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Lilly KJ, Howard C, Zubielevitch E, Sibley CG. Thinking twice: examining gender differences in repetitive negative thinking across the adult lifespan. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1239112. [PMID: 38022916 PMCID: PMC10663279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1239112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A wealth of literature shows that women report greater levels of repetitive negative thinking, particularly rumination, than men in adolescence and adulthood. However, little research has examined how these gender differences develop or change across the entire adult lifespan. Methods The present study addresses these oversights using a nationwide longitudinal probability sample of adults over 12 annual assessment points (N = 64,901; Mage = 42.50, range 18-81; 62.9% women) and a single-item measure of global repetitive negative thinking. Critically, we use multigroup cohort-sequential latent growth modeling to determine whether changes in this construct over time are due to (a) normative aging, (b) generational differences associated with the historical period one was born and raised in, or (c) a combination of these processes. Results Our results reveal that rumination peaks in young adulthood for both women and men but declines steadily thereafter, reaching its lowest levels at the end of the adult lifespan. That said, some gender and cohort differences emerged, with young women-particularly young cohorts-reporting higher levels of rumination than their male counterparts and older birth cohorts. Discussion Our study suggests that gender differences in rumination may be most prevalent among young birth cohorts, though future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieren J. Lilly
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chloe Howard
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Chris G. Sibley
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Cleary M, West S, Kornhaber R, Hungerford C. Autism, Discrimination and Masking: Disrupting a Recipe for Trauma. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2023; 44:799-808. [PMID: 37616302 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2023.2239916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes of discrimination for autistic people include masking, social isolation and exclusion, trauma, and mental health problems. This discursive paper discusses the discrimination experienced by autistic people in health, education, employment, and media settings; and considers how to reduce the impact of discrimination. Addressing the impact of discrimination requires an improved understanding of the lived experience of the autistic person, the embedding of inclusive practices in communities, developing the person's life skills and supports, and enabling the person to work through their psychological trauma. Further research can aid in minimizing and preventing discrimination against people with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- School of Nursing, Paramedicine and Healthcare Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Hungerford
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Ju R, Jia M, Cheng J. Promoting Mental Health on Social Media: A Content Analysis of Organizational Tweets. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2023; 38:1540-1549. [PMID: 34955059 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.2018834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed tweets posted over 1 year from three mental-health organizations in the United States, along with audience engagement data of comments, retweets, and likes. The results revealed that tweets focused on mental illnesses or mental health received more engagement than those that emphasized event promotion or relationship building. In addition, there were more gain-framed than loss-framed messages, although the latter triggered more public engagement. Thematic framing was used more frequently than episodic framing and related to higher levels of engagement. Call-to-action (CTA), other audience engaging methods and multimedia strategies were used in various frequencies in these tweets; and the use of CTA, other engaging methods, photos/pictures, and external links, but not videos, were positively related to public engagement. Theoretical contributions and practical implications regarding using social media for mental health promotion were offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ju
- Department of Public Relations, Mount Royal University
| | - Moyi Jia
- Department of Communication and Media Studies, State University of New York
| | - Jiuqing Cheng
- Department of Psychology, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Northern Iowa
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4
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Arneaud GJ, Kar A, Majumder S, Molodynski A, Lovett K, Kar S. Mental health disorders in English newspapers of India: A retrospective study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 69:646-652. [PMID: 36326007 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221132426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years there has been significant coverage of mental health in Indian newspapers; the media can play a significant role in perpetuating as well as reducing stigma towards people with mental illness. This paper analyses the content, context and type of newspaper coverage of various mental health disorders in English language newspapers in India between 2016 and 2021. METHODS A detailed analysis was performed on a sample of articles about mental illness in a range of English language Indian newspapers. RESULTS Depression was the most prevalent topic amongst the articles followed by anxiety, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Our study describes a wide range of use of mental health disorders in various newspapers. All diagnoses were generally described in a criminal context like homicide, sexual assault and other crimes. Over time newspaper coverage of mental illness has become less stigmatising. Further exploration of non-English medium newspapers is required to fully understand the extent of the role of print media in perpetuating unhelpful stereotypes of people with mental illness in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervan J Arneaud
- Journey Behavioural Health Clinic, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Anindya Kar
- Advanced Neuropsychiatry Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Sunrit Majumder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Burdwan Medical College & Hospital, India
| | - Andrew Molodynski
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, UK
| | - Kate Lovett
- Livewell Southwest, Cumberland Centre, Plymouth, UK.,Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, UK
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5
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A retrospective study exploring how South African newspapers framed Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders over an 11-year period (2004-2014). BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:667. [PMID: 36307766 PMCID: PMC9617434 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The way schizophrenia is portrayed in the media contributes to the dissemination of misinformation about the symptoms, causes, and treatment of mental disorders and has the potential to perpetuate or mitigate the stigmatization of schizophrenia. While research on the news media's role in exacerbating or mitigating the stigmatization of schizophrenia has been conducted widely in other contexts, our search did not yield any study on media framing of schizophrenia in South Africa. Therefore, this study used the framing theory to examine the media framing of schizophrenia following the enactment of two mental health policies in South Africa. METHODS We examined 216 news stories that covered the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders from 20 South African newspapers retrieved from the SABINET - SA Media online archive over an 11-year period (2004-2014). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the news stories. RESULTS The findings show that most of the news stories had problems as their main frame. These were followed by stories framed to diagnose the causes of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; and stories that made moral judgements about issues around the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Stories that were classified as suggesting remedies were relatively less frequent. A common thread in the news stories was the misperceptions about schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Media framing of the cultural interpretations of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders tended to be derogatory and therefore stigmatising. Most news stories framed schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders as mainly caused by using psychoactive drugs/substance with Cannabis as the most frequently mentioned psychoactive drug. CONCLUSION The study underscores the role of media analyses in framing schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders following the development of major mental health policies. The study showed that the media framing of schizophrenia could perpetuate stigmatisation, discrimination and social rejection of people with lived experiences of the condition. Our findings highlight the need for collaboration between researchers and the media to enhance opportunities for improved and more nuanced reporting of mental health issues.
