1
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Maguina M, Kang PB, Tsai AC, Pacak CA. Peripheral neuropathies associated with DNA repair disorders. Muscle Nerve 2023; 67:101-110. [PMID: 36190439 PMCID: PMC10075233 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Repair of genomic DNA is a fundamental housekeeping process that quietly maintains the health of our genomes. The consequences of a genetic defect affecting a component of this delicate mechanism are quite harmful, characterized by a cascade of premature aging that injures a variety of organs, including the nervous system. One part of the nervous system that is impaired in certain DNA repair disorders is the peripheral nerve. Chronic motor, sensory, and sensorimotor polyneuropathies have all been observed in affected individuals, with specific physiologies associated with different categories of DNA repair disorders. Cockayne syndrome has classically been linked to demyelinating polyneuropathies, whereas xeroderma pigmentosum has long been associated with axonal polyneuropathies. Three additional recessive DNA repair disorders are associated with neuropathies, including trichothiodystrophy, Werner syndrome, and ataxia-telangiectasia. Although plausible biological explanations exist for why the peripheral nerves are specifically vulnerable to impairments of DNA repair, specific mechanisms such as oxidative stress remain largely unexplored in this context, and bear further study. It is also unclear why different DNA repair disorders manifest with different types of neuropathy, and why neuropathy is not universally present in those diseases. Longitudinal physiological monitoring of these neuropathies with serial electrodiagnostic studies may provide valuable noninvasive outcome data in the context of future natural history studies, and thus the responses of these neuropathies may become sentinel outcome measures for future clinical trials of treatments currently in development such as adeno-associated virus gene replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Maguina
- Medical Education Program, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Peter B Kang
- Department of Neurology, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christina A Pacak
- Department of Neurology, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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2
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WRN promotes bone development and growth by unwinding SHOX-G-quadruplexes via its helicase activity in Werner Syndrome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5456. [PMID: 36114168 PMCID: PMC9481537 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWerner Syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by premature aging due to mutations of the WRN gene. A classical sign in WS patients is short stature, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we report that WRN is indispensable for chondrogenesis, which is the engine driving the elongation of bones and determines height. Zebrafish lacking wrn exhibit impairment of bone growth and have shorter body stature. We pinpoint the function of WRN to its helicase domain. We identify short-stature homeobox (SHOX) as a crucial and direct target of WRN and find that the WRN helicase core regulates the transcriptional expression of SHOX via unwinding G-quadruplexes. Consistent with this, shox−/− zebrafish exhibit impaired bone growth, while genetic overexpression of SHOX or shox expression rescues the bone developmental deficiency induced in WRN/wrn-null mutants both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, we have identified a previously unknown function of WRN in regulating bone development and growth through the transcriptional regulation of SHOX via the WRN helicase domain, thus illuminating a possible approach for new therapeutic strategies.
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3
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Epiney DG, Salameh C, Cassidy D, Zhou LT, Kruithof J, Milutinović R, Andreani TS, Schirmer AE, Bolterstein E. Characterization of Stress Responses in a Drosophila Model of Werner Syndrome. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1868. [PMID: 34944512 PMCID: PMC8699552 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As organisms age, their resistance to stress decreases while their risk of disease increases. This can be shown in patients with Werner syndrome (WS), which is a genetic disease characterized by accelerated aging along with increased risk of cancer and metabolic disease. WS is caused by mutations in WRN, a gene involved in DNA replication and repair. Recent research has shown that WRN mutations contribute to multiple hallmarks of aging including genomic instability, telomere attrition, and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, questions remain regarding the onset and effect of stress on early aging. We used a fly model of WS (WRNexoΔ) to investigate stress response during different life stages and found that stress sensitivity varies according to age and stressor. While larvae and young WRNexoΔ adults are not sensitive to exogenous oxidative stress, high antioxidant activity suggests high levels of endogenous oxidative stress. WRNexoΔ adults are sensitive to stress caused by elevated temperature and starvation suggesting abnormalities in energy storage and a possible link to metabolic dysfunction in WS patients. We also observed higher levels of sleep in aged WRNexoΔ adults suggesting an additional adaptive mechanism to protect against age-related stress. We suggest that stress response in WRNexoΔ is multifaceted and evokes a systemic physiological response to protect against cellular damage. These data further validate WRNexoΔ flies as a WS model with which to study mechanisms of early aging and provide a foundation for development of treatments for WS and similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G. Epiney
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Charlotte Salameh
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Deirdre Cassidy
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Luhan T. Zhou
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Joshua Kruithof
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Rolan Milutinović
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Tomas S. Andreani
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;
| | - Aaron E. Schirmer
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
| | - Elyse Bolterstein
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; (D.G.E.); (C.S.); (D.C.); (L.T.Z.); (J.K.); (R.M.); (A.E.S.)
