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Bhandari A, Seguin A, Rothenfluh A. Synaptic Mechanisms of Ethanol Tolerance and Neuroplasticity: Insights from Invertebrate Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6838. [PMID: 38999947 PMCID: PMC11241699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol tolerance is a neuroadaptive response that leads to a reduction in the effects of alcohol caused by previous exposure. Tolerance plays a critical role in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) because it leads to the escalation of drinking and dependence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol tolerance is therefore important for the development of effective therapeutics and for understanding addiction in general. This review explores the molecular basis of alcohol tolerance in invertebrate models, Drosophila and C. elegans, focusing on synaptic transmission. Both organisms exhibit biphasic responses to ethanol and develop tolerance similar to that of mammals. Furthermore, the availability of several genetic tools makes them a great candidate to study the molecular basis of ethanol response. Studies in invertebrate models show that tolerance involves conserved changes in the neurotransmitter systems, ion channels, and synaptic proteins. These neuroadaptive changes lead to a change in neuronal excitability, most likely to compensate for the enhanced inhibition by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Bhandari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Chvilicek MM, Seguin A, Lathen DR, Titos I, Cummins‐Beebee PN, Pabon MA, Miščević M, Nickel E, Merrill CB, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. Large analysis of genetic manipulations reveals an inverse correlation between initial alcohol resistance and rapid tolerance phenotypes. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 23:e12884. [PMID: 38968320 PMCID: PMC10825885 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Tolerance occurs when, following an initial experience with a substance, more of the substance is required subsequently to induce identical behavioral effects. Tolerance is not well-understood, and numerous researchers have turned to model organisms, particularly Drosophila melanogaster, to unravel its mechanisms. Flies have high translational relevance for human alcohol responses, and there is substantial overlap in disease-causing genes between flies and humans, including those associated with Alcohol Use Disorder. Numerous Drosophila tolerance mutants have been described; however, approaches used to identify and characterize these mutants have varied across time and labs and have mostly disregarded any impact of initial resistance/sensitivity to ethanol on subsequent tolerance development. Here, we analyzed our own, as well as data published by other labs to uncover an inverse correlation between initial ethanol resistance and tolerance phenotypes. This inverse correlation suggests that initial resistance phenotypes can explain many 'perceived' tolerance phenotypes, thus classifying such mutants as 'secondary' tolerance mutants. Additionally, we show that tolerance should be measured as a relative increase in time to sedation between an initial and second exposure rather than an absolute change in time to sedation. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide a method for using a linear regression equation to assess the residuals of potential tolerance mutants. These residuals provide predictive insight into the likelihood of a mutant being a 'primary' tolerance mutant, where a tolerance phenotype is not solely a consequence of initial resistance, and we offer a framework for understanding the relationship between initial resistance and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Pearl N. Cummins‐Beebee
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Miguel A. Pabon
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Maša Miščević
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Present address:
Department of Neuroscience, Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary ProgramUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Emily Nickel
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Collin B. Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Medical ServiceVeterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care SystemSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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Chvilicek MM, Seguin A, Lathen DR, Titos I, Cummins-Beebe PN, Pabon MA, Miscevic M, Nickel EA, Merrill CB, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. Large genetic analysis of alcohol resistance and tolerance reveals an inverse correlation and suggests 'true' tolerance mutants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.09.561599. [PMID: 37873285 PMCID: PMC10592763 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.09.561599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance occurs when, following an initial experience with a substance, more of the substance is required subsequently to induce the same behavioral effects. Tolerance is historically not well-understood, and numerous researchers have turned to model organisms, particularly Drosophila melanogaster, to unravel its mechanisms. Flies have high translational relevance for human alcohol responses, and there is substantial overlap in disease-causing genes between flies and humans, including those associated with Alcohol Use Disorder. Numerous Drosophila tolerance mutants have been described; however, approaches used to identify and characterize these mutants have varied across time and between labs and have mostly disregarded any impact of initial resistance/sensitivity to ethanol on subsequent tolerance development. Here, we have analyzed a large amount of data - our own published and unpublished data and data published by other labs - to uncover an inverse correlation between initial ethanol resistance and tolerance phenotypes. This inverse correlation suggests that initial resistance phenotypes can explain many 'perceived' tolerance phenotypes. Additionally, we show that tolerance should be measured as a relative increase in time to sedation between an initial and second exposure rather than an absolute change in time to sedation. