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Thu AM, Phyo AP, Pateekhum C, Rae JD, Landier J, Parker DM, Delmas G, Watthanaworawit W, McLean ARD, Arya A, Reyes A, Li X, Miotto O, Soe K, Ashley EA, Dondorp A, White NJ, Day NP, Anderson TJC, Imwong M, Nosten F, Smithuis F. Molecular markers of artemisinin resistance during falciparum malaria elimination in Eastern Myanmar. Malar J 2024; 23:138. [PMID: 38720269 PMCID: PMC11078751 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum threatens global malaria elimination efforts. To contain and then eliminate artemisinin resistance in Eastern Myanmar a network of community-based malaria posts was instituted and targeted mass drug administration (MDA) with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (three rounds at monthly intervals) was conducted. The prevalence of artemisinin resistance during the elimination campaign (2013-2019) was characterized. METHODS Throughout the six-year campaign Plasmodium falciparum positive blood samples from symptomatic patients and from cross-sectional surveys were genotyped for mutations in kelch-13-a molecular marker of artemisinin resistance. RESULT The program resulted in near elimination of falciparum malaria. Of 5162 P. falciparum positive blood samples genotyped, 3281 (63.6%) had K13 mutations. The prevalence of K13 mutations was 73.9% in 2013 and 64.4% in 2019. Overall, there was a small but significant decline in the proportion of K13 mutants (p < 0.001). In the MDA villages there was no significant change in the K13 proportions before and after MDA. The distribution of different K13 mutations changed substantially; F446I and P441L mutations increased in both MDA and non-MDA villages, while most other K13 mutations decreased. The proportion of C580Y mutations fell from 9.2% (43/467) before MDA to 2.3% (19/813) after MDA (p < 0.001). Similar changes occurred in the 487 villages where MDA was not conducted. CONCLUSION The malaria elimination program in Kayin state, eastern Myanmar, led to a substantial reduction in falciparum malaria. Despite the intense use of artemisinin-based combination therapies, both in treatment and MDA, this did not select for artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Myint Thu
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Mae Sot, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aung Pyae Phyo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Mae Sot, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Chanapat Pateekhum
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Mae Sot, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jade D Rae
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Mae Sot, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, P. O. Box 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jordi Landier
- IRD, Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, SESSTIM, Aix Marseille Institute of Public Health, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CE, 92617, USA
| | - Gilles Delmas
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Mae Sot, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanitda Watthanaworawit
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Mae Sot, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alistair R D McLean
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit (MOCRU), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Ann Arya
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P. O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ann Reyes
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P. O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P. O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, P. O. Box 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kyaw Soe
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit (MOCRU), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Elizabeth A Ashley
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Microbiology Laboratory, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Arjen Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, P. O. Box 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, P. O. Box 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicholas P Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, P. O. Box 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Tim J C Anderson
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P. O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, P. O. Box 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Mahidol University, P. O. Box 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Mae Sot, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Frank Smithuis
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, P. O. Box 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Medical Action Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit (MOCRU), Yangon, Myanmar
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Clements HS, Do Linh San E, Hempson G, Linden B, Maritz B, Monadjem A, Reynolds C, Siebert F, Stevens N, Biggs R, De Vos A, Blanchard R, Child M, Esler KJ, Hamann M, Loft T, Reyers B, Selomane O, Skowno AL, Tshoke T, Abdoulaye D, Aebischer T, Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Alexander GJ, Ali AH, Allan DG, Amoako EE, Angedakin S, Aruna E, Avenant NL, Badjedjea G, Bakayoko A, Bamba-Kaya A, Bates MF, Bates PJJ, Belmain SR, Bennitt E, Bradley J, Brewster CA, Brown MB, Brown M, Bryja J, Butynski TM, Carvalho F, Channing A, Chapman CA, Cohen C, Cords M, Cramer JD, Cronk N, Cunneyworth PMK, Dalerum F, Danquah E, Davies-Mostert HT, de Blocq AD, De Jong YA, Demos TC, Denys C, Djagoun CAMS, Doherty-Bone TM, Drouilly M, du Toit JT, Ehlers Smith DA, Ehlers Smith YC, Eiseb SJ, Fashing PJ, Ferguson AW, Fernández-García JM, Finckh M, Fischer C, Gandiwa E, Gaubert P, Gaugris JY, Gibbs DJ, Gilchrist JS, Gil-Sánchez JM, Githitho AN, Goodman PS, Granjon L, Grobler JP, Gumbi BC, Gvozdik V, Harvey J, Hauptfleisch M, Hayder F, Hema EM, Herbst M, Houngbédji M, Huntley BJ, Hutterer R, Ivande ST, Jackson K, Jongsma GFM, Juste J, Kadjo B, Kaleme PK, Kamugisha E, Kaplin BA, Kato HN, Kiffner C, Kimuyu DM, Kityo RM, Kouamé NG, Kouete T M, le Roux A, Lee ATK, Lötter MC, Lykke AM, MacFadyen DN, Macharia GP, Madikiza ZJK, Mahlaba TAM, Mallon D, Mamba ML, Mande C, Marchant RA, Maritz RA, Markotter W, McIntyre T, Measey J, Mekonnen A, Meller P, Melville HI, Mganga KZ, Mills MGL, Minnie L, Missoup AD, Mohammad A, Moinde NN, Moise BFE, Monterroso P, Moore JF, Musila S, Nago SGA, Namoto MW, Niang F, Nicolas V, Nkenku JB, Nkrumah EE, Nono GL, Norbert MM, Nowak K, Obitte BC, Okoni-Williams AD, Onongo J, O'Riain MJ, Osinubi ST, Parker DM, Parrini F, Peel MJS, Penner J, Pietersen DW, Plumptre AJ, Ponsonby DW, Porembski S, Power RJ, Radloff FGT, Rambau RV, Ramesh T, Richards LR, Rödel MO, Rollinson DP, Rovero F, Saleh MA, Schmiedel U, Schoeman MC, Scholte P, Serfass TL, Shapiro JT, Shema S, Siebert SJ, Slingsby JA, Sliwa A, Smit-Robinson HA, Sogbohossou EA, Somers MJ, Spawls S, Streicher JP, Swanepoel L, Tanshi I, Taylor PJ, Taylor WA, Te Beest M, Telfer PT, Thompson DI, Tobi E, Tolley KA, Turner AA, Twine W, Van Cakenberghe V, Van de Perre F, van der Merwe H, van Niekerk CJG, van Wyk PCV, Venter JA, Verburgt L, Veron G, Vetter S, Vorontsova MS, Wagner TC, Webala PW, Weber N, Weier SM, White PA, Whitecross MA, Wigley BJ, Willems FJ, Winterbach CW, Woodhouse GM. The bii4africa dataset of faunal and floral population intactness estimates across Africa's major land uses. Sci Data 2024; 11:191. [PMID: 38346970 PMCID: PMC10861571 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species' population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate 'intactness scores': the remaining proportion of an 'intact' reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region's major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.) and intensities (e.g., large-scale vs smallholder cropland). This dataset was co-produced as part of the Biodiversity Intactness Index for Africa Project. Additional uses include assessing ecosystem condition; rectifying geographic/taxonomic biases in global biodiversity indicators and maps; and informing the Red List of Ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley S Clements
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
- Helsinki Lab of Interdisciplinary Conservation Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Emmanuel Do Linh San
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Gareth Hempson
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Birthe Linden
- Chair in Biodiversity Value & Change, Faculty of Science, Engineering & Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Bryan Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ara Monadjem
- Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chevonne Reynolds
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nicola Stevens
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Reinette Biggs
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alta De Vos
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Ryan Blanchard
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Fynbos Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew Child
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen J Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Maike Hamann
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Ty Loft
- School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Reyers
- Centre for Environmental Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Odirilwe Selomane
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew L Skowno
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tshegofatso Tshoke
- Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J Alexander
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - David G Allan
- Bird Department, Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa
| | - Esther E Amoako
- Department of Environment and Sustainability Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edward Aruna
- Biodiversity Conservation, Reptile and Amphibian Program - Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Nico L Avenant
- Department of Mammalogy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gabriel Badjedjea
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Kisangani/Biodiversity Monitoring Center, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Adama Bakayoko
- UFR Sciences de la Nature, Universite NanguiI Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abraham Bamba-Kaya
- Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Forestières (IRAF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Michael F Bates
- Department of Animal and Plant Systematics, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Steven R Belmain
- Agriculture, Health and Environment, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Bennitt
- Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana
| | - James Bradley
- Kalahari Research and Conservation, Botswana, Botswana
| | | | | | - Michelle Brown
- Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas M Butynski
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Filipe Carvalho
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- BIOPOLIS-CIBIO/InBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alan Channing
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Callan Cohen
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nadine Cronk
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Fredrik Dalerum
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-UO-PA), Mieres, Spain
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Danquah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Harriet T Davies-Mostert
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Conserve Global, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yvonne A De Jong
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Terrence C Demos
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Christiane Denys
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Chabi A M S Djagoun
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Thomas M Doherty-Bone
- Conservation Programs, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marine Drouilly
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Social Science Research (CSSR), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Panthera, New York, USA
| | - Johan T du Toit
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - David A Ehlers Smith
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Yvette C Ehlers Smith
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Seth J Eiseb
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Peter J Fashing
- Anthropology Department & Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States of America
| | - Adam W Ferguson
- Gantz Family Collection Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Manfred Finckh
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claude Fischer
- Nature Management, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Geneva, Jussy, Switzerland
| | - Edson Gandiwa
- Scientific Services, Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Philippe Gaubert
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, IRD/CNRS/UPS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, cedex, 9, France
| | - Jerome Y Gaugris
- Flora Fauna & Man, Ecological Services Limited, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
| | | | - Jason S Gilchrist
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Granjon
- CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - J Paul Grobler
- Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Bonginkosi C Gumbi
- Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Vaclav Gvozdik
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Morgan Hauptfleisch
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Firas Hayder
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel M Hema
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (UFR-SAT), Université de Dédougou, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Marna Herbst
- Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariano Houngbédji
- Organisation pour le Développement Durable et la Biodiversité, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Brian J Huntley
- CIBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, University of Porto, Vairao, Portugal
| | | | - Samuel T Ivande
- A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute (APLORI), University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Kate Jackson
- Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA, USA
| | | | - Javier Juste
- Evolutionary Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Seville, Spain; CIBER, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blaise Kadjo
- Natural habitats and biodiversity management, University Félix Houphouet-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Prince K Kaleme
- Department of Biology, CRSN/ LWIRO, DS Bukavu, DR Congo, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Beth A Kaplin
- Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Humphrey N Kato
- Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Christian Kiffner
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Duncan M Kimuyu
- Department of Natural Resources, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Robert M Kityo
- Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - N'goran G Kouamé
- UFR Environnement, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Tropicale, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Marcel Kouete T
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Aliza le Roux
- Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Alan T K Lee
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Mervyn C Lötter
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Duncan N MacFadyen
- Research and Conservation, Oppenheimer Generations, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Zimkitha J K Madikiza
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - David Mallon
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mnqobi L Mamba
- Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
| | - Claude Mande
- Department of Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rob A Marchant
- York institute for Tropical Ecosystems, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Robin A Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- Conservation Alpha, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Trevor McIntyre
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - John Measey
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, Yunnan University, Kunming, UMR7179, China
- MECADEV CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Paris, France
| | - Addisu Mekonnen
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Paulina Meller
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haemish I Melville
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Kevin Z Mganga
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G L Mills
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - Liaan Minnie
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Alain Didier Missoup
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Zoology Unit, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Abubakr Mohammad
- Researcher, Conflict and Environmental Observatory, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy N Moinde
- Conservation Biology, Institute of Primate Research-National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Pedro Monterroso
- Wildlife Conservation Ecology Research Group, CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairã, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- African Parks, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Simon Musila