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Thornicroft G, Sunkel C, Alikhon Aliev A, Baker S, Brohan E, El Chammay R, Davies K, Demissie M, Duncan J, Fekadu W, Gronholm PC, Guerrero Z, Gurung D, Habtamu K, Hanlon C, Heim E, Henderson C, Hijazi Z, Hoffman C, Hosny N, Huang FX, Kline S, Kohrt BA, Lempp H, Li J, London E, Ma N, Mak WWS, Makhmud A, Maulik PK, Milenova M, Morales Cano G, Ouali U, Parry S, Rangaswamy T, Rüsch N, Sabri T, Sartorius N, Schulze M, Stuart H, Taylor Salisbury T, Vera San Juan N, Votruba N, Winkler P. The Lancet Commission on ending stigma and discrimination in mental health. Lancet 2022; 400:1438-1480. [PMID: 36223799 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Thornicroft
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK; Centre for Implementation Science, King's College London, London UK.
| | | | - Akmal Alikhon Aliev
- National Institute of Mental Health (Czechia), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Mental Health Research and Service Development, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Sue Baker
- Mind international, London, UK; Changing Minds Globally, London, UK
| | - Elaine Brohan
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK
| | | | - Kelly Davies
- Centre for Implementation Science, King's College London, London UK
| | - Mekdes Demissie
- College of Health Sciences and Medicine, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Studies for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Wubalem Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Petra C Gronholm
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK; Centre for Implementation Science, King's College London, London UK
| | - Zoe Guerrero
- National Institute of Mental Health (Czechia), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Mental Health Research and Service Development, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Dristy Gurung
- Centre for Implementation Science, King's College London, London UK; Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (TPO), Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Kassahun Habtamu
- Addis Ababa University, School of Psychology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charlotte Hanlon
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK; WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Research and Training, King's College London, London UK; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eva Heim
- Institut de Psychologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claire Henderson
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK
| | | | | | - Nadine Hosny
- Institut de Psychologie, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Brandon A Kohrt
- Division of Global Mental Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Heidi Lempp
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, and Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College London, London UK
| | - Jie Li
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ning Ma
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Winnie W S Mak
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Akerke Makhmud
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK; Centre for Implementation Science, King's College London, London UK
| | - Pallab K Maulik
- George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Milenova
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK; Centre for Implementation Science, King's College London, London UK
| | | | - Uta Ouali
- Razi Hospital and El Manar Medical School, University of Tunis, La Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Sarah Parry
- South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Nicolas Rüsch
- Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University and BKH Günzburg, Ulm, Germany; Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Taha Sabri
- Taskeen Health Initiative, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Norman Sartorius
- Association for the Improvement of Mental health Programs, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Tatiana Taylor Salisbury
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK
| | - Norha Vera San Juan
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, London UK
| | - Nicole Votruba
- and Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Petr Winkler
- National Institute of Mental Health (Czechia), WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Mental Health Research and Service Development, Klecany, Czechia
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Burns S, Tapsell A, Perlman D, Patterson C, Moxham L. Stigma in the media: Investigating journalism students attitudes towards mental illness. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2022; 31:104-110. [PMID: 34628715 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the profound role that media play in public opinion, there exists an ongoing necessity to understand the portrayal of mental illness by journalists. There is a plethora of studies that have examined how mental illness is portrayed in the media, but few studies have sought to understand what journalist opinions about mental illness are, and none could be found regarding journalism students' opinions. This study aimed to bridge this gap by examining journalism student's attitudes towards mental illness using the Social Distance Scale (SDS). This study adheres to STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional studies. One hundred and seventy-two undergraduate journalism students (n = 172) completed the SDS with findings suggesting that students had moderate stigmatizing attitudes, with varying degrees of stigma present depending on the social context. Positively framed reporting and constructive media coverage surrounding mental illness may be improved by shared communication and education with health professionals who specialize in mental health: mental health nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Burns
- School of the Arts, English & Media, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy Tapsell
- Public Health Unit, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dana Perlman
- School of Education, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Patterson
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lorna Moxham
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, IHMRI, AHSRI, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Ciydem E, Aci OS, Bilgin H, Ozaslan Z, Tek S. A retrospective examination of the content of violence in headlines of news related to individuals with mental disorders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2020; 34:545-556. [PMID: 33280679 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Headlines are usually read first. Since headlines are designed to be remarkable and memorable in terms of form and meaning, their impact on the positive or negative attitudes of the society towards individuals with mental illness may be greater than the news texts. AIMS This study aimed to retrospectively examine and analyze the content of violence headlines related to people with mental disorders. METHOD The study was designed to examine headlines retrospectively. Six-hundred-ten headlines on the websites of four nationally published newspapers in Turkey were reviewed. Headlines mentioned people with mental disorders and violent events. The News Headline Review Form was used to evaluate the headlines. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used in data analysis. RESULTS It was determined that violent events in headlines were mostly associated with homicidal behaviors (72%; n = 439), self-harming behaviors (20.2%; n = 123) and exploitation by others (7.8%; n = 40), respectively. The most common actions in headlines were, within the homicidal behaviors, "murder" (30.4%; n = 186); within the self-harming behaviors, "commit suicide" (13.6%; n = 83) and within the exploitation-by-others category, "being murdered" (4.4%; n = 27). People with mental disorders were in an active position in three fourths of the headlines on violence/aggression (77.3%; n = 471). CONCLUSION Headlines have the effect of normalizing the relationship between violence and mental disorders, which already exists in society. Portraying violence as a typical part of a mental disorder could create social perceptions that it is the nature of these individuals to exhibit violent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Ciydem
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Florence Nightingale Nursing Faculty, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Sema Aci
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Florence Nightingale Nursing Faculty, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Turkey.