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide a method for using a linear regression equation to assess the residuals of potential tolerance mutants. We show that these residuals provide predictive insight into the likelihood of a mutant being a 'true' tolerance mutant, and we offer a framework for understanding the relationship between initial resistance and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Pearl N Cummins-Beebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Miguel A. Pabon
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Masa Miscevic
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Emily A. Nickel
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Collin B Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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Yu G, Li Z, Zhao Y, Liu J, Peng Y. An Ant-Mimicking Jumping Spider Achieves Higher Predation Probability with Lower Success Rate When Exposed to Ethanol. INSECTS 2022; 13:1009. [PMID: 36354833 PMCID: PMC9694002 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol (ETOH) affects many animals' behaviour in nature; for example, honeybees become more aggressive after consuming ETOH. In previous studies, scientists have used honeybees and fruit flies as models to determine if they showed a strong preference to ETOH. Moreover, ETOH could affect their locomotion and learning abilities. However, whether and how ETOH affects spiders is unclear as of yet. In this study, we used empirical experiments to determine whether spiders showed preference for ETOH, as well as the potential benefits of spiders choosing ETOH, by using a common spider, Myrmarachne gisti, which has a high probability of contacting ETOH in their habitat. In our experiment, M. gisti showed a significant preference for ETOH. Although the success rate of the first attack was significantly decreased when M. gisti were exposed to ETOH, they had a significantly higher predation probability, since fruit flies also showed a significant preference for ETOH. Our findings suggested that ETOH could affect the prey capture efficiency of M. gisti, and indicated that spiders might evolve to use ETOH to locate a potential hunting place. Taken together, our findings suggested that M. gisti evolved to adapt to ETOH and could use it as a signal of the presence of food resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering and Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zichang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering and Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering and Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Park A, Croset V, Otto N, Agarwal D, Treiber CD, Meschi E, Sims D, Waddell S. Gliotransmission of D-serine promotes thirst-directed behaviors in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3952-3970.e8. [PMID: 35963239 PMCID: PMC9616736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirst emerges from a range of cellular changes that ultimately motivate an animal to consume water. Although thirst-responsive neuronal signals have been reported, the full complement of brain responses is unclear. Here, we identify molecular and cellular adaptations in the brain using single-cell sequencing of water-deprived Drosophila. Water deficiency primarily altered the glial transcriptome. Screening the regulated genes revealed astrocytic expression of the astray-encoded phosphoserine phosphatase to bi-directionally regulate water consumption. Astray synthesizes the gliotransmitter D-serine, and vesicular release from astrocytes is required for drinking. Moreover, dietary D-serine rescues aay-dependent drinking deficits while facilitating water consumption and expression of water-seeking memory. D-serine action requires binding to neuronal NMDA-type glutamate receptors. Fly astrocytes contribute processes to tripartite synapses, and the proportion of astrocytes that are themselves activated by glutamate increases with water deprivation. We propose that thirst elevates astrocytic D-serine release, which awakens quiescent glutamatergic circuits to enhance water procurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Park
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Vincent Croset
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Nils Otto
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Devika Agarwal
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme (CGAT), MRC Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christoph D Treiber
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Eleonora Meschi
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - David Sims
