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Allen B, Cohen-Serrins J. ODMAP: Stakeholder Perspectives on a Novel Public Health and Public Safety Overdose Surveillance System. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024:00124784-990000000-00327. [PMID: 39078392 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
This pilot study explores the utilization of the Overdose Detection Mapping Application Program (ODMAP) as a tool for enhancing collaboration between the public health and public safety sectors to address the overdose epidemic in the United States. Through qualitative interviews with ODMAP users, key themes emerged, including the role of data sharing in facilitating collaboration, challenges posed by divergent data privacy standards, and the need for clearer guidance on cross-sector data sharing. Findings highlight ODMAP's potential to integrate data for targeted interventions at individual and population levels. Future research directions include overcoming data sharing barriers, strategically utilizing data across sectors, and rigorously evaluating the impact of cross-sector partnerships on overdose morbidity and mortality. Overall, this study underscores the importance of ODMAP in fostering coordinated responses to the overdose crisis and provides valuable insights for improving overdose surveillance and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Allen
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (Dr Allen); and NYU Silver School of Social Work, New York, New York (Dr Cohen-Serrins)
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2
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Johnson K, Vermeer W, Hills H, Chin-Purcell L, Barnett JT, Burns T, Dean MJ, Hendricks Brown C. Model-driven decision support: A community-based meta-implementation strategy to predict population impact. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 95:12-18. [PMID: 38754571 PMCID: PMC11197148 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Standard tools for public health decision making such as data dashboards, trial repositories, and intervention briefs may be necessary but insufficient for guiding community leaders in optimizing local public health strategy. Predictive modeling decision support tools may be the missing link that allows community level decision makers to confidently direct funding and other resources to interventions and implementation strategies that will improve upon the status quo. METHODS We describe a community-based model-driven decision support (MDDS) approach that requires community engagement, local data, and predictive modeling tools (agent-based modeling in our case studies) to improve decision-making on implementing strategies to address complex public health problems such as overdose deaths. We refer to our approach as a meta-implementation strategy as it provides guidance to a community on what intervention combinations and their required implementation strategies are needed to achieve desired outcomes. We use standard implementation measures including the Stages of Implementation Completion to assess adoption of this meta-implementation approach. RESULTS Using two case studies, we illustrate how MDDS can be used to support decision making related to HIV prevention and reductions in overdose deaths at the city and county level. Even when community acceptance seems high, data acquisition and diffuse responsibility for implementing specific strategies recommended by modeling are barriers to adoption. CONCLUSIONS MDDS has the capacity to improve community decision makers use of scientific knowledge by providing projections of the impact of intervention strategies under various scenarios. Further research is necessary to assess its effectiveness and the best strategies to implement it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Johnson
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, College of Community and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Wouter Vermeer
- Center for Prevention Implementation Methodology for Drug Abuse and HIV (Ce-PIM), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling (CCL), School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Holly Hills
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, College of Community and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lia Chin-Purcell
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation At Stanford (C-DIAS), Stanford University, 1070 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Joshua T Barnett
- Department of Human Services, Pinellas County Government, 440 Court Street, 2nd Floor, Clearwater, FL 33756, USA
| | - Timothy Burns
- Department of Human Services, Pinellas County Government, 440 Court Street, 2nd Floor, Clearwater, FL 33756, USA
| | | | - C Hendricks Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Glasgow L, Douglas C, Sprunger JG, Campbell ANC, Chandler R, Dasgupta A, Holloway J, Marks KR, Roberts SM, Martinez LS, Thompson K, Weiss RD, Aldridge A, Asman K, Barbosa C, Blevins D, Chassler D, Cogan L, Fanucchi L, Hall ME, Hunt T, Jadovich E, Levin FR, Lincourt P, Lofwall MR, Loukas V, McAlearney AS, Nunes E, Oga E, Oller D, Rudorf M, Sullivan AM, Talbert J, Taylor A, Teater J, Vandergrift N, Woodlock K, Zarkin GA, Freisthler B, Samet JH, Walsh SL, El-Bassel N. Effect of the Communities that HEAL intervention on receipt of behavioral therapies for opioid use disorder: A cluster randomized wait-list controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 259:111286. [PMID: 38626553 PMCID: PMC11111326 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. opioid overdose crisis persists. Outpatient behavioral health services (BHS) are essential components of a comprehensive response to opioid use disorder and overdose fatalities. The Helping to End Addiction Long-Term® (HEALing) Communities Study developed the Communities That HEAL (CTH) intervention to reduce opioid overdose deaths in 67 communities in Kentucky, Ohio, New York, and Massachusetts through the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs), including BHS. This paper compares the rate of individuals receiving outpatient BHS in Wave 1 intervention communities (n = 34) to waitlisted Wave 2 communities (n = 33). METHODS Medicaid data included individuals ≥18 years of age receiving any of five BHS categories: intensive outpatient, outpatient, case management, peer support, and case management or peer support. Negative binomial regression models estimated the rate of receiving each BHS for Wave 1 and Wave 2. Effect modification analyses evaluated changes in the effect of the CTH intervention between Wave 1 and Wave 2 by research site, rurality, age, sex, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS No significant differences were detected between intervention and waitlisted communities in the rate of individuals receiving any of the five BHS categories. None of the interaction effects used to test the effect modification were significant. CONCLUSIONS Several factors should be considered when interpreting results-no significant intervention effects were observed through Medicaid claims data, the best available data source but limited in terms of capturing individuals reached by the intervention. Also, the 12-month evaluation window may have been too brief to see improved outcomes considering the time required to stand-up BHS. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov http://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov: Identifier: NCT04111939.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joel G Sprunger
