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Crespin SJ, Contreras-Abarca R. Urban dog densities reveal environmental inequities in Santiago, Chile. AMBIO 2024; 53:941-950. [PMID: 38315412 PMCID: PMC11058126 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-01984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Dogs can negatively affect the wellbeing of people and nature, but if this changes along a socioeconomic gradient, then social inequity might be at fault. Here, we identify environmental injustice at the city scale by modeling differences in the density of urban dog populations according to varying levels of socioeconomic development across municipalities of Chile's capital, Santiago. Our analysis demonstrates a strong relation between dog density and social inequity, specifically because dog density increases along with poverty, but decreases in municipalities with higher municipal income. We offer specific proposals to ameliorate and reverse this inequity. These results expose another aspect of the impacts people and nature are subjected to by dogs, adding a new social lens to address the dog problem worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio J Crespin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Tropicales de El Salvador, Pasaje Layco #1247, Colonia Layco, San Salvador, El Salvador.
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Concepción, Chile.
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McTigue LE, Lassiter EV, Shaw M, Johansson E, Wilson K, DeGregorio BA. Does daily activity overlap of seven mesocarnivores vary based on human development? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0288477. [PMID: 38206932 PMCID: PMC10783707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Many species of wildlife alter their daily activity patterns in response to co-occurring species as well as the surrounding environment. Often smaller or subordinate species alter their activity patterns to avoid being active at the same time as larger, dominant species to avoid agonistic interactions. Human development can complicate interspecies interactions, as not all wildlife respond to human activity in the same manner. While some species may change the timing of their activity to avoid being active when humans are, others may be unaffected or may benefit from being active at the same time as humans to reduce predation risk or competition. To further explore these patterns, we used data from a coordinated national camera-trapping program (Snapshot USA) to explore how the activity patterns and temporal activity overlap of a suite of seven widely co-occurring mammalian mesocarnivores varied along a gradient of human development. Our focal species ranged in size from the large and often dominant coyote (Canis latrans) to the much smaller and subordinate Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Some species changed their activity based on surrounding human development. Coyotes were most active at night in areas of high and medium human development. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) were more active at dusk in areas of high development relative to areas of low or medium development. However, because most species were primarily nocturnal regardless of human development, temporal activity overlap was high between all species. Only opossum and raccoon (Procyon lotor) showed changes in activity overlap with high overlap in areas of low development compared to areas of moderate development. Although we found that coyotes and red fox altered their activity patterns in response to human development, our results showed that competitive and predatory pressures between these seven widespread generalist species were insufficient to cause them to substantially alter their activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E. McTigue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
| | - Ellery V. Lassiter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
| | - Mike Shaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
| | - Emily Johansson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
| | - Ken Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
| | - Brett A. DeGregorio
- U.S. Geological Survey, Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
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Remmers JJ, Nielsen CK, Lesmeister DB. Anthropogenic and environmental influences on mammalian alpha and beta diversity in a hardwood forest landscape. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Fidino M, Lehrer EW, Kay CAM, Yarmey NT, Murray MH, Fake K, Adams HC, Magle SB. Integrated species distribution models reveal spatiotemporal patterns of human-wildlife conflict. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2647. [PMID: 35535608 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate human-wildlife conflict it is imperative to know where and when conflict occurs. However, standard methods used to predict the occurrence of human-wildlife conflict often fail to recognize how a species distribution likely limits where and when conflict may happen. As such, methods that predict human-wildlife conflict could be improved if they could identify where conflict will occur relative to species' underlying distribution. To this end, we used an integrated species distribution model that combined presence-only wildlife complaints with data from a systematic camera trapping survey throughout Chicago, Illinois. This model draws upon both data sources to estimate a latent distribution of species; in addition, the model can estimate where conflict is most likely to occur within that distribution. We modeled the occupancy and conflict potential of coyote (Canis latrans), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) as a function of urban intensity, per capita income, and home vacancy rates throughout Chicago. Overall, the distribution of each species constrained the spatiotemporal patterns of conflict throughout the city of Chicago. Within each species distribution, we found that human-wildlife conflict was most likely to occur where humans and wildlife habitat overlap (e.g., featuring higher-than-average canopy cover and housing density). Furthermore, human-wildlife conflict was most likely to occur in high-income neighborhoods for Virginia opossum and raccoon, despite the fact that those two species have higher occupancy in low-income neighborhoods. As such, knowing where species are distributed can inform guidelines on where wildlife management should be focused, especially if it overlaps with human habitats. Finally, because this integrated model can incorporate data that have already been collected by wildlife managers or city officials, this approach could be used to develop stronger collaborations with wildlife management agencies and conduct applied research that will inform landscape-scale wildlife management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Fidino