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4
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Lee J, Shamanna RA, Kulikowicz T, Borhan Fakouri N, Kim EW, Christiansen LS, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. CDK2 phosphorylation of Werner protein (WRN) contributes to WRN's DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13484. [PMID: 34612580 PMCID: PMC8590104 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is an accelerated aging disorder characterized by genomic instability, which is caused by WRN protein deficiency. WRN participates in DNA metabolism including DNA repair. In a previous report, we showed that WRN protein is recruited to laser-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) sites during various stages of the cell cycle with similar intensities, supporting that WRN participates in both non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Here, we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of WRN by CDK2 on serine residue 426 is critical for WRN to make its DSB repair pathway choice between NHEJ and HR. Cells expressing WRN engineered to mimic the unphosphorylated or phosphorylation state at serine 426 showed abnormal DSB recruitment, altered RPA interaction, strand annealing, and DSB repair activities. The CDK2 phosphorylation on serine 426 stabilizes WRN's affinity for RPA, likely increasing its long-range resection at the end of DNA strands, which is a crucial step for HR. Collectively, the data shown here demonstrate that a CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of WRN regulates DSB repair pathway choice and cell cycle participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong‐Hyuk Lee
- Section on DNA RepairNational Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Raghavendra A. Shamanna
- Section on DNA RepairNational Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Tomasz Kulikowicz
- Section on DNA RepairNational Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Nima Borhan Fakouri
- Section on DNA RepairNational Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Edward W. Kim
- Section on DNA RepairNational Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Louise S. Christiansen
- Section on DNA RepairNational Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Deborah L. Croteau
- Section on DNA RepairNational Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health BaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Vilhelm A. Bohr
- Section on DNA RepairNational Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health BaltimoreMDUSA
- Danish Center for Healthy AgingUniversity of Copenhagen CopenhagenDenmark
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5
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Gudmundsrud R, Skjånes TH, Gilmour BC, Caponio D, Lautrup S, Fang EF. Crosstalk among DNA Damage, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Impaired Mitophagy, Stem Cell Attrition, and Senescence in the Accelerated Ageing Disorder Werner Syndrome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:297-304. [PMID: 34433164 DOI: 10.1159/000516386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is an accelerated ageing disease caused by multiple mutations in the gene encoding the Werner DNA helicase (WRN). The major clinical features of WS include wrinkles, grey hair, osteoporosis, and metabolic phenomena such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and fatty liver, and resemble those seen in normal ageing, but occur earlier, in middle age. Defective DNA repair resulting from mutations in WRN explain the majority of the clinical features of WS, but the underlying mechanisms driving the larger metabolic dysfunction remain elusive. Recent studies in animal models of WS and in WS patient cells and blood samples suggest the involvement of impaired mitophagy, NAD+ depletion, and accumulation of damaged mitochondria in metabolic dysfunction. This mini-review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in WS, with the involvement of DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, mitophagy reduction, stem cell impairment, and senescence. Future studies on NAD+ and mitophagy may shed light on potential therapeutic strategies for the WS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Gudmundsrud
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Tarjei H Skjånes
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Brian C Gilmour
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
| | - Domenica Caponio
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway
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6
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Abstract
Significance: Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive malady typified by a pro-oxidant/proinflammatory status, genetic instability, and by the early onset of numerous age-associated illnesses. The protein malfunctioning in WS individuals (WRN) is a helicase/exonuclease implicated in transcription, DNA replication/repair, and telomere maintenance. Recent Advances: In the last two decades, a series of important biological systems were created to comprehend at the molecular level the effect of a defective WRN protein. Such biological tools include mouse and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) with a mutation in the Wrn helicase ortholog as well as human WS-induced pluripotent stem cells that can ultimately be differentiated into most cell lineages. Such WS models have identified anomalies related to the hallmarks of aging. Most importantly, vitamin C counteracts these age-related cellular phenotypes in these systems. Critical Issues: Vitamin C is the only antioxidant agent capable of reversing the cellular aging-related phenotypes in those biological systems. Since vitamin C is a cofactor for many hydroxylases and mono- or dioxygenase, it adds another level of complexity in deciphering the exact molecular pathways affected by this vitamin. Moreover, it is still unclear whether a short- or long-term vitamin C supplementation in human WS patients who already display aging-related phenotypes will have a beneficial impact. Future Directions: The discovery of new molecular markers specific to the modified biological pathways in WS that can be used for novel imaging techniques or as blood markers will be necessary to assess the favorable effect of vitamin C supplementation in WS. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 856-874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Aumailley