| | - Hulya Bilgin
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Florence Nightingale Nursing Faculty, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ozaslan
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Turkey
| | - Seda Tek
- Mugla Sitki Kocaman University, Fethiye Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Turkey
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Miller AN, Napakol A, Kujak MK. Representation of Mental Illness in Leading Ugandan Daily Newspapers: A Content Analysis. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2020; 35:1782-1790. [PMID: 31496289 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1663469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Media are a major purveyor of information about mental health. Recognizing what messages media are disseminating about mental illness, therefore, is a step toward raising mental health literacy in a population. Most research about media coverage of mental illness, however, has taken place in Western nations. Differences in cultural views of mental illness and severely strained mental health-care resources in sub-Saharan African make it likely that media coverage of mental illness there will differ substantially from Western contexts. This study investigated the coverage of mental illness in the two largest circulation newspapers in Uganda: The Monitor and The New Vision. Analysis of the entire contents of every issue of both papers from January 1, 2017 to June 30, 2019 revealed just 53 articles addressing mental illness. Although types of mental illness addressed did not differ greatly from coverage in Western newspapers, causes to which mental illness was attributed included war, poverty, and witchcraft, none of which appears in content analyses in other contexts. Also, different than Western media, most articles were thematically rather than episodically framed, especially in the government-owned paper, and individuals with mental illness themselves were regularly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Neville Miller
- Nicholson School of Communication and Media, University of Central Florida
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10
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Improvement for most, but not all: changes in newspaper coverage of mental illness from 2008 to 2019 in England. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2020; 29:e177. [PMID: 33148367 PMCID: PMC7681112 DOI: 10.1017/s204579602000089x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Time to Change, an anti-stigma programme in England, has worked to reduce stigma relating to mental illness in many facets of life. Newspaper reports are an important factor in shaping public attitudes towards mental illnesses, as well as working as a barometer reflecting public opinion. This study aims to assess the way that coverage of mental health topics and different mental illnesses has changed since 2008. METHOD Articles covering mental health in 18 different newspapers were retrieved using keyword searches on two randomly chosen days of each month in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2019. A content analysis approach using a structured coding framework was used to extract information from the articles. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the change in odds of each hypothesised stigmatising or anti-stigmatising element occurring in 2019 compared to 2008 and 2016 with a Wald test to assess the overall significance of year as a predictor in the model. Further logistic regression models were used to assess the association between the diagnosis that an article was about and the odds that it was stigmatising, and whether this relationship is moderated by year of publication. RESULTS A total of 6731 articles were analysed, and there was a significant increase in anti-stigmatising articles in 2019 compared to 2008 (OR 3.16 (2.60-3.84), p < 0.001) and 2016 (OR 1.40 (1.16-1.69), p < 0.001). Of the 5142 articles that specified a diagnosis, articles about schizophrenia were 6.37 times more likely to be stigmatising than articles about other diagnoses (OR 6.37 (3.05-13.29) p < 0.001), and there was evidence that the strength of this relationship significantly interacted with the year an article was published (p = 0.010). Articles about depression were significantly less likely to be stigmatising (OR 0.59 (0.69-0.85) p = 0.018) than those about other diagnoses, while there was no difference in coverage of eating disorders v. other diagnoses (OR 1.37 (0.67-2.80) p = 0.386); neither of these relationships showed an interaction with the year of publication. CONCLUSION Anti-stigma programmes should continue to work with newspapers to improve coverage of mental illness. However, interventions should consider providing specific guidance and promote awareness of rarer mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, and evaluation should examine whether reductions in stigma extend to people with all mental illness diagnoses.