- Conservation and Science Department, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Cria A M Kay
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas T Yarmey
- Prentice Institute for Global Population and Economy, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kimberly Fake
- Conservation and Science Department, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Henry C Adams
- Conservation and Science Department, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seth B Magle
- Conservation and Science Department, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zamuda KM, Duguid MC, Schmitz OJ. Human land‐use effects on mammalian mesopredator occupancy of a northeastern Connecticut landscape. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9015. [PMID: 35795357 PMCID: PMC9251285 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mesopredators—mid‐sized carnivores—are ecologically, economically, and socially important. With their adaptability to a variety of habitats and diets, loss of apex predators, and forest regrowth, many of these species are increasing in number throughout the northeastern United States. However, currently the region is seeing extensive landscape alterations, with an increase in residential and industrial development, especially at the expense of existing forest and small‐scale farmland. We sought to understand how important an existing mosaic of working lands (timberland and farmland) in a forested landscape is to mesopredator species. We did this by studying mesopredator occupancy across three land uses (or habitat types): forest reserve (protected), timber harvest (shelterwood cuts), and field (both crop yielding and fallow) in and around a 3200‐ha forest in northeastern Connecticut. We examined coyote (Canis latrans), bobcat (Lynx rufus), fisher (Pekania pennanti), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) occupancy using paired camera traps across juxtaposed reserve, shelterwood, and field units from April 2018 to March 2019. We created a priori habitat variable models for each species and season, as well as analyzed the impact of habitat types on each species. Throughout the year bobcats were positively associated with foliage height diversity and had the highest use in shelterwoods and lowest use in fields. Land use utilization varied seasonally for coyotes and raccoons, with higher use of fields than reserves and shelterwoods for half the year and no difference between land uses and the other half. Both species were not strongly associated with any particular habitat variables. Reserve forest was moderate to highly used by all species for at least half the year, and highly use year‐round by fishers. Our findings reveal that a mosaic of intact forest and working lands, timber harvest, and agriculture can support mesopredator diversity.
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Sawyer SJ, Eubanks MD, Beasley JC, Barton BT, Puckett RT, Tomeček JM, Tomberlin JK. Vertebrate and invertebrate competition for carrion in human‐impacted environments depends on abiotic factors. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Micky D. Eubanks
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Georgia Aiken South Carolina USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Brandon T. Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Robert T. Puckett
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - John M. Tomeček
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife, and Fisheries Management Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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Magle SB, Fidino M, Sander HA, Rohnke AT, Larson KL, Gallo T, Kay CAM, Lehrer EW, Murray MH, Adalsteinsson SA, Ahlers AA, Anthonysamy WJB, Gramza AR, Green AM, Jordan MJ, Lewis JS, Long RA, MacDougall B, Pendergast ME, Remine K, Simon KC, St Clair CC, Shier CJ, Stankowich T, Stevenson CJ, Zellmer AJ, Schell CJ. Wealth and urbanization shape medium and large terrestrial mammal communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5446-5459. [PMID: 34405496 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urban biodiversity provides critical ecosystem services and is a key component to environmentally and socially sustainable cities. However, biodiversity varies greatly within and among cities, leading to human communities with changing and unequal experiences with nature. The "luxury effect," a hypothesis that predicts a positive correlation between wealth, typically measured by per capita income, and species richness may be one indication of these inequities. While the luxury effect is well studied for some taxa, it has rarely been investigated for mammals, which provide unique ecosystem services (e.g., biological pest control) and exhibit significant potential for negative human-wildlife interactions (e.g., nuisances or conflicts). We analyzed a large dataset of mammal detections across 20 North American cities to test whether the luxury effect is consistent for medium- to large-sized terrestrial mammals across diverse urban contexts. Overall, support for the luxury effect, as indicated by per capita income, was inconsistent; we found evidence of a luxury effect in approximately half of our study cities. Species richness was, however, highly and negatively correlated with urban intensity in most cities. We thus suggest that economic factors play an important role in shaping urban mammal communities for some cities and species, but that the strongest driver of urban mammal diversity is urban intensity. To better understand the complexity of urban ecosystems, ecologists and social scientists must consider the social and political factors that drive inequitable human experiences with nature in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Magle
- Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mason Fidino
- Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather A Sander
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Adam T Rohnke
- Central Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Raymond, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kelli L Larson
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Travis Gallo
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Cria A M Kay
- Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Lehrer
- Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maureen H Murray
- Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Adam A Ahlers
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Whitney J B Anthonysamy
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Austin M Green
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mark J Jordan
- Department of Biology, Seattle University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jesse S Lewis
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Brandon MacDougall
- Department of Geographical and Sustainability Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | | | - Colleen C St Clair
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Shier
- Urban Form and Corporate Strategic Development, City Planning, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Theodore Stankowich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, California, USA
| | | | - Amanda J Zellmer
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Arroyos & Foothills Conservancy, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Schell
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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French SK, Pearl DL, Sutton WB, Peregrine AS, Jardine CM. Environmental factors associated with Baylisascaris procyonis infection from a population of raccoons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Urban Ecosyst 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-021-01177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Suraci JP, Gaynor KM, Allen ML, Alexander P, Brashares JS, Cendejas-Zarelli S, Crooks K, Elbroch LM, Forrester T, Green AM, Haight J, Harris NC, Hebblewhite M, Isbell F, Johnston B, Kays R, Lendrum PE, Lewis JS, McInturff A, McShea W, Murphy TW, Palmer MS, Parsons A, Parsons MA, Pendergast ME, Pekins C, Prugh LR, Sager-Fradkin KA, Schuttler S, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Shepherd B, Whipple L, Whittington J, Wittemyer G, Wilmers CC. Disturbance type and species life history predict mammal responses to humans. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3718-3731. [PMID: 33887083 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human activity and land use change impact every landscape on Earth, driving declines in many animal species while benefiting others. Species ecological and life history traits may predict success in human-dominated landscapes such that only species with "winning" combinations of traits will persist in disturbed environments. However, this link between species traits and successful coexistence with humans remains obscured by the complexity of anthropogenic disturbances and variability among study systems. We compiled detection data for 24 mammal species from 61 populations across North America to quantify the effects of (1) the direct presence of people and (2) the human footprint (landscape modification) on mammal occurrence and activity levels. Thirty-three percent of mammal species exhibited a net negative response (i.e., reduced occurrence or activity) to increasing human presence and/or footprint across populations, whereas 58% of species were positively associated with increasing disturbance. However, apparent benefits of human presence and footprint tended to decrease or disappear at higher disturbance levels, indicative of thresholds in mammal species' capacity to tolerate disturbance or exploit human-dominated landscapes. Species ecological and life history traits were strong predictors of their responses to human footprint, with increasing footprint favoring smaller, less carnivorous, faster-reproducing species. The positive and negative effects of human presence were distributed more randomly with respect to species trait values, with apparent winners and losers across a range of body sizes and dietary guilds. Differential responses by some species to human presence and human footprint highlight the importance of considering these two forms of human disturbance separately when estimating anthropogenic impacts on wildlife. Our approach provides insights into the complex mechanisms through which human activities shape mammal communities globally, revealing the drivers of the loss of larger predators in human-modified landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Suraci
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Gaynor
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian L Allen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Justin S Brashares
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Austin M Green
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haight
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nyeema C Harris
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Roland Kays
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Patrick E Lendrum
- World Wildlife Fund, Northern Great Plains Program, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jesse S Lewis
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | | | - William McShea
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | | | - Meredith S Palmer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Arielle Parsons
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Charles Pekins
- Fort Hood Natural Resources Management Branch, United States Army Garrison, Fort Hood, TX, USA