- Mammalogy Section-Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sedjro Gilles A Nago
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, de Botanique et de Biologie végétale, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Maganizo W Namoto
- Indigenous Woodland Strategy Area, Forestry Research Institute of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Fatimata Niang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Technology and Sciences, University Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Violaine Nicolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Jerry B Nkenku
- Departement of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Evans E Nkrumah
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gonwouo L Nono
- Department of Animal Biologie and Physiologie, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Mulavwa M Norbert
- Primatology, Center for Research in Ecology and Forestry (CREF), Bikoro, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Benneth C Obitte
- Small Mammal Conservation Organization, Benin City, Nigeria
- Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, United States of America
| | | | | | - M Justin O'Riain
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel T Osinubi
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Daniel M Parker
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - Francesca Parrini
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mike J S Peel
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Animal Production Institute, Rangeland Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences: Department of Environmental Sciences (ABEERU), University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johannes Penner
- Frogs & Friends, Berlin, Germany
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology & Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Darren W Pietersen
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew J Plumptre
- KBA Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Damian W Ponsonby
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefan Porembski
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - R John Power
- Department of Economic Development, Environment, Conservation & Tourism, North West Provincial Government, Mahikeng, South Africa
| | - Frans G T Radloff
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ramugondo V Rambau
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tharmalingam Ramesh
- Division of Conservation Ecology, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India
| | - Leigh R Richards
- Mammalogy Department, Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Herpetology, Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominic P Rollinson
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - M Corrie Schoeman
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul Scholte
- Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Thomas L Serfass
- Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Frostburg State University, Frostburg, USA
| | - Julie Teresa Shapiro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sidney Shema
- Ornithology Section, Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stefan J Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jasper A Slingsby
- Fynbos Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biological Sciences and Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Hanneline A Smit-Robinson
- Conservation Division, BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecological & Ecosystem Research Unit (ABEERU), University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | | | - Michael J Somers
- Mammal Research Institute, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Jarryd P Streicher
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lourens Swanepoel
- Department of Biology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Iroro Tanshi
- Small Mammal Conservation Organization, Benin City, Nigeria
- Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter J Taylor
- Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | | | - Mariska Te Beest
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
- Grasslands-Forests-Wetlands Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | | | - Dave I Thompson
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Ndlovu Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Phalaborwa, South Africa
| | - Elie Tobi
- Gabon Biodiversity Program, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Gamba, Gabon
| | - Krystal A Tolley
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew A Turner
- Biodiversity Capabilities Directorate, CapeNature, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wayne Twine
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Van Cakenberghe
- FunMorph Lab, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- AfricanBats NPC, Centurion, South Africa
| | | | - Helga van der Merwe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Arid Lands Node of the South African Environmental Observation Network, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Chris J G van Niekerk
- NWU Botanical Garden, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Pieter C V van Wyk
- Richtersveld Desert Botanical Gardens, Richtersveld National Park, SANParks, Sendelingsdrift, South Africa
| | - Jan A Venter
- Department of Conservation Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Luke Verburgt
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Geraldine Veron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Susanne Vetter
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Maria S Vorontsova
- Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C Wagner
- Restoration Ecology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Paul W Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | - Natalie Weber
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Ecological Consultant, Fürth, Germany
| | - Sina M Weier
- SARChI (NRF-DST) Research Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Paula A White
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Melissa A Whitecross
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Landscape Conservation Programme, BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Benjamin J Wigley
- Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South Africa
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Tarnas MC, Al-Dheeb N, Zaman MH, Parker DM. Association between air raids and reported incidence of cholera in Yemen, 2016-19: an ecological modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e1955-e1963. [PMID: 37973343 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yemen continues to endure cholera outbreaks during ongoing conflict and destructive environmental events. Air raids have been used throughout the conflict to target military and civilian infrastructure. We aimed to assess the association between air raids and cholera incidence while taking into account geographical, environmental, economic, and demographic factors that drive outbreaks. METHODS In this ecological modelling study, we used data from Sept 12, 2016, to Dec 29, 2019, for the number of air raids, vegetation coverage, surface water, precipitation, temperature, economic variables, and cholera case and population data to model the association between conflict and the weekly incidence of cholera (per 100 000 people) in Yemen. Data were transformed into weekly intervals and governorates were categorised according to air raid severity (the number of raids in the previous 3 months). We used a negative binomial generalised additive model that accounted for geographical location and environmental, temporal, economic, and demographic variables to estimate incidence rate ratios for the association between air raid severity and cases of cholera. FINDINGS During the study period, 2 107 912 cases of cholera were reported in Yemen, and a minimum of 11 366 air raids were recorded. After controlling for relevant factors, compared with no air raids, all other levels of air raid severity were significantly associated with cholera incidence. The largest effect was noted in governorates with severe air raid levels (ie, ≥76 during the previous 3 months), which had an incidence rate ratio of 2·06 (95% CI 1·59-2·69; p<0·0001) for cholera compared with governorates with no air raids in the previous 3 months. Economic factors were also significantly associated with increased cholera incidence. INTERPRETATION Air raids were significantly associated with the burden of cholera in Yemen, even after controlling for other relevant factors. Quantification of this relationship further shows that the cholera outbreak is largely a result of human action rather than a natural occurrence, and demonstrates the conflict's devastating effects on health. Our findings highlight the need for ceasefire and peacebuilding efforts, as well as infrastructure and economic restoration, to reduce Yemen's cholera burden. FUNDING None. TRANSLATION For the Arabic translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia C Tarnas
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | | | - Muhammad H Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Center on Forced Displacement, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Tun STT, Min MC, Aguas R, Fornace K, Htoo GN, White LJ, Parker DM. Human movement patterns of farmers and forest workers from the Thailand-Myanmar border. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 6:148. [PMID: 37990719 PMCID: PMC10660292 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16784.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human travel patterns play an important role in infectious disease epidemiology and ecology. Movement into geographic spaces with high transmission can lead to increased risk of acquiring infections. Pathogens can also be distributed across the landscape via human travel. Most fine scale studies of human travel patterns have been done in urban settings in wealthy nations. Research into human travel patterns in rural areas of low- and middle-income nations are useful for understanding the human components of epidemiological systems for malaria or other diseases of the rural poor. The goal of this research was to assess the feasibility of using GPS loggers to empirically measure human travel patterns in this setting, as well as to quantify differing travel patterns by age, gender, and seasonality among study participants. Methods: In this pilot study we recruited 50 rural villagers from along the Myanmar-Thailand border to carry GPS loggers for the duration of a year. The GPS loggers were programmed to take a time-stamped reading every 30 minutes. We calculated daily movement ranges and multi-day trips by age and gender. We incorporated remote sensing data to assess patterns of days and nights spent in forested or farm areas, also by age and gender. Results: Our study showed that it is feasible to use GPS devices to measure travel patterns, though we had difficulty recruiting women and management of the project was relatively intensive. We found that older adults traveled farther distances than younger adults and adult males spent more nights in farms or forests. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that further work along these lines would be feasible in this region. Furthermore, the results from this study are useful for individual-based models of disease transmission and land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Thein Than Tun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Myo Chit Min
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Ricardo Aguas
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Centre for Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Gay Nay Htoo
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Lisa J. White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Goldstein IH, Parker DM, Jiang S, Minin VM. Semiparametric inference of effective reproduction number dynamics from wastewater pathogen surveillance data. ArXiv 2023:arXiv:2308.15770v2. [PMID: 37693183 PMCID: PMC10491322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of pathogen genomes measured in wastewater have recently become available as a new data source to use when modeling the spread of infectious diseases. One promising use for this data source is inference of the effective reproduction number, the average number of individuals a newly infected person will infect. We propose a model where new infections arrive according to a time-varying immigration rate which can be interpreted as a compound parameter equal to the product of the proportion of susceptibles in the population and the transmission rate. This model allows us to estimate the effective reproduction number from concentrations of pathogen genomes while avoiding difficult to verify assumptions about the dynamics of the susceptible population. As a byproduct of our primary goal, we also produce a new model for estimating the effective reproduction number from case data using the same framework. We test this modeling framework in an agent-based simulation study with a realistic data generating mechanism which accounts for the time-varying dynamics of pathogen shedding. Finally, we apply our new model to estimating the effective reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 in Los Angeles, California, using pathogen RNA concentrations collected from a large wastewater treatment facility.
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6
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Nguyen TD, Tran TNA, Parker DM, White NJ, Boni MF. Antimalarial mass drug administration in large populations and the evolution of drug resistance. PLOS Glob Public Health 2023; 3:e0002200. [PMID: 37494337 PMCID: PMC10370688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Mass drug administration (MDA) with antimalarials has been shown to reduce prevalence and interrupt transmission in small populations, in populations with reliable access to antimalarial drugs, and in populations where sustained improvements in diagnosis and treatment are possible. In addition, when MDA is effective it eliminates both drug-resistant parasites and drug-sensitive parasites, which has the long-term benefit of extending the useful therapeutic life of first-line therapies for all populations, not just the focal population where MDA was carried out. However, in order to plan elimination measures effectively, it is necessary to characterize the conditions under which failed MDA could exacerbate resistance. We use an individual-based stochastic model of Plasmodium falciparum transmission to evaluate this risk for MDA using dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ), in populations where access to antimalarial treatments may not be uniformly high and where re-importation of drug-resistant parasites may be common. We find that artemisinin-resistance evolution at the kelch13 locus can be accelerated by MDA when all three of the following conditions are met: (1) strong genetic bottlenecking that falls short of elimination, (2) re-importation of artemisinin-resistant genotypes, and (3) continued selection pressure during routine case management post-MDA. Accelerated resistance levels are not immediate but follow the rebound of malaria cases post-MDA, if this is allowed to occur. Crucially, resistance is driven by the selection pressure during routine case management post-MDA and not the selection pressure exerted during the MDA itself. Second, we find that increasing treatment coverage post-MDA increases the probability of local elimination in low-transmission regions (prevalence < 2%) in scenarios with both low and high levels of drug-resistance importation. This emphasizes the importance of planning for and supporting high coverage of diagnosis and treatment post-MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Dang Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States of America
| | - Thu Nguyen-Anh Tran
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States of America
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maciej F Boni
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, United States of America
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Baker CR, Barilar I, de Araujo LS, Rimoin AW, Parker DM, Boyd R, Tobias JL, Moonan PK, Click ES, Finlay A, Oeltmann JE, Minin VN, Modongo C, Zetola NM, Niemann S, Shin SS. Use of High-Resolution Geospatial and Genomic Data to Characterize Recent Tuberculosis Transmission, Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:977-987. [PMID: 37081530 PMCID: PMC10124643 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.220796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining genomic and geospatial data can be useful for understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in high-burden tuberculosis (TB) settings. We performed whole-genome sequencing on M. tuberculosis DNA extracted from sputum cultures from a population-based TB study conducted in Gaborone, Botswana, during 2012-2016. We determined spatial distribution of cases on the basis of shared genotypes among isolates. We considered clusters of isolates with ≤5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified by whole-genome sequencing to indicate recent transmission and clusters of ≥10 persons to be outbreaks. We obtained both molecular and geospatial data for 946/1,449 (65%) participants with culture-confirmed TB; 62 persons belonged to 5 outbreaks of 10-19 persons each. We detected geospatial clustering in just 2 of those 5 outbreaks, suggesting heterogeneous spatial patterns. Our findings indicate that targeted interventions applied in smaller geographic areas of high-burden TB identified using integrated genomic and geospatial data might help interrupt TB transmission during outbreaks.
