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Lapish CC. Understanding How Acute Alcohol Impacts Neural Encoding in the Rodent Brain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38858298 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol impacts neural circuitry throughout the brain and has wide-ranging effects on the biophysical properties of neurons in these circuits. Articulating how these wide-ranging effects might eventually result in altered computational properties has the potential to provide a tractable working model of how alcohol alters neural encoding. This chapter reviews what is currently known about how acute alcohol influences neural activity in cortical, hippocampal, and dopaminergic circuits as these have been the primary focus of understanding how alcohol alters neural computation. While other neural systems have been the focus of exhaustive work on this topic, these brain regions are the ones where in vivo neural recordings are available, thus optimally suited to make the link between changes in neural activity and behavior. Rodent models have been key in developing an understanding of how alcohol impacts the function of these circuits, and this chapter therefore focuses on work from mice and rats. While progress has been made, it is critical to understand the challenges and caveats associated with experimental procedures, especially when performed in vivo, which are designed to answer this question and if/how to translate these data to humans. The hypothesis is discussed that alcohol impairs the ability of neural circuits to acquire states of neural activity that are transiently elevated and characterized by increased complexity. It is hypothesized that these changes are distinct from the traditional view of alcohol being a depressant of neural activity in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Lapish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Stark Neuroscience Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Ardinger CE, Lapish CC, Linsenbardt DN. Repeated Binge Alcohol Drinking Leads to Reductions in Corticostriatal Theta Coherence in Female but not Male Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.581791. [PMID: 38496601 PMCID: PMC10942409 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.581791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Decreased functional connectivity between the striatum and frontal cortex is observed in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and predicts the probability of relapse in abstinent individuals with AUD. To further our understanding of how repeated alcohol (ethanol; EtOH) consumption impacts the corticostriatal circuit, extracellular electrophysiological recordings (local field potentials; LFPs) were gathered from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of C57BL/6J mice voluntarily consuming EtOH or water using a 'drinking-in-the-dark' (DID) procedure. Following a three-day acclimation period wherein only water access was provided during DID, mice were given 15 consecutive days of access to EtOH. Each session consisted of a 30-minute baseline period where water was available and was followed immediately by a 2-hour period where sippers containing water were replaced with new sippers containing either unsweetened 20% (v/v) EtOH (days 4-18; DID) or water (days 1-3; acclimation). Our analyses focused primarily on theta coherence during bouts of drinking, as differences in this band are associated with several behavioral markers of AUD. Both sexes displayed decreases in theta coherence during the first day of binge EtOH consumption. However, only females displayed further decreases in theta coherence on the 14th day of EtOH access. No differences in theta coherence were observed between the first and final bout on any EtOH drinking days. These results provide additional support for decreases in the functional coupling of corticostriatal circuits as a consequence of alcohol consumption and suggests that female mice are uniquely vulnerable to these effects following repeated EtOH drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherish E Ardinger
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Christopher C Lapish
- Addiction Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Indiana Alcohol Research Center, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
- Indiana University School of Medicine Stark Neuroscience Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - David N Linsenbardt
- Department of Neurosciences School of Medicine and Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
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Kalelkar A, Sipe G, Castro E Costa AR, Lorenzo IM, Nguyen M, Linares-Garcia I, Vazey E, Huda R. A paradigm for ethanol consumption in head-fixed mice during prefrontal cortical two-photon calcium imaging. Neuropharmacology 2024; 245:109800. [PMID: 38056524 PMCID: PMC11292593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for cognitive behaviors and is a key target for neuroadaptations in alcohol use disorders. Recent advances in genetically encoded sensors and functional microscopy allow multimodal in vivo PFC activity recordings at subcellular and cellular scales. While these methods could enable a deeper understanding of the relationship between alcohol and PFC function/dysfunction, they typically require animals to be head-fixed. Here, we present a method in mice for binge-like ethanol consumption during head-fixation. Male and female mice were first acclimated to ethanol by providing