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Vasiliev D, Hazlett R, Hutchinson KL, Bornmalm L. Light at the end of the tunnel: Innovative opportunities for saving tropical biodiversity. AMBIO 2024; 53:702-717. [PMID: 38353913 PMCID: PMC10992326 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01970-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The expansion of roads into wilderness areas and biodiversity hotspots in the Global South seems inevitable and is predicted to bring about significant biodiversity loss. Even so, existing widespread strategies aiming to mitigate the direct and indirect impacts of roads on the environment have been of limited effectiveness. These tactics, including construction of fencing, wildlife crossings on paved roads, and establishment of protected areas along the roads, are unlikely to be sufficient for protecting diverse species assemblages from roadkill, habitat fragmentation, and anthropogenic activity in tropics. This indicates the need for integration of more ambitious approaches into the conservation toolkit, such as the constructing tunnels, covered ways, and elevated roads. Although these tools could significantly support conservation efforts to save tropical biodiversity, to date, they are rarely considered. Here, we discuss factors which determine the need for application of these approaches in the Global South. We highlight the often-overlooked long-term benefits associated with the application of the proposed tools. We also discuss the potential challenges and risks, and the ways to minimise them. Hopefully this article will encourage practitioners to integrate these strategies into conservation toolkits and allow policy-makers and investors to make informed decisions on sustainable road infrastructure development in the Global South.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Vasiliev
- Turiba University, 68 Graudu Street, Riga, 1030, Latvia.
| | - Richard Hazlett
- Pomona College, 333 N College Way, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | | | - Lennart Bornmalm
- University of Gothenburg, Universitetsplatsen 1, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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2
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Vianna VR, Costa GC, de Alencar PR, Dias RI. Road mortality in the blue‐black grassquit (
Volatinia jacarina
) is seasonally driven and sex‐biased. AUSTRAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Rozendo Vianna
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde Centro Universitário de Brasília 70790‐075 Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Gabriel Carvalho Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde Centro Universitário de Brasília 70790‐075 Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Pedro Rodrigues de Alencar
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde Centro Universitário de Brasília 70790‐075 Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Raphael Igor Dias
- Faculdade de Ciências da Educação e Saúde Centro Universitário de Brasília 70790‐075 Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
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3
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Spencer KL, Deere NJ, Aini M, Avriandy R, Campbell-Smith G, Cheyne SM, Gaveau DLA, Humle T, Hutabarat J, Loken B, Macdonald DW, Marshall AJ, Morgans C, Rayadin Y, Sanchez KL, Spehar S, Sugardjito J, Wittmer HU, Supriatna J, Struebig MJ. Implications of large-scale infrastructure development for biodiversity in Indonesian Borneo. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161075. [PMID: 36565871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Indonesia is embarking on an ambitious relocation of its capital city to Kalimantan, Borneo, bringing with it major urban and road infrastructure. Yet, despite being one of the world's most biologically diverse regions, the potential implications of this development for wildlife have yet to be fully assessed. We explored the potential impacts of the capital relocation, and road expansion and upgrades to critical habitat for medium-large mammals (>1 kg) using camera trap data from 11 forested landscapes. We applied Bayesian multi-species occupancy models to predict community and species-level responses to anthropogenic and environmental factors. We extrapolated spatial patterns of occupancy and species diversity across the forests of Kalimantan and identified "critical habitats" as the top 20th percentile of occupancy and species richness values. We subsequently overlapped these critical habitat layers with infrastructure impact zones to estimate the area that could potentially be affected by direct or secondary impacts. At both the community and species-level, distance to primary roads had the strongest negative influence on habitat-use. Occupancy was also influenced by forest quality and multidimensional poverty conditions in adjacent villages, demonstrating the sensitivity of biodiversity to socio-ecological pressures. Less than 1 % of the critical habitat for the threatened mammal community lay within the direct impact zone (30 km radius) of the capital relocation. However, approximately 16 % was located within 200 km and could potentially be affected by uncontrolled secondary impacts such as urban sprawl and associated regional development. The often-overlooked secondary implications of upgrading existing roads could also intersect a large amount of critical habitat for lowland species. Mitigating far-reaching secondary impacts of infrastructure development should be fully incorporated into environmental impact assessments. This will provide Indonesia with an opportunity to set an example of sustainable infrastructure development in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Spencer
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK.