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8
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Haileselassie W, Adam R, Habtemichael M, David RE, Solomon N, Workineh S, Haider J, Belachew A, Deressa W, Yan G, Kassaw NA, Parker DM. Socio-demographic and economic inequity in the use of insecticide-treated bed nets during pregnancy: a survey-based case study of four sub-Saharan African countries with a high burden of malaria. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:64. [PMID: 37085893 PMCID: PMC10122400 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite global investments in malaria eradication and mitigation efforts, including the dissemination of ITNs to vulnerable communities, the goal of widespread malaria control among pregnant women has yet to be realized in many African countries. One of the explanations forwarded for this is related to the adoption and regular use of ITNs by pregnant women. Based on the available DHS and MIS data from four malaria high burden African countries- according to WHO malaria report 2020- inequality was measured by applying both relative and absolute summary measures for the four dimensions of inequality: economic status, education, place of residence and region. By considering the number of subgroups in each variable, simple and complex summary measures were used.ITN utilization by pregnant women showed an increasing trend over time in all the four countries. There was also significant inequality (variability) in the ITN utilization among population groups. DRC, Mozambique and Uganda showed noticeable inequality that favors the richest population, whereas in Nigeria the inequality was observed among both the rich and the poor during different survey yearsIn conclusion, in all the four countries, there were significant regional variations or differences in ITN use among pregnant mothers across all dimensions of inequality in the survey years. Tailored cost-effective interventions could be considered to improve ITN utilization among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werissaw Haileselassie
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ruth Adam
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mizan Habtemichael
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Randy E David
- Chief of Epidemiology and Population Health Sciences, Detroit Health Department, City of Detroit 100 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Nabel Solomon
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Salle Workineh
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Haider
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayele Belachew
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nigussie Assefa Kassaw
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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9
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Aung PL, Soe MT, Soe TN, Oo TL, Win KM, Cui L, Kyaw MP, Sattabongkot J, Okanurak K, Parker DM. Factors hindering coverage of targeted mass treatment with primaquine in a malarious township of northern Myanmar in 2019-2020. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5963. [PMID: 37045879 PMCID: PMC10091336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted mass primaquine treatment (TPT) might be an effective intervention to facilitate elimination of vivax malaria in Myanmar by 2030. In this study, we explored the factors hindering coverage of a TPT campaign conducted in a malarious township of northern Myanmar. From August 2019 to July 2020, a cross-sectional exploratory design including quantitative and qualitative data was conducted in five villages with high P. vivax prevalence following a TPT campaign. Among a targeted population of 2322; 1973 (85.0%) participated in the baseline mass blood survey (MBS) and only 52.0% of the total targeted population (1208, 91.9% of total eligible population) completed the TPT. G6PD deficiency was found among 13.5% of total MBS participants and those were excluded from TPT. Of 1315 eligible samples, farmers and gold miners, males, and those aged 15 to 45 years had higher percentages of non-participation in TPT. Qualitative findings showed that most of the non-participation groups were outside the villages during TPT because of time-sensitive agricultural and other occupational or education-related purposes. In addition to mitigating of some inclusion criteria (i.e. including young children or offering weekly PQ treatment to G6PD deficient individuals), strengthening community awareness and increasing engagement should be pursued to increase community participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Linn Aung
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Myat Thu Soe
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Than Naing Soe
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Thit Lwin Oo
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyawt Mon Win
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | | | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamolnetr Okanurak
- Department of Social and Environmental Health, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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10
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Bayer D, Goldstein IH, Fintzi J, Lumbard K, Ricotta E, Warner S, Busch LM, Strich JR, Chertow DS, Parker DM, Boden-Albala B, Dratch A, Chhuon R, Quick N, Zahn M, Minin VM. Semi-parametric modeling of SARS-CoV-2 transmission using tests, cases, deaths, and seroprevalence data. ArXiv 2023:arXiv:2009.02654v3. [PMID: 32908946 PMCID: PMC7480029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic models fit to streaming surveillance data are critical to understanding the transmission dynamics of an outbreak as it unfolds in real-time. However, transmission model parameter estimation can be imprecise, and sometimes even impossible, because surveillance data are noisy and not informative about all aspects of the mechanistic model. To partially overcome this obstacle, Bayesian models have been proposed to integrate multiple surveillance data streams. We devised a modeling framework for integrating SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics test and mortality time series data, as well as seroprevalence data from cross-sectional studies, and tested the importance of individual data streams for both inference and forecasting. Importantly, our model for incidence data accounts for changes in the total number of tests performed. We model the transmission rate, infection-to-fatality ratio, and a parameter controlling a functional relationship between the true case incidence and the fraction of positive tests as time-varying quantities and estimate changes of these parameters nonparametrically. We compare our base model against modified versions which do not use diagnostics test counts or seroprevalence data to demonstrate the utility of including these often unused data streams. We apply our Bayesian data integration method to COVID-19 surveillance data collected in Orange County, California between March 2020 and February 2021 and find that 32-72% of the Orange County residents experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection by mid-January, 2021. Despite this high number of infections, our results suggest that the abrupt end of the winter surge in January 2021 was due to both behavioral changes and a high level of accumulated natural immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Bayer
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Isaac H. Goldstein
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan Fintzi
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Keith Lumbard
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Emily Ricotta
- Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Sarah Warner
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Lindsay M. Busch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey R. Strich
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Bernadette Boden-Albala
- Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Alissa Dratch
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California, U.S.A
| | - Richard Chhuon
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California, U.S.A
| | | | - Matthew Zahn
- Orange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, California, U.S.A
| | - Volodymyr M. Minin
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, California, U.S.A
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11
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Ehlers Smith DA, Ehlers Smith YC, Davies-Mostert HT, Thompson LJ, Parker DM, de Villiers D, Ricketts D, Coverdale B, Roberts PJ, Kelly C, Macfadyen DN, Manqele NS, Power RJ, Downs CT. The impacts of a global pandemic on the efficacy and stability of contemporary wildlife conservation: South Africa as a case study. Ambio 2023; 52:598-615. [PMID: 36583831 PMCID: PMC9802021 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conservationists speculated on potential benefits to wildlife of lockdown restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic but voiced concern that restrictions impeded nature conservation. We assessed the effects of lockdown restrictions on biodiversity conservation in South Africa, a biodiverse country with economic inequality and reliance on wildlife resources. We solicited expert opinion using the IUCN's Threats Classification Scheme to structure a questionnaire and illustrated responses with individual case studies from government parastatal and non-governmental conservation organisations. The most highly reported threats were biological resource use, residential/commercial developments, invasive species, and human intrusions. The trends reported by 90 survey respondents were supported by case studies using environmental compliance data from parastatal conservation organisations. Lack of tourism revenue and funding were cited as hindrances to conservation. Mechanisms to prevent environmental degradation in the face of global emergencies must be implemented and 'ring-fenced' to ensure conservation is not a casualty during future global crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Ehlers Smith
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209 South Africa
| | - Yvette C. Ehlers Smith
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209 South Africa
- Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, Queen Elizabeth Park, Peter Brown Drive, Montrose, Pietermaritzburg, 3201 South Africa
| | - Harriet T. Davies-Mostert
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Midrand, 1685 South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
- Conserve Global, London, W1G 8TB UK
| | - Lindy J. Thompson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209 South Africa
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Midrand, 1685 South Africa
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, 1200 South Africa
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140 South Africa
| | - Deon de Villiers
- Compliance and Enforcement, Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Eastern Cape, Bisho, South Africa
| | - Dean Ricketts
- Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Eastern Cape, Bisho, South Africa
| | - Brent Coverdale
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209 South Africa
- Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, Queen Elizabeth Park, Peter Brown Drive, Montrose, Pietermaritzburg, 3201 South Africa
| | - Peter J. Roberts
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140 South Africa
- Wildlife ACT Fund Trust, Gardens, Cape Town, 8001 South Africa
| | | | - Duncan N. Macfadyen
- Department of Research and Conservation, Oppenheimer Generations, 6 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2139 South Africa
| | - Nomthandazo S. Manqele
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209 South Africa
| | - R. John Power
- Department of Economic Development, Environment, Conservation & Tourism, North-West Provincial Government, NWDC Building, Mmabatho, 2750 South Africa
| | - Colleen T. Downs
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209 South Africa
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12
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Tarnas MC, Ching C, Lamb JB, Parker DM, Zaman MH. Analyzing Health of Forcibly Displaced Communities through an Integrated Ecological Lens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:465-469. [PMID: 36746662 PMCID: PMC9978544 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Health care among forcibly displaced persons is frequently driven by siloed approaches. Aspects of the built environment, social factors, and the bidirectional relationship between the changing ecosystem and residents are often ignored in health policy design and implementation. While recognizing factors that create a preference for siloed approaches and appreciating the work of humanitarian agencies, we argue for a new data-driven and holistic approach to understand the health of the forcibly displaced. It should be rooted in the realities of the emergence of new diseases, dynamic demographics, and degrading environments around the displaced communities. Such an approach envisions refugee and internally displaced camps as dynamic, complex ecosystems that alter, and are altered by, spatial and temporal factors. At the root of this approach is the necessity to work across disciplines, to think holistically, to go beyond treating single ailments, and to develop ethical approaches that provide dignity to those who are forcibly displaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia C. Tarnas
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Carly Ching
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joleah B. Lamb
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Muhammad H. Zaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Address correspondence to Muhammad Zaman, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Rm. 301, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail:
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Parker DM, Medina C, Bohl J, Lon C, Chea S, Lay S, Kong D, Nhek S, Man S, Doehl JSP, Leang R, Kry H, Rekol H, Oliveira F, Minin VM, Manning JE. Determinants of exposure to Aedes mosquitoes: A comprehensive geospatial analysis in peri-urban Cambodia. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106829. [PMID: 36649803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are some of the most important and globally expansive vectors of disease. Public health efforts are largely focused on prevention of human-vector contact. A range of entomological indices are used to measure risk of disease, though with conflicting results (i.e. larval or adult abundance does not always predict risk of disease). There is a growing interest in the development and use of biomarkers for exposure to mosquito saliva, including for Aedes spp, as a proxy for disease risk. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive geostatistical analysis of exposure to Aedes mosquito bites among a pediatric cohort in a peri‑urban setting endemic to dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. We use demographic, household, and environmental variables (the flooding index (NFI), land type, and proximity to a river) in a Bayesian geostatistical model to predict areas of exposure to Aedes aegypti bites. We found that hotspots of exposure to Ae. aegypti salivary gland extract (SGE) were relatively small (< 500 m and sometimes < 250 m) and stable across the two-year study period. Age was negatively associated with antibody responses to Ae. aegypti SGE. Those living in agricultural settings had lower antibody responses than those living in urban settings, whereas those living near recent surface water accumulation were more likely to have higher antibody responses. Finally, we incorporated measures of larval and adult density in our geostatistical models and found that they did not show associations with antibody responses to Ae. aegypti SGE after controlling for other covariates in the model. Our results indicate that targeted house- or neighborhood-focused interventions may be appropriate for vector control in this setting. Further, demographic and environmental factors more capably predicted exposure to Ae. aegypti mosquitoes than commonly used entomological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Parker
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Catalina Medina
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Bohl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chanthap Lon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophana Chea
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreyngim Lay
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dara Kong
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreynik Nhek
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Somnang Man
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Johannes S P Doehl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rithea Leang
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hok Kry
- Kampong Speu Provincial Health District, Ministry of Health, Cambodia
| | - Huy Rekol
- National Center of Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Jessica E Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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14
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Haileselassie W, Ejigu A, Alemu T, Workneh S, Habtemichael M, David RE, Lelisa K, Deressa W, Yan G, Parker DM, Taye B. International border malaria transmission in the Ethiopian district of Lare, Gambella region: implications for malaria spread into South Sudan. Malar J 2023; 22:64. [PMID: 36814250 PMCID: PMC9945834 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite notable progress in the control and prevention of malaria in the Horn of Africa, the disease continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in various regions of Ethiopia, and elsewhere in the region. The transmission of malaria is affected by genetic, sociocultural, and ecological factors. Lare is an Ethiopian district adjacent to the Ethio-South Sudan border, in Gambella region. The region currently has the highest prevalence of malaria in Ethiopia. This study assesses the burden and spatiotemporal patterns of disease transmission, including the effect of climatic factors on the occurrence of malaria, across an international border crossing. This understanding can assist in crafting informed programmatic and policy decisions for interventions. METHODS This study was conducted in Lare district, Southwest Ethiopia, a temperate zone. A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted using clinical service data collected between 2011 and 2021 from the 9 health facilities of the district. Both clinically diagnosed patients and those identified using microscopy and rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) were included in the study. Additionally, climate data was incorporated into analyses. Examples of analyses include malaria burden, positivity rate, incidence, species frequency, and an ANOVA to assess inter-annual case number and meteorological factor variation. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2021, a total of 96,616 suspected malaria cases were tested by microscopy or RDT, and 39,428 (40.8%) of these cases were reported as positive. There were 1276 patients admitted with 22 deaths recorded. There were further more significant fluctuations in positivity rates across years, the highest being 74.5% in 2021. Incidence varied from 18.0% in 2011 to 151.6% in 2016. The malaria parasite species most detected was Plasmodium falciparum, followed by a smaller proportion of Plasmodium vivax. The greatest proportions of P. falciparum cases were observed in 2018 and 2019, at 97.4% and 97.0% prevalence, respectively. There was significant seasonal variation in case number, the highest observed in July through September of each year. Climatic conditions of annual rainfall, temperature and humidity favored the increment of malaria cases from June until October. CONCLUSION The study shows that the burden, i.e. morbidity and mortality (with fluctuating patterns) of malaria are still significant public health problems and can pose serious consequences in the district. This has implication for cross-border malaria transmission risk due to considerable border crossings. The predominant cause of the disease is P. falciparum, which causes severe complications in patients. The district has to prepare to deal with such complications for better patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werissaw Haileselassie
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Abebe Ejigu