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Lebel
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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7
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Lippert AR, Dickinson BC, New EJ. Imaging Mitochondrial Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2275:127-140. [PMID: 34118035 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1262-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced from mitochondria is intimately involved in human health and disease, but is challenging to selectively monitor inside living systems. The fluorescent probe MitoPY1 provides a practical tool for imaging mitochondrial H2O2 and has been demonstrated to function in a variety of diverse cell types. In this chapter, we describe the synthetic preparation of the small molecule probe MitoPY1 , methods for validating this probe in vitro and in live cells, and an example procedure for measuring mitochondrial H2O2 in a cell culture model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Fossatti-Jara DM, Valle-Riestra-Felice V, Cruz-Visalaya SR, Ayala Felix JA, Comai L. WRN modulates translation by influencing nuclear mRNA export in HeLa cancer cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:71. [PMID: 33054770 PMCID: PMC7557079 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Werner syndrome protein (WRN) belongs to the RecQ family of helicases and its loss of function results in the premature aging disease Werner syndrome (WS). We previously demonstrated that an early cellular change induced by WRN depletion is a posttranscriptional decrease in the levels of enzymes involved in metabolic pathways that control macromolecular synthesis and protect from oxidative stress. This metabolic shift is tolerated by normal cells but causes mitochondria dysfunction and acute oxidative stress in rapidly growing cancer cells, thereby suppressing their proliferation. RESULTS To identify the mechanism underlying this metabolic shift, we examined global protein synthesis and mRNA nucleocytoplasmic distribution after WRN knockdown. We determined that WRN depletion in HeLa cells attenuates global protein synthesis without affecting the level of key components of the mRNA export machinery. We further observed that WRN depletion affects the nuclear export of mRNAs and demonstrated that WRN interacts with mRNA and the Nuclear RNA Export Factor 1 (NXF1). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that WRN influences the export of mRNAs from the nucleus through its interaction with the NXF1 export receptor thereby affecting cellular proteostasis. In summary, we identified a new partner and a novel function of WRN, which is especially important for the proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Iglesias-Pedraz
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Matia Fossatti-Jara
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
- Present address: National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Valeria Valle-Riestra-Felice
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
| | - Sergio Rafael Cruz-Visalaya
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
| | - Jose Antonio Ayala Felix
- Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad Científica del Sur, Villa El Salvador, 15842 Lima, Peru
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, Longevity Institute, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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9
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Pagano G, Pallardó FV, Lyakhovich A, Tiano L, Fittipaldi MR, Toscanesi M, Trifuoggi M. Aging-Related Disorders and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Critical Review for Prospect Mitoprotective Strategies Based on Mitochondrial Nutrient Mixtures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197060. [PMID: 32992778 PMCID: PMC7582285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of aging-related disorders (ARD) have been related to oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF) in a well-established body of literature. Most studies focused on cardiovascular disorders (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and neurodegenerative disorders. Counteracting OS and MDF has been envisaged to improve the clinical management of ARD, and major roles have been assigned to three mitochondrial cofactors, also termed mitochondrial nutrients (MNs), i.e., α-lipoic acid (ALA), Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), and carnitine (CARN). These cofactors exert essential–and distinct—roles in mitochondrial machineries, along with strong antioxidant properties. Clinical trials have mostly relied on the use of only one MN to ARD-affected patients as, e.g., in the case of CoQ10 in CVD, or of ALA in T2D, possibly with the addition of other antioxidants. Only a few clinical and pre-clinical studies reported on the administration of two MNs, with beneficial outcomes, while no available studies reported on the combined administration of three MNs. Based on the literature also from pre-clinical studies, the present review is to recommend the design of clinical trials based on combinations of the three MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, CIBERER, E-46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, E-08035 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain;
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics of the “Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine”, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, I-60100 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosa Fittipaldi
- Internal Medicine Unit, San Francesco d’Assisi Hospital, I-84020 Oliveto Citra (SA), Italy;
| | - Maria Toscanesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, I-80126 Naples, Italy; (M.T.); (M.T.)