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11
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Vargas T, Schiffman J, Lam PH, Kim A, Mittal VA. Using search engine data to gauge public interest in mental health, politics and violence in the context of mass shootings. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236157. [PMID: 32764767 PMCID: PMC7413499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant potential for providing insight to private perceptions and behaviors, search engine data has yet to be utilized as a means of gauging the U.S. public’s interest and understanding of mental health in the context of gun violence and politics. An analysis of Google Trends revealed that Mental health searches increased in volume starting in the beginning of the current decade. Notably, both “mental health” and “gun(s)” were searched with greater frequency the week after the mass shooting events occurred. Related searches after the event also observed a significant increase in interest in mental health and gun regulation, legal reform, mass shootings, and gun(s). Results suggest that the American public’s perception of mental illness increasingly incorporates associations with themes of violence and politics, which becomes more apparent surrounding mass shooting events. Future studies are needed to determine implications for stigmatization of vulnerable groups, and possible relations to media coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - J Schiffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - P H Lam
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - A Kim
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - V A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America.,Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America.,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America.,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America.,Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
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12
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Husain MO, Zehra SS, Umer M, Kiran T, Husain M, Soomro M, Dunne R, Sultan S, Chaudhry IB, Naeem F, Chaudhry N, Husain N. Stigma toward mental and physical illness: attitudes of healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public in Pakistan. BJPsych Open 2020; 6:e81. [PMID: 32741419 PMCID: PMC7453804 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence base for stigma in mental health largely originates from high-income countries. AIMS This study from Pakistan aimed to address the gap in literature on stigma from low- and middle-income countries. METHOD This cross-sectional study surveyed 1470 adults from Karachi, Pakistan. Participants from three groups (healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public) completed the adapted Bogardus Social Distance Scale (SDS) as a measure of stigma. RESULTS All three groups reported higher scores of stigma toward mental disorders compared with physical disorders. SDS scores for mental illness in the general public were significantly higher than in healthcare students (mean difference (MD) 6.93, 95% CI 5.45-8.45, P < 0.001) and healthcare professionals (MD 6.93, 95% CI 5.48-8.38, P < 0.001). However, SDS scores between healthcare students and healthcare professionals were not significantly different (MD 0.003, 95% CI -1.14-1.14, P > 0.99). Being female was associated with lower stigma scores and being over the age of 30 years was associated with higher stigma scores. CONCLUSIONS Stigma campaigns in Pakistan need to target the general population. However, evidence of negative attitudes toward mental illness in healthcare students and healthcare professionals supports the need for stronger emphasis on psychiatric education within undergraduate and postgraduate training in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Omair Husain
- Division of General Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; and University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Madeha Umer
- Pakistan Institute of Living and Learning, Pakistan
| | | | - Mina Husain
- General Adult Psychiatry, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - Ross Dunne
- Later Life Psychiatry, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust; and University of. Manchester, UK
| | - Sarwat Sultan
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Pakistan
| | | | - Farooq Naeem
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada
| | | | - Nusrat Husain
- Division of Psychology & Mental Health, University of Manchester, UK
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13
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Bowen M, Lovell A, Waller R. Stigma: the representation of anorexia nervosa in UK newspaper Twitter feeds. J Ment Health 2020; 31:131-138. [PMID: 32667238 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1793128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that the representation of mental health in newspapers has an influence on readers' attitudes, however, relatively little is known about how the industry presents accounts of anorexia nervosa. Further, the industry increasingly uses Twitter as a medium for reaching readers and this remains an under-examined area of research. AIMS To explore the representation of anorexia nervosa in the UK national press' Twitter feeds. METHOD Frame analysis was used to examine the manner in which anorexia nervosa was represented in the Twitter feeds of all national UK newspapers between 2009 and 2019 (n = 332). This qualitative approach used Braun and Clarke's stages of thematic analysis, while drawing on Van Gorp's use of a frame matrix to support the definition of the news frames. RESULTS The analysis identified four news frames: social model, illness model, stress-recovery model and clickbait model. CONCLUSIONS The newspapers drew on a range of perspectives in their representation of anorexia nervosa, which typically were not stigmatising in their accounts. However, there was a pattern of using sensationalistic images in some of the tweets, which may encourage readers to view people with anorexia nervosa as Other, and as a consequence contribute to stigmatisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Bowen
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Andy Lovell
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Rhian Waller
- School of Arts and Media, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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14
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Abstract
People of BAMME (Black, Asian, Minority, and Migrant ethnic) heritage in the UK experience various anomalies when engaging with mental health services. Typically concentrated at secondary and secure levels of care, these discrepant experiences interact with a reticence to uptake mental health support at the primary care level. Official, national anti-stigma campaigns often reproduce messages that do not connect with BAMME communities, raising questions about how best to challenge stigma in this context. This research paper describes a case study of an alternative means to address stigma, drawing from a dramatic comedy performance, Plant Fetish, written and performed by an artist who carries a diagnosis of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (Complex PTSD). The study comprised of an individual interview with the artist, audience feedback, and a group discussion conducted after the show. Data were subject to interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings are discussed in relation to the importance of using creativity to increase public awareness of mental health and inform efforts to reduce stigma. We conclude that such approaches show promise and merit further exploration in a context of growing discursive interest in mental health amidst acknowledged deficiencies of contemporary anti-stigma efforts, especially as they apply to BAMME people, their families, and their communities.