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfahun Alemu
- Gambella Regional Meteorology Service Center, Gambella, Ethiopia
| | - Sale Workneh
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mizan Habtemichael
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Randy E. David
- grid.254444.70000 0001 1456 7807School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - Kidane Lelisa
- grid.472268.d0000 0004 1762 2666Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Guiyun Yan
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Behailu Taye
- grid.513714.50000 0004 8496 1254Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Computational Science, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia
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15
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Zhao Y, Aung PL, Ruan S, Win KM, Wu Z, Soe TN, Soe MT, Cao Y, Sattabongkot J, Kyaw MP, Cui L, Menezes L, Parker DM. Spatio-temporal trends of malaria incidence from 2011 to 2017 and environmental predictors of malaria transmission in Myanmar. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:2. [PMID: 36709318 PMCID: PMC9883610 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myanmar bears the heaviest malaria burden in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). This study assessed the spatio-temporal dynamics and environmental predictors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Myanmar. METHODS Monthly reports of malaria cases at primary health centers during 2011-2017 were analyzed to describe malaria distribution across Myanmar at the township and state/region levels by spatial autocorrelation (Moran index) and spatio-temporal clustering. Negative binomial generalized additive models identified environmental predictors for falciparum and vivax malaria, respectively. RESULTS From 2011 to 2017, there was an apparent reduction in malaria incidence in Myanmar. Malaria incidence peaked in June each year. There were significant spatial autocorrelation and clustering with extreme spatial heterogeneity in malaria cases and test positivity across the nation (P < 0.05). Areas with higher malaria incidence were concentrated along international borders. Primary clusters of P. falciparum persisted in western townships, while clusters of P. vivax shifted geographically over the study period. The primary cluster was detected from January 2011 to December 2013 and covered two states (Sagaing and Kachin). Annual malaria incidence was highest in townships with a mean elevation of 500‒600 m and a high variance in elevation (states with both high and low elevation). There was an apparent linear relationship between the mean normalized difference vegetative index and annual P. falciparum incidence (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The decreasing trends reflect the significant achievement of malaria control efforts in Myanmar. Prioritizing the allocation of resources to high-risk areas identified in this study can achieve effective disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Pyae Linn Aung
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shishao Ruan
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Kyawt Mon Win
- grid.415741.2Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Zifang Wu
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Than Naing Soe
- grid.415741.2Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Myat Thu Soe
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Yaming Cao
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning China
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Liwang Cui
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Lynette Menezes
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Saita S, Roobsoong W, Khammaneechan P, Sukchan P, Lawpoolsri S, Sattabongkot J, Cui L, Okanurak K, Phuanukoonnon S, Parker DM. Community acceptability, participation, and adherence to mass drug administration with primaquine for Plasmodium vivax elimination in Southern Thailand: a mixed methods approach. Malar J 2023; 22:17. [PMID: 36635642 PMCID: PMC9837991 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass drug administration (MDA) with primaquine (PQ) is being considered for accelerating Plasmodium vivax elimination in remaining active foci. This study aimed to determine the acceptability of MDA with PQ in malaria endemic villages in a malarious setting in the South of Thailand undergoing MDA with PQ. METHODS A cross-sectional mixed-methods approach was conducted in seven malaria endemic villages where MDA with PQ was implemented. The data were collected from community villagers and health workers using structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used for quantitative data analysis. Thematic analysis was applied for qualitative data. RESULTS Among a total of 469 participants from the MDA villages, 293 participants were eligible for MDA with PQ and 79.86% (234) completed 14-days of PQ. The logistic regressions indicated that males (adjusted odds ratio: 2.52 [95% confidence interval: 1.33-4.81]) and those who are farmers (2.57 [1.12-5.90]) were most likely to participate in the MDA. Among 293 participants in the post-MDA study, 74.06% had originally agreed to participate in the MDA with PQ while 25.94% had originally reported not wanting to participate in the MDA. Of those who originally reported being willing to participate in the MDA, 71.23% followed through with participation in the first or second round. Conversely, 93.24% of those who originally reported not being willing to participate in the MDA did in fact participate in the MDA. Factors contributing to higher odds of agreeing to participate and following through with participation included being male (1.98 [1.06-3.69]) and correctly responding that malaria is preventable (2.32 [1.01-5.35]) with some differences by village. Five key themes emerged from the qualitative analyses: concern about side effects from taking PQ; disbelief that malaria could be eliminated in this setting; low overall concern about malaria infections; misunderstandings about malaria; and a general need to tailor public health efforts for this unique context. CONCLUSION While the reported likelihood of participating in MDA was high in this setting, actual follow-through was relatively moderate, partially because of eligibility (roughly 71% of those in the follow-up survey who originally agreed to participate actually followed through with participation). One of the largest concerns among study participants was PQ-related side effects-and these concerns likely heavily influenced participant adherence to the MDA. The results of this study can be used to tailor future MDAs, or other public health interventions, in this and potentially other similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayambhu Saita
- grid.412434.40000 0004 1937 1127Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Lampang, Thailand ,grid.412434.40000 0004 1937 1127Thammasat University Research Unit in One Health and Ecohealth, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patthanasak Khammaneechan
- grid.412867.e0000 0001 0043 6347Excellence Center for DACH, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Phnom Sukchan
- grid.444076.50000 0004 0388 8009Faculty of Medicine, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat, Thailand
| | - Saranath Lawpoolsri
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Liwang Cui
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDivision of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Kamolnetr Okanurak
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparat Phuanukoonnon
- grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Haileselassie W, Getnet A, Solomon H, Deressa W, Yan G, Parker DM. Mobile phone handover data for measuring and analysing human population mobility in Western Ethiopia: implication for malaria disease epidemiology and elimination efforts. Malar J 2022; 21:323. [PMID: 36369036 PMCID: PMC9652832 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mobility behaviour modelling plays an essential role in the understanding and control of the spread of contagious diseases by limiting the contact among individuals, predicting the spatio-temporal evolution of an epidemic and inferring migration patterns. It informs programmatic and policy decisions for effective and efficient intervention. The objective of this research is to assess the human mobility pattern and analyse its implication for malaria disease epidemiology. METHODS In this study, human mobility patterns in Benishangul-Gumuz and Gambella regions in Western Ethiopia were explored based on a cellular network mobility parameter (e.g., handover rate) via real world data. Anonymized data were retrieved for mobile active users with mobility related information. The data came from anonymous traffic records collected from all the study areas. For each cell, the necessary mobility parameter data per hour, week and month were collected. A scale factor was computed to change the mobility parameter value to the human mobility pattern. Finally, the relative human mobility probability for each scenario was estimated. MapInfo and Matlab softwares were used for visualization and analysis purposes. Hourly travel patterns in the study settings were compared with hourly malaria mosquito vector feeding behaviour. RESULTS Heterogeneous human movement patterns were observed in the two regions with some areas showing typically high human mobility. Furthermore, the number of people entering into the two study regions was high during the highest malaria transmission season. Two peaks of hourly human movement, 8:00 to 9:00 and 16:00 to 18:00, emerged in Benishangul-Gumuz region while 8:00 to 10:00 and 16:00 to 18:00 were the peak hourly human mobility time periods in Gambella region. The high human movement in the night especially before midnight in the two regions may increase the risk of getting mosquito bite particularly by early biters depending on malaria linked human behaviour of the population. CONCLUSIONS High human mobility was observed both within and outside the two regions. The population influx and efflux in these two regions is considerably high. This may specifically challenge the transition from malaria control to elimination. The daily mobility pattern is worth considering in the context of malaria transmission. In line with this malaria related behavioural patterns of humans need to be properly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werissaw Haileselassie
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ashagrie Getnet
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Solomon
- grid.414835.f0000 0004 0439 6364Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Guiyun Yan
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Truter A, Mgqatsa N, Parker DM. An assessment of the medium-term reproductive success of an extralimital white rhinoceros population. African Zoology 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2022.2132120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Truter
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Nokubonga Mgqatsa
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
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19
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Tarnas MC, Desai AN, Parker DM, Almhawish N, Zakieh O, Rayes D, Whalen-Browne M, Abbara A. Syndromic surveillance of respiratory infections during protracted conflict: experiences from northern Syria 2016-2021. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:337-344. [PMID: 35688310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Northern Syria faces a large burden of influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI). This study aimed to investigate the trends of Early Warning and Response Network (EWARN) reported ILI and SARI in northern Syria between 2016 and 2021 and the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We extracted weekly EWARN data on ILI/ SARI and aggregated cases and consultations into 4-week intervals to calculate case positivity. We conducted a seasonal-trend decomposition to assess case trends in the presence of seasonal fluctuations. RESULTS It was observed that 4-week aggregates of ILI cases (n = 5,942,012), SARI cases (n = 114,939), ILI case positivity, and SARI case positivity exhibited seasonal fluctuations with peaks in the winter months. ILI and SARI cases in individuals aged ≥5 years surpassed those in individuals aged <5 years in late 2019. ILI cases clustered primarily in Aleppo and Idlib, whereas SARI cases clustered in Aleppo, Idlib, Deir Ezzor, and Hassakeh. SARI cases increased sharply in 2021, corresponding with a severe SARS-CoV-2 wave, compared with the steady increase in ILI cases over time. CONCLUSION Respiratory infections cause widespread morbidity and mortality throughout northern Syria, particularly with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Strengthened surveillance and access to testing and treatment are critical to manage outbreaks among conflict-affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia C Tarnas
- University of California, Population Health and Disease Prevention, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Angel N Desai
- University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Parker
- University of California, Population Health and Disease Prevention, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Omar Zakieh
- Imperial College, Department of Infection, London, UK
| | - Diana Rayes
- Syria Public Health Network, London, UK; Johns Hopkins University, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Aula Abbara
- Imperial College, Department of Infection, London, UK; Syria Public Health Network, London, UK
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20
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Aung PL, Soe MT, Oo TL, Aung KT, Lin KK, Thi A, Menezes L, Parker DM, Cui L, Kyaw MP. Correction: Spatiotemporal dynamics of malaria in Banmauk Township, Sagaing region of Northern Myanmar: characteristics, trends, and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:708. [PMID: 36008751 PMCID: PMC9414162 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Myat Thu Soe
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Thit Lwin Oo
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- Township Health Department, Banmauk Township, Sagaing, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Kyaw Lin
- Township Health Department, Banmauk Township, Sagaing, Myanmar
| | - Aung Thi
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Lynette Menezes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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21
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Aung PL, Soe MT, Oo TL, Aung KT, Lin KK, Thi A, Menezes L, Parker DM, Cui L, Kyaw MP. Spatiotemporal dynamics of malaria in Banmauk Township, Sagaing region of Northern Myanmar: characteristics, trends, and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:653. [PMID: 35902825 PMCID: PMC9331130 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While national malaria incidence has been declining in Myanmar, some subregions within the nation continue to have high burdens of malaria morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the malaria situation in one of these regions, Banmauk Township, located near the Myanmar-India border. Our goal was to provide a detailed description of the malaria epidemiology in this township and to provide some evidence-based recommendations to formulate a strategy for reaching the national malaria elimination plan. Banmauk consistently has one of the highest malaria burdens in Myanmar. METHODS With the implementation of strengthened malaria control and surveillance activities after the endorsement of a national malaria elimination plan in 2015, detailed incidence data were obtained for 2016-2018 for Banmauk Township. The data include patient demographics, parasite species, disease severity, and disease outcome. Data were analyzed to identify characteristics, trends, distribution, and risk factors. RESULTS During 2016-2018, 2,402 malaria cases were reported, with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for 83.4% of infections. Both P. falciparum and P. vivax were transmitted more frequently during the rainy season (May-October). Despite intensified control, the annual parasite incidence rate (API) in 2017 (11.0) almost doubled that in 2016 (6.5). In total, 2.5% (59/2042) of the cases, of which 54 P. falciparum and 5 P. vivax, were complicated cases, resulting in 5 deaths. Malaria morbidity was high in children < 15 years and accounted for 33.4% of all cases and about 47% of the complicated cases. Older age groups and males living with poor transportation conditions were more likely to test positive especially in rainy and cold seasons. Despite the clear seasonality of malaria, severe cases were found among young children even more common in the dry season, when malaria incidence was low. CONCLUSIONS Despite the declining trend, the malaria burden remained high in Banmauk Township. Our study also documented severe cases and deaths from both falciparum and vivax malaria. P. falciparum remained the predominant parasite species, demanding increased efforts to achieve the goal of elimination of P. falciparum by 2025. As P. falciparum cases decreased, the proportion of cases attributable to P. vivax increased. In order to eliminate malaria, it will likely be important to increasingly target this species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myat Thu Soe
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Thit Lwin Oo
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- Township Health Department, Banmauk Township, Sagaing, Myanmar
| | - Kyaw Kyaw Lin
- Township Health Department, Banmauk Township, Sagaing, Myanmar
| | - Aung Thi
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Lynette Menezes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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22
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Rae JD, Nosten S, Kajeechiwa L, Wiladphaingern J, Parker DM, Landier J, Thu AM, Dah H, Be A, Cho WC, Paw K, Paw ES, Shee PB, Poe C, Nu C, Nyaw B, Simpson JA, Devine A, Maude RJ, Moo KL, Min MC, Thwin MM, Tun SW, Nosten FH. Surveillance to achieve malaria elimination in eastern Myanmar: a 7-year observational study. Malar J 2022; 21:175. [PMID: 35672747 PMCID: PMC9171744 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The collection and utilization of surveillance data is essential in monitoring progress towards achieving malaria elimination, in the timely response to increases in malaria case numbers and in the assessment of programme functioning. This paper describes the surveillance activities used by the malaria elimination task force (METF) programme which operates in eastern Myanmar, and provides an analysis of data collected from weekly surveillance, case investigations, and monitoring and evaluation of programme performance. Methods This retrospective analysis was conducted using data collected from a network of 1250 malaria posts operational between 2014 and 2021. To investigate changes in data completeness, malaria post performance, malaria case numbers, and the demographic details of malaria cases, summary statistics were used to compare data collected over space and time. Results In the first 3 years of the METF programme, improvements in data transmission routes resulted in a 18.9% reduction in late reporting, allowing for near real-time analysis of data collected at the malaria posts. In 2020, travel restrictions were in place across Karen State in response to COVID-19, and from February 2021 the military coup in Myanmar resulted in widescale population displacement. However, over that period there has been no decline in malaria post attendance, and the majority of consultations continue to occur within 48 h of fever onset. Case investigations found that 43.8% of cases travelled away from their resident village in the 3 weeks prior to diagnosis and 36.3% reported never using a bed net whilst sleeping in their resident village, which increased to 72.2% when sleeping away from their resident village. Malaria post assessments performed in 82.3% of the METF malaria posts found malaria posts generally performed to a high standard. Conclusions Surveillance data collected by the METF programme demonstrate that despite significant changes in the context in which the programme operates, malaria posts have remained accessible and continue to provide early diagnosis and treatment contributing to an 89.3% decrease in Plasmodium falciparum incidence between 2014 and 2021. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04175-w.
