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Chvilicek MM, Seguin A, Lathen DR, Titos I, Cummins-Beebe PN, Pabon MA, Miscevic M, Nickel EA, Merrill CB, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. Large genetic analysis of alcohol resistance and tolerance reveals an inverse correlation and suggests 'true' tolerance mutants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.09.561599. [PMID: 37873285 PMCID: PMC10592763 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.09.561599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance occurs when, following an initial experience with a substance, more of the substance is required subsequently to induce the same behavioral effects. Tolerance is historically not well-understood, and numerous researchers have turned to model organisms, particularly Drosophila melanogaster, to unravel its mechanisms. Flies have high translational relevance for human alcohol responses, and there is substantial overlap in disease-causing genes between flies and humans, including those associated with Alcohol Use Disorder. Numerous Drosophila tolerance mutants have been described; however, approaches used to identify and characterize these mutants have varied across time and between labs and have mostly disregarded any impact of initial resistance/sensitivity to ethanol on subsequent tolerance development. Here, we have analyzed a large amount of data - our own published and unpublished data and data published by other labs - to uncover an inverse correlation between initial ethanol resistance and tolerance phenotypes. This inverse correlation suggests that initial resistance phenotypes can explain many 'perceived' tolerance phenotypes. Additionally, we show that tolerance should be measured as a relative increase in time to sedation between an initial and second exposure rather than an absolute change in time to sedation. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide a method for using a linear regression equation to assess the residuals of potential tolerance mutants. We show that these residuals provide predictive insight into the likelihood of a mutant being a 'true' tolerance mutant, and we offer a framework for understanding the relationship between initial resistance and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Pearl N Cummins-Beebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Miguel A. Pabon
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Masa Miscevic
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Emily A. Nickel
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Collin B Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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2
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Nuñez KM, Catalano JL, Scaplen KM, Kaun KR. Methods for Exploring the Circuit Basis of Ethanol-Induced Changes in Drosophila Group Locomotor Activity. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023; 2023:108138. [PMID: 37019608 PMCID: PMC10551048 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot108138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Locomotion is a behavioral readout that can be used to understand responses to specific stimuli or perturbations. The fly Group Activity Monitor (flyGrAM) provides a high-throughput and high-content readout of the acute stimulatory and sedative effects of ethanol. The flyGrAM system is adaptable and seamlessly introduces thermogenetic or optogenetic stimulation to dissect neural circuits underlying behavior and tests responses to other volatilized stimuli (humidified air, odorants, anesthetics, vaporized drugs of abuse, etc.). The automated quantification and readout of activity provide users with a real-time representation of the group activity within each chamber throughout the experiment, helping users to quickly determine proper ethanol doses and duration, run behavioral screens, and plan follow-up experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin M Nuñez
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jamie L Catalano
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Psychology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, USA
- Center for Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Lange AP, Wolf FW. Alcohol sensitivity and tolerance encoding in sleep regulatory circadian neurons in Drosophila. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13304. [PMID: 37500483 PMCID: PMC10911855 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol tolerance is a simple form of behavioural and neural plasticity that occurs with the first drink. Neural plasticity in tolerance is likely a substrate for longer term adaptations that can lead to alcohol use disorder. Drosophila develop tolerance with characteristics similar to vertebrates, and it is a useful model for determining the molecular and circuit encoding mechanisms in detail. Rapid tolerance, measured after the first alcohol exposure is completely metabolized, is localized to specific brain regions that are not interconnected in an obvious way. We used a forward neuroanatomical screen to identify three new neural sites for rapid tolerance encoding. One of these was composed of two groups of neurons, the DN1a and DN1p glutamatergic neurons, that are part of the Drosophila circadian clock. We localized rapid tolerance to the two DN1a neurons that regulate arousal by light at night, temperature-dependent sleep timing, and night-time sleep. Two clock neurons that regulate evening activity, LNd6 and the 5th LNv, are postsynaptic to the DN1as, and they promote rapid tolerance via the metabotropic glutamate receptor. Thus, rapid tolerance to alcohol overlaps with sleep regulatory neural circuitry, suggesting a mechanistic link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Lange
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Fred W. Wolf
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, California, USA
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4
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Cummins-Beebee PN, Chvilicek MM, Rothenfluh A. The Stage-Based Model of Addiction-Using Drosophila to Investigate Alcohol and Psychostimulant Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10909. [PMID: 37446084 PMCID: PMC10341944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a progressive and complex disease that encompasses a wide range of disorders and symptoms, including substance use disorder (SUD), for which there are few therapeutic treatments. SUD is the uncontrolled and chronic use of substances despite the negative consequences resulting from this use. The progressive nature of addiction is organized into a testable framework, the neurobiological stage-based model, that includes three behavioral stages: (1) binge/intoxication, (2) withdrawal/negative affect, and (3) preoccupation/anticipation. Human studies offer limited opportunities for mechanistic insights into these; therefore, model organisms, like Drosophila melanogaster, are necessary for understanding SUD. Drosophila is a powerful model organism that displays a variety of SUD-like behaviors consistent with human and mammalian substance use, making flies a great candidate to study mechanisms of behavior. Additionally, there are an abundance of genetic tools like the GAL4/UAS and CRISPR/Cas9 systems that can be used to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the endophenotypes of the three-stage model. This review uses the three-stage framework and discusses how easily testable endophenotypes have been examined with experiments using Drosophila, and it outlines their potential for investigating other endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl N. Cummins-Beebee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Lange AP, Wolf FW. Alcohol tolerance encoding in sleep regulatory circadian neurons in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526363. [PMID: 