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Leggat G, Kuntsche E, Kuntsche S, Atkins P, Laslett AM. Substance misuse by birth parents: Outcomes for children and young people placed into out-of-home-care. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 132:104544. [PMID: 39180949 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is inconsistent evidence regarding the effect of birth parent substance use on developmental outcomes for children placed into out-of-home-care (OOHC). OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine how parental substance use affects outcomes of Australian children in out-of-home care, adjusting for key demographic, social and system factors. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Four waves of survey data were collected for children and young people who agreed to participate in the Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study (POCLS) between 2011 and 2018. The study sample included 1,506 children and young people (792 with a history of parental substance misuse) aged 9 months to 17 years who participated in at least one wave of the POCLS and had linked administrative data from the Department of Communities and Justice (DCJ), NSW, Australia. METHODS Multilevel longitudinal models were used to analyse the relationship of child developmental outcomes (physical health, socio-emotional wellbeing, and verbal and non-verbal cognitive ability) with parental substance misuse in their child protection history. Each model included adjustments for child demographics, family socio-economic status, child protection system factors and the unbalanced panel. RESULTS Children in OOHC with a history of parental substance misuse were more likely to be in the typical range for verbal cognitive development compared to those in OOHC without this history. In addition, younger (9 months to 5 years) children with a record of parental substance misuse exhibited significantly more typical fine and gross motor skill development than those without this history. CONCLUSIONS Concerns that children in OOHC with a history of parental substance misuse may be more affected with regards to early-stage physical development, and later verbal cognitive development than those without this history in OOHC, may not be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Leggat
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandra Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Bouverie Centre, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prue Atkins
- Social Work and Social Policy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Laslett
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Care Economy Research Institute, La Trobe University, Australia.
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Blake AJ, Mackinnon DP, Waddell J, Chassin L. Parent-child separation and intergenerational transmission of substance use and disorder: Testing across three generations. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:28-39. [PMID: 36700356 PMCID: PMC10368792 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence for intergenerational transmission of substance use and disorder. However, it is unclear whether separation from a parent with substance use disorder (SUD) moderates intergenerational transmission, and no studies have tested this question across three generations. In a three-generation study of families oversampled for familial SUD, we tested whether separation between father (G1; first generation) and child (G2; second generation) moderated the effect of G1 father SUDs on G2 child SUDs. We also tested whether separation between father (G2) and child (G3; third generation) moderated the effect of G2 SUDs on G3 drinking. Finally, we tested whether G1-G2 or G2-G3 separation moderated the mediated effect of G1 SUDs on G3 drinking through G2 SUDs. G1 father-G2 child separation moderated intergenerational transmission. In families with G1-G2 separation, there were no significant effects of father SUD on G2 SUD or G3 drinking. However, in nonseparated families, greater G1 father SUDs predicted heightened G2 SUDs and G3 grandchild drinking. In nonseparated families, G1 father SUDs significantly predicted G2 SUDs, which predicted G3 drinking. However, G2-G3 separation predicted heightened G3 drinking regardless of G2 and G1 SUDs. Parental separation may introduce risk for SUDs and drinking among youth with lower familial risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Blake
- Clinical Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jack Waddell
- Clinical Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Laurie Chassin
- Clinical Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Frederiksen KS, Hesse M, Pedersen MU. Problematic parental substance use, childhood family structures and adverse outcomes in young adulthood. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2023; 40:502-519. [PMID: 37969903 PMCID: PMC10634387 DOI: 10.1177/14550725221143177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between childhood family structures, including the presence or absence of problematic parental substance use (PPSU), and adverse outcomes during adolescence/young adulthood. Methods: The study population included 9,770 young people (aged 15-25 years) from samples drawn for two national surveys in Denmark during 2014-2015. By combining surveys with national register data, five types of childhood family structures were constructed based on whether the child experienced PPSU and/or family separation and the number of years the child lived with a parent with substance use problems. Using binary logistic regression models, the relationships between family structure and adverse outcomes in young adulthood (i.e., hospital admissions, mental disorders and criminality) were investigated. Results: Young people who experienced PPSU and did not live with both parents had higher odds of the different long-term adverse outcomes compared with young people who did not experience PPSU, and similar odds of the outcomes compared to youth who had not experienced PPSU and did not live with both parents. The highest odds of adverse outcomes were found among young people who experienced PPSU and lived with the parent with substance use problems for less than five years. Conclusions: Living with both parents protected against adverse outcomes in young adulthood, and if PPSU was present, the odds of adverse outcomes increased. The hypothesis that there would be a positive association between years living with a parent with substance use problems and adverse outcomes in young adulthood was not supported. Awareness should be raised in health service, educational and legal institutions about the risk for young people from families with PPSU who do not live with both parents.
