], 0.228) and MV (OR, 4.663) were significant factors for decreased DLCO . The duration of MV was associated with decreased FVC and DLCO . However, the type of variant did not affect the decrease in FVC (P=0.750) and DLCO (P=0.639).

CONCLUSIONS

Among critically ill COVID-19 patients, 40% had restrictive patterns with decreased DLCO . The reduction of PFT was associated with MV, type of variants.

Post-COVID-19 cardio-pulmonary manifestations after 1-year of SARS-CoV-2 infection among Indian population: A single centre, case-control study (OneCoV2 study)

BACKGROUND

The evolving challenge of persistent symptoms post-Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), particularly debilitating cardio-pulmonary manifestations, necessitates further exploration. Our study aimed to assess the cardio-pulmonary complications in patients a year after hospital discharge from severe COVID-19, contrasting these with findings from a non-COVID group.

METHODS

The OneCoV2 study, a prospective, case-control study, was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in northern India. We enrolled 43 subjects, with a mean age of 25.57 ± 7.94 years (COVID group) and 27.30 ± 8.17 years (non-COVID group). Comprehensive tests included pulmonary function tests, cardiac function tests, 6-min walk tests, and laboratory investigations.

RESULTS

Significant differences were found in the pulmonary function [forced vital capacity (FVC) (p = 0.037), forced expiratory flow (FEF) 25-75 % (p = 0.013)], and cardiac function [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.032), heart rate (HR) (p = 0.047)], along with the six-minute walk test results between the two groups. In the COVID group, Pearson's correlation showed a negative correlation between FVC and C-reactive protein (CRP) [r = -0.488, p = 0.007] and a positive correlation between the six-minute walk test [r = 0.431, p = 0.003] and HR [r = 0.503, p = 0.013].

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that pulmonary abnormalities are prevalent in COVID patients even after 1-year of hospital discharge. Cardiac biomarkers also show an inclination towards the COVID group. While we found significant correlations involving some parameters like FVC, CRP, HR, and results from the six-minute walk test, we did not find any significant correlations with the other tested parameters in our study.

Two-year multidisciplinary follow-up of COVID-19 patients requiring invasive and noninvasive respiratory support

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 patients frequently develop respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Data on long-term survival of patients who had severe COVID-19 are insufficient. We assessed and compared two-year survival, CT imaging, quality of life, and functional recovery of COVID-19 ARDS patients requiring respiratory support with invasive (IMV) versus noninvasive ventilation (NIV).

METHODS

Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted up to May 28th, 2020, who required IMV or NIV, and survived to hospital discharge were enrolled. Patients were contacted two years after discharge to assess vital status, functional, psychological, and cognitive outcomes using validated scales. Patients with persistent respiratory symptoms or high burden of residual lung damage at previous CT scan received a two-year chest CT scan.

RESULTS

Out of 61 IMV survivors, 98% were alive at two-year follow-up, and 52 completed the questionnaire. Out of 82 survivors receiving NIV only, 94% were alive at two years, and 47 completed the questionnaire. We found no major differences between invasively and noninvasively ventilated patients, with overall acceptable functional recovery. Among the 99 patients completing the questionnaire, 23 have more than moderate exertional dyspnea. Chest CT scans showed that 4 patients (all received IMV) had fibrotic-like changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who received mechanical ventilation due to COVID-19 and were discharged from hospital had a 96% survival rate at the two-year follow-up. There was no difference in overall recovery and quality of life between patients who did and did not require IMV, although respiratory morbidity remains high.

Feasibility, safety and efficacy of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory distress syndrome management without invasive mechanical ventilation

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is often managed with mechanical ventilation (MV), requiring sedation and paralysis, with associated risk of complications. There is limited evidence on the use of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC). We hypothesized that management of COVID-19 ARDS without MV is feasible.

METHODS

Included were all adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 ARDS, with PaO2/FiO2 ratio <100 at admission, and whose management was initially performed without MV. We evaluated need for intubation during ICU stay, mortality and hospital/ICU length of stay (LOS).