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10
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Iglesias-Pedraz JM, Comai L. Measurements of Hydrogen Peroxide and Oxidative DNA Damage in a Cell Model of Premature Aging. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2144:245-257. [PMID: 32410041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0592-9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a number of highly reactive oxygen-derived by-products generated by the normal mitochondrial respiration and other cellular metabolic reactions. ROS can oxidize macromolecules including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Under physiological condition, the cellular levels of ROS are controlled by several antioxidant enzymes. However, an imbalance between ROS production and detoxification results in oxidative stress, which leads to the accumulation of macromolecular damage and progressive decline in normal physiological functions.Oxidative deterioration of DNA can result in lesion that are mutagenic and contribute to aging and age-related diseases. Therefore, methods for the detection of ROS and oxidative deterioration of macromolecules such as DNA in cells provide important tool in aging research. Here, we described protocols for the detection of cytoplasmic and mitochondria pools of hydrogen peroxide, and the DNA modification 8-oxoguanine, a biomarker of oxidative damage, that are applicable to cell-based studies on aging and other related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Iglesias-Pedraz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Naviaux RK. Incomplete Healing as a Cause of Aging: The Role of Mitochondria and the Cell Danger Response. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020027. [PMID: 31083530 PMCID: PMC6627909 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rate of biological aging varies cyclically and episodically in response to changing environmental conditions and the developmentally-controlled biological systems that sense and respond to those changes. Mitochondria and metabolism are fundamental regulators, and the cell is the fundamental unit of aging. However, aging occurs at all anatomical levels. At levels above the cell, aging in different tissues is qualitatively, quantitatively, and chronologically distinct. For example, the heart can age faster and differently than the kidney and vice versa. Two multicellular features of aging that are universal are: (1) a decrease in physiologic reserve capacity, and (2) a decline in the functional communication between cells and organ systems, leading to death. Decreases in reserve capacity and communication impose kinetic limits on the rate of healing after new injuries, resulting in dyssynchronous and incomplete healing. Exercise mitigates against these losses, but recovery times continue to increase with age. Reinjury before complete healing results in the stacking of incomplete cycles of healing. Developmentally delayed and arrested cells accumulate in the three stages of the cell danger response (CDR1, 2, and 3) that make up the healing cycle. Cells stuck in the CDR create physical and metabolic separation—buffer zones of reduced communication—between previously adjoining, synergistic, and metabolically interdependent cells. Mis-repairs and senescent cells accumulate, and repeated iterations of incomplete cycles of healing lead to progressively dysfunctional cellular mosaics in aging tissues. Metabolic cross-talk between mitochondria and the nucleus, and between neighboring and distant cells via signaling molecules called metabokines regulates the completeness of healing. Purinergic signaling and sphingolipids play key roles in this process. When viewed against the backdrop of the molecular features of the healing cycle, the incomplete healing model provides a new framework for understanding the hallmarks of aging and generates a number of testable hypotheses for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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12
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Kuk MU, Kim JW, Lee YS, Cho KA, Park JT, Park SC. Alleviation of Senescence via ATM Inhibition in Accelerated Aging Models. Mol Cells 2019; 42:210-217. [PMID: 30726661 PMCID: PMC6449716 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of mitochondrial function is closely linked to the control of senescence. In our previous study, we uncovered a novel mechanism in which senescence amelioration in normal aging cells is mediated by the recovered mitochondrial function upon Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) inhibition. However, it remains elusive whether this mechanism is also applicable to senescence amelioration in accelerated aging cells. In this study, we examined the role of ATM inhibition on mitochondrial function in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and Werner syndrome (WS) cells. We found that ATM inhibition induced mitochondrial functional recovery accompanied by metabolic reprogramming, which has been known to be a prerequisite for senescence alleviation in normal aging cells. Indeed, the induced mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming was coupled with senescence amelioration in accelerated aging cells. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect via ATM inhibition was observed in HGPS as evidenced by reduced progerin accumulation with concomitant decrease of abnormal nuclear morphology. Taken together, our data indicate that the mitochondrial functional recovery by ATM inhibition might represent a promising strategy to ameliorate the accelerated aging phenotypes and to treat age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Uk Kuk
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Jae Won Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, Daegu,
Korea
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu,
Korea
| | - Kyung A Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju,
Korea
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon,
Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Well Aging Research Center, Daegu,
Korea
- The Future Life & Society Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju,
Korea
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13
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Studying Werner syndrome to elucidate mechanisms and therapeutics of human aging and age-related diseases. Biogerontology 2019; 20:255-269. [PMID: 30666569 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a natural and unavoidable part of life. However, aging is also the primary driver of the dominant human diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Unraveling the sophisticated molecular mechanisms of the human aging process may provide novel strategies to extend 'healthy aging' and the cure of human aging-related diseases. Werner syndrome (WS), is a heritable human premature aging disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Werner (WRN) DNA helicase. As a classical premature aging disease, etiological exploration of WS can shed light on the mechanisms of normal human aging and facilitate the development of interventional strategies to improve healthspan. Here, we summarize the latest progress of the molecular understandings of WRN protein, highlight the advantages of using different WS model systems, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) systems. Further studies on WS will propel drug development for WS patients, and possibly also for normal age-related diseases.
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Guio H, Poterico JA, Levano KS, Cornejo‐Olivas M, Mazzetti P, Manassero‐Morales G, Ugarte‐Gil MF, Acevedo‐Vásquez E, Dueñas‐Roque M, Piscoya A, Fujita R, Sanchez C, Casavilca‐Zambrano S, Jaramillo‐Valverde L, Sullcahuaman‐Allende Y, Iglesias‐Pedraz JM, Abarca‐Barriga H. Genetics and genomics in Peru: Clinical and research perspective. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:873-886. [PMID: 30584990 PMCID: PMC6305655 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peruvians currently preserve in their DNA the history of 2.5 million years of human evolution and 150,000 years of migration from Africa to Peru or the Americas. The development of Genetics and Genomics in the clinical and academic field is shown in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinner Guio
- Instituto Nacional de Salud del PerúLimaPerú
- Universidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
| | - Julio A. Poterico
- Instituto Nacional de Salud del PerúLimaPerú
- Servicio de GenéticaInstituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja (INSN‐SB)LimaPeru
| | | | - Mario Cornejo‐Olivas
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPerú
| | - Pilar Mazzetti
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias NeurológicasLimaPerú
- School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPerú
| | | | - Manuel F. Ugarte‐Gil
- Universidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
- Rheumatology Department. Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. EsSaludLimaPerú
| | - Eduardo Acevedo‐Vásquez
- School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPerú
- Clínica San FelipeLimaPerú
| | - Milagros Dueñas‐Roque
- Servicio de GenéticaHospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati MartinsLimaPerú
- Sociedad de Genética Médica del PerúLimaPeru
| | - Alejandro Piscoya
- Universidad San Ignacio de LoyolaLimaPerú
- Hospital Guillermo Kaelin de la FuenteLimaPerú
| | - Ricardo Fujita
- Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular, Universidad de San Martín de PorresLimaPerú
| | | | - Sandro Casavilca‐Zambrano
- Banco de Tejidos Tumorales, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplásicasBanco de Tejidos TumoralesLimaPerú
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades NeoplásicasLimaPerú
| | | | | | - Juan M. Iglesias‐Pedraz
- Universidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Investigación, Desarrollo e InnovaciónUniversidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
| | - Hugo Abarca‐Barriga
- Servicio de Genética & EIMInstituto Nacional de Salud del Niño Breña (INSN)LimaPeru
- Facultad de EstomatologíaUniversidad Científica del SurLimaPerú
- Facultad de Medicina HumanaUniversidad Ricardo PalmaLimaPerú
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Diessler S, Jan M, Emmenegger Y, Guex N, Middleton B, Skene DJ, Ibberson M, Burdet F, Götz L, Pagni M, Sankar M, Liechti R, Hor CN, Xenarios I, Franken P. A systems genetics resource and analysis of sleep regulation in the mouse. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005750. [PMID: 30091978 PMCID: PMC6085075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is essential for optimal brain functioning and health, but the biological substrates through which sleep delivers these beneficial effects remain largely unknown. We used a systems genetics approach in the BXD genetic reference population (GRP) of mice and assembled a comprehensive experimental knowledge base comprising a deep "sleep-wake" phenome, central and peripheral transcriptomes, and plasma metabolome data, collected under undisturbed baseline conditions and after sleep deprivation (SD). We present analytical tools to interactively interrogate the database, visualize the molecular networks altered by sleep loss, and prioritize candidate genes. We found that a one-time, short disruption of sleep already extensively reshaped the systems genetics landscape by altering 60%-78% of the transcriptomes and the metabolome, with numerous genetic loci affecting the magnitude and direction of change. Systems genetics integrative analyses drawing on all levels of organization imply α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking and fatty acid turnover as substrates of the negative effects of insufficient sleep. Our analyses demonstrate that genetic heterogeneity and the effects of insufficient sleep itself on the transcriptome and metabolome are far more widespread than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaz Diessler
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benita Middleton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Burdet
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lou Götz
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pagni
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Sankar
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Liechti
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte N. Hor
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Lleonart ME, Grodzicki R, Graifer DM, Lyakhovich A. Mitochondrial dysfunction and potential anticancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1275-1298. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Grodzicki
- Thomas Steitz Laboratory; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut
| | | | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Oncology Program; Vall D'Hebron Research Institute; Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk; Russia
- International Clinical Research Center and St. Anne's University Hospital Brno; Czech Republic
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17
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EDIM-TKTL1/Apo10 Blood Test: An Innate Immune System Based Liquid Biopsy for the Early Detection, Characterization and Targeted Treatment of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040878. [PMID: 28425973 PMCID: PMC5412459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitope detection in monocytes (EDIM) represents a liquid biopsy exploiting the innate immune system. Activated monocytes (macrophages) phagocytose unwanted cells/cell fragments from the whole body including solid tissues. As they return to the blood, macrophages can be used for a non-invasive detection of biomarkers, thereby providing high sensitivity and specificity, because the intracellular presence of biomarkers is due to an innate immune response. Flow cytometry analysis of blood enables the detection of macrophages and phagocytosed intracellular biomarkers. In order to establish a pan-cancer test, biomarkers for two fundamental biophysical mechanisms have been exploited. The DNaseX/Apo10 protein epitope is a characteristic of tumor cells with abnormal apoptosis and proliferation. Transketolase-like 1 (TKTL1) is a marker for an anaerobic glucose metabolism (Warburg effect), which is concomitant with invasive growth/metastasis and resistant to radical and apoptosis inducing therapies. The detection of Apo10 and TKTL1 in blood macrophages allowed a sensitive (95.8%) and specific (97.3%) detection of prostate, breast and oral squamous cell carcinomas. Since TKTL1 represents a drugable target, the EDIM based detection of TKTL1 enables a targeted cancer therapy using the vitamin derivatives oxythiamine or benfo-oxythiamine.