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23
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Parker DM. Three New Insectivorous Bat Species Records for the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa. African Journal of Wildlife Research 2022. [DOI: 10.3957/056.052.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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24
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Haileselassie W, Parker DM, Taye B, David RE, Zemene E, Lee MC, Zhong D, Zhou G, Alemu T, Tadele G, Kazura JW, Koepfli C, Deressa W, Yewhalaw D, Yan G. Burden of malaria, impact of interventions and climate variability in Western Ethiopia: an area with large irrigation based farming. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:196. [PMID: 35093055 PMCID: PMC8800266 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Land use change has increasingly been expanding throughout the world in the past decades. It can have profound effects on the spatial and temporal distribution of vector borne diseases like malaria through ecological and habitat change. Understanding malaria disease occurrence and the impact of prevention interventions under this intense environmental modification is important for effective and efficient malaria control strategy. Methods A descriptive ecological study was conducted by reviewing health service records at Abobo district health office. The records were reviewed to extract data on malaria morbidity, mortality, and prevention and control methods. Moreover, Meteorological data were obtained from Gambella region Meteorology Service Center and National Meteorology Authority head office. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. Results For the twelve-year time period, the mean annual total malaria case count in the district was 7369.58. The peak monthly malaria incidence was about 57 cases per 1000 people. Only in 2009 and 2015 that zero death due to malaria was recorded over the past 12 years. Fluctuating pattern of impatient malaria cases occurrence was seen over the past twelve years with an average number of 225.5 inpatient cases. The data showed that there is a high burden of malaria in the district. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) was a predominant parasite species in the district with the maximum percentage of about 90. There was no statistically significant association between season and total malaria case number (F3,8: 1.982, P:0.195). However, the inter-annual total case count difference was statistically significant (F11,132: 36.305, p < 0001). Total malaria case count had shown two months lagged carry on effect. Moreover, 3 months lagged humidity had significant positive effect on total malaria cases. Malaria prevention interventions and meteorological factors showed statistically significant association with total malaria cases. Conclusion Malaria was and will remain to be a major public health problem in the area. The social and economic impact of the disease on the local community is clearly pronounced as it is the leading cause of health facility visit and admission including the mortality associated with it. Scale up of effective interventions is quite important. Continuous monitoring of the performance of the vector control tools needs to be done.
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25
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Parker DM, Junkuhn K, Barker NP. Note on the small mammals of small, isolated forest patches in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences University of Mpumalanga Nelspruit South Africa
| | - Kyle Junkuhn
- Department of Botany Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa
| | - Nigel P. Barker
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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26
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Soe MT, Aung PL, Nyunt MH, Sein MM, Cho C, Yang Z, Menezes L, Parker DM, Kyaw MP, Cui L. Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in southeastern and western border areas of Myanmar. Infection 2022; 50:681-688. [PMID: 35034327 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Greater Mekong Subregion of Southeast Asia, Plasmodium vivax malaria is endemic and causes significant morbidity. In this study, the efficacy of chloroquine for treating uncomplicated P. vivax malaria at the eastern and western borders of Myanmar was investigated. METHODS A total of 197 participants with microscopically confirmed P. vivax infection were enrolled from three townships of the southeastern (Thanbyuzayat and Kawthoung) and western (Kyauktaw) borders of Myanmar. Patients were treated with chloroquine according to the national malaria treatment guidelines and followed for 28 days. RESULTS Among the 197 enrollments, 172 completed the 28-day follow-up. Twelve recurrent P. vivax infections, all occurring in the third and fourth week, were detected, resulting in an overall cumulative rate of recurrence of 4.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-7.8]. The incidence rate of recurrence varied among the three sites. In Thanbyuzayat township, no patients had recurrent parasitemia between days 7 and 28. In contrast, Kyauktaw township had a day 28 cumulative incidence rate of recurrence of 7.2% (95% CI 0.6-13.9%) compared to 6.9% (95% CI 0.6-13.2) in Kawthoung township. CONCLUSION While this study confirmed the relatively high clinical efficacy of chloroquine for treating P. vivax in Myanmar with modest rates of recurrent infections within 28 days of the treatment, it also revealed considerable geographical heterogeneity of chloroquine efficacy, which warrants continuous surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Thu Soe
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Myat Htut Nyunt
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Myint Myint Sein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Magway, Myanmar
| | - Cho Cho
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lynette Menezes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | | | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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27
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Haileselassie W, Habtemichael M, Adam R, Haidar J, David RE, Belachew A, Mengesha AT, Koepfli C, Deressa W, Parker DM, Kassaw NA. OUP accepted manuscript. Int Health 2022; 15:289-298. [PMID: 35488366 PMCID: PMC10153552 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-treated net (ITN) use is among the most recommended strategies to prevent malaria in pregnancy. We analysed the regional and socio-economic patterns of ITN use among pregnant women in Kenya using data from the 2003, 2008 and 2014 Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys (KDHSs). METHODS Inequality was assessed using four dimensions: economic status, education, place of residence and region. Both relative and absolute summary measures were applied. In addition, simple and complex summary measures, i.e. difference, population attributable fraction, population attributable risk and ratio were considered based on the number of subgroups in each variable. RESULTS There was overt inequality in the use of ITNs among pregnant women, with greater use among the better-off group in 2003 and 2014. Greater ITN use was also observed among pregnant women with a higher level of education. Pregnant women from urban settings tended to use ITNs (slept under a net the night before the survey) more than their rural counterparts in the 2003 KDHS. There were significant regional variations across the three surveys in all inequality summary measures, except ratio in the 2014 survey. CONCLUSIONS Significant inequality in ITN use among pregnant women was observed at a macro scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werissaw Haileselassie
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mizan Habtemichael
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ruth Adam
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Haidar
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Randy E David
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ayele Belachew
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abenet Tafesse Mengesha
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Cristian Koepfli
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, 319 Galvin Life Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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28
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Steinbrook E, Min MC, Kajeechiwa L, Wiladphaingern J, Paw MK, Pimanpanarak MPJ, Hiranloetthanyakit W, Min AM, Tun NW, Gilder ME, Nosten F, McGready R, Parker DM. Distance matters: barriers to antenatal care and safe childbirth in a migrant population on the Thailand-Myanmar border from 2007 to 2015, a pregnancy cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:802. [PMID: 34856954 PMCID: PMC8638435 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal care and skilled childbirth services are important interventions to improve maternal health and lower the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes and mortality. A growing body of literature has shown that geographic distance to clinics can be a disincentive towards seeking care during pregnancy. On the Thailand-Myanmar border antenatal clinics serving migrant populations have found high rates of loss to follow-up of 17.4%, but decades of civil conflict have made the underlying factors difficult to investigate. Here we perform a comprehensive study examining the geographic, demographic, and health-related factors contributing to loss to follow-up. METHODS Using patient records we conducted a spatial and epidemiological analysis looking for predictors of loss to follow-up and pregnancy outcomes between 2007 and 2015. We used multivariable negative binomial regressions to assess for associations between distance travelled to the clinic and birth outcomes (loss to follow-up, pregnancy complications, and time of first presentation for antenatal care.) RESULTS: We found distance travelled to clinic strongly predicts loss to follow-up, miscarriage, malaria infections in pregnancy, and presentation for antenatal care after the first trimester. People lost to follow-up travelled 50% farther than people who had a normal singleton childbirth (a ratio of distances (DR) 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4 - 1.5). People with pregnancies complicated by miscarriage travelled 20% farther than those who did not have miscarriages (DR: 1.2; CI 1.1-1.3), and those with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy travelled 60% farther than those without P. falciparum (DR: 1.6; CI: 1.6 - 1.8). People who delayed antenatal care until the third trimester travelled 50% farther compared to people who attended in the first trimester (DR: 1.5; CI: 1.4 - 1.5). CONCLUSIONS This analysis provides the first evidence of the complex impact of geography on access to antenatal services and pregnancy outcomes in the rural, remote, and politically complex Thailand-Myanmar border region. These findings can be used to help guide evidence-based interventions to increase uptake of maternal healthcare both in the Thailand-Myanmar region and in other rural, remote, and politically complicated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Steinbrook
- University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Myo Chit Min
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - Ladda Kajeechiwa
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - Jacher Wiladphaingern
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - Moo Kho Paw
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - Mu Paw Jay Pimanpanarak
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - Woranit Hiranloetthanyakit
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - Aung Myat Min
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - Nay Win Tun
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - Mary Ellen Gilder
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rose McGready
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak Province Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
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Yek C, Nam VS, Leang R, Parker DM, Heng S, Souv K, Sovannaroth S, Mayxay M, AbuBakar S, Sasmono RT, Tran ND, Le Nguyen HK, Lon C, Boonnak K, Huy R, Sovann L, Manning JE. The Pandemic Experience in Southeast Asia: Interface Between SARS-CoV-2, Malaria, and Dengue. Front Trop Dis 2021; 2:788590. [PMID: 35373190 PMCID: PMC8975143 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.788590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Southeast Asia (SEA) emerged relatively unscathed from the first year of the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but as of July 2021 the region is experiencing a surge in case numbers primarily driven by Alpha (B.1.1.7) and subsequently the more transmissible Delta (B.1.617.2) variants. While initial disease burden was mitigated by swift government responses, favorable cultural and societal factors, the more recent rise in cases suggests an under-appreciation of prior prevalence and over-appreciation of possible cross-protective immunity from exposure to endemic viruses, and highlights the effects of vaccine rollout at varying tempos and of variable efficacy. This burgeoning crisis is further complicated by co-existence of malaria and dengue in the region, with implications of serological cross-reactivity on interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 assays and competing resource demands impacting efforts to contain both endemic and pandemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Seng Heng
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
- Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- WHO Collaborating Center for Arbovirus Reference and Research (Dengue) and Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Nhu Duong Tran
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Chanthap Lon
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rekol Huy
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jessica E. Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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30
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Manning JE, Chea S, Parker DM, Bohl JA, Lay S, Mateja A, Man S, Nhek S, Ponce A, Sreng S, Kong D, Kimsan S, Meneses C, Fay MP, Suon S, Huy R, Lon C, Leang R, Oliveira F. Development of inapparent dengue associated with increased antibody levels to Aedes aegypti salivary proteins: a longitudinal dengue cohort in Cambodia. J Infect Dis 2021; 226:1327-1337. [PMID: 34718636 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We established the first prospective cohort to understand how infection with dengue virus is influenced by vector-specific determinants like humoral immunity to Aedes aegypti salivary proteins. METHODS Children aged two to nine years old enrolled in the PAGODAS (Pediatric Assessment Group of Dengue and Aedes Saliva) cohort with informed consent by their guardians. Children were followed semi-annually for antibodies to dengue and to proteins in Ae. aegypti salivary gland homogenate using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and dengue-specific neutralization titers. Children presented with fever at any time for dengue testing. RESULTS From July 13 to August 30, 2018, we enrolled 771 children. At baseline, 22% (173/770) had evidence of neutralizing antibodies to one or more dengue serotypes. By April 2020, 51 children had symptomatic dengue while 148 dengue-naïve children had inapparent dengue defined by neutralization assays. In a multivariate model, individuals with higher antibodies to Ae. aegypti salivary proteins were 1.5x more likely to have dengue infection (HR 1.47 95% CI 1.05-2.06; p=0.02), particularly individuals with inapparent dengue (HR 1.64 95% CI 1.12-2.41; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS High levels of seropositivity to Ae. aegypti salivary proteins are associated with future development of dengue infection, primarily inapparent, in dengue-naïve Cambodian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophana Chea
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | | | - Jennifer A Bohl
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sreyngim Lay
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Allyson Mateja
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Somnang Man
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Sreynik Nhek
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Aiyana Ponce
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sokunthea Sreng
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Dara Kong
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Soun Kimsan
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia.,National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seila Suon
- International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Chanthap Lon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,International Center of Excellence in Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rithea Leang
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh Cambodia.,National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Alexander GJ, Tolley KA, Maritz B, McKechnie A, Manger P, Thomson RL, Schradin C, Fuller A, Meyer L, Hetem RS, Cherry M, Conradie W, Bauer AM, Maphisa D, O'Riain J, Parker DM, Mlambo MC, Bronner G, Madikiza K, Engelbrecht A, Lee AT, Jansen van Vuuren B, Mandiwana-Neudani TG, Pietersen D, Venter JA, Somers MJ, Slotow R, Strauss WM, Humphries MS, Ryan PG, Kerley GI. Excessive red tape is strangling biodiversity research in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Alexander
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bryan Maritz
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew McKechnie
- South African Research Chair in Conservation Physiology, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Paul Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Robert L. Thomson
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carsten Schradin
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- IPHC, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Leith Meyer
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences and Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robyn S. Hetem
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael Cherry
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Werner Conradie
- Port Elizabeth Museum (Bayworld), Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Department of Nature Conservation Management, Natural Resource Science and Management Cluster, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Aaron M. Bauer
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Maphisa
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, Cape Town, South Africa
- .Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin O'Riain
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Musa C. Mlambo
- Department of Freshwater Invertebrates, Albany Museum, Makhanda, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Gary Bronner