RESULTS

Out of 118 patients, 41 were managed only with HFNC from hospital admission (and at least during first 24 hours in ICU) and had a PaO2/FiO2 ratio <100 (72.9±13.0). Twenty-nine out of 41 patients never required MV: 24 of them survived and were discharged home. Their median ICU LOS was 11 (7-17) days, and their hospital LOS was 29 (18-45) days. We identified PaO2/FiO2 ratio at ICU admission as the only significant predictor for need for MV during ICU stay. We also identified age, length of non-invasive respiratory support before ICU admission, mean value of PaO2/FiO2 ratio during first half and whole ICU stay as predictors of mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

It is safe to monitor in ICU and use HFNC in patients affected by COVID-19 ARDS who initially present data suggesting an early need for intubation. The 41 patients admitted with a PaO2/FiO2 ratio <100 and initially treated only with HFNC show a 22% mortality that is in the lower range of what is reported in recent literature.

Radiological appearance and lung function six months after invasive ventilation in ICU for COVID-19 pneumonia: An observational follow-up study

BACKGROUND

Respiratory functional sequelae in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit for invasive ventilation are sparsely reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the radiological lung appearance, lung function and their association at 6 months after hospital discharge. It was hypothesized that the degree of pathological morphology on CT scans would correlate with lung function at the time of follow-up.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

In this single-centre prospective observational study, 86 from 154 patients admitted to ICU due to COVID-19 between March 2020 and May 2021 were followed up at 6 months post discharge with computed tomography (CT) of the chest and pulmonary function tests (PFTs). The PFT results were expressed as z-scores calculated as the difference between the measured and predicted values divided by the standard deviation obtained from a reference population. Correlations were evaluated by Spearman's rho including the 95% confidence interval. Pathological changes on CT were found in 78/85 participants with fibrous parenchymal bands being the most prevalent finding (91%) followed by traction bronchiectasis (64%) and ground glass opacities (41%). Sixty-five participants performed PFTs, and a restrictive pattern was the most prevalent abnormality (34%). Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was reduced in 66% of participants. The CT severity score weakly correlated with forced vital capacity (FVC) z-score (0.295, p = 0.006), DLCO z-score (-0.231, p = 0.032) and alveolar volume (VA) z-score (0.253, p = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

Most patients showed persistent radiological abnormalities on CT and reduced lung volumes, impaired diffusion capacity and patterns of restrictive lung function at 6 months post discharge from the ICU. The correlations between abnormalities on CT and lung function tests were weak. Further, studies with a long-term follow-up of lung function in this group of patients are needed.

Response to Prone Position in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Patients with Severe ARDS Supported by vvECMO

BACKGROUND

For moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lung-protective ventilation combined with prolonged and repeated prone position (PP) is recommended. For the most severe patients for whom this strategy failed, venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) allows a reduction in ventilation-induced lung injury and improves survival. Some aggregated data have suggested a benefit regarding survival in pursuing PP during vv-ECMO. The combination of PP and vv-ECMO has been also documented in COVID-19 studies, although there is scarce evidence concerning respiratory mechanics and gas exchange response. The main objective was to compare the physiological response of the first PP during vv-ECMO in two cohorts of patients (COVID-19-related ARDS and non-COVID-19 ARDS) regarding respiratory system compliance (C_RS) and oxygenation changes.

METHODS

This was a single-center, retrospective, and ambispective cohort study in the ECMO center of Marseille, France. ECMO was indicated according to the EOLIA trial criteria.

RESULTS

A total of 85 patients were included, 60 in the non-COVID-19 ARDS group and 25 in the COVID-19-related ARDS group. Lung injuries of the COVID-19 cohort exhibited significantly higher severity with a lower C_RS at baseline. Concerning the main objective, the first PP during vv-ECMO was not associated with a change in C_RS or other variation in respiratory mechanic variables in both cohorts. By contrast, oxygenation was improved only in the non-COVID-19 ARDS group after a return to the supine position. Mean arterial pressure was higher during PP as compared with a return to the supine position in the COVID-19 group.

CONCLUSION

We found distinct physiological responses to the first PP in vv-ECMO-supported ARDS patients according to the COVID-19 etiology. This could be due to higher severity at baseline or specificity of the disease. Further investigations are warranted.