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Wages PA, Cheng WY, Gibbs-Flournoy E, Samet JM. Live-cell imaging approaches for the investigation of xenobiotic-induced oxidant stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2802-15. [PMID: 27208426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidant stress is arguably a universal feature in toxicology. Research studies on the role of oxidant stress induced by xenobiotic exposures have typically relied on the identification of damaged biomolecules using a variety of conventional biochemical and molecular techniques. However, there is increasing evidence that low-level exposure to a variety of toxicants dysregulates cellular physiology by interfering with redox-dependent processes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The study of events involved in redox toxicology requires methodology capable of detecting transient modifications at relatively low signal strength. This article reviews the advantages of live-cell imaging for redox toxicology studies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Toxicological studies with xenobiotics of supra-physiological reactivity require careful consideration when using fluorogenic sensors in order to avoid potential artifacts and false negatives. Fortunately, experiments conducted for the purpose of validating the use of these sensors in toxicological applications often yield unexpected insights into the mechanisms through which xenobiotic exposure induces oxidant stress. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Live-cell imaging using a new generation of small molecule and genetically encoded fluorophores with excellent sensitivity and specificity affords unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution that is optimal for redox toxicology studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Wages
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wan-Yun Cheng
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Eugene Gibbs-Flournoy
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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19
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in DDR-related cancer predisposition syndromes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kämmerer U, Gires O, Pfetzer N, Wiegering A, Klement RJ, Otto C. TKTL1 expression in human malign and benign cell lines. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:2. [PMID: 26187043 PMCID: PMC4506423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-15-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of transketolase-like 1 protein TKTL1 in cancer cells has been reported to correlate with enhanced glycolysis and lactic acid production. Furthermore, enhanced TKTL1 expression was put into context with resistance to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. Here, a panel of human malign and benign cells, which cover a broad range of chemotherapy and radiation resistance as well as reliance on glucose metabolism, was analyzed in vitro for TKTL1 expression. Methods 17 malign and three benign cell lines were characterized according to their expression of TKTL1 on the protein level with three commercially available anti-TKTL1 antibodies utilizing immunohistochemistry and Western blot, as well as on mRNA level with three published primer pairs for RT-qPCR. Furthermore, sensitivities to paclitaxel, cisplatin and ionizing radiation were assessed in cell survival assays. Glucose consumption and lactate production were quantified as surrogates for the “Warburg effect”. Results Considerable amounts of tktl1 mRNA and TKTL1 protein were detected only upon stable transfection of the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 with an expression plasmid for human TKTL1. Beyond that, weak expression of endogenous tktl1 mRNA was measured in the cell lines JAR and U251. Western blot analysis of JAR and U251 cells did not detect TKTL1 at the expected size of 65 kDa with all three antibodies specific for TKTL1 protein and immunohistochemical staining was observed with antibody JFC12T10 only. All other cell lines tested here revealed expression of tktl1 mRNA below detection limits and were negative for TKTL1 protein. However, in all cell lines including TKTL1-negative HEK293-control cells, antibody JFC12T10 detected multiple proteins with different molecular weights. Importantly, JAR and U251 did neither demonstrate an outstanding production of lactic acid nor increased resistance against chemotherapeutics or to ionizing radiation, respectively. Conclusion Using RT-qPCR and three different antibodies we observed only exceptional occurrence of TKTL1 in a panel of malignant human cell lines in vitro. The presence of TKTL1 was unrelated to either the rate of glucose consumption/lactic acid production or resistance against chemo- and radiotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-15-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kämmerer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Str. 4, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Nadja Pfetzer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Würzburg Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Str. 4, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany. .,Apoptosis and Tumour Metabolism Lab, CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Gustav-Adolf-Straße 8, D-97422, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Christoph Otto
- Experimental Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Immunology, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Bhatt AN, Chauhan A, Khanna S, Rai Y, Singh S, Soni R, Kalra N, Dwarakanath BS. Transient elevation of glycolysis confers radio-resistance by facilitating DNA repair in cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:335. [PMID: 25925410 PMCID: PMC4425929 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells exhibit increased glycolysis for ATP production (the Warburg effect) and macromolecular biosynthesis; it is also linked with therapeutic resistance that is generally associated with compromised respiratory metabolism. Molecular mechanisms underlying radio-resistance linked to elevated glycolysis remain incompletely understood. METHODS We stimulated glycolysis using mitochondrial respiratory modifiers (MRMs viz. di-nitro phenol, DNP; Photosan-3, PS3; Methylene blue, MB) in established human cell lines (HEK293, BMG-1 and OCT-1). Glucose utilization and lactate production, levels of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes were investigated as indices of glycolysis. Clonogenic survival, DNA repair and cytogenetic damage were studied as parameters of radiation response. RESULTS MRMs induced the glycolysis by enhancing the levels of two important regulators of glucose metabolism GLUT-1 and HK-II and resulted in 2 fold increase in glucose consumption and lactate production. This increase in glycolysis resulted in resistance against radiation-induced cell death (clonogenic survival) in different cell lines at an absorbed dose of 5 Gy. Inhibition of glucose uptake and glycolysis (using fasentin, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-bromopyruvate) in DNP treated cells failed to increase the clonogenic survival of irradiated cells, suggesting that radio-resistance linked to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration is glycolysis dependent. Elevated glycolysis also facilitated rejoining of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks by activating both non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways of DNA double strand break repair leading to a reduction in radiation-induced cytogenetic damage (micronuclei formation) in these cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that enhanced glycolysis generally observed in cancer cells may be responsible for the radio-resistance, partly by enhancing the repair of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant Narayan Bhatt
- Metabolic and Cell Signaling Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110 054, India.