36778487 PMCID: PMC9915517 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol tolerance is a simple form of behavioral and neural plasticity that occurs with the first drink. Neural plasticity in tolerance is likely a substrate for longer term adaptations that can lead to alcohol use disorder. Drosophila develop tolerance with characteristics similar to vertebrates, and it is useful model for determining the molecular and circuit encoding mechanisms in detail. Rapid tolerance, measured after the first alcohol exposure is completely metabolized, is localized to specific brain regions that are not interconnected in an obvious way. We used a forward neuroanatomical screen to identify three new neural sites for rapid tolerance encoding. One of these was comprised of two groups of neurons, the DN1a and DN1p glutamatergic neurons, that are part of the Drosophila circadian clock. We localized rapid tolerance to the two DN1a neurons that regulate arousal by light at night, temperature-dependent sleep timing, and night-time sleep. Two clock neurons that regulate evening activity, LNd6 and the 5th LNv, are postsynaptic to the DN1as and they promote rapid tolerance via the metabotropic glutamate receptor. Thus, rapid tolerance to alcohol overlaps with sleep regulatory neural circuitry, suggesting a mechanistic link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. Lange
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
| | - Fred W. Wolf
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
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6
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Zhang B, Ding Z, Li L, Xie LK, Fan YJ, Xu YZ. Two oppositely-charged sf3b1 mutations cause defective development, impaired immune response, and aberrant selection of intronic branch sites in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009861. [PMID: 34723968 PMCID: PMC8559932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SF3B1 mutations occur in many cancers, and the highly conserved His662 residue is one of the hotspot mutation sites. To address effects on splicing and development, we constructed strains carrying point mutations at the corresponding residue His698 in Drosophila using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique. Two mutations, H698D and H698R, were selected due to their frequent presence in patients and notable opposite charges. Both the sf3b1-H698D and–H698R mutant flies exhibit developmental defects, including less egg-laying, decreased hatching rates, delayed morphogenesis and shorter lifespans. Interestingly, the H698D mutant has decreased resistance to fungal infection, while the H698R mutant shows impaired climbing ability. Consistent with these phenotypes, further analysis of RNA-seq data finds altered expression of immune response genes and changed alternative splicing of muscle and neural-related genes in the two mutants, respectively. Expression of Mef2-RB, an isoform of Mef2 gene that was downregulated due to splicing changes caused by H698R, partly rescues the climbing defects of the sf3b1-H698R mutant. Lariat sequencing reveals that the two sf3b1-H698 mutations cause aberrant selection of multiple intronic branch sites, with the H698R mutant using far upstream branch sites in the changed alternative splicing events. This study provides in vivo evidence from Drosophila that elucidates how these SF3B1 hotspot mutations alter splicing and their consequences in development and in the immune system. In the past decade, one of the important findings in the RNA splicing field has been that somatic SF3B1 mutations widely occur in many cancers. Including R625, H662, K666, K700 and E902, there are five hotspot mutation sites in the highly conserved HEAT repeats of SF3B1. Several kinds of H662 mutations have been found widely in MDS, AML, CLL and breast cancers; however, it remains unclear how these H662 mutations alter splicing and whether they have in vivo effects on development. To address these questions, in this manuscript, we first summarized the H662 mutations in human diseases and constructed two corresponding Drosophila mutant strains, sf3b1-H698D and -H698R using CRISPR-Cas9. Analyses of these two fly strains find that the two oppositely charged Sf3b1-H698 mutants are defective in development. In addition, one mutant has decreased climbing ability, whereas the other mutant has impaired immune response. Further RNA-seq allows us to find responsible genes in each mutant strain, and lariat sequencing reveals that both mutations cause aberrant selection of the intronic branch sites. Our findings provide the first in vivo evidence that Sf3b1 mutations result in defective development, and also reveal a molecular mechanism of these hotspot histidine mutations that enhance the use of cryptic branch sites to alter splicing. Importantly, we demonstrate that the H698R mutant prefers to use far upstream branch sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai, China
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Zhan Ding
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai, China
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai, China
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Ling-Kun Xie
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Yu-Jie Fan
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Xu
- RNA Institute, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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7
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Elvig SK, McGinn MA, Smith C, Arends MA, Koob GF, Vendruscolo LF. Tolerance to alcohol: A critical yet understudied factor in alcohol addiction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 204:173155. [PMID: 33631255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol tolerance refers to a lower effect of alcohol with repeated exposure. Although alcohol tolerance has been historically included in diagnostic manuals as one of the key criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (AUD), understanding its neurobiological mechanisms has been neglected in preclinical studies. In this mini-review, we provide a theoretical framework for alcohol tolerance. We then briefly describe chronic tolerance, followed by a longer discussion of behavioral and neurobiological aspects that underlie rapid tolerance in rodent models. Glutamate/nitric oxide, γ-aminobutyric acid, opioids, serotonin, dopamine, adenosine, cannabinoids, norepinephrine, vasopressin, neuropeptide Y, neurosteroids, and protein kinase C all modulate rapid tolerance. Most studies have evaluated the ability of pharmacological manipulations to block the development of rapid tolerance, but only a few studies have assessed their ability to reverse already established tolerance. Notably, only a few studies analyzed sex differences. Neglected areas of study include the incorporation of a key element of tolerance that involves opponent process-like neuroadaptations. Compared with alcohol drinking models, models of rapid tolerance are relatively shorter in duration and are temporally defined, which make them suitable for combining with a wide range of classic and modern research tools, such as pharmacology, optogenetics, calcium imaging, in vivo electrophysiology, and DREADDs, for in-depth studies of tolerance. We conclude that studies of the neurobiology of alcohol tolerance should be revisited with modern conceptualizations of addiction and modern neurobiological tools. This may contribute to our understanding of AUD and uncover potential targets that can attenuate hazardous alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie K Elvig
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Adrienne McGinn
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Smith
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - George F Koob
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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