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim Madikiza
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adriaan Engelbrecht
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan T.K. Lee
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Bettine Jansen van Vuuren
- Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Darren Pietersen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan A. Venter
- Department of Nature Conservation Management, Natural Resource Science and Management Cluster, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Somers
- Mammal Research Institute, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - W. Maartin Strauss
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marc S. Humphries
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter G. Ryan
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graham I.H. Kerley
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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32
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Parker DM, Bruckner T, Vieira VM, Medina C, Minin VN, Felgner PL, Dratch A, Zahn M, Bartell SM, Boden-Albala B. Predictors of Test Positivity, Mortality, and Seropositivity during the Early Coronavirus Disease Epidemic, Orange County, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2604-2618. [PMID: 34545792 PMCID: PMC8462316 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a detailed analysis of coronavirus disease in a large population center in southern California, USA (Orange County, population 3.2 million), to determine heterogeneity in risks for infection, test positivity, and death. We used a combination of datasets, including a population-representative seroprevalence survey, to assess the actual burden of disease and testing intensity, test positivity, and mortality. In the first month of the local epidemic (March 2020), case incidence clustered in high-income areas. This pattern quickly shifted, and cases next clustered in much higher rates in the north-central area of the county, which has a lower socioeconomic status. Beginning in April 2020, a concentration of reported cases, test positivity, testing intensity, and seropositivity in a north-central area persisted. At the individual level, several factors (e.g., age, race or ethnicity, and ZIP codes with low educational attainment) strongly affected risk for seropositivity and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Lloyd
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes University Makhanda South Africa
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes University Makhanda South Africa
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34
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Marneweck CJ, van Schalkwyk OL, Marneweck DG, Beverley G, Davies-Mostert HT, Parker DM. Reproductive state influences the degree of risk tolerance for a seasonally breeding mesopredator. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The risk of predation can alter the way animals perceive costs and benefits in their environment, on which foraging decisions are made. To maximize fitness, animals with offspring show the most pronounced alteration in behavior because mothers experience increased nutritional requirements and increased vulnerability to predation. Therefore, the tolerance of risk is shaped, in part, by reproductive state. Like prey species, mesopredators balance a trade-off between food and predation to maximize fitness. However, few studies have acknowledged its importance. We investigated how mesopredators may alter their space use between periods when young are and are not vulnerable. Investigating the fine-scale space use of 19 packs of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus in the Kruger National Park, we found lower risk tolerance of denning packs; they re-visited area less frequently as lion and impala density increased and thus reduced the likelihood of risky encounters by avoiding areas where both risk and reward were high. By contrast, non-denning packs re-visited area less frequently as lion density increased and impala density decreased and thus avoided areas where reward was low, especially if risk was high. These results suggest that wild dogs shift their patterns of space use when the pack is most vulnerable. Ultimately, we found evidence of decreased risk tolerance by denning packs, likely because of increased vulnerability of lactating mothers and immobile pups. More broadly, our findings suggest that risk tolerance is dependent on reproductive state for mesopredators and should be considered as a possible mechanism for other mesopredators as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Marneweck
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, 27 and 28 Austin Road, Midrand, 1685, South Africa
| | - O Louis van Schalkwyk
- Office of the State Veterinarian, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, PO Box 12, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
- Department of Migration, Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - David G Marneweck
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, 27 and 28 Austin Road, Midrand, 1685, South Africa
- Eugène Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Grant Beverley
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, 27 and 28 Austin Road, Midrand, 1685, South Africa
| | - Harriet T Davies-Mostert
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, 27 and 28 Austin Road, Midrand, 1685, South Africa
- Eugène Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Daniel M Parker
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
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35
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Jacob CG, Thuy-Nhien N, Mayxay M, Maude RJ, Quang HH, Hongvanthong B, Vanisaveth V, Ngo Duc T, Rekol H, van der Pluijm R, von Seidlein L, Fairhurst R, Nosten F, Hossain MA, Park N, Goodwin S, Ringwald P, Chindavongsa K, Newton P, Ashley E, Phalivong S, Maude R, Leang R, Huch C, Dong LT, Nguyen KT, Nhat TM, Hien TT, Nguyen H, Zdrojewski N, Canavati S, Sayeed AA, Uddin D, Buckee C, Fanello CI, Onyamboko M, Peto T, Tripura R, Amaratunga C, Myint Thu A, Delmas G, Landier J, Parker DM, Chau NH, Lek D, Suon S, Callery J, Jittamala P, Hanboonkunupakarn B, Pukrittayakamee S, Phyo AP, Smithuis F, Lin K, Thant M, Hlaing TM, Satpathi P, Satpathi S, Behera PK, Tripura A, Baidya S, Valecha N, Anvikar AR, Ul Islam A, Faiz A, Kunasol C, Drury E, Kekre M, Ali M, Love K, Rajatileka S, Jeffreys AE, Rowlands K, Hubbart CS, Dhorda M, Vongpromek R, Kotanan N, Wongnak P, Almagro Garcia J, Pearson RD, Ariani CV, Chookajorn T, Malangone C, Nguyen T, Stalker J, Jeffery B, Keatley J, Johnson KJ, Muddyman D, Chan XHS, Sillitoe J, Amato R, Simpson V, Gonçalves S, Rockett K, Day NP, Dondorp AM, Kwiatkowski DP, Miotto O. Genetic surveillance in the Greater Mekong subregion and South Asia to support malaria control and elimination. eLife 2021; 10:e62997. [PMID: 34372970 PMCID: PMC8354633 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) currently make limited use of parasite genetic data. We have developed GenRe-Mekong, a platform for genetic surveillance of malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) that enables NMCPs to implement large-scale surveillance projects by integrating simple sample collection procedures in routine public health procedures. Methods Samples from symptomatic patients are processed by SpotMalaria, a high-throughput system that produces a comprehensive set of genotypes comprising several drug resistance markers, species markers and a genomic barcode. GenRe-Mekong delivers Genetic Report Cards, a compendium of genotypes and phenotype predictions used to map prevalence of resistance to multiple drugs. Results GenRe-Mekong has worked with NMCPs and research projects in eight countries, processing 9623 samples from clinical cases. Monitoring resistance markers has been valuable for tracking the rapid spread of parasites resistant to the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine combination therapy. In Vietnam and Laos, GenRe-Mekong data have provided novel knowledge about the spread of these resistant strains into previously unaffected provinces, informing decision-making by NMCPs. Conclusions GenRe-Mekong provides detailed knowledge about drug resistance at a local level, and facilitates data sharing at a regional level, enabling cross-border resistance monitoring and providing the public health community with valuable insights. The project provides a rich open data resource to benefit the entire malaria community. Funding The GenRe-Mekong project is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP11188166, OPP1204268). Genotyping and sequencing were funded by the Wellcome Trust (098051, 206194, 203141, 090770, 204911, 106698/B/14/Z) and Medical Research Council (G0600718). A proportion of samples were collected with the support of the UK Department for International Development (201900, M006212), and Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot HospitalVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
- Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of HealthVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J Maude
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Huynh Hong Quang
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (IMPE-QN)Quy NhonViet Nam
| | - Bouasy Hongvanthong
- Centre of Malariology, Parasitology, and EntomologyVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Viengxay Vanisaveth
- Centre of Malariology, Parasitology, and EntomologyVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Thang Ngo Duc
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE)HanoiViet Nam
| | - Huy Rekol
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria ControlPhnom PenhCambodia
| | - Rob van der Pluijm
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Lorenz von Seidlein
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Rick Fairhurst
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthRockvilleUnited States
| | - François Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae SotThailand
| | | | - Naomi Park
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Paul Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot HospitalVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Elizabeth Ashley
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot HospitalVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sonexay Phalivong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot HospitalVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Rapeephan Maude
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Rithea Leang
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria ControlPhnom PenhCambodia
| | - Cheah Huch
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria ControlPhnom PenhCambodia
| | - Le Thanh Dong
- Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (IMPEHCM)Ho Chi Minh CityViet Nam
| | - Kim-Tuyen Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
| | - Tran Minh Nhat
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
| | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityViet Nam
| | | | | | | | | | - Didar Uddin
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Caroline Buckee
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Caterina I Fanello
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Marie Onyamboko
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of KinshasaKinshasaDemocratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Thomas Peto
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Rupam Tripura
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthRockvilleUnited States
| | - Aung Myint Thu
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae SotThailand
| | - Gilles Delmas
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae SotThailand
| | - Jordi Landier
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae SotThailand
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Aix Marseille Institute of Public Health, ISSPAMMarseilleFrance
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae SotThailand
- Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | | | - Dysoley Lek
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria ControlPhnom PenhCambodia
| | - Seila Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology, and Malaria ControlPhnom PenhCambodia
| | - James Callery
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | | | - Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- The Royal Society of ThailandBangkokThailand
| | - Aung Pyae Phyo
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Myanmar-Oxford Clinical Research UnitYangonMyanmar
| | - Frank Smithuis
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Myanmar-Oxford Clinical Research UnitYangonMyanmar
| | - Khin Lin
- Department of Medical ResearchPyin Oo LwinMyanmar
| | - Myo Thant
- Defence Services Medical Research CentreYangonMyanmar
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | - Anupkumar R Anvikar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Abul Faiz
- Malaria Research Group and Dev Care FoundationDhakaBangladesh
| | - Chanon Kunasol
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Mihir Kekre
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mozam Ali
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Katie Love
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Anna E Jeffreys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Kate Rowlands
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Christina S Hubbart
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mehul Dhorda
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Asia Regional CentreBangkokThailand
| | - Ranitha Vongpromek
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Asia Regional CentreBangkokThailand
| | - Namfon Kotanan
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Phrutsamon Wongnak
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Jacob Almagro Garcia
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, Oxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard D Pearson
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, Oxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - T Nguyen
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jim Stalker
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ben Jeffery
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, Oxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Kimberly J Johnson
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, Oxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Xin Hui S Chan
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | | | - Victoria Simpson
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, Oxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Kirk Rockett
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P Day
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, Oxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, Big Data Institute, Oxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Henry DAW, Collinson-Jonker WJ, Davies-Mostert HT, Nicholson SK, Roxburgh L, Parker DM. Optimising the cost of roadkill surveys based on an analysis of carcass persistence. J Environ Manage 2021; 291:112664. [PMID: 33975269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reliable estimates of wildlife mortality due to wildlife-vehicle collisions are key to understanding its impact on wildlife populations and developing strategies to prevent or reduce collisions. Standardised approaches for monitoring roadkill are needed to derive robust and unbiased estimates of mortality that are comparable across different study systems and ecological contexts. When designing surveys, there is a trade-off between survey frequency (and hence logistical effort and financial cost) and carcass detection. In this regard, carcass persistence (the period a carcass remains detectable before being removed by decomposition or scavengers) is important; the longer a carcass persists, the greater the likelihood it will be detected with lower survey effort by conducting more infrequent surveys. Using multi-taxon carcass data collected over a month of repeated driven surveys, combined with five covariates (species functional group, body weight, carcass position on road, carcass condition [either flattened or not after impact], and rainfall prior to each survey), we explored the drivers of carcass persistence with the overall aim of providing information to optimise the design of carcass surveys along linear infrastructure. Our methodological approach included a survival analysis to determine carcass persistence, linear regressions to test the effect of covariates, a subsampling analysis (using field data and a simulation exercise) to assess how the proportion of carcasses detected changes according to survey frequency, and an analysis to compare the costs of surveys based on study duration, transect length and survey frequency. Mean overall carcass persistence was 2.7 days and was significantly correlated with position on road and within-functional group body weight. There was no evidence for a significant effect of rainfall, while the effect of carcass condition was weakly non-significant. The proportion of carcasses detected decreased sharply when survey intervals were longer than three days. However, we showed that survey costs can be reduced by up to 80% by conducting non-daily surveys. Expanding on the call for a standardised methodology for roadkill surveys, we propose that carcass persistence be explicitly considered during survey design. By carefully considering the objectives of the survey and characteristics of the focal taxa, researchers can substantially reduce logistical costs. In addition, we developed an R Shiny web app that can be used by practitioners to compare survey costs across a variety of survey characteristics. This web app will allow practitioners to easily assess the trade-off between carcass detection and logistical effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A W Henry
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, 1685, South Africa; Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Wendy J Collinson-Jonker
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, 1685, South Africa; Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; South African Research Chair in Biodiversity Value & Change, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Harriet T Davies-Mostert
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Johannesburg, 1685, South Africa; Eugene Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | | | | | - Daniel M Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