home cage access to 20% ethanol (v/v) for 4 or 8 days. After home cage drinking, mice consumed ethanol from a lick spout during head-fixation. We used two-photon calcium imaging during the head-fixed drinking paradigm to record from a large population of PFC neurons (>1000) to explore how acute ethanol affects their activity. Drinking exerted temporally heterogeneous effects on PFC activity at single neuron and population levels. Intoxication modulated the tonic activity of some neurons while others showed phasic responses around ethanol receipt. Population level activity did not show tonic or phasic modulation but tracked ethanol consumption over the minute-timescale. Network level interactions assessed through between-neuron pairwise correlations were largely resilient to intoxication at the population level while neurons with increased tonic activity showed higher synchrony by the end of the drinking period. By establishing a method for binge-like drinking in head-fixed mice, we lay the groundwork for leveraging advanced microscopy technologies to study alcohol-induced neuroadaptations in PFC and other brain circuits. This article is part of the Special Issue on "PFC circuit function in psychiatric disease and relevant models".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Kalelkar
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Grayson Sipe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ana Raquel Castro E Costa
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Ilka M Lorenzo
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - My Nguyen
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Ivan Linares-Garcia
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Elena Vazey
- Department of Biology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rafiq Huda
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08904, USA.
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Starski P, Morningstar MD, Katner SN, Frasier RM, De Oliveira Sergio T, Wean S, Lapish CC, Hopf FW. Neural Activity in the Anterior Insula at Drinking Onset and Licking Relates to Compulsion-Like Alcohol Consumption. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1490232023. [PMID: 38242696 PMCID: PMC10904088 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1490-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about the etiology of compulsion-like alcohol drinking, where consumption persists despite adverse consequences. The role of the anterior insula (AIC) in emotion, motivation, and interoception makes this brain region a likely candidate to drive challenge-resistant behavior, including compulsive drinking. Indeed, subcortical projections from the AIC promote compulsion-like intake in rats and are recruited in heavy-drinking humans during compulsion for alcohol, highlighting the importance of and need for more information about AIC activity patterns that support aversion-resistant responding. Single-unit activity was recorded in the AIC from 15 male rats during alcohol-only and compulsion-like consumption. We found three sustained firing phenotypes, sustained-increase, sustained-decrease, and drinking-onset cells, as well as several firing patterns synchronized with licking. While many AIC neurons had session-long activity changes, only neurons with firing increases at drinking onset had greater activity under compulsion-like conditions. Further, only cells with persistent firing increases maintained activity during pauses in licking, suggesting roles in maintaining drive for alcohol during breaks. AIC firing was not elevated during saccharin drinking, similar to lack of effect of AIC inhibition on sweet fluid intake in many studies. In addition, we observed subsecond changes in AIC neural activity tightly entrained to licking. One lick-synched firing pattern (determined for all licks in a session) predicted compulsion-like drinking, while a separate lick-associated pattern correlated with greater consumption across alcohol intake conditions. Collectively, these data provide a more integrated model for the role of AIC firing in compulsion-like drinking, with important relevance for how the AIC promotes sustained motivated responding more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Starski
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
| | - Mitch D Morningstar
- Department of Psychology, IU-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
| | - Simon N Katner
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
| | - Raizel M Frasier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
| | | | - Sarah Wean
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
| | - Christopher C Lapish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
| | - F Woodward Hopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