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Center for Addiction Research, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aimee N C Campbell
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Redonna Chandler
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anindita Dasgupta
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Katherine R Marks
- Kentucky Department for Behavioral Health, Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities, Frankfort, KY, USA
| | - Sara M Roberts
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Katherine Thompson
- University of Kentucky, Dr. Bing Zhang Department of Statistics, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Roger D Weiss
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Kat Asman
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Derek Blevins
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lindsay Cogan
- New York State Department of Health, Office of Quality and Patient Safety, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Fanucchi
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Megan E Hall
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Timothy Hunt
- Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frances R Levin
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Lincourt
- New York State Office of Addiction Services and Supports, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Edward Nunes
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuel Oga
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Devin Oller
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffery Talbert
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Angela Taylor
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julie Teater
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey H Samet
- Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharon L Walsh
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Graham SS, Shifflet S, Amjad M, Claborn K. An interpretable machine learning framework for opioid overdose surveillance from emergency medical services records. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292170. [PMID: 38289927 PMCID: PMC10826931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to develop and validate a lightweight, interpretable machine learning (ML) classifier to identify opioid overdoses in emergency medical services (EMS) records. We conducted a comparative assessment of three feature engineering approaches designed for use with unstructured narrative data. Opioid overdose annotations were provided by two harm reduction paramedics and two supporting annotators trained to reliably match expert annotations. Candidate feature engineering techniques included term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), a highly performant approach to concept vectorization, and a custom approach based on the count of empirically-identified keywords. Each feature set was trained using four model architectures: generalized linear model (GLM), Naïve Bayes, neural network, and Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost). Ensembles of trained models were also evaluated. The custom feature models were also assessed for variable importance to aid interpretation. Models trained using TF-IDF feature engineering ranged from AUROC = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.53-0.66) for the Naïve Bayes to AUROC = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.71-0.81) for the neural network. Models trained using concept vectorization features ranged from AUROC = 0.83 (95% 0.78-0.88)for the Naïve Bayes to AUROC = 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85-0.94) for the ensemble. Models trained using custom features were the most performant, with benchmarks ranging from AUROC = 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88-0.95) with the GLM to 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90-0.96) for the ensemble. The custom features model achieved positive predictive values (PPV) ranging for 80 to 100%, which represent substantial improvements over previously published EMS encounter opioid overdose classifiers. The application of this approach to county EMS data can productively inform local and targeted harm reduction initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Scott Graham
- Department of Rhetoric & Writing, Center for Health Communication, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of Amedrica
- Addiction Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of Amedrica
| | - Savannah Shifflet
- Addiction Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of Amedrica
| | - Maaz Amjad
- Addiction Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of Amedrica
| | - Kasey Claborn
- Addiction Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of Amedrica
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of Amedrica
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Severson MA, Onanong S, Dolezal A, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, McFadden LM. Analysis of Wastewater Samples to Explore Community Substance Use in the United States: Pilot Correlative and Machine Learning Study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e45353. [PMID: 37883150 PMCID: PMC10636622 DOI: 10.2196/45353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorder and associated deaths have increased in the United States, but methods for detecting and monitoring substance use using rapid and unbiased techniques are lacking. Wastewater-based surveillance is a cost-effective method for monitoring community drug use. However, the examination of the results often focuses on descriptive analysis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore community substance use in the United States by analyzing wastewater samples. Geographic differences and commonalities of substance use were explored. METHODS Wastewater was sampled across the United States (n=12). Selected drugs with misuse potential, prescriptions, and over-the-counter drugs and their metabolites were tested across geographic locations for 7 days. Methods used included wastewater assessment of substances and metabolites paired with machine learning, specifically discriminant analysis and cluster analysis, to explore similarities and differences in wastewater measures. RESULTS Geographic variations in the wastewater drug or metabolite levels were found. Results revealed a higher use of methamphetamine (z=-2.27, P=.02) and opioids-to-methadone ratios (oxycodone-to-methadone: z=-1.95, P=.05; hydrocodone-to-methadone: z=-1.95, P=.05) in states west of the Mississippi River compared to the east. Discriminant analysis suggested temazepam and methadone were significant predictors of geographical locations. Precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-scores were 0.88, 1, 0.80, and 0.93, respectively. Finally, cluster analysis revealed similarities in substance use among communities. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that wastewater-based surveillance has the potential to become an effective form of surveillance for substance use. Further, advanced analytical techniques may help uncover geographical patterns and detect communities with similar needs for resources to address substance use disorders. Using automated analytics, these advanced surveillance techniques may help communities develop timely, tailored treatment and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Severson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Sathaporn Onanong
- Water Sciences Laboratory & Nebraska Water Center, part of the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Alexandra Dolezal
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Water Sciences Laboratory & Nebraska Water Center, part of the Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Lisa M McFadden
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
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Todaro DR, Li X, Pereira-Rufino LS, Manza P, Nasrallah IM, Das S, Childress AR, Kranzler HR, Volkow ND, Langleben DD, Shi Z, Wiers CE. Hippocampal volume loss in individuals with a history of non-fatal opioid overdose. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13336. [PMID: 37753562 PMCID: PMC10626561 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of opioid-related overdoses in the United States has increased dramatically over the past two decades. Despite public emphasis on overdose fatalities, most overdose cases are not fatal. Although there are case reports of amnestic syndromes and acute injury to the hippocampus following non-fatal opioid overdose, the effects of such overdoses on brain structure are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of non-fatal opioid overdoses by comparing hippocampal volume in opioid use disorder (OUD) patients who had experienced an opioid overdose (OD; N = 17) with those who had not (NOD; N = 32). Voxel-based morphometry showed lower hippocampal volume in the OD group than in the NOD group, which on post hoc analysis was evident in the left but not the right hippocampus. These findings strengthen the evidence that hippocampal injury is associated with non-fatal opioid overdose, which is hypothesized to underlie overdose-related amnestic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Todaro
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xinyi Li
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laís S Pereira-Rufino
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilya M Nasrallah
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sandhitsu Das
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel D Langleben
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhenhao Shi
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hinds NM, Wojtas ID, Gallagher CA, Corbett CM, Manvich DF. Effects of sex and estrous cycle on intravenous oxycodone self-administration and the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1143373. [PMID: 37465001 PMCID: PMC10350507 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1143373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The increasing misuse of both prescription and illicit opioids has culminated in a national healthcare crisis in the United States. Oxycodone is among the most widely prescribed and misused opioid pain relievers and has been associated with a high risk for transition to compulsive opioid use. Here, we sought to examine potential sex differences and estrous cycle-dependent effects on the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone, as well as on stress-induced or cue-induced oxycodone-seeking behavior, using intravenous (IV) oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement procedures. Methods In experiment 1, adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone according to a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement in daily 2-h sessions, and a dose-response function was subsequently determined (0.003-0.03 mg/kg/inf). In experiment 2, a separate group of adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 8 sessions, followed by 0.01 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 10 sessions. Responding was then extinguished, followed by sequential footshock-induced and cue-induced reinstatement tests. Results In the dose-response experiment, oxycodone produced a typical inverted U-shape function with 0.01 mg/kg/inf representing the maximally effective dose in both sexes. No sex differences were detected in the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone. In the second experiment, the reinforcing effects of 0.01-0.03 mg//kg/inf oxycodone were significantly attenuated in females during proestrus/estrus as compared to metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrous cycle. Neither males nor females displayed significant footshock-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking, but both sexes exhibited significant cue-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking at magnitudes that did not differ either by sex or by estrous cycle phase. Discussion These results confirm and extend previous work suggesting that sex does not robustly influence the primary reinforcing effects of oxycodone nor the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior. However, our findings reveal for the first time that the reinforcing efficacy of IV oxycodone varies across the estrous cycle in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Hinds
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Ireneusz D. Wojtas
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Corinne A. Gallagher
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Claire M. Corbett
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Daniel F. Manvich
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, United States
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8