- MRC Computational Genomics Analysis and Training Programme (CGAT), MRC Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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Rigo F, Filošević A, Petrović M, Jović K, Andretić Waldowski R. Locomotor sensitization modulates voluntary self-administration of methamphetamine in Drosophila melanogaster. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12963. [PMID: 32833318 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As complexities of addictive behaviors cannot be fully captured in laboratory studies, scientists use simple addiction-associated phenotypes and measure them in laboratory animals. Locomotor sensitization, characterized by an increased behavioral response to the same dose of the drug, has been extensively used to elucidate the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of neuronal plasticity. However, to what extent it contributes to the development of addiction is not completely clear. We tested if the development of locomotor sensitization to methamphetamine affects voluntary self-administration, and vice versa, in order to investigate how two drug-associated phenotypes influence one another. In our study, we used the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, and quantified locomotor sensitization and voluntary self-administration to methamphetamine using behavioral tests that were developed and adapted in our laboratory. We show that flies express robust locomotor sensitization to the second dose of volatilized methamphetamine, which significantly lowers preferential self-administration of methamphetamine. Naive flies preferentially self-administer food with methamphetamine over plain food. Exposing flies to volatilized methamphetamine after voluntary self-administration abolishes locomotor sensitization. We tested period null (per01 ) mutant flies and showed that they do not develop locomotor sensitization, nor do they show preferential self-administration of methamphetamine. Our results suggest that there may be partially overlapping neural circuitry that regulates the expression of locomotor sensitization and preferential self-administration to methamphetamine and that this circuitry requires a functional per gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Rigo
- Department of Biotechnology University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia
| | - Ana Filošević
- Department of Biotechnology University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia
| | - Milan Petrović
- Department of Informatics University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia
| | - Katarina Jović
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford UK
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Scaplen KM, Petruccelli E. Receptors and Channels Associated with Alcohol Use: Contributions from Drosophila. Neurosci Insights 2021; 16:26331055211007441. [PMID: 33870197 PMCID: PMC8020223 DOI: 10.1177/26331055211007441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a debilitating disorder that manifests as problematic patterns of alcohol use. At the core of AUD's behavioral manifestations are the profound structural, physiological, cellular, and molecular effects of alcohol on the brain. While the field has made considerable progress in understanding the neuromolecular targets of alcohol we still lack a comprehensive understanding of alcohol's actions and effective treatment strategies. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for investigating the neuromolecular targets of alcohol because flies model many of the core behavioral elements of AUD and offer a rich genetic toolkit to precisely reveal the in vivo molecular actions of alcohol. In this review, we focus on receptors and channels that are often targeted by alcohol within the brain. We discuss the general roles of these proteins, their role in alcohol-associated behaviors across species, and propose ways in which Drosophila models can help advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Psychology, Bryant University, Smithfield, RI, USA
- Center for Health and Behavioral Studies, Bryant University, Smithfield, RI, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emily Petruccelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA
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Lathen DR, Merrill CB, Rothenfluh A. Flying Together: Drosophila as a Tool to Understand the Genetics of Human Alcoholism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6649. [PMID: 32932795 PMCID: PMC7555299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) exacts an immense toll on individuals, families, and society. Genetic factors determine up to 60% of an individual's risk of developing problematic alcohol habits. Effective AUD prevention and treatment requires knowledge of the genes that predispose people to alcoholism, play a role in alcohol responses, and/or contribute to the development of addiction. As a highly tractable and translatable genetic and behavioral model organism, Drosophila melanogaster has proven valuable to uncover important genes and mechanistic pathways that have obvious orthologs in humans and that help explain the complexities of addiction. Vinegar flies exhibit remarkably strong face and mechanistic validity as a model for AUDs, permitting many advancements in the quest to understand human genetic involvement in this disease. These advancements occur via approaches that essentially fall into one of two categories: (1) discovering candidate genes via human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics on post-mortem tissue from AUD patients, or relevant physiological connections, then using reverse genetics in flies to validate candidate genes' roles and investigate their molecular function in the context of alcohol. (2) Utilizing flies to discover candidate genes through unbiased screens, GWAS, quantitative trait locus analyses, transcriptomics, or single-gene studies, then validating their translational role in human genetic surveys. In this review, we highlight the utility of Drosophila as a model for alcoholism by surveying recent advances in our understanding of human AUDs that resulted from these various approaches. We summarize the genes that are conserved in alcohol-related function between humans and flies. We also provide insight into some advantages and limitations of these approaches. Overall, this review demonstrates how Drosophila have and can be used to answer important genetic questions about alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Collin B. Merrill
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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