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Latvala A, Kuja-Halkola R, D'Onofrio BM, Jayaram-Lindström N, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P. Association of parental substance misuse with offspring substance misuse and criminality: a genetically informed register-based study. Psychol Med 2022; 52:496-505. [PMID: 32597745 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720002135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically informed studies have provided mixed findings as to what extent parental substance misuse is associated with offspring substance misuse and antisocial behavior due to shared environmental and genetic factors. METHODS We linked data from nationwide registries for a cohort of 2 476 198 offspring born in Sweden 1958-1995 and their parents. Substance misuse was defined as International Classification of Diseases diagnoses of alcohol/drug use disorders or alcohol/drug-related criminal convictions. Quantitative genetic offspring-of-siblings analyses in offspring of monozygotic and dizygotic twin, full-sibling, and half-sibling parents were conducted. RESULTS Both maternal and paternal substance misuse were robustly associated with offspring substance misuse [maternal adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.83 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.80-1.87); paternal aHR = 1.96 (1.94-1.98)] and criminal convictions [maternal aHR = 1.56 (1.54-1.58); paternal aHR = 1.66 (1.64-1.67)]. Additive genetic effects explained 42% (95% CI 25-56%) and 46% (36-55%) of the variance in maternal and paternal substance misuse, respectively, and between 36 and 44% of the variance in substance misuse and criminality in offspring. The associations between parental substance misuse and offspring outcomes were mostly due to additive genetic effects, which explained 54-85% of the parent-offspring covariance. However, both nuclear and extended family environmental factors also contributed to the associations, especially with offspring substance misuse. CONCLUSIONS Our findings from a large offspring-of-siblings study indicate that shared genetic influences mostly explain the associations between parental substance misuse and both offspring substance misuse and criminality, but we also found evidence for the contribution of environmental factors shared by members of nuclear and extended families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Latvala
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ralf Kuja-Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian M D'Onofrio
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Nitya Jayaram-Lindström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang‐James Y, Chen Q, Kuja‐Halkola R, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, Faraone SV. Machine-Learning prediction of comorbid substance use disorders in ADHD youth using Swedish registry data. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1370-1379. [PMID: 32237241 PMCID: PMC7754321 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a high risk for substance use disorders (SUDs). Early identification of at-risk youth would help allocate scarce resources for prevention programs. METHODS Psychiatric and somatic diagnoses, family history of these disorders, measures of socioeconomic distress, and information about birth complications were obtained from the national registers in Sweden for 19,787 children with ADHD born between 1989 and 1993. We trained (a) a cross-sectional random forest (RF) model using data available by age 17 to predict SUD diagnosis between ages 18 and 19; and (b) a longitudinal recurrent neural network (RNN) model with the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture to predict new diagnoses at each age. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.73(95%CI 0.70-0.76) for the random forest model (RF). Removing prior diagnosis from the predictors, the RF model was still able to achieve significant AUCs when predicting all SUD diagnoses (0.69, 95%CI 0.66-0.72) or new diagnoses (0.67, 95%CI: 0.64, 0.71) during age 18-19. For the model predicting new diagnoses, model calibration was good with a low Brier score of 0.086. Longitudinal LSTM model was able to predict later SUD risks at as early as 2 years age, 10 years before the earliest diagnosis. The average AUC from longitudinal models predicting new diagnoses 1, 2, 5 and 10 years in the future was 0.63. CONCLUSIONS Population registry data can be used to predict at-risk comorbid SUDs in individuals with ADHD. Such predictions can be made many years prior to age of the onset, and their SUD risks can be monitored using longitudinal models over years during child development. Nevertheless, more work is needed to create prediction models based on electronic health records or linked population registers that are sufficiently accurate for use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang‐James
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ralf Kuja‐Halkola
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- School of Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesSUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
- Department of Neuroscience and PhysiologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
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Bauer LO, Covault JM. GRM8 genotype is associated with externalizing disorders and greater inter-trial variability in brain activation during a response inhibition task. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1180-1186. [PMID: 32299001 PMCID: PMC7198333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present investigation tested the association of a novel measure of brain activation recorded during a simple motor inhibition task with a GRM8 genetic locus implicated in risk for substance dependence. METHODS 122 European-American adults were genotyped at rs1361995 and evaluated against DSM-IV criteria for Alcohol Dependence, Cocaine Dependence, Conduct Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Also, their brain activity was recorded in response to rare, so-called "No-Go" stimuli presented during a continuous performance test. Brain activity was quantified with two indices: (1) the amplitude of the No-Go P300 electroencephalographic response averaged across trials; and (2) the inter-trial variability of the response. RESULTS The absence of the minor allele at the candidate locus was associated with all of the evaluated diagnoses. In comparison to minor allele carriers, major allele homozygotes also demonstrated increased inter-trial variability in No-Go P300 response amplitude but no difference in average amplitude. CONCLUSIONS GRM8 genotype is associated with Alcohol and Cocaine Dependence as well as personality risk factors for dependence. The association may be mediated through an inherited instability in brain function that affects cognitive control. SIGNIFICANCE The present study focuses on a metric and brain mechanism not typically considered or theorized in studies of patients with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance O Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, USA.