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Hinds NM, Wojtas ID, Gallagher CA, Corbett CM, Manvich DF. Effects of sex and estrous cycle on intravenous oxycodone self-administration and the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior in rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543393. [PMID: 37333293 PMCID: PMC10274722 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The increasing misuse of both prescription and illicit opioids has culminated in a national healthcare crisis in the United States. Oxycodone is among the most widely prescribed and misused opioid pain relievers and has been associated with a high risk for transition to compulsive opioid use. Here, we sought to examine potential sex differences and estrous cycle-dependent effects on the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone, as well as on stress-induced or cue-induced oxycodone-seeking behavior, using intravenous (IV) oxycodone self-administration and reinstatement procedures. In experiment 1, adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone according to a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement in daily 2-hr sessions, and a dose-response function was subsequently determined (0.003-0.03 mg/kg/inf). In experiment 2, a separate group of adult male and female Long-Evans rats were trained to self-administer 0.03 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 8 sessions, followed by 0.01 mg/kg/inf oxycodone for 10 sessions. Responding was then extinguished, followed by sequential footshock-induced and cue-induced reinstatement tests. In the dose-response experiment, oxycodone produced a typical inverted U-shape function with 0.01 mg/kg/inf representing the maximally effective dose in both sexes. No sex differences were detected in the reinforcing efficacy of oxycodone. In the second experiment, the reinforcing effects of 0.01-0.03 mg//kg/inf oxycodone were significantly attenuated in females during proestrus/estrus as compared to metestrus/diestrus phases of the estrous cycle. Neither males nor females displayed significant footshock-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking, but both sexes exhibited significant cue-induced reinstatement of oxycodone seeking at magnitudes that did not differ either by sex or by estrous cycle phase. These results confirm and extend previous work suggesting that sex does not robustly influence the primary reinforcing effects of oxycodone nor the reinstatement of oxycodone-seeking behavior. However, our findings reveal for the first time that the reinforcing efficacy of IV oxycodone varies across the estrous cycle in female rats.
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Tay Wee Teck J, Oteo A, Baldacchino A. Rapid opioid overdose response system technologies. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2023:00001504-990000000-00063. [PMID: 37185583 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Opioid overdose events are a time sensitive medical emergency, which is often reversible with naloxone administration if detected in time. Many countries are facing rising opioid overdose deaths and have been implementing rapid opioid overdose response Systems (ROORS). We describe how technology is increasingly being used in ROORS design, implementation and delivery. RECENT FINDINGS Technology can contribute in significant ways to ROORS design, implementation, and delivery. Artificial intelligence-based modelling and simulations alongside wastewater-based epidemiology can be used to inform policy decisions around naloxone access laws and effective naloxone distribution strategies. Data linkage and machine learning projects can support service delivery organizations to mobilize and distribute community resources in support of ROORS. Digital phenotyping is an advancement in data linkage and machine learning projects, potentially leading to precision overdose responses. At the coalface, opioid overdose detection devices through fixed location or wearable sensors, improved connectivity, smartphone applications and drone-based emergency naloxone delivery all have a role in improving outcomes from opioid overdose. Data driven technologies also have an important role in empowering community responses to opioid overdose. SUMMARY This review highlights the importance of technology applied to every aspect of ROORS. Key areas of development include the need to protect marginalized groups from algorithmic bias, a better understanding of individual overdose trajectories and new reversal agents and improved drug delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tay Wee Teck
- DigitAS Project, Population and Behavioural Science Division, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews
- Forward Leeds and Humankind Charity, Durham, UK
| | - Alberto Oteo
- DigitAS Project, Population and Behavioural Science Division, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews
| | - Alexander Baldacchino
- DigitAS Project, Population and Behavioural Science Division, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews
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Ray B, Christian K, Bailey T, Alton M, Proctor A, Haggerty J, Lowder E, Aalsma MC. Antecedents of fatal overdose in an adult cohort identified through administrative record linkage in Indiana, 2015-2022. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 247:109891. [PMID: 37120921 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United States continues to experience unprecedented rates of overdose mortality and need to identify effective policies or practices that can be implemented. This study aims to measure the prevalence, frequency, timing, and rate of touchpoints that occurred prior to a fatal overdose where communities might intervene. METHODS In collaboration with Indiana state government, we conducted record-linkage of statewide administrative datasets to vital records (January 1, 2015, through August 26, 2022) to identify touchpoints (jail booking, prison release, prescription medication dispensation, emergency department visits, and emergency medical services). We examined touchpoints within 12-months prior to a fatal overdose among an adult cohort and explored variation over time and by demographic characteristics. RESULTS Over the 92-month study period there were 13,882 overdose deaths (89.3% accidental poisonings, X40-X44) in our adult cohort that were record-linked to multiple administrative datasets and revealed nearly two-thirds (64.7%; n=8980) experienced an emergency department visit, the most prevalent touchpoint followed by prescription medication dispensation, emergency medical services responses, jail booking, and prison release. However, with approximately 1 out of every 100 returning citizens dying from drug overdose within 12-months of release, prison release had the highest touchpoint rate followed by emergency medical services responses, jail booking, emergency department visits, and prescription medication dispensation. CONCLUSION Record-linking administrative data from routine practice to vital records from overdose mortality is a viable means of identifying where resources should be situated to reduce fatal overdose, with potential to evaluate the effectiveness of overdose prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Ray
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC27709, United States.