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Bullivant B, Rhydderch S, Griffiths S, Mitchison D, Mond JM. Eating disorders "mental health literacy": a scoping review. J Ment Health 2020; 29:336-349. [PMID: 32041463 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1713996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: While it is apparent that much has been learned about "mental health literacy" (MHL) relating to certain mental health problems, such as depression, in recent years, what has been learned about MHL relating to eating disorders (ED-MHL) is unclear.Aims: A scoping review was conducted to inform the current state of knowledge in this field.Methods: A systematic search of relevant literature published between 1997 and 2017 was followed by a narrative synthesis of the findings.Results: The number of eligible studies increased from 32 in 1997-2001 to 98 in 2012-2017 (total = 264). Most studies originated from North America or Europe, recruited individuals with EDs receiving treatment or college students and included both female and male or only female participants. The majority of studies examined MHL relating to anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa and examined attitudes which facilitate recognition and appropriate help-seeking and knowledge and beliefs about professional help available.Conclusion: Interest in ED-MHL is increasing and there is now a considerable body of research addressing some aspects of ED-MHL in a range of study populations. Notable gaps in the literature exist, including a paucity of information about ED-MHL relating to EDs other than anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, ED behaviour in males and the use of self-help interventions. We hope the findings will provide an incentive to further research in these and other aspects of ED-MHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bullivant
- Faculty of Medicine, Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suzie Rhydderch
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Griffiths
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Mond
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Mental health-related conversations on social media and crisis episodes: a time-series regression analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1342. [PMID: 32029754 PMCID: PMC7005283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether daily fluctuations in mental health-relevant Twitter posts are associated with daily fluctuations in mental health crisis episodes. We conducted a primary and replicated time-series analysis of retrospectively collected data from Twitter and two London mental healthcare providers. Daily numbers of ‘crisis episodes’ were defined as incident inpatient, home treatment team and crisis house referrals between 2010 and 2014. Higher volumes of depression and schizophrenia tweets were associated with higher numbers of same-day crisis episodes for both sites. After adjusting for temporal trends, seven-day lagged analyses showed significant positive associations on day 1, changing to negative associations by day 4 and reverting to positive associations by day 7. There was a 15% increase in crisis episodes on days with above-median schizophrenia-related Twitter posts. A temporal association was thus found between Twitter-wide mental health-related social media content and crisis episodes in mental healthcare replicated across two services. Seven-day associations are consistent with both precipitating and longer-term risk associations. Sizes of effects were large enough to have potential local and national relevance and further research is needed to evaluate how services might better anticipate times of higher risk and identify the most vulnerable groups.
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Bowen M. Stigma: A linguistic analysis of personality disorder in the UK popular press, 2008-2017. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2019; 26:244-253. [PMID: 31237384 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: People with a diagnosis of personality disorder often experience stigma both outside of, and within, mental health services. The media contribute to people's understanding of mental health issues, and negative portrayals appear to lead to increased negative attitudes in readers. Relatively little is known about how the press represent personality disorder, and the types of messages that people with this disorder may be receiving, which may impact on their understanding of themselves and emotional well-being. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: The key findings indicate that in a 10-year period, the representation of personality disorder in the popular tabloid press in the UK was characterized by the frequent use of language of violence. The research approach enabled the study to identify significant patterns in the language used, rather than only using a checklist of words that the press are directed to avoid. This adds to our understanding about the images repeatedly presented that may affect how readers treat people with a diagnosis of personality disorder and affect the self-esteem of those with the diagnosis. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Mental health nurses are well placed to address issues of stigma both in terms of the general public's beliefs and the impact it has on those who use mental health services. A greater understanding of the messages in the press can help nurses to support service users who are vulnerable to believing that their lives will start to reflect the negative messages they have read. ABSTRACT: Introduction Many people with a diagnosis of personality disorder experience stigma, and the press' representations may contribute to those processes. To date, little is known about how the press write about people with personality disorder and analysis of language used is often limited to checklists of words to avoid. Aim The aim of the study was to explore the linguistic characteristics of press articles about personality disorder in popular tabloids in the UK and consider the implications for stigmatization. Method Corpus linguistics was used to examine a 50% sample of all articles published by the popular press in the UK, from 2008 to 2017, that referred to personality disorder (n = 260). Results The findings identified a range of words that constructed narratives of violence. Discussion The method enabled the findings to expand the current level of knowledge in the field, identifying patterns in the use of the language of violence, which may contribute to the processes of self-stigma. Implications for practice Greater understanding of the messages in the press can sensitize nurses to common misconceptions about the disorder, how these may have become internalised and the need for psycho-social interventions to address the impact of self-stigma on self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Bowen
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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Bowen M, Lovell A. Stigma: the representation of mental health in UK newspaper Twitter feeds. J Ment Health 2019; 30:424-430. [DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2019.1608937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt Bowen
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andy Lovell