| | - Nicolas J Deere
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Muhammad Aini
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ryan Avriandy
- Fauna & Flora International-Indonesia Programme, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gail Campbell-Smith
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Tatyana Humle
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Joseph Hutabarat
- Fauna & Flora International-Indonesia Programme, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Department of Anthropology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Program in the Environment, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Courtney Morgans
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Yaya Rayadin
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Mularwarman, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Karmele L Sanchez
- IAR Indonesia Foundation, Yayasan Inisiasi Alam Rehabilitasi Indonesia (YIARI), Sinarwangi, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Stephanie Spehar
- Anthropology Program and Sustainability Institute for Regional Transformation, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, USA
| | - Jito Sugardjito
- Sustainable Energy and Resources Management, Universitas Nasional, Indonesia
| | | | - Jatna Supriatna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Matthew J Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
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4
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Mohammadi A, Nayeri D, Alambeigi A, Glikman JA. Evaluation of Motorists Perceptions Toward Collision of an Endangered Large Herbivore in Iran. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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5
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Huang JCC, Yang YW, Chang HC. Roost Use of Operational Road Tunnels by Non-Cave Specialist Bats in a Subtropical Mountain Forest in Taiwan. MAMMAL STUDY 2022. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2020-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Wen Yang
- Formosan Golden Bat's Home, Shuilin Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Chia Chang
- Formosan Golden Bat's Home, Shuilin Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
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6
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Jones MD, Marshall BM, Smith SN, Crane M, Silva I, Artchawakom T, Suwanwaree P, Waengsothorn S, Wüster W, Goode M, Strine CT. How do King Cobras move across a major highway? Unintentional wildlife crossing structures may facilitate movement. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8691. [PMID: 35342558 PMCID: PMC8928851 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Global road networks continue to expand, and the wildlife responses to these landscape-level changes need to be understood to advise long-term management decisions. Roads have high mortality risk to snakes because snakes typically move slowly and can be intentionally targeted by drivers.We investigated how radio-tracked King Cobras (Ophiophagus hannah) traverse a major highway in northeast Thailand, and if reproductive cycles were associated with road hazards.We surveyed a 15.3 km stretch of Highway 304 to determine if there were any locations where snakes could safely move across the road (e.g., culverts and bridges). We used recurse analyses to detect possible road-crossing events, and used dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Models (dBBMMs) to show movement pathways association with possible unintentional crossing structures. We further used Integrated Step Selection Functions (ISSF) to assess seasonal differences in avoidance of major roads for adult King Cobras in relation to reproductive state.We discovered 32 unintentional wildlife crossing locations capable of facilitating King Cobra movement across the highway. While our dBBMMs broadly revealed underpasses as possible crossing points, they failed to identify specific underpasses used by telemetered individuals; however, the tracking locations pre- and post-crossing and photographs provided strong evidence of underpass use. Our ISSF suggested a lower avoidance of roads during the breeding season, although the results were inconclusive. With the high volume of traffic, large size of King Cobras, and a 98.8% success rate of crossing the road in our study (nine individuals: 84 crossing attempts with one fatality), we strongly suspect that individuals are using the unintentional crossing structures to safely traverse the road.Further research is needed to determine the extent of wildlife underpass use at our study site. We propose that more consistent integration of drainage culverts and bridges could help mitigate the impacts of roads on some terrestrial wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Dolton Jones
- School of BiologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
| | | | | | - Matt Crane
- School of Bioresources and TechnologyKing Mongkut’s University of Technology ThonburiBangkokThailand
| | - Inês Silva
- School of Bioresources and TechnologyKing Mongkut’s University of Technology ThonburiBangkokThailand
- Center for Advanced Systems Understanding (CASUS)GörlitzGermany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf (HZDR)DresdenGermany
| | - Taksin Artchawakom
- Thailand Institute of Science and Technological ResearchNakhon RatchasimaThailand
| | - Pongthep Suwanwaree
- School of BiologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
| | | | - Wolfgang Wüster
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics LaboratorySchool of Natural SciencesBangor UniversityBangorUK
| | - Matt Goode
- School of Natural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Colin Thomas Strine
- School of BiologySuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand
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7