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Schreiner DC, Wright A, Baltz ET, Wang T, Cazares C, Gremel CM. Chronic alcohol exposure alters action control via hyperactive premotor corticostriatal activity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112675. [PMID: 37342908 PMCID: PMC10468874 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) alters decision-making control over actions, but disruptions to the responsible neural circuit mechanisms are unclear. Premotor corticostriatal circuits are implicated in balancing goal-directed and habitual control over actions and show disruption in disorders with compulsive, inflexible behaviors, including AUD. However, whether there is a causal link between disrupted premotor activity and altered action control is unknown. Here, we find that mice chronically exposed to alcohol (chronic intermittent ethanol [CIE]) showed impaired ability to use recent action information to guide subsequent actions. Prior CIE exposure resulted in aberrant increases in the calcium activity of premotor cortex (M2) neurons that project to the dorsal medial striatum (M2-DMS) during action control. Chemogenetic reduction of this CIE-induced hyperactivity in M2-DMS neurons rescued goal-directed action control. This suggests a direct, causal relationship between chronic alcohol disruption to premotor circuits and decision-making strategy and provides mechanistic support for targeting activity of human premotor regions as a potential treatment in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew C Schreiner
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emily T Baltz
- The Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian Cazares
- The Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christina M Gremel
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; The Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Kalelkar A, Sipe G, Costa ARCE, Lorenzo IM, Nguyen M, Linares-Garcia I, Vazey E, Huda R. A paradigm for ethanol consumption in head-fixed mice during prefrontal cortical two-photon calcium imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.20.549846. [PMID: 37503061 PMCID: PMC10370124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.20.549846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a hub for higher-level cognitive behaviors and is a key target for neuroadaptations in alcohol use disorders. Preclinical models of ethanol consumption are instrumental for understanding how acute and repeated drinking affects PFC structure and function. Recent advances in genetically encoded sensors of neuronal activity and neuromodulator release combined with functional microscopy (multiphoton and one-photon widefield imaging) allow multimodal in-vivo PFC recordings at subcellular and cellular scales. While these methods could enable a deeper understanding of the relationship between alcohol and PFC function/dysfunction, they require animals to be head-fixed. Here, we present a method in mice for binge-like ethanol consumption during head-fixation. Male and female mice were first acclimated to ethanol by providing home cage access to 20% ethanol (v/v) for 4 or 8 days. After home cage drinking, mice consumed ethanol from a lick spout during head-fixation. We used two-photon calcium imaging during the head-fixed drinking paradigm to record from a large population of PFC neurons (>1000) to explore how acute ethanol affects their activity. Drinking modulated activity rates in a subset of neurons on slow (minutes) and fast (seconds) time scales but the majority of neurons were unaffected. Moreover, ethanol intake did not significantly affect network level interactions in the PFC as assessed through inter-neuronal pairwise correlations. By establishing a method for binge-like drinking in head-fixed mice, we lay the groundwork for leveraging advanced microscopy technologies to study alcohol-induced neuroadaptations in PFC and other brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Kalelkar
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Grayson Sipe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ana Raquel Castro E Costa
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Ilka M. Lorenzo
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - My Nguyen
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Ivan Linares-Garcia
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
| | - Elena Vazey
- Department of Biology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rafiq Huda
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University – New Brunswick, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ, 08904, USA
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Timme NM, Ma B, Linsenbardt D, Cornwell E, Galbari T, Lapish CC. Compulsive alcohol drinking in rodents is associated with altered representations of behavioral control and seeking in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3990. [PMID: 35810193 PMCID: PMC9271071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A key feature of compulsive alcohol drinking is continuing to drink despite negative consequences. To examine the changes in neural activity that underlie this behavior, compulsive alcohol drinking was assessed in a validated rodent model of heritable risk for excessive drinking (alcohol preferring (P) rats). Neural activity was measured in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC-a brain region involved in maladaptive decision-making) and assessed via change point analyses and novel principal component analyses. Neural population representations of specific decision-making variables were measured to determine how they were altered in animals that drink alcohol compulsively. Compulsive animals showed weakened representations of behavioral control signals, but strengthened representations of alcohol seeking-related signals. Finally, chemogenetic-based excitation of dmPFC prevented escalation of compulsive alcohol drinking. Collectively, these data indicate that compulsive alcohol drinking in rats is associated with alterations in dmPFC neural activity that underlie diminished behavioral control and enhanced seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Timme
- Psychology Department, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46237, USA.