Risk factors for impaired respiratory function post COVID-19: A prospective cohort study of nonhospitalized and hospitalized patients

BACKGROUND

Severe COVID-19 increases the risk for long-term respiratory impairment, but data after mild COVID-19 are scarce. Our aims were to determine risk factors for reduced respiratory function 3-6 months after COVID-19 infection and to investigate if reduced respiratory function would relate to impairment of exercise performance and breathlessness.

METHODS

Patients with COVID-19 were enrolled at the University Hospitals of Umeå and Örebro, and Karlstad Central Hospital, Sweden. Disease severity was defined as mild (nonhospitalized), moderate (hospitalized with or without oxygen treatment), and severe (intensive care). Spirometry, including diffusion capacity (DL_CO ), was performed 3-6 months after hospital discharge or study enrollment (for nonhospitalized patients). Breathlessness (defined as ≥1 according to the modified Medical Research Council scale) and functional exercise capacity (1-min sit-to-stand test; 1-MSTST) were assessed.

RESULTS

Between April 2020 and May 2021, 337 patients were enrolled in the study. Forced vital capacity and DL_CO were significantly lower in patients with severe COVID-19. Among hospitalized patients, 20% had reduced DL_CO , versus 4% in nonhospitalized. Breathlessness was found in 40.6% of the participants and was associated with impaired DL_CO . A pathological desaturation or heart rate response was observed in 17% of participants during the 1-MSTST. However, this response was not associated with reduced DL_CO .

CONCLUSION

Reduced DL_CO was the major respiratory impairment 3-6 months following COVID-19, with hospitalization as the most important risk factor. The lack of association between impaired DL_CO and pathological physiological responses to exertion suggests that these physiological responses are not primarily related to decreased lung function.

Long-Term Evolution of Activities of Daily Life (ADLs) in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients, a Case Series

BACKGROUND

The most common long-term symptoms of critically ill COVID-19 patients are fatigue, dyspnea and mental confusion. Adequate monitoring of long-term morbidity, mainly analyzing the activities of daily life (ADLs), allows better patient management after hospital discharge. The aim was to report long-term ADL evolution in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to a COVID-19 center in Lugano (Switzerland).

METHODS

A retrospective analysis on consecutive patients discharged alive from ICU with COVID-19 ARDS was performed based on a follow-up one year after hospital discharge; ADLs were assessed through the Barthel index (BI) and the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale. The primary objective was to assess differences in ADLs at hospital discharge (acute ADLs) and one-year follow-up (chronic ADLs). The secondary objective was to explore any correlations between ADLs and multiple measures at admission and during the ICU stay.

RESULTS

A total of 38 consecutive patients were admitted to the ICU; a t-test analysis between acute and chronic ADLs through BI showed a significant improvement at one year post discharge (t = -5.211, p < 0.0001); similarly, every single task of BI showed the same results (p < 0.0001 for each task of BI). The mean KPS was 86.47 (SD 20.9) at hospital discharge and 99.6 at 1 year post discharge (p = 0.02). Thirteen (34%) patients deceased during the first 28 days in the ICU; no patient died after hospital discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on BI and KPS, patients reached complete functional recovery of ADLs one year after critical COVID-19.

ΔNp63 drives dysplastic alveolar remodeling and restricts epithelial plasticity upon severe lung injury

The lung exhibits a robust, multifaceted regenerative response to severe injuries such as influenza infection, during which quiescent lung-resident epithelial progenitors participate in two distinct reparative pathways: functionally beneficial regeneration via alveolar type 2 (AT2) cell proliferation and differentiation, and dysplastic tissue remodeling via intrapulmonary airway-resident basal p63+ progenitors. Here we show that the basal cell transcription factor ΔNp63 is required for intrapulmonary basal progenitors to participate in dysplastic alveolar remodeling following injury. We find that ΔNp63 restricts the plasticity of intrapulmonary basal progenitors by maintaining either active or repressive histone modifications at key differentiation gene loci. Following loss of ΔNp63, intrapulmonary basal progenitors are capable of either airway or alveolar differentiation depending on their surrounding environment both in vitro and in vivo. Uncovering these regulatory mechanisms of dysplastic repair and lung basal cell fate choice highlight potential therapeutic targets to promote functional alveolar regeneration following severe lung injuries.