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Mohammadi A, Fatemizadeh F. Quantifying Landscape Degradation Following Construction of a Highway Using Landscape Metrics in Southern Iran. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.721313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid expansion of roads is among the strongest drivers of the loss and degradation of natural habitats. The goal of the present study is to quantify landscape fragmentation and degradation before and after the construction of the Isfahan-Shiraz highway in southern Iran. To this end, the ecological impacts of the highway on forests, rangelands, and protected areas were evaluated. Impacts of the construction of the highway were studied within a 1,000-m buffer around the road, which was then overlaid on maps of forests, rangelands, and protected areas. Class area, number of patches, largest patch index, edge density, landscape shape index, mean patch size, and patch cohesion index were used to gauge changes in the spatial configuration of the landscape; the ecological impacts of the highway were quantified using effective mesh size (MESH), division index, and splitting index. The results indicated that after the construction of the highway, 6,406.9 ha of forest habitat, 16,647.1 ha of rangeland habitat, and 912 of the Tang-e Bostanak Protected Area will be lost. The effective MESH metric showed that after the construction of the highway, the area of forest, rangeland habitats and protected area will decrease by 20,537, 49,149, and 71,822 ha, respectively. Our findings revealed drastic habitat loss and landscape fragmentation associated with construction of the highway, serving as references for conservation planning and development.
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8
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The impact of roads on the movement of arboreal fauna in protected areas: the case of lar and pileated gibbons in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe unavoidable impact of roads on arboreal fauna in protected areas has received little attention. We investigated this impact on two gibbon species in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand: two groups had home ranges traversed by roads (roadside groups) and another two lived nearby roads (interior groups). Roads partially delineated the edges of home ranges of roadside groups, and gibbons crossed them only at a few locations. Gibbons’ space use decreased near roads for roadside groups and showed road reluctance as their crossing rates were smaller than those produced by a null movement model. Generalised linear models (GLMs) indicated that a long canopy gap reduced gibbons’ crossing probability, whereas forest cover had a positive effect. A large part of the road network had a low probability of being crossed by gibbons according to GLMs, especially at areas around park headquarters. Roads were still relatively permeable to gibbon movement with a mean 35% crossing probability. The relatively short and narrow road network in the park constitutes a positive assessment of the standards of how roads should be built in protected areas. Nonetheless, this assessment might be the consequence of the park being set in a mountainous region with difficulties of road development.
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9
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Henry DAW, Collinson-Jonker WJ, Davies-Mostert HT, Nicholson SK, Roxburgh L, Parker DM. Optimising the cost of roadkill surveys based on an analysis of carcass persistence. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112664. [PMID: 33975269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reliable estimates of wildlife mortality due to wildlife-vehicle collisions are key to understanding its impact on wildlife populations and developing strategies to prevent or reduce collisions. Standardised approaches for monitoring roadkill are needed to derive robust and unbiased estimates of mortality that are comparable across different study systems and ecological contexts. When designing surveys, there is a trade-off between survey frequency (and hence logistical effort and financial cost) and carcass detection. In this regard, carcass persistence (the period a carcass remains detectable before being removed by decomposition or scavengers) is important; the longer a carcass persists, the greater the likelihood it will be detected with lower survey effort by conducting more infrequent surveys. Using multi-taxon carcass data collected over a month of repeated driven surveys, combined with five covariates (species functional group, body weight, carcass position on road, carcass condition [either flattened or not after impact], and rainfall prior to each survey), we explored the drivers of carcass persistence with the overall aim of providing information to optimise the design of carcass surveys along linear infrastructure. Our methodological approach included a survival analysis to determine carcass persistence, linear regressions to test the effect of covariates, a subsampling analysis (using field data and a simulation exercise) to assess how the proportion of carcasses detected changes according to survey frequency, and an analysis to compare the costs of surveys based on study duration, transect length and survey frequency. Mean overall carcass persistence was 2.7 days and was significantly correlated with position on road and within-functional group body weight. There was no evidence for a significant effect of rainfall, while the effect of carcass condition was weakly non-significant. The proportion of carcasses detected decreased sharply when survey intervals were longer than three days. However, we showed that survey costs can be reduced by up to 80% by conducting non-daily surveys. Expanding on the call for a standardised methodology for roadkill surveys, we propose that carcass persistence be explicitly considered during survey design. By carefully considering the objectives of the survey and characteristics of the focal taxa, researchers can substantially reduce logistical costs. In addition, we developed an R Shiny web app that can be used by practitioners to compare survey costs across a variety of survey characteristics. This web app will allow practitioners to easily assess the trade-off between carcass detection and logistical effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A W Henry