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Bowen M, Kinderman P, Cooke A. Stigma: a linguistic analysis of the UK red-top tabloids press’ representation of schizophrenia. Perspect Public Health 2019; 139:147-152. [DOI: 10.1177/1757913919835858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Media representations of mental health problems may influence readers’ understanding of, and attitude towards, people who have received psychiatric diagnoses. Negative beliefs and attitudes may then lead to discriminatory behaviour, which is understood as stigma. This study explored the language used in popular national newspapers when writing about schizophrenia and considered how this may have contributed to the processes of stigmatisation towards people with this diagnosis. Methods: Using corpus linguistic methods, a sample of newspaper articles over a 24-month period that mentioned the word ‘schizophrenia’ was compared with a similar sample of articles about diabetes. This enabled a theory-driven exploration of linguistic characteristics to explore stigmatising messages, while supported by statistical tests (log-likelihood) to compare the data sets and identify words with a high relative frequency. Results: Analysis of the ‘schizophrenia’ data set identified that overtly stigmatising language (e.g. ‘schizo’) was relatively infrequent, but that there was frequent use of linguistic signatures of violence. Articles frequently used graphic language referring to acts of violence, descriptions of violent acts, implements used in violence, identity labels and exemplars of well-known individuals who had committed violent acts. The word ‘schizophrenic’ was used with a high frequency ( n = 108) and most commonly to name individuals who had committed acts of violence. Discussion: The study suggests that while the press has largely avoided the use of words that press guidance has steered them away from (e.g. ‘schizo’ and ‘psycho’), they still use a range of graphic language to present people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia as frighteningly ‘other’ and as prone to violence. This repetition of negative stereotypical messages may well contribute to the processes of stigmatisation many people who experience psychosis have to contend with.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bowen
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Castle Drive, Chester CH1 1SL, UK
| | | | - A Cooke
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK
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The Potential of Specialized Media in Public Health: Analysis of Health-Related Content in Sports Newspapers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071202. [PMID: 30987152 PMCID: PMC6479661 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Sports-specialized newspapers are one of the print media with the highest number of readers in Spain. However, little is known about the health coverage in this type of print press. The aim of the study was to analyze any health-related material in sports newspaper coverage and describe the main characteristics. This is an observational and cross-sectional study, performed in relation to the three most read daily Spanish sports newspapers (MARCA, AS, SPORT). A descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the health-related materials selected after a careful search over a period of 30 days. During this time, a total of 815 units of analysis were identified. On average, 14.79% (n = 645 pages) of the full content (n = 4362) included health-related material. The Liga BBVA section was the most frequent to contain health-related content by a significant margin (p = 0.01). The main covered topics were injuries to soccer players (52%), doping (21%), and other diseases in athletes or their relatives (8.6%) with no significant differences (p = 0.10). Photographs (87.4%) were the most frequent visual material used in the health content, followed by infographics (12.6%). Press releases were the most frequent source of information (58%). Spanish sports newspapers include a high proportion of health-related material, especially in terms of providing detailed descriptions of athletes’ sport injuries, mainly related to soccer.
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Anderson C, Robinson EJ, Krooupa AM, Henderson C. Changes in newspaper coverage of mental illness from 2008 to 2016 in England. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2018; 29:e9. [PMID: 30511612 PMCID: PMC8061298 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796018000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Since 2008 England's anti-stigma programme Time to Change has lobbied media outlets about stigmatising coverage and worked with them to promote accurate and non-stigmatising coverage. While this may have an impact on coverage and hence attitudes, it is also possible that coverage can change in response to improving attitudes, through the creation of a market demand for less stigmatising coverage. This study evaluates English newspaper coverage of mental health topics between 2008 and 2016. METHOD Articles covering mental health in 27 newspapers were retrieved using keyword searches on two randomly chosen days each month in 2008-2016, excluding 2012 and 2015 due to restricted resources. Content analysis used a structured coding framework. Univariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of each hypothesised element occurring in 2016 compared with 2008 and Wald tests to assess the overall statistical significance of the year variable as the predictor. RESULTS The sample retrieved almost doubled between 2008 (n = 882) and 2016 (n = 1738). We found a significant increase in the proportion of anti-stigmatising articles (odds ratio (OR) 2.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.86-2.74)) and a significant decrease in stigmatising articles (OR 0.62 (95% CI 0.51-0.75)). Reports on all diagnoses except for schizophrenia were more often anti-stigmatising than stigmatising. CONCLUSIONS This is the first clear evidence of improvement in coverage since the start of Time to Change. However, coverage of schizophrenia may be less affected by this positive shift than that of other diagnoses. The increase in the level of coverage identified in 2016 requires further investigation, as it may also influence public conceptualisation of what constitutes mental illness, attitudes to mental illness in general and/or specific diagnoses. While most anti-stigma programmes are not diagnosis specific, we suggest their evaluation would benefit from a diagnosis specific approach to allow fuller interpretation of their effects. This could include media analysis driven by hypotheses based on diagnoses to ascertain whether variations by diagnosis over time occur both in the nature and in the proportion of coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Anderson
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E. J. Robinson
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A.-M. Krooupa
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - C. Henderson
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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Pingani L, Sampogna G, Borghi G, Nasi A, Coriani S, Luciano M, Galeazzi GM, Evans-Lacko S, Fiorillo A. How the use of the term "schizo*" has changed in an Italian newspaper from 2001 to 2015: Findings from a descriptive analysis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:792-800. [PMID: 30551327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to report the number of newspaper articles including the word "schizo" in the period 2001 - 2015 and to identify possible predictors reinforcing negative stereotypes about people with schizophrenia. The electronic archives of the Italian newspaper "La Stampa" have been searched for the term "schizo". Selected articles were grouped in articles related to mental health (rMH) or article not related to mental health (nrMH). 946 articles were identified. Schizophrenia-related terms were used in 356 (36.03%) article rMH, which mainly reinforce negative stereotypes regarding mental illness both in rMH and nrMH groups. Over time, only in the rMH group a significant reduction of articles reinforcing negative stereotypes was found. Several factors have been identified as predictors of article reinforcing negative stereotypes: unnecessarily dramatic or sensational headline or content; inaccurate or not in the correct context use of medical terminology; emphasis to the illness rather than to the person; mental disorders are the same; disclosure of particular individual has a mental illness. Although there has been a significant reduction in stigmatizing articles, in the rMH group one article out of three reinforces negative stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pingani
- Human Resources Department, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy; Degree Course in Psychiatric Rehabilitation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Sampogna
- Department of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 1, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulia Borghi
- Degree Course in Psychiatric Rehabilitation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Nasi