| | - Kaitlyn Christian
- Indiana Management Performance Hub, 100 North Senate Avenue, Room N855, Indianapolis, IN46204, United States
| | - Timothy Bailey
- Indiana Management Performance Hub, 100 North Senate Avenue, Room N855, Indianapolis, IN46204, United States
| | - Madison Alton
- Indiana Division of Mental Health and Addiction, 402 West Washington Street W353, Indiana, IN46204, United States
| | - Alison Proctor
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC27709, United States
| | - John Haggerty
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC27709, United States
| | - Evan Lowder
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 4F4, Fairfax, VA22030, United States
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 W. 10th StreetIndianapolisIN46202, United States
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Cousins G, Durand L, O'Kane A, Tierney J, Maguire R, Stokes S, O'Reilly D, Arensman E, Bennett KE, Vázquez MO, Corcoran P, Lyons S, Kavanagh Y, Keenan E. Prescription drugs with potential for misuse: protocol for a multi-indicator analysis of supply, detection and the associated health burden in Ireland between 2010 and 2020. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069665. [PMID: 36863742 PMCID: PMC9990618 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increasing concern about the misuse of prescription drugs. Misuse refers to the intentional repurposing of prescribed drugs and/or the use of illicitly sourced prescription drugs, which may be counterfeit or contaminated. Drugs with the greatest potential for misuse are prescription opioids, gabapentinoids, benzodiazepines, Z-drugs and stimulants. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the supply, patterns of use and health burden associated with prescription drugs with potential for misuse (PDPM) in Ireland between 2010 and 2020. Three inter-related studies will be carried out. The first study will describe trends in supply of PDPM using law enforcement drug seizures data and national prescription records from national community and prison settings. The second study aims to estimate trends in the detection of PDPM across multiple early warning systems using national forensic toxicology data. The third study aims to quantify the health burden associated with PDPM nationally, using epidemiological indicators of drug-poisoning deaths, non-fatal intentional drug overdose presentations to hospitals and drug treatment demand. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A retrospective observational study design, with repeated cross-sectional analyses, using negative binomial regression models or, where appropriate, joinpoint regression. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has received approval from the RCSI Ethics Committee (REC202202020). Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, scientific and drug policy meetings and with key stakeholders via research briefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne Cousins
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Durand
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife O'Kane
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Tierney
- Forensic Toxicology, The State Laboratory, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Richard Maguire
- Medical Bureau of Road Safety, Health Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Stokes
- National Drug Treatment Centre, Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ella Arensman
- National Suicide Research Foundation, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kathleen E Bennett
- Data Science Centre, Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - María Otero Vázquez
- UISCE, National Advocacy Service for People who use Drugs in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Corcoran
- National Suicide Research Foundation, School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Suzi Lyons
- National Health Information Systems, Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yvonne Kavanagh
- Drug and Toxicology, Forensic Science Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamon Keenan
- National Social Inclusion Office, Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland
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Harris RA. Drug Overdose Deaths Among Non-Hispanic Black Men in the U.S.: Age-Specific Projections Through 2025. AJPM FOCUS 2023; 2:100063. [PMID: 37377540 PMCID: PMC10299749 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Fatal drug overdoses have risen sharply in the U.S. since 2015, reaching their highest levels during the pandemic. Non-Hispanic Black men have been disproportionately harmed by this latest surge; overdose mortality per 100,000 has increased fourfold since 2015. Whether the mortality rate will continue to climb is unknown. In this study, we addressed the narrower question of which age groups are likely to experience a significant increase or decrease in the burden of drug overdose deaths through 2025, based on foreseeable changes in the age structure of the Black male population. Methods We used the 2020 and provisional 