| | - Laura R Prugh
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Çağan H Şekercioğlu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Laura Whipple
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher C Wilmers
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Montgomery RA, Macdonald DW, Hayward MW. The inducible defences of large mammals to human lethality. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Montgomery
- Research on the Ecology of Carnivores and their Prey (RECaP) Laboratory Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of OxfordThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreTubney House Tubney Oxon UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of OxfordThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreTubney House Tubney Oxon UK
| | - Matthew W. Hayward
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology Nelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth South Africa
- Centre for Wildlife Management University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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Schell CJ, Dyson K, Fuentes TL, Des Roches S, Harris NC, Miller DS, Woelfle-Erskine CA, Lambert MR. The ecological and evolutionary consequences of systemic racism in urban environments. Science 2020; 369:science.aay4497. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Urban areas are dynamic ecological systems defined by interdependent biological, physical, and social components. The emergent structure and heterogeneity of urban landscapes drives biotic outcomes in these areas, and such spatial patterns are often attributed to the unequal stratification of wealth and power in human societies. Despite these patterns, few studies have effectively considered structural inequalities as drivers of ecological and evolutionary outcomes and have instead focused on indicator variables such as neighborhood wealth. In this analysis, we explicitly integrate ecology, evolution, and social processes to emphasize the relationships that bind social inequities—specifically racism—and biological change in urbanized landscapes. We draw on existing research to link racist practices, including residential segregation, to the heterogeneous patterns of flora and fauna observed by urban ecologists. In the future, urban ecology and evolution researchers must consider how systems of racial oppression affect the environmental factors that drive biological change in cities. Conceptual integration of the social and ecological sciences has amassed considerable scholarship in urban ecology over the past few decades, providing a solid foundation for incorporating environmental justice scholarship into urban ecological and evolutionary research. Such an undertaking is necessary to deconstruct urbanization’s biophysical patterns and processes, inform equitable and anti-racist initiatives promoting justice in urban conservation, and strengthen community resilience to global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Schell
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Karen Dyson
- College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Dendrolytics, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tracy L. Fuentes
- College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Simone Des Roches
- College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nyeema C. Harris
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Danica Sterud Miller
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Cleo A. Woelfle-Erskine
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Max R. Lambert
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Wait KR, Ahlers AA. Virginia opossum distributions are influenced by human-modified landscapes and water availability in tallgrass prairies. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Flint Hills represent the largest tract of tallgrass prairie in North America and is located near the western edge of the native range of the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). This region is undergoing rapid landscape changes (e.g., urbanization, agriculture, woody encroachment) that are negatively affecting mammal communities. Although previous research has revealed northward distributional expansions of Virginia opossums facilitated by urban development, no studies have assessed how landscape change affects distribution patterns along the western edge of their geographic range. During 2016–2018, we monitored site (n = 74) occupancy along urban–rural transects in the Flint Hills to assess the influence of landscape change (i.e., urban, grassland, agriculture, woody encroachment) and water availability on the distribution of Virginia opossums. Sites surrounded by urban land cover had greater initial occupancy probabilities and lower extinction rates. Sites closer to permanent water sources experienced greater colonization rates and lower extinction rates. In addition, site extinction rates were lower in areas surrounded by woody encroachment. Our results concur with other studies suggesting that growing urban areas may expand opossum distributions along the edges of their geographic range. Our study also suggests that woody encroachment into tallgrass prairies may provide an alternative pathway for future distributional expansions. Future research must consider the potential for landscape change, along with dynamic water availability, in models predicting the distribution of Virginia opossums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Wait
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Adam A Ahlers