- Health Professionals Department, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sandra Coriani
- Health Professionals Department, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola, 2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mario Luciano
- Department of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 1, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Evans-Lacko
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 1, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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Vyncke B, van Gorp B. An Experimental Examination of the Effectiveness of Framing Strategies to Reduce Mental Health Stigma. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 23:899-908. [PMID: 30373481 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2018.1538272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The media are often blamed for perpetuating the stigma surrounding mental illnesses, but they can also be used to counter stigmatizing narratives. Drawing on framing theory, this study tested the potency of two framing strategies (deframing and reframing) to reduce mental health stigma, using an online between-subject posttest-only survey experiment (N = 400), conducted in Belgium in November 2017. For people without a personal history of mental illness, deframing (i.e. refuting the stigmatizing narrative) was able to significantly reduce public stigma, while reframing (i.e. introducing a new frame) significantly lowered perceived stigma. For people with a personal history of mental illness, however, the framed texts failed to significantly reduce public stigma, perceived stigma, or internalized stigma. In some cases, these texts even increased their public and perceived stigma. In summary, this study demonstrates that framing can serve as a tool in creating anti-stigma messages, although frames may have different effects on people with and without a stigmatized condition. Finally, it is important to keep the frame's persuasiveness into account, as unpersuasive frames can increase support for the opposing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Vyncke
- a Institute for Media Studies , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Bassett AM, de Souza S, Williams R, Lempp H. Rheumatoid Arthritis Portrayal by UK National Newspapers 2011-2016: A Service User - Led Thematic Analysis of Language Used. BMC Rheumatol 2018; 2:5. [PMID: 30886956 PMCID: PMC6390613 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-018-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An important source of knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about illness is the mass media. Research has established the often negative and emotive language utilised by journalists to report on physical and mental long-term illnesses. The limited amount of research on rheumatological conditions has largely focused on the extent of, and/or accuracy of media coverage. This is the first published study to examine systematically the language used by the United Kingdom (UK) popular press to specifically describe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A patient and public involvement (PPI) approach, involving academics and service users with RA, was used to conduct the research. LexisNexis online repository of print media was searched for articles within a defined five year time frame, which included RA in the headline and/or lead paragraph of 15 UK national non-specialist newspapers. Resultant articles were uploaded to NVivo, and a realist perspective aided a thematic analysis of the data set. RESULTS A search of LexisNexis produced 413 newspaper articles, of which 147 met the inclusion criteria. Three themes emerged: (1) language used to describe RA; (2) language used to refer to those who live with RA and; (3) language used to report on potential new treatments for RA. Negative and emotive terms such as 'attack', 'painful', 'crippling', and 'agony' were the most frequently used to describe the experience of RA. People diagnosed with RA were often portrayed as 'sufferers' or 'victims', though neutral language was also deployed. 'Hope' and 'breakthrough' were the most reported terms for potential new treatments for RA. Across the three themes, tabloid and middle market newspaper articles applied more sensationalised language with attention grabbing headlines and news stories. By contrast, such emotive terminology was less apparent in broadsheets. CONCLUSIONS The media is a source of information about RA for the general population, but the quality of newspaper journalism about the condition requires improvement. The findings may act as a stimulus for a national public awareness initiative and/or social marketing campaign. How the language currently constructed to describe RA in the press is received by people with RA would be an important area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mark Bassett
- King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Savia de Souza
- King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Ruth Williams
- King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
| | - Heidi Lempp
- King’s College London, Weston Education Centre, 10 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RJ UK
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Palacios-Ceña D, Martín-Tejedor EA, Elías-Elispuru A, Garate-Samaniego A, Pérez-Corrales J, García-García E. The impact of a short-term cohousing initiative among schizophrenia patients, high school students, and their social context: A qualitative case study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190895. [PMID: 29324773 PMCID: PMC5764336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of programs have been developed to promote the contact between adolescents and mentally-ill patients, in order to break the stigma, improve understanding, promote mental health and prevent substance abuse. The aim of this study was to describe the experience of patients with schizophrenia, high school students, and their social context, participating in a short-term cohousing initiative. Methods A qualitative case-study approach was implemented. Patients with schizophrenia from the San Juan de Dios Psychiatric Hospital, female students from Almen High School, and participants from their social context (parents, hospital staff, and teachers) were included, using purposeful sampling. Data were collected from 51 participants (15 patients, nine students, 11 hospital staff, six teachers, 10 parents) via non-participant observation, focus groups, informal interviews, researchers’ field notes and patients’ personal diaries and letters. A thematic analysis was performed. Results The themes identified included a) learning to live together: students and patients participate and learn together; b) the perception of the illness and the mentally-ill: the barrier between health and disease is very slim, and society tends to avoid contact with those who are ill; c) change: a transformation takes place in students, in their self-perception, based on the real and intense nature of the experience; d) a trial and an opportunity: patients test their ability to live outside the hospital; e) discharge and readmission: discharge is experienced as both a liberation and a difficulty, whereas relapse and readmission are experienced as failures. Conclusions Our findings can help us to better understand schizophrenia and encourage a more positive approach towards both the illness and those who suffer from it. These results may be used for the development of cohousing programs in controlled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Palacios-Ceña
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ana Elías-Elispuru
- Hospital Psiquiátrico San Juan de Dios Arrasate-Mondragón, Hermanos de San Juan de Dios, Arrasate, Spain
| | - Amaia Garate-Samaniego
- Hospital Psiquiátrico San Juan de Dios Arrasate-Mondragón, Hermanos de San Juan de Dios, Arrasate, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Corrales
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Alexander L, Sheen J, Rinehart N, Hay M, Boyd L. Mental Health Simulation With Student Nurses: A Qualitative Review. Clin Simul Nurs 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine a time trend in newspaper reporting of mental illness in Japan between 1987 and 2014.