| | - Ankit Chauhan
- Metabolic and Cell Signaling Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110 054, India.
| | - Suchit Khanna
- Metabolic and Cell Signaling Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110 054, India.
| | - Yogesh Rai
- Metabolic and Cell Signaling Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110 054, India.
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Metabolic and Cell Signaling Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110 054, India.
| | - Ravi Soni
- Metabolic and Cell Signaling Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110 054, India.
| | - Namita Kalra
- Metabolic and Cell Signaling Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110 054, India.
| | - Bilikere S Dwarakanath
- Metabolic and Cell Signaling Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Road, New Delhi, Delhi, 110 054, India.
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François M, Leifert W, Tellam R, Fenech M. G-quadruplexes: A possible epigenetic target for nutrition. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 764:101-7. [PMID: 26041269 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4) are highly stable tetra-stranded secondary DNA structures known to mediate gene regulation. These structures are resolved by DNA helicases and are believed to be a causal factor in the phenotype of premature ageing disorders following mutations in DNA helicase genes. The relevance of G4 structures in ageing may be further implicated by their dynamic relationship with DNA modification mechanisms. When DNA methylation and oxidation occur at the vicinity of G4 elements, they can affect the stability of G4 structures which may in turn mediate gene expression resulting in deleterious effects on genome integrity. Therefore, the influence of nutritional deficiencies or excess on oxidation and methylation mechanisms may be contributing factors affecting the stability of G4 structures and their balance in the human genome. We propose that dietary nutrients such as folate and antioxidants may play a beneficial role in reducing G4-induced DNA damage through changes in G4 structure stability. The current knowledge advocates the importance of resolving G4 structures by DNA helicases for sustained genome integrity, and the existence of stability changes in G4 structures when associated with DNA methylation and oxidation modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime François
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Nutrigenomics and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Wayne Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Nutrigenomics and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Ross Tellam
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Michael Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Nutrigenomics and DNA Damage, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Garige M, Sharma S. Cellular deficiency of Werner syndrome protein or RECQ1 promotes genotoxic potential of hydroquinone and benzo[a]pyrene exposure. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:373-81. [PMID: 25228686 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814547422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 5 known RecQ helicases in humans (RECQ1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQ5) have demonstrated roles in diverse genome maintenance mechanisms but their functions in safeguarding the genome from environmental toxicants are poorly understood. Here, we have evaluated a potential role of WRN (mutated in Werner syndrome) and RECQ1 (the most abundant homolog of WRN) in hydroquinone (HQ)- and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced genotoxicity. Silencing of WRN or RECQ1 expression in HeLa cells increased their sensitivity to HQ and BaP but elicited distinct DNA damage response. The RECQ1-depleted cells exhibited increased replication protein A phosphorylation, Chk1 activation, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as compared to control or WRN-depleted cells following exposure to BaP treatment. The BaP-induced DSBs in RECQ1-depleted cells were dependent on DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. Notably, loss of WRN in RECQ1-depleted cells ameliorated BaP toxicity. Collectively, our results provide first indication of nonredundant participation of WRN and RECQ1 in protection from the potentially carcinogenic effects of BaP and HQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Garige
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sudha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Howard University, NW, Washington, DC, USA
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