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Li H, Parker KA, Kalcounis-Rueppell MC. The luxury effect beyond cities: bats respond to socioeconomic variation across landscapes. BMC Ecol 2019; 19:46. [PMID: 31676008 PMCID: PMC6825354 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The luxury effect describes the positive relationship between affluence and organism diversity or activity in urban ecosystems. Driven by human activities, the luxury effect can potentially be found at a broader scale across different landscapes. Previously, the luxury effect relationship has been established within a city for two bat species, the red bat (Lasiurus borealis) and the evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis). We examined landscape-scale patterns of bat activity distribution—using empirical data for seven bat species for the luxury effect. We also identified bat-land cover associations for each species. Across North Carolina, USA, we used the mobile transect survey protocol of the North American Monitoring Program to record bat activity at 43 sites from 2015 to 2018. We collected land cover and income data at our transect locations to construct generalized linear mixed models to identify bat-land cover and bat-income relationships. Results We found that across landscapes, activity of the red bat and the evening bat was positively correlated to income independent of land cover, consistent with previous single-city results. We found a negative relationship between hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) activity and income. All seven species had specific land cover associations. Additionally, we found a positive interaction term between income and evergreen forest for the red bat and a positive interaction term between income and woody wetland for hoary bat. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that the luxury effect is an ecological pattern that can be found at a broad spatial scale across different landscapes. We highlight the need for multi-scale ecology studies to identify the mechanism(s) underlying the luxury effect and that the luxury effect could cause inequity in how people receive the ecosystem services provided by bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Kevin A Parker
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Matina C Kalcounis-Rueppell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.,Faculty of Science and Biological Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Chamberlain DE, Henry DAW, Reynolds C, Caprio E, Amar A. The relationship between wealth and biodiversity: A test of the Luxury Effect on bird species richness in the developing world. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3045-3055. [PMID: 31077502 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Luxury Effect hypothesizes a positive relationship between wealth and biodiversity within urban areas. Understanding how urban development, both in terms of socio-economic status and the built environment, affects biodiversity can contribute to the sustainable development of cities, and may be especially important in the developing world where current growth in urban populations is most rapid. We tested the Luxury Effect by analysing bird species richness in relation to income levels, as well as human population density and urban cover, in landscapes along an urbanization gradient in South Africa. The Luxury Effect was supported in landscapes with lower urbanization levels in that species richness was positively correlated with income level where urban cover was relatively low. However, the effect was reversed in highly urbanized landscapes, where species richness was negatively associated with income level. Tree cover was also positively correlated with species richness, although it could not explain the Luxury Effect. Species richness was negatively related to urban cover, but there was no association with human population density. Our model suggests that maintaining green space in at least an equal proportion to the built environment is likely to provide a development strategy that will enhance urban biodiversity, and with it, the positive benefits that are manifest for urban dwellers. Our findings can form a key contribution to a wider strategy to expand urban settlements in a sustainable way to provide for the growing urban population in South Africa, including addressing imbalances in environmental justice across income levels and racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan E Chamberlain
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dominic A W Henry
- Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Chevonne Reynolds
- Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Enrico Caprio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Arjun Amar
- Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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16
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Schirmer AE, Gallemore C, Liu T, Magle S, DiNello E, Ahmed H, Gilday T. Mapping behaviorally relevant light pollution levels to improve urban habitat planning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11925. [PMID: 31417105 PMCID: PMC6695421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial nighttime lights have important behavioral and ecological effects on wildlife. Combining laboratory and field techniques, we identified behaviorally relevant levels of nighttime light and mapped the extent of these light levels across the city of Chicago. We began by applying a Gaussian finite mixture model to 998 sampled illumination levels around Chicago to identify clusters of light levels. A simplified sample of these levels was replicated in the laboratory to identify light levels at which C57BL/6J mice exhibited altered circadian activity patterns. We then used camera trap and high-altitude photographic data to compare our field and laboratory observations, finding activity pattern changes in the field consistent with laboratory observations. Using these results, we mapped areas across Chicago exposed to estimated illumination levels above the value associated with statistically significant behavioral changes. Based on this measure, we found that as much as 36% of the greenspace in the city is in areas illuminated at levels greater than or equal to those at which we observe behavioral differences in the field and in the laboratory. Our findings provide evidence that artificial lighting patterns may influence wildlife behavior at a broad scale throughout urban areas, and should be considered in urban habitat planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Schirmer
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Biology, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA.