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Roberts T, Parker DM, Bulterys PL, Rattanavong S, Elliott I, Phommasone K, Mayxay M, Chansamouth V, Robinson MT, Blacksell SD, Newton PN. A spatio-temporal analysis of scrub typhus and murine typhus in Laos; implications from changing landscapes and climate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009685. [PMID: 34432800 PMCID: PMC8386877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrub typhus (ST) and murine typhus (MT) are common but poorly understood causes of fever in Laos. We examined the spatial and temporal distribution of ST and MT, with the intent of informing interventions to prevent and control both diseases. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPLE FINDINGS This study included samples submitted from 2003 to 2017 to Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, for ST and MT investigation. Serum samples were tested using IgM rapid diagnostic tests. Patient demographic data along with meteorological and environmental data from Laos were analysed. Approximately 17% of patients were positive for either ST (1,337/8,150 patients tested) or MT (1,283/7,552 patients tested). While both diseases occurred in inhabitants from Vientiane Capital, from the univariable analysis MT was positively and ST negatively associated with residence in Vientiane Capital. ST was highly seasonal, with cases two times more likely to occur during the wet season months of July-September compared to the dry season whilst MT peaked in the dry season. Multivariable regression analysis linked ST incidence to fluctuations in relative humidity whereas MT was linked to variation in temperature. Patients with ST infection were more likely to come from villages with higher levels of surface flooding and vegetation in the 16 days leading up to diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that as cities expand, high risk areas for MT will also expand. With global heating and risks of attendant higher precipitation, these data suggest that the incidence and spatial distribution of both MT and ST will increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamalee Roberts
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Philip L. Bulterys
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, California, United States of America
| | - Sayaphet Rattanavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Ivo Elliott
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Koukeo Phommasone
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Vilada Chansamouth
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T. Robinson
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford-Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul N. Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford-Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Parker DM. Mammals in the mountains: An historical review and updated checklist of the mammals of the Mountain Zebra National Park. KOEDOE - African Protected Area Conservation and Science 2021. [DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v63i1.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Pooseesod K, Parker DM, Meemon N, Lawpoolsri S, Singhasivanon P, Sattabongkot J, Cui L, Phuanukoonnon S. Ownership and utilization of bed nets and reasons for use or non-use of bed nets among community members at risk of malaria along the Thai-Myanmar border. Malar J 2021; 20:305. [PMID: 34229653 PMCID: PMC8259116 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the goal for malaria elimination in Thailand set for 2024, increased coverage and utilization of bed net, especially insecticide-treated net (ITN) or long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) is a key strategy. This study aims to provide the necessary information about bed net ownership and utilization among the population at risk of malaria living along the Thai-Myanmar border in Tak province. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using a mixed-method approach in 331 households from 5 hamlets in the villages of the Thai-Myanmar border. The research tools included a questionnaire, bed net inspection, and semi-structured interviews. Logistic regression was used to explore the sociodemographic factors associated with bed net utilization. The qualitative analysis employed a thematic analysis approach. Results This survey found that 98.5% of households had at least one bed net per household, and 74.3% had at least one ITN/LLIN. However, only 30.8% of households reached the standard policy set by the Minister of Public Health of one ITN/LLINs per two persons. Most residents used bed net (92.1% used in the previous night and 80.9% used every day). For those using bed nets, however, 61.9% used ITNs or LLINs the night before and 53.1% used them every day. Nonetheless, the usage rates of bed nets (any type) in the previous night among children and pregnant women were high, reaching 95.3% and 90.0%, respectively. Seven explanatory variables showed statistically significant associations with bed net use every day, including: “not staying overnight in the forest or the field”, “sleeping pattern based on gender”, “sufficient numbers of bed nets to cover all sleeping spaces”, “preference for free bed nets”, “age”, “gender”, and “SES score” showed statistically significant association with bed net use every day. The major reasons for the regular use of bed nets in both household and the forest were to prevent mosquito biting. The reasons for not using bednets in the household were discomfort feelings from heat, perception of unnecessity due to low mosquito density, whereas the reason for not using bed nets in the forest was inconvenience. Conclusion Despite that overall coverage and usage of bed nets was high, only one third reached the standard level specified by the policy. Overnight in the forest, the dissatisfaction with the quality of free bed nets, insufficient number of bed nets, sleeping alone, male gender, age more than 10 years, low socioeconomic status, discomfort from heat, perception of no benefits of bed nets due to low mosquito density, and inconvenience were factors influencing bed net use. Maintaining high coverage and utility rate of bed nets should be a priority for the malaria high-risk population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03837-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasama Pooseesod
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health & Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Natthani Meemon
- Department of Society and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Saranath Lawpoolsri
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pratap Singhasivanon
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Faculty of Tropical Medicine, SEAMEO TROPMED Regional Centre for Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Suparat Phuanukoonnon
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. .,Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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Tun STT, Min MC, Aguas R, Fornace K, Htoo GN, White LJ, Parker DM. Human movement patterns of farmers and forest workers from the Thailand-Myanmar border. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16784.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human travel patterns play an important role in infectious disease epidemiology and ecology. Movement into geographic spaces with high transmission can lead to increased risk of acquiring infections. Pathogens can also be distributed across the landscape via human travel. Most fine scale studies of human travel patterns have been done in urban settings in wealthy nations. Research into human travel patterns in rural areas of low- and middle-income nations are useful for understanding the human components of epidemiological systems for malaria or other diseases of the rural poor. The goal of this research was to assess the feasibility of using GPS loggers to empirically measure human travel patterns in this setting, as well as to quantify differing travel patterns by age, gender, and seasonality. Methods: In this pilot study we recruited 50 rural villagers from along the Myanmar-Thailand border to carry GPS loggers for the duration of a year. The GPS loggers were programmed to take a time-stamped reading every 30 minutes. We calculated daily movement ranges and multi-day trips by age and gender. We incorporated remote sensing data to assess patterns of days and nights spent in forested or farm areas, also by age and gender. Results: Our study showed that it is feasible to use GPS devices to measure travel patterns, though we had difficulty recruiting women and management of the project was relatively intensive. We found that older adults traveled farther distances than younger adults and adult males spent more nights in farms or forests. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that further work along these lines would be feasible in this region. Furthermore, the results from this study are useful for individual-based models of disease transmission and land use.
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Swe MMM, Win MM, Cohen J, Phyo AP, Lin HN, Soe K, Amorncha P, Wah TT, Win KKN, Ling C, Parker DM, Dance DAB, Ashley EA, Smithuis F. Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009372. [PMID: 34029325 PMCID: PMC8143414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and water in many tropical countries. It causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal infection first described in 1911 in Myanmar. Melioidosis is a common cause of sepsis and death in South and South-east Asia, but it is rarely diagnosed in Myanmar. We conducted a nationwide soil study to identify areas where B. pseudomallei is present. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We collected soil samples from 387 locations in all 15 states and regions of Myanmar between September 2017 and June 2019. At each site, three samples were taken at each of three different depths (30, 60 and 90 cm) and were cultured for B. pseudomallei separately, along with a pooled sample from each site (i.e. 10 cultures per site). We used a negative binomial regression model to assess associations between isolation of B. pseudomallei and environmental factors (season, soil depth, soil type, land use and climate zones). B. pseudomallei was isolated in 7 of 15 states and regions. Of the 387 sites, 31 (8%) had one or more positive samples and of the 3,870 samples cultured, 103 (2.7%) tested positive for B. pseudomallei. B. pseudomallei was isolated more frequently during the monsoon season [RR-2.28 (95% CI: 0.70-7.38)] and less in the hot dry season [RR-0.70 (95% CI: 0.19-2.56)] compared to the cool dry season, and in the tropical monsoon climate zone [RR-2.26; 95% CI (0.21-6.21)] compared to the tropical dry winter climate zone. However, these associations were not statistically significant. B. pseudomallei was detected at all three depths and from various soil types (clay, silt and sand). Isolation was higher in agricultural land (2.2%), pasture land (8.5%) and disused land (5.8%) than in residential land (0.4%), but these differences were also not significant. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms a widespread distribution of B. pseudomallei in Myanmar. Clinical studies should follow to obtain a better picture of the burden of melioidosis in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Maung Maung Swe
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mo Mo Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Joshua Cohen
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | - Kyaw Soe
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Premjit Amorncha
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thin Thin Wah
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyi Kyi Nyein Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Clare Ling
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - David A. B. Dance
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Ashley
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Frank Smithuis
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Tun STT, Parker DM, Aguas R, White LJ. The assembly effect: the connectedness between populations is a double-edged sword for public health interventions. Malar J 2021; 20:189. [PMID: 33865392 PMCID: PMC8052750 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many public health interventions lead to disruption or decrease of transmission, providing a beneficial effect for people in the population regardless of whether or not they individually participate in the intervention. This protective benefit has been referred to as a herd or community effect and is dependent on sufficient population participation. In practice, public health interventions are implemented at different spatial scales (i.e., at the village, district, or provincial level). Populations, however defined (i.e., neighbourhoods, villages, districts) are frequently connected to other populations through human movement or travel, and this connectedness can influence potential herd effects. Methods The impact of a public health intervention (mass drug administration for malaria) was modelled, for different levels of connectedness between populations that have similar disease epidemiology (e.g., two nearby villages which have similar baseline malaria incidences and similar malaria intervention measures), or between populations of varying disease epidemiology (e.g., two nearby villages which have different baseline malaria incidences and/or malaria intervention measures). Results The overall impact of the interventions deployed could be influenced either positively (adding value to the intervention) or negatively (reducing the impact of the intervention) by how much the intervention units are connected with each other (e.g., how frequent people go to the other village or town) and how different the disease intensity between them are. This phenomenon is termed the “assembly effect”, and it is a meta-population version of the more commonly understood “herd effect”. Conclusions The connectedness of intervention units or populations is an important factor to be considered to achieve success in public health interventions that could provide herd effects. Appreciating the assembly effect can improve the cost-effective strategies for global disease elimination projects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03726-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Thein Than Tun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, University of California, Irvine, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Ricardo Aguas
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa J White
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rijal KR, Adhikari B, Ghimire B, Dhungel B, Pyakurel UR, Shah P, Bastola A, Lekhak B, Banjara MR, Pandey BD, Parker DM, Ghimire P. Epidemiology of dengue virus infections in Nepal, 2006-2019. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:52. [PMID: 33858508 PMCID: PMC8047528 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00837-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is one of the newest emerging diseases in Nepal with increasing burden and geographic spread over the years. The main objective of this study was to explore the epidemiological patterns of dengue since its first outbreak (2006) to 2019 in Nepal. METHODS This study is a retrospective analysis that covers the last 14 years (2006-2019) of reported dengue cases from Epidemiology Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal. Reported cases were plotted over time and maps of reported case incidence were generated (from 2016 through 2019). An ecological analysis of environmental predictors of case incidence was conducted using negative binomial regression. RESULTS While endemic dengue has been reported in Nepal since 2006, the case load has increased over time and in 2019 a total of 17 992 dengue cases were reported from 68 districts (from all seven provinces). Compared to the case incidence in 2016, incidence was approximately five times higher in 2018 [incidence rate ratio (IRR): 4.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-15.3] and over 140 times higher in 2019 (IRR: 141.6; 95% CI 45.8-438.4). A one standard deviation increase in elevation was associated with a 90% decrease in reported case incidence (IRR: 0.10; 95% CI 0.01-0.20). However, the association between elevation and reported cases varied across the years. In 2018 there was a cluster of cases reported from high elevation Kaski District of Gandaki Province. Our results suggest that dengue infections are increasing in magnitude and expanding out of the lowland areas to higher elevations over time. CONCLUSIONS There is a high risk of dengue outbreak in the lowland Terai region, with increasing spread towards the mid-mountains and beyond as seen over the last 14 years. Urgent measures are required to increase the availability of diagnostics and resources to mitigate future dengue epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raj Rijal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Bipin Adhikari
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bindu Ghimire
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Binod Dhungel
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Uttam Raj Pyakurel
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Department of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prakash Shah
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Department of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anup Bastola
- Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Binod Lekhak
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Epidemiology and Diseases Control Division (EDCD), Department of Health Service, Ministry of Health and Population, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Prakash Ghimire
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Bruckner TA, Parker DM, Bartell SM, Vieira VM, Khan S, Noymer A, Drum E, Albala B, Zahn M, Boden-Albala B. Estimated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among adults in Orange County, California. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3081. [PMID: 33542329 PMCID: PMC7862219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinic-based estimates of SARS-CoV-2 may considerably underestimate the total number of infections. Access to testing in the US has been heterogeneous and symptoms vary widely in infected persons. Public health surveillance efforts and metrics are therefore hampered by underreporting. We set out to provide a minimally biased estimate of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among adults for a large and diverse county (Orange County, CA, population 3.2 million). We implemented a surveillance study that minimizes response bias by recruiting adults to answer a survey without knowledge of later being offered SARS-CoV-2 test. Several methodologies were used to retrieve a population-representative sample. Participants (n = 2979) visited one of 11 drive-thru test sites from July 10th to August 16th, 2020 (or received an in-home visit) to provide a finger pin-prick sample. We applied a robust SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Microarray technology, which has superior measurement validity relative to FDA-approved tests. Participants include a broad age, gender, racial/ethnic, and income representation. Adjusted seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 11.5% (95% CI: 10.5-12.4%). Formal bias analyses produced similar results. Prevalence was elevated among Hispanics (vs. other non-Hispanic: prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.47, 95% CI 1.22-1.78) and household income < $50,000 (vs. > $100,000: PR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.79). Results from a diverse population using a highly specific and sensitive microarray indicate a SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of ~ 12 percent. This population-based seroprevalence is seven-fold greater than that using official County statistics. In this region, SARS-CoV-2 also disproportionately affects Hispanic and low-income adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Bruckner