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, 1685, South Africa; Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Wendy J Collinson-Jonker
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, 1685, South Africa; Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; South African Research Chair in Biodiversity Value & Change, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Harriet T Davies-Mostert
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, 1685, South Africa; Eugene Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | | | | | - Daniel M Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
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10
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Silva I, Crane M, Savini T. The road less traveled: Addressing reproducibility and conservation priorities of wildlife-vehicle collision studies in tropical and subtropical regions. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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11
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Landscape and Species Traits Co-Drive Roadkills of Bats in a Subtropical Island. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of roads has threatened wildlife populations by driving casualties due to vehicle collisions. However, the ecological drivers of wildlife roadkills are not yet fully explored. We investigated the strength of landscape features and ecomorphological traits in determining spatial patterns of bat roadkills in Taiwan. In total, 661 roadkills that belonged to 20 bat species were acquired by citizen scientists between 2011 and 2019. The number and species richness of victim bats declined with increasing elevations with varying species compositions. Elevation and artificial light had significantly negative effects on the occurrence of roadkill, whereas protected area and its interaction with elevation had positive effects. Ordination analyses showed that roadkills were driven by different ecomorphological traits and landscape features. At low elevations, road casualties were associated with an aerial hawking hunting strategy. At higher elevations, roadkills were associated with higher elevational distribution. Roadkills of non-cave bats were associated with brighter environments, suggesting that bats might be exposed to higher risk when hunting insects near artificial light. Our findings suggest that management agencies shall consider both species traits and landscape features when planning impact assessments and mitigation practices of roadkills for bats and probably other wildlife, particularly when long environmental gradients are covered.
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Healey RM, Atutubo JR, Kusrini MD, Howard L, Page F, Hallisey N, Karraker NE. Road mortality threatens endemic species in a national park in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Marshall BM, Crane M, Silva I, Strine CT, Jones MD, Hodges CW, Suwanwaree P, Artchawakom T, Waengsothorn S, Goode M. No room to roam: King Cobras reduce movement in agriculture. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:33. [PMID: 32774861 PMCID: PMC7397683 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying animal movement provides insights into how animals react to land-use changes. As agriculture expands, we can use animal movement to examine how animals change their behaviour in response. Recent reviews show a tendency for mammalian species to reduce movements in response to increased human landscape modification, but reptile movements have not been as extensively studied. METHODS We examined movements of a large reptilian predator, the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), in Northeast Thailand. We used a consistent regime of radio telemetry tracking to document movements across protected forest and adjacent agricultural areas. Using dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Model derived motion variance, Integrated Step-Selection Functions, and metrics of site reuse, we examined how King Cobra movements changed in agricultural areas. RESULTS Motion variance values indicated that King Cobra movements increased in forested areas and tended to decrease in agricultural areas. Our Integrated Step-Selection Functions revealed that when moving in agricultural areas King Cobras restricted their movements to remain within vegetated semi-natural areas, often located along the banks of irrigation canals. Site reuse metrics of residency time and number of revisits appeared unaffected by distance to landscape features (forests, semi-natural areas, settlements, water bodies, and roads). Neither motion variance nor reuse metrics were consistently affected by the presence of threatening landscape features (e.g. roads, human settlements), suggesting that King Cobras will remain in close proximity to threats, provided habitat patches are available. CONCLUSIONS Although King Cobras displayed individual heterogeneity in their response to agricultural landscapes, the overall trend suggested reduced movements when faced with fragmented habitat patches embedded in an otherwise inhospitable land-use matrix. Movement reductions are consistent with findings for mammals and forest specialist species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt Crane
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Inês Silva
- King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matt Goode
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
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