| | - Caleb Gallemore
- Lafayette College, International Affairs Program, 730 High St., Easton, PA, 18042, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Seth Magle
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Urban Wildlife Institute, 2001 N Clark St, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Elisabeth DiNello
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Biology, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Humerah Ahmed
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Biology, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Thomas Gilday
- Northeastern Illinois University, Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, 5500 St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
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17
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Leong M, Dunn RR, Trautwein MD. Biodiversity and socioeconomics in the city: a review of the luxury effect. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2018.0082. [PMID: 29743266 PMCID: PMC6012690 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological dynamics of cities are influenced not only by geophysical and biological factors, but also by aspects of human society. In cities around the world, a pattern of higher biodiversity in affluent neighbourhoods has been termed ‘the luxury effect'. The luxury effect has been found globally regarding plant diversity and canopy or vegetative cover. Fewer studies have considered the luxury effect and animals, yet it has been recognized in the distributions of birds, bats, lizards and indoor arthropods. Higher socioeconomic status correlates with higher biodiversity resulting from many interacting factors—the creation and maintenance of green space on private and public lands, the tendency of both humans and other species to favour environmentally desirable areas, while avoiding environmental burdens, as well as enduring legacy effects. The luxury effect is amplified in arid cities and as neighbourhoods age, and reduced in tropical areas. Where the luxury effect exists, benefits of urban biodiversity are unequally distributed, particularly in low-income neighbourhoods with higher minority populations. The equal distribution of biodiversity in cities, and thus the elimination of the luxury effect, is a worthy societal goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Leong
- Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA .,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Liepzig, Germany
| | - Michelle D Trautwein
- Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Gallo T, Fidino M, Lehrer EW, Magle S. Urbanization alters predator‐avoidance behaviours. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:793-803. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis Gallo
- Department of Conservation and ScienceUrban Wildlife InstituteLincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois
| | - Mason Fidino
- Department of Conservation and ScienceUrban Wildlife InstituteLincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois
| | - Elizabeth W. Lehrer
- Department of Conservation and ScienceUrban Wildlife InstituteLincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois
| | - Seth Magle
- Department of Conservation and ScienceUrban Wildlife InstituteLincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois
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19
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Fidino M, Simonis JL, Magle SB. A multistate dynamic occupancy model to estimate local colonization–extinction rates and patterns of co‐occurrence between two or more interacting species. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Fidino
- Urban Wildlife InstituteLincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois
| | | | - Seth B. Magle
- Urban Wildlife InstituteLincoln Park Zoo Chicago Illinois
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20
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McCabe JD, Yin H, Cruz J, Radeloff V, Pidgeon A, Bonter DN, Zuckerberg B. Prey abundance and urbanization influence the establishment of avian predators in a metropolitan landscape. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.2120. [PMID: 30404886 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization causes the simplification of natural habitats, resulting in animal communities dominated by exotic species with few top predators. In recent years, however, many predators such as hawks, and in the US coyotes and cougars, have become increasingly common in urban environments. Hawks in the Accipiter genus, especially, are recovering from widespread population declines and are increasingly common in urbanizing landscapes. Our goal was to identify factors that determine the occupancy, colonization and persistence of Accipiter hawks in a major metropolitan area. Through a novel combination of citizen science and advanced remote sensing, we quantified how urban features facilitate the dynamics and long-term establishment of Accipiter hawks. Based on data from Project FeederWatch, we quantified 21 years (1996-2016) of changes in the spatio-temporal dynamics of Accipiter hawks in Chicago, IL, USA. Using a multi-season occupancy model, we estimated Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii) and sharp-shinned (A. striatus) hawk occupancy dynamics as a function of tree canopy cover, impervious surface cover and prey availability. In the late 1990s, hawks occupied 26% of sites around Chicago, but after two decades, their occupancy fluctuated close to 67% of sites and they colonized increasingly urbanized areas. Once established, hawks persisted in areas with high levels of impervious surfaces as long as those areas supported high abundances of prey birds. Urban areas represent increasingly habitable environments for recovering predators, and understanding the precise urban features that drive colonization and persistence is important for wildlife conservation in an urbanizing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D McCabe
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 266 Russell Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - He Yin
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 266 Russell Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennyffer Cruz
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 266 Russell Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Volker Radeloff
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 266 Russell Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anna Pidgeon