A Systematic Review and Quality Evaluation of Studies on Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19

COVID-19 made its debut as a pandemic in 2020; since then, more than 607 million cases and at least 6.5 million deaths have been reported worldwide. While the burden of disease has been described, the long-term effects or chronic sequelae are still being clarified. The aim of this study was to present an overview of the information available on the sequelae of COVID-19 in people who have suffered from the infection. A systematic review was carried out in which cohort studies, case series, and clinical case reports were included, and the PubMed, Scielo, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases were extracted. Information was published from 2020 to 1 June 2022, and we included 26 manuscripts: 9 for pulmonary, 6 for cardiac, 2 for renal, 8 for neurological and psychiatric, and 6 for cutaneous sequelae. Studies showed that the most common sequelae were those linked to the lungs, followed by skin, cutaneous, and psychiatric alterations. Women reported a higher incidence of the sequelae, as well as those with comorbidities and more severe COVID-19 history. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused death and disease since its appearance, but it has also sickened millions of people around the globe who potentially suffer from serious illnesses that will continue to add to the list of health problems, and further burden healthcare systems around the world.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome: causes, pathophysiology, and phenotypes

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common clinical syndrome of acute respiratory failure as a result of diffuse lung inflammation and oedema. ARDS can be precipitated by a variety of causes. The pathophysiology of ARDS is complex and involves the activation and dysregulation of multiple overlapping and interacting pathways of injury, inflammation, and coagulation, both in the lung and systemically. Mechanical ventilation can contribute to a cycle of lung injury and inflammation. Resolution of inflammation is a coordinated process that requires downregulation of proinflammatory pathways and upregulation of anti-inflammatory pathways. The heterogeneity of the clinical syndrome, along with its biology, physiology, and radiology, has increasingly been recognised and incorporated into identification of phenotypes. A precision-medicine approach that improves the identification of more homogeneous ARDS phenotypes should lead to an improved understanding of its pathophysiological mechanisms and how they differ from patient to patient.

Vertebral fractures at hospitalization predict impaired respiratory function during follow-up of COVID-19 survivors

PURPOSE

Morphometric vertebral fractures (VFs) have been recently reported as an important component of the endocrine phenotype of COVID-19 and emerging data show negative respiratory sequelae at long-term follow-up in COVID-19 survivors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of VFs on respiratory function in COVID-19 survivors.

METHODS

We included patients referred to our Hospital Emergency Department and re-evaluated during follow-up. VFs were detected on lateral chest X-rays on admission using a qualitative and semiquantitative assessment and pulmonary function tests were obtained by Jaeger-MasterScreen-Analyzer Unit 6 months after discharge.

RESULTS

Fifty patients were included. Median age was 66 years and 66% were males. No respiratory function data were available at COVID-19 diagnosis. VFs were detected in 16 (32%) patients. No differences between fractured and non-fractured patients regarding age and sex were observed. Although no difference was observed between VF and non-VF patient groups in the severity of pneumonia as assessed by Radiological-Assessment-of-Lung-Edema score at admission, (5 vs. 6, p = 0.69), patients with VFs were characterized as compared to those without VFs by lower Forced Vital Capacity (FVC, 2.9 vs. 3.6 L, p = 0.006; 85% vs. 110% of predicted, respectively, p = 0.001), Forced Expiratory Volume 1st s (FEV1, 2.2 vs. 2.8 L, p = 0.005; 92% vs. 110% of predicted, respectively, p = 0.001) and Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO 5.83 vs. 6.98 mmol/min/kPa, p = 0.036, 59% vs. 86.3% of predicted, respectively, p = 0.043) at 6-month follow up.

CONCLUSIONS

VFs, expression of the endocrine phenotype of the disease, appear to influence medium-term impaired respiratory function of COVID-19 survivors which may significantly influence their recovery. Therefore, our findings suggest that a VFs assessment at baseline may help in identifying patients needing a more intensive respiratory follow-up and patients showing persistent respiratory impairment without evidence of pulmonary disease may benefit from VFs assessment to preventing the vicious circle of further fractures and respiratory deterioration.

Atlas-Based Lung Segmentation Combined With Automatic Densitometry Characterization In COVID-19 Patients: Training, Validation And First Application In A Longitudinal Study

Purpose

To develop and validate an automated segmentation tool for COVID-19 lung CTs. To combine it with densitometry information in identifying Aerated, Intermediate and Consolidated Volumes in admission (CT1) and follow up CT (CT3).