| | - Baofeng Ma
- Psychology Department, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46237, USA
| | - David Linsenbardt
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Ethan Cornwell
- Psychology Department, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46237, USA
| | - Taylor Galbari
- Psychology Department, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46237, USA
| | - Christopher C Lapish
- Psychology Department, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46237, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46237, USA
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Morningstar MD, Barnett WH, Goodlett CR, Kuznetsov A, Lapish CC. Understanding ethanol's acute effects on medial prefrontal cortex neural activity using state-space approaches. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108780. [PMID: 34480911 PMCID: PMC8488975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol (EtOH) intoxication results in several maladaptive behaviors that may be attributable, in part, to the effects of EtOH on neural activity in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The acute effects of EtOH on mPFC function have been largely described as inhibitory. However, translating these observations on function into a mechanism capable of delineating acute EtOH's effects on behavior has proven difficult. This review highlights the role of acute EtOH on electrophysiological measurements of mPFC function and proposes that interpreting these changes through the lens of dynamical systems theory is critical to understand the mechanisms that mediate the effects of EtOH intoxication on behavior. Specifically, the present review posits that the effects of EtOH on mPFC N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are critical for the expression of impaired behavior following EtOH consumption. This hypothesis is based on the observation that recurrent activity in cortical networks is supported by NMDA receptors, and, when disrupted, may lead to impairments in cognitive function. To evaluate this hypothesis, we discuss the representation of mPFC neural activity in low-dimensional, dynamic state spaces. This approach has proven useful for identifying the underlying computations necessary for the production of behavior. Ultimately, we hypothesize that EtOH-related alterations to NMDA receptor function produces alterations that can be effectively conceptualized as impairments in attractor dynamics and provides insight into how acute EtOH disrupts forms of cognition that rely on mPFC function. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William H Barnett
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Charles R Goodlett
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Stark Neurosciences, USA
| | - Alexey Kuznetsov
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Mathematics, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Stark Neurosciences, USA
| | - Christopher C Lapish
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Stark Neurosciences, USA
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Li M, Cabrera-Garcia D, Salling MC, Au E, Yang G, Harrison NL. Alcohol reduces the activity of somatostatin interneurons in the mouse prefrontal cortex: A neural basis for its disinhibitory effect? Neuropharmacology 2021; 188:108501. [PMID: 33636191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in executive ("top-down") control of behavior and its function is especially susceptible to the effects of alcohol, leading to behavioral disinhibition that is associated with alterations in decision making, response inhibition, social anxiety and working memory. The circuitry of the PFC involves a complex interplay between pyramidal neurons (PNs) and several subclasses of inhibitory interneurons (INs), including somatostatin (SST)-expressing INs. Using in vivo calcium imaging, we showed that alcohol dose-dependently altered network activity in layers 2/3 of the prelimbic subregion of the mouse PFC. Low doses of alcohol (1 g/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p.) caused moderate activation of SST INs and weak inhibition of PNs. At moderate to high doses, alcohol (2-3 g/kg) strongly inhibited the activity of SST INs in vivo, and this effect may result in disinhibition, as the activity of a subpopulation of PNs was simultaneously enhanced. In contrast, recordings in brain slices using ex vivo electrophysiology revealed no direct effect of alcohol on the excitability of either SST INs or PNs over a range of concentrations (20 and 50 mM) consistent with the blood alcohol levels reached in the in vivo experiments. This dose-dependent effect of alcohol on SST INs in vivo may reveal a neural basis for the disinhibitory effect of alcohol in the PFC mediated by other neurons within or external to the PFC circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Columbia University, Department of Anesthesiology, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David Cabrera-Garcia
- Columbia University, Department of Anesthesiology, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Michael C Salling
- Louisiana State University, Department of Anatomy, New Orleans, LA, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Edmund Au
- Columbia University, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology and Rehabilitative Medicine and Regeneration, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative Scholar, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Columbia University, Department of Anesthesiology, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Neil L Harrison
- Columbia University, Department of Anesthesiology, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Columbia University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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