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 266 Russell Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David N Bonter
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 266 Russell Laboratory, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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21
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Potential distribution of coyotes (Canis latrans), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and raccoons (Procyon lotor) in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Wait KR, Ricketts AM, Ahlers AA. Land-use change structures carnivore communities in remaining tallgrass prairie. J Wildl Manage 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R. Wait
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Andrew M. Ricketts
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS 66506 USA
| | - Adam A. Ahlers
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS 66506 USA
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23
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Gallo T, Lehrer EW, Fidino M, Kilgour RJ, Wolff PJ, Magle SB. Need for multiscale planning for conservation of urban bats. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2018; 32:638-647. [PMID: 29124788 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For over a century there have been continual efforts to incorporate nature into urban planning. These efforts (i.e., urban reconciliation) aim to manage and create habitats that support biodiversity within cities. Given that species select habitat at different spatial scales, understanding the scale at which urban species respond to their environment is critical to the success of urban reconciliation efforts. We assessed species-habitat relationships for common bat species at 50-m, 500-m, and 1 km spatial scales in the Chicago (U.S.A.) metropolitan area and predicted bat activity across the greater Chicago region. Habitat characteristics across all measured scales were important predictors of silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) activity, and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) activity was significantly lower at urban sites relative to rural sites. Open vegetation had a negative effect on silver-haired bat activity at the 50-m scale but a positive effect at the 500-m scale, indicating potential shifts in the relative importance of some habitat characteristics at different scales. These results demonstrate that localized effects may be constrained by broader spatial patterns. Our findings highlight the importance of considering scale in urban reconciliation efforts and our landscape predictions provide information that can help prioritize urban conservation work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Gallo
- Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth W Lehrer
- Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, U.S.A
| | - Mason Fidino
- Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, U.S.A
| | - R Julia Kilgour
- Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, U.S.A
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Ontario N1G, 2W1, Guelph, Canada
| | - Patrick J Wolff
- Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, U.S.A
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, CERL, 2902 Newmark Drive, Champaign, IL 61822, U.S.A
| | - Seth B Magle
- Urban Wildlife Institute, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, U.S.A
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24
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Heery EC, Olsen AY, Feist BE, Sebens KP. Urbanization-related distribution patterns and habitat-use by the marine mesopredator, giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini). Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Gallo T, Fidino M, Lehrer EW, Magle SB. Mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in urban green spaces: implications for urban wildlife conservation. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:2330-2341. [PMID: 28833978 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As urban growth expands and natural environments fragment, it is essential to understand the ecological roles fulfilled by urban green spaces. To evaluate how urban green spaces function as wildlife habitat, we estimated mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in city parks, cemeteries, golf courses, and natural areas throughout the greater Chicago, Illinois, USA region. We found similar α-diversity (with the exception of city parks), but remarkably dissimilar communities in different urban green spaces. Additionally, the type of urban green space greatly influenced species colonization and persistence rates. For example, coyotes (Canis latrans) had the highest, but white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) the lowest probability of persistence in golf courses compared to other green space types. Further, most species had a difficult time colonizing city parks even when sites were seemingly available. Our results indicate that urban green spaces contribute different, but collectively important, habitats for maintaining and conserving biodiversity in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Gallo
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Mason Fidino
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Lehrer
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
| | - Seth B Magle
- Lincoln Park Zoo, Department of Conservation and Science, Urban Wildlife Institute, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60614, USA
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26
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Fidino M, Magle SB. Using Fourier series to estimate periodic patterns in dynamic occupancy models. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Fidino
- Department of Conservation and Science; Lincoln Park Zoo; Urban Wildlife Institute; Chicago Illinois 60614 USA
| | - Seth B. Magle
- Department of Conservation and Science; Lincoln Park Zoo; Urban Wildlife Institute; Chicago Illinois 60614 USA
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27
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Fidino MA, Lehrer EW, Magle SB. Habitat Dynamics of the Virginia Opossum in a Highly Urban Landscape. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-175.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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