Materials and Methods

An Atlas was trained on manually segmented CT1 of 250 patients and validated on 10 CT1 of the training group, 10 new CT1 and 10 CT3, by comparing DICE index between automatic (AUTO), automatic-corrected (AUTOMAN) and manual (MAN) contours. A previously developed automatic method was applied on HU lung density histograms to quantify Aerated, Intermediate and Consolidated Volumes. Volumes of subregions in validation CT1 and CT3 were quantified for each method.

Results

In validation CT1/CT3, manual correction of automatic contours was not necessary in 40% of cases. Mean DICE values for both lungs were 0.94 for AUTOVsMAN and 0.96 for AUTOMANVsMAN. Differences between Aerated and Intermediate Volumes quantified with AUTOVsMAN contours were always < 6%. Consolidated Volumes showed larger differences (mean: −95 ± 72 cc). If considering AUTOMANVsMAN volumes, differences got further smaller for Aerated and Intermediate, and were drastically reduced for consolidated Volumes (mean: −36 ± 25 cc). The average time for manual correction of automatic lungs contours on CT1 was 5 ± 2 min.

Conclusions

An Atlas for automatic segmentation of lungs in COVID-19 patients was developed and validated. Combined with a previously developed method for lung densitometry characterization, it provides a fast, operator-independent way to extract relevant quantitative parameters with minimal manual intervention.

The "Elastic Perspective" of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors

Elastin represents the structural component of the extracellular matrix providing elastic recoil to tissues such as skin, blood vessels and lungs. Elastogenic cells secrete soluble tropoelastin monomers into the extracellular space where these monomers associate with other matrix proteins (e.g., microfibrils and glycoproteins) and are crosslinked by lysyl oxidase to form insoluble fibres. Once elastic fibres are formed, they are very stable, highly resistant to degradation and have an almost negligible turnover. However, there are circumstances, mainly related to inflammatory conditions, where increased proteolytic degradation of elastic fibres may lead to consequences of major clinical relevance. In severely affected COVID-19 patients, for instance, the massive recruitment and activation of neutrophils is responsible for the profuse release of elastases and other proteolytic enzymes which cause the irreversible degradation of elastic fibres. Within the lungs, destruction of the elastic network may lead to the permanent impairment of pulmonary function, thus suggesting that elastases can be a promising target to preserve the elastic component in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic factors additionally contributing to damaging the elastic component and to increasing the spread and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection are reviewed.

One-Year Multidisciplinary Follow-Up of Patients With COVID-19 Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Objectives

Patients with COVID-19 frequently develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Data on long-term survival of these patients are lacking. The authors investigated 1-year survival, quality of life, and functional recovery of patients with COVID-19 ARDS requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Tertiary-care university hospital.

Participants

All patients with COVID-19 ARDS receiving invasive mechanical ventilation and discharged alive from hospital.

Interventions

Patients were contacted by phone after 1 year. Functional, cognitive, and psychological outcomes were explored through a questionnaire and assessed using validated scales. Patients were offered the possibility to undergo a follow-up chest computed tomography (CT) scan.

Measurements and Main Results

The study included all adult (age ≥18 years) patients with COVID-19–related ARDS admitted to an ICU of the authors’ institution between February 25, 2020, and April 27, 2020, who received at least 1 day of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Of 116 patients who received IMV, 61 (52.6%) survived to hospital discharge. These survivors were assessed 1 year after discharge and 56 completed a battery of tests of cognition, activities of daily living, and interaction with family members. They had overall good functional recovery, with >80% reporting good recovery and no difficulties in usual activities. A total of 52 (93%) of patients had no dyspnea at rest. Severe anxiety/depression was reported by 5 (8.9%) patients. Comparing 2-month and 1-year data, the authors observed the most significant improvements in the areas of working status and exertional dyspnea. One-year chest CT scans were available for 36 patients; fibrotic-like changes were present in 4 patients.

Conclusions

All patients who survived the acute phase of COVID-19 and were discharged from the hospital were alive at the 1-year follow up, and the vast majority of them had good overall recovery and quality of life.