Design/methodology/approach
Four high-circulation national newspapers (the Yomiuri newspaper, the Asahi newspaper, the Mainichi newspaper and the Nikkei Newspaper) were selected for analysis. Articles were analysed using qualitative content analysis (n=448).
Findings
Whilst articles concerning the dangerousness of those with mental illness occupied a high proportion of coverage between 1987 and 2014, an overall shift is apparent whereby there is now more reporting of mental illness in relation to stress than in relation to dangerousness, particularly for depression. In contrast, schizophrenia was often reported in the context of violent crime. Information on the treatment, symptoms and prevalence of mental illness was rarely reported.
Social implications
While the nature of newspaper coverage of mental illness has been changing, there still is over-representation of dangerousness of mental illness, particularly of schizophrenia. For improving the public’s images of mental illness, it is hoped to reduce the proportion of reporting about dangerousness and to increase the proportion of reporting about treatment, symptoms and prevalence of mental illness and personal stories of those affected.
Originality/value
The present study is the first to examine changes in Japanese newspaper coverage over time and at the variation in reporting among diagnoses.
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Bartlett P. Identity, law, policy and Communicating Mental Health. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2017; 43:130-133. [PMID: 28559371 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2016-011071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reflects on the special edition, Communicating Mental Health, from the perspective of a legal academic with an interest in the service user rights and in United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It is argued that the special edition demonstrates the breadth of the medical model but also that the medical model remains firmly in place in academic understanding of mental disability. The paper questions what this means for identity formation of people with lived experience of mental disability and how we should conceptualise mental disability in the future.
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Rhydderch D, Krooupa A, Shefer G, Goulden R, Williams P, Thornicroft A, Rose D, Thornicroft G, Henderson C. Changes in newspaper coverage of mental illness from 2008 to 2014 in England. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134 Suppl 446:45-52. [PMID: 27426645 PMCID: PMC6680140 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluates English newspaper coverage of mental health topics between 2008 and 2014 to provide context for the concomitant improvement in public attitudes and seek evidence for changes in coverage. METHOD Articles in 27 newspapers were retrieved using keyword searches on two randomly chosen days each month in 2008-2014, excluding 2012 due to restricted resources. Content analysis used a structured coding framework. Univariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of each hypothesised element occurring each year compared to 2008. RESULTS There was a substantial increase in the number of articles covering mental health between 2008 and 2014. We found an increase in the proportion of antistigmatising articles which approached significance at P < 0.05 (OR = 1.21, P = 0.056). The decrease in stigmatising articles was not statistically significant (OR = 0.90, P = 0.312). There was a significant decrease in the proportion of articles featuring the stigmatising elements 'danger to others' and 'personal responsibility', and an increase in 'hopeless victim'. There was a significant proportionate increase in articles featuring the antistigmatising elements 'injustice' and 'stigma', but a decrease in 'sympathetic portrayal of people with mental illness'. CONCLUSION We found a decrease in articles promoting ideas about dangerousness or mental illness being self-inflicted, but an increase in articles portraying people as incapable. Yet, these findings were not consistent over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Rhydderch
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - A.‐M. Krooupa
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. Shefer
- MRC‐Epidemiology UnitSchool of Clinical StudiesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - R. Goulden
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - P. Williams
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Thornicroft
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. Rose
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. Thornicroft
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - C. Henderson
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Henderson C, Stuart H, Hansson L. Lessons from the results of three national antistigma programmes. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134 Suppl 446:3-5. [PMID: 27426640 PMCID: PMC6680331 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Henderson
- Health Service and Population Research DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - H. Stuart
- Centre for Health Services and Policy ResearchAbramsky HallQueen's UniversityKingstonONCanada
| | - L. Hansson
- Department of Health SciencesLund UniversityLundSweden
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