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Scott M Bartell
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Bren Hall 2019, Irvine, CA, 92697-1250, USA
| | - Veronica M Vieira
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Saahir Khan
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Andrew Noymer
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Emily Drum
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bruce Albala
- Center for Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
| | - Matthew Zahn
- Orange County Health Care Agency, 405 W. 5th St., Santa Ana, CA, 92701, USA
| | - Bernadette Boden-Albala
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Pardo LE, Bombaci SP, Huebner S, Somers MJ, Fritz H, Downs C, Guthmann A, Hetem RS, Keith M, le Roux A, Mgqatsa N, Packer C, Palmer MS, Parker DM, Peel M, Slotow R, Strauss WM, Swanepoel L, Tambling C, Tsie N, Vermeulen M, Willi M, Jachowski DS, Venter JA. Snapshot Safari: a large-scale collaborative to monitor Africa’s remarkable biodiversity. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/8134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lain E. Pardo
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) / University of Lyon 1 / Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Sara P. Bombaci
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah Huebner
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael J. Somers
- Eugène Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Herve Fritz
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) / University of Lyon 1 / Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Colleen Downs
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Abby Guthmann
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robyn S. Hetem
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark Keith
- Eugène Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Aliza le Roux
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
- Afromontane Research Unit, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
| | - Nokubonga Mgqatsa
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Craig Packer
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Meredith S. Palmer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - Mike Peel
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production Institute, Rangeland Ecology, Pretoria, South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - W. Maartin Strauss
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lourens Swanepoel
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- African Institute for Conservation Ecology, Makhado, South Africa
| | - Craig Tambling
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Nairobi Tsie
- Eugène Marais Chair of Wildlife Management, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mika Vermeulen
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) / University of Lyon 1 / Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
| | - Marco Willi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David S. Jachowski
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jan A. Venter
- School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
- REHABS, International Research Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) / University of Lyon 1 / Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
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Aung PL, Soe MT, Oo TL, Khin A, Thi A, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Cui L, Kyaw MP, Parker DM. Predictors of malaria rapid diagnostic test positivity in a high burden area of Paletwa Township, Chin State in Western Myanmar. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:6. [PMID: 33431057 PMCID: PMC7802189 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite major reductions in malaria burden across Myanmar, clusters of the disease continue to persist in specific subregions. This study aimed to assess the predictors of test positivity among people living in Paletwa Township of Chin State, an area of persistently high malaria burden. Methods Four villages with the highest malaria incidence from Paletwa Township were purposively selected. The characteristics of 1045 subjects seeking malaria diagnosis from the four assigned village health volunteers from January to December, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Their household conditions and surroundings were also recorded using a checklist. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were applied to investigate potential associations between individual and household characteristics and malaria diagnosis. Results In 2017, the Paletwa township presented 20.9% positivity and an annual parasite index of 46.9 cases per 1000 people. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species and accounted for more than 80.0% of all infections. Among 1045 people presenting at a clinic with malaria symptoms, 31.1% were diagnosed with malaria. Predictors for test positivity included living in a hut [adjusted odds ratios (a OR): 2.3, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.2–4.6], owning farm animals (aOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–3.6), using non-septic type of toilets (aOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–8.4), presenting with fever (aOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–3.0), having a malaria episode within the last year (aOR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.4–5.8), traveling outside the village in the previous 14 days (aOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.5–13.4), and not using bed nets (a OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 2.3–5.1). There were no statistically significant differences by age or gender in this present analysis. Conclusions The results from this study, including a high proportion of P. falciparum infections, little difference in age, sex, or occupation, suggest that malaria is a major burden for these study villages. Targeted health education campaigns should be introduced to strengthen synchronous diagnosis-seeking behaviors, tighten treatment adherence, receiving a diagnosis after traveling to endemic regions, and using bed nets properly. We suggest increased surveillance, early diagnosis, and treatment efforts to control the disease and then to consider the local elimination.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myat Thu Soe
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Thit Lwin Oo
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aung Khin
- Myanmar Health Assistant Association, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Aung Thi
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, NayPyiTaw, Myanmar
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Liwang Cui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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47
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Littman RA, Fiorenza EA, Wenger AS, Berry KLE, van de Water JAJM, Nguyen L, Aung ST, Parker DM, Rader DN, Harvell CD, Lamb JB. Coastal urbanization influences human pathogens and microdebris contamination in seafood. Sci Total Environ 2020; 736:139081. [PMID: 32504866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is one of the leading imported products implicated in foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Coastal marine environments are being increasingly subjected to reduced water quality from urbanization and leading to contamination of important fishery species. Given the importance of seafood exchanged as a global protein source, it is imperative to maintain seafood safety worldwide. To illustrate the potential health risks associated with urbanization in a coastal environment, we use next-generation high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene combined with infrared spectroscopy to characterize and quantify a vast range of potential human bacterial pathogens and microdebris contaminants in seawater, sediment and an important oyster fishery along the Mergui Archipelago in Myanmar. Through the quantification of >1.25 million high-quality bacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) reads, we detected 5459 potential human bacterial pathogens belonging to 87 species that are commonly associated with gut microbiota and an indication of terrestrial runoff of human and agricultural waste. Oyster tissues contained 51% of all sequenced bacterial pathogens that are considered to be both detrimental and of emerging concern to human health. Using infrared spectroscopy, we examined a total of 1225 individual microdebris particles, from which we detected 78 different types of contaminant materials. The predominant microdebris contaminants recovered from oyster tissues included polymers (48%), followed by non-native minerals (20%), oils (14%) and milk supplement powders (14%). Emerging technologies provide novel insights into the impacts of coastal development on food security and risks to human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raechel A Littman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Evan A Fiorenza
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Amelia S Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn L E Berry
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Australia
| | | | - Lily Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Soe Tint Aung
- Marine Program, Fauna and Flora International, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | | | - C Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Joleah B Lamb
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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48
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Taylor PJ, Nelufule M, Parker DM, Toussaint DC, Weier SM. The Limpopo River Exerts a Powerful but Spatially Limited Effect on Bat Communities in a Semi-Arid Region of South Africa. Acta Chiropterologica 2020. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2020.22.1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Taylor
- SARChI Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve and Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Republic of South Africa
| | - Murunwa Nelufule
- SARChI Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve and Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Republic of South Africa
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Dawn Cory Toussaint
- SARChI Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve and Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sina M. Weier
- SARChI Chair on Biodiversity Value and Change in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve and Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Republic of South Africa
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49
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Stresman G, Sepúlveda N, Fornace K, Grignard L, Mwesigwa J, Achan J, Miller J, Bridges DJ, Eisele TP, Mosha J, Lorenzo PJ, Macalinao ML, Espino FE, Tadesse F, Stevenson JC, Quispe AM, Siqueira A, Lacerda M, Yeung S, Sovannaroth S, Pothin E, Gallay J, Hamre KE, Young A, Lemoine JF, Chang MA, Phommasone K, Mayxay M, Landier J, Parker DM, Von Seidlein L, Nosten F, Delmas G, Dondorp A, Cameron E, Battle K, Bousema T, Gething P, D'Alessandro U, Drakeley C. Association between the proportion of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections detected by passive surveillance and the magnitude of the asymptomatic reservoir in the community: a pooled analysis of paired health facility and community data. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:953-963. [PMID: 32277908 PMCID: PMC7391005 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passively collected malaria case data are the foundation for public health decision making. However, because of population-level immunity, infections might not always be sufficiently symptomatic to prompt individuals to seek care. Understanding the proportion of all Plasmodium spp infections expected to be detected by the health system becomes particularly paramount in elimination settings. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the proportion of infections detected and transmission intensity for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in several global endemic settings. METHODS The proportion of infections detected in routine malaria data, P(Detect), was derived from paired household cross-sectional survey and routinely collected malaria data within health facilities. P(Detect) was estimated using a Bayesian model in 431 clusters spanning the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The association between P(Detect) and malaria prevalence was assessed using log-linear regression models. Changes in P(Detect) over time were evaluated using data from 13 timepoints over 2 years from The Gambia. FINDINGS The median estimated P(Detect) across all clusters was 12·5% (IQR 5·3-25·0) for P falciparum and 10·1% (5·0-18·3) for P vivax and decreased as the estimated log-PCR community prevalence increased (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for P falciparum 0·63, 95% CI 0·57-0·69; adjusted OR for P vivax 0·52, 0·47-0·57). Factors associated with increasing P(Detect) included smaller catchment population size, high transmission season, improved care-seeking behaviour by infected individuals, and recent increases (within the previous year) in transmission intensity. INTERPRETATION The proportion of all infections detected within health systems increases once transmission intensity is sufficiently low. The likely explanation for P falciparum is that reduced exposure to infection leads to lower levels of protective immunity in the population, increasing the likelihood that infected individuals will become symptomatic and seek care. These factors might also be true for P vivax but a better understanding of the transmission biology is needed to attribute likely reasons for the observed trend. In low transmission and pre-elimination settings, enhancing access to care and improvements in care-seeking behaviour of infected individuals will lead to an increased proportion of infections detected in the community and might contribute to accelerating the interruption of transmission. FUNDING Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Stresman
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre of Statistics and Its Applications, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lynn Grignard
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Julia Mwesigwa
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia; Department of Global Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jane Achan
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - John Miller
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Daniel J Bridges
- PATH Malaria Control and Elimination Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), National Malaria Elimination Centre, Ministry of Health, Chainama Grounds Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Thomas P Eisele
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jacklin Mosha
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Medical Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Pauline Joy Lorenzo
- Department of Parasitology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Research Drive, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Lourdes Macalinao
- Department of Parasitology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Research Drive, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fe Esperanza Espino
- Department of Parasitology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Research Drive, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fitsum Tadesse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Macha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - André Siqueira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundacao de Medicine Tropical Dr. Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Brazil; Institutos Nacionais de Ciencia e Technologia (INCT), Instituto Elimina, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Emilie Pothin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanna Gallay
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen E Hamre
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA; CDC Foundation, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alyssa Young
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Jean Frantz Lemoine
- Programme National de Contrôle de la Malaria, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population (MSPP), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Michelle A Chang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Koukeo Phommasone
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Research and Education Development, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Jordi Landier
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, INSERM, SESSTIM, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention and Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lorenz Von Seidlein
- Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francois Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Gilles Delmas
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Arjen Dondorp
- Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ewan Cameron
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Gething
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Christofferson RC, Parker DM, Overgaard HJ, Hii J, Devine G, Wilcox BA, Nam VS, Abubakar S, Boyer S, Boonnak K, Whitehead SS, Huy R, Rithea L, Sochantha T, Wellems TE, Valenzuela JG, Manning JE. Current vector research challenges in the greater Mekong subregion for dengue, Malaria, and Other Vector-Borne Diseases: A report from a multisectoral workshop March 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008302. [PMID: 32730249 PMCID: PMC7392215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gregor Devine
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bruce A. Wilcox
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Vu Sinh Nam
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sazaly Abubakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Leang Rithea
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tho Sochantha
- National Center for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thomas E. Wellems
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Manning
- US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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