| | - Jonathan M Covault
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, USA
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Wu WC, Hsieh HF, Chang HY, Lin HC, Buu A. Aggressive-Depressive Trajectories in Childhood and Their Associations with Drinking Behaviors and Problems in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2020; 49:1897-1912. [PMID: 32323094 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that externalizing and internalizing pathways emanated in childhood are connected to later drinking behaviors; however, no study has investigated the contemporaneous effects of the two pathways using a person-centered approach that categorizes individuals based on their various developmental patterns. This study examined the distinct patterns of concurrent development of aggression and depressive symptoms in childhood and their associations with later drinking behaviors using data from a 15-year Taiwanese cohort since age 8 (N = 2854, 49% females). Group-based multi-trajectory modeling identified four aggressive-depressive trajectory groups: Moderate, Aggressive, Depressive, and Comorbid, which manifested a sequential risk gradient in alcohol use. Comorbid group, characterized by persistently high levels of aggression and depressive symptoms, has the highest levels of alcohol use and drinking problems and the earliest onset of drinking. Aggressive and Depressive groups have higher levels of alcohol use and earlier onset of drinking than Moderate group. These findings imply the importance of monitoring aggression and depressive symptoms simultaneously and continually in childhood to prevent later drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Wu
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hsing-Yi Chang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miao-li, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chang Lin
- School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Anne Buu
- Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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Ayerbe L, Pérez-Piñar M, Foguet-Boreu Q, Ayis S. Psychosis in children of separated parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e3. [PMID: 32093793 PMCID: PMC7315852 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental separation is a very common childhood adversity. The association between other adverse childhood experiences and an increased risk of psychosis has been reported. However, the evidence on the risk of psychosis for children of separated parents is limited. In this systematic review, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies, comparing the risk of psychotic disorders for people with and without separated parents, were searched, critically appraised, and summarized. METHODS Studies were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and the Web of Science, from database inception to September 2019. A meta-analysis, using random-effects models, was undertaken to obtain pooled estimates of the risk of psychosis among participants with separated parents. RESULTS Twelve studies, with 305,652 participants from 22 countries, were included in the review. A significantly increased risk of psychosis for those with separated parents was observed, with a pooled odds ratio: 1.53 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-1.76), p < 0.001. The association remained significant when cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies were analyzed separately. The five cohort studies included in this review showed and increased risk of psychosis with odds ratio: 1.47 (95% CI: 1.26-1.69), p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS Parental separation is a common childhood adversity associated with an increased risk of psychosis. Although the risk for an individual child of separated parents is still low, given the high proportion of couple that separate, the increased rates of psychosis may be substantial in the population. Further studies on the risk of psychosis in those with separated parents, and the explanatory factors for this association, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ayerbe
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre of Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Carnarvon Medical Centre, Southend-on-Sea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Quintí Foguet-Boreu
- Department of Psychiatry, Vic University Hospital, Vic, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Welfare, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Salma Ayis
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, South London at King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Horsman EN. Underage drinking as a predictor of alcohol use disorder among African Americans. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2018.1507097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Euchay Ngozi Horsman
- School of Counseling, Human Performance, and Rehabilitation, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, USA
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