2021 age-specific mortality rates from the Centers for Disease Control WONDER (Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) database and the standard population balancing equation to project overdose deaths in 2025. Overdose deaths were identified by ICD-10 codes. We bracketed the projections between 2 plausible alternatives: a pessimistic forecast based on time series extrapolations and an optimistic forecast that assumes success nationally in lowering overdose deaths through prevention, treatment, and harm reduction initiatives. Results Among Black men aged 31-47 years, overdose deaths in 2025 are expected to increase by 440 or 11% (95% CI=8%, 14%) relative to 2020. By contrast, overdose deaths among younger Black men aged 19-30 years are expected to decline by 160 or -9% (95% CI= -15%, -5%). Among older Black men aged 48-64 years, overdose deaths are also expected to decline by 330 or -7% (95% CI= -10%, -4%). Similar results were found using 2021 provisional mortality rates. Conclusions Overdose deaths are predicted to increase significantly over current levels among Black men in their 30s and 40s. Local policy makers should direct harm reduction resources, such as naloxone kits, syringes, and fentanyl test strips, to places frequented by Black men in this age group. Outreach messaging should be tailored to resonate with men of middle age. Equally urgent is the scaling up of nonstigmatizing, evidence-based drug treatment and recovery support services in Black neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Arden Harris
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Victor G, Hedden BJ, Lister J, Lee G, Huynh P, Ray B. Community overdose surveillance: Fentanyl involvement in overdose deaths in rural Michigan. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2023; 7:100150. [PMID: 37069960 PMCID: PMC10105480 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Examine fatal overdose toxicology trends to contribute toward understanding the outreach and treatment needs of people who use drugs in rural areas. Methods We describe toxicology results from overdose deaths that occurred between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020, in 11 rural counties in Michigan, a state with relatively high rates of overdose mortality. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD posthoc tests were used to test statistically significant differences in the frequency of substances detected between years. Findings Decedents (N = 107) were male (72.9%), White (96.3%), non-military (96.3%), unemployed (71.0%), married (73.9%), and had a mean age of 47 years old. The number of observed overdose deaths increased considerably from 2019 to 2020, with an increase of 72.4%. Fentanyl was the most common substance detected and had a 94% increase during the three-year period to present in 70% of all the deaths in these counties in 2020. Among the deaths we examined where cocaine was detected, 69% also contained fentanyl, and in deaths where methamphetamine was detected, 77% also contained fentanyl. Conclusion Findings could inform rural health and outreach initiatives aimed at reducing overdose risks by providing education on the risks of stimulant and opioid couse but also the widespread saturation of illicit drugs that contain fentanyl. Lowthreshold harm reduction interventions are discussed amid limited prevention and treatment resources in rural communities.
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Abstract
The current addiction crisis has destroyed a multitude of lives, leaving millions of fatalities worldwide in its wake. At the same time, various governmental agencies dedicated to solving this seemingly never-ending dilemma have not yet succeeded or delivered on their promises. We understand that addictive behavioral seeking is a multi-faceted neurobiological and spiritually complicated phenomenon. However, although the substitution replacement approach, especially to treat Opioid Use Disorder (OUD), has importance for harm reduction in the short term, it does not bring about a harm-free recovery or prevention. Instead, we propose a promising novel approach that uses genetic risk testing with induction of dopamine homeostasis and an objective Brain Health Check during youth. Our model involves a six-hit approach known as the "Reward Dysregulation Syndrome Solution System," which can identify addiction risk and target the root cause of addiction, dopamine dysregulation. While we applaud all past sophisticated neurogenetic and neuropharmacological research, our opinion is that in the long term, addiction scientists and clinicians might characterize preaddiction using tests; for example, administering the validated RDSQuestionarre29, genetic risk assessment, a modified brain health check, or diagnostic framing of mild to moderate Substance Use Disorder (SUD). The preaddiction concept could incentivize the development of interventions to prevent addiction from developing in the first place and target and treat neurotransmitter imbalances and other early indications of